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Classical India 321 BCE – 185 CE
Mauryan&
Gupta DynastiesK.M.H.S.
AP World HistoryMrs. Farbacher
Geographic BarriersKhyberPass
Essential Questions
What geographical features would favor the acquisition of wealth and power in India? How?
Why was India consistently vulnerable to invasion despite location? [C & C]
How did the invasions of Darius of Persia and Alexander the Great influence the unification of India?
Compare and contrast political tendencies in India and China. [C/C]
People-Concepts-Terms
Chandragupta Maurya
Ashoka Chandra
Gupta Arthashastra
Caste System Mahabarata Bhagavad
Gita Ramayana Indian Ocean
Trade
Mauryan Dynasty
Invasions Influence Unification
Darius of Persia Invaded N. India Creates a
province of Achaemenid Empire
Introduced Persian administrative policy
Alexander the Great Made no lasting
impression By defeating
Persians & crushing existing states
He created a political power vacuum
Unification [320 BCE]
Chandragupta Maurya Replaced
Magadha Unifier Arthashastra
Book of governance
Utilized spies Implemented
policies of standardization
Oversaw trade and agriculture
Built an effective bureaucracy
Chandragupta Maurya
Mauryan Golden Age 268-232 BCE
Ashoka [Chandragupta’s grandson] Conquered most of subcontinent
Tightly controlled bureaucracy Centralized treasury & tax collection
Converted to Buddhism Published edicts throughout
Note example column
Empire disappeared after his death
Ashoka
Symbol Of Ashoka
Four Lion Column Symbol for modern
Republic Of India[Worlds largest democracy]
Gupta Dynasty
Statuary is Very lifelike, Voluptuous, &
Portrays movement [Compare to Egypt]
Kushan & Gupta Dynasties
Kushan Bactria
Modern Afghanistan
Heirs to Alexander
Held trade routes
Chandra Gupta Smaller than
Mauryan Temporarily re-
unified Reverted back to
regional kingdoms Until 1500s
Economic System
Highly productive agriculture
Manufacturing Large scale
businesses Distribution
Large entrepreneur /merchant class
Production: Iron tools Textiles [cotton] Pottery Luxury items
Diamonds Rubies Gold
Indian Ocean Trade
Trade Goods & Routes
Long Distance Trade
Location and Persian Roads Silk Roads & Indian Ocean trade
routes Indian merchants into S.E. Asia Trade Goods:
Pearls SpicesCotton Exotic produceBlack pepper Gems
Traditions & Gender Roles Patriarchal
Nuclear families Child marriage
Young girls engaged
Men in their 20s Married at puberty Kept women under
the power of men Long tradition
[continuity]
Indian Epics Support
patriarchy Proscribe the
role of women Mahabharata
Bhagavad Gita Ramayana
Sita’s role when Rama was exiled.
Mahabharata
Bhagavad Gita
Ramayana
Ganesha Lord of Success
Indian Art & ArchitectureColorful with much
symbolism
Vishnu Lakshimi
Durga Shiva
Saraswati Ganesha
Caste System Introduced by Aryans Purpose to maintain an orderly society Castes:
BrahminsPriests
KshatriyasWarriors & aristocracy
VaishyasPeasants & merchants
ShudrasSerfs
Caste System
Legacies of Classical India MATHEMATICS
“Arabic
numerals” Concept zero Decimal system
ASTRONOMY Predict eclipses Identify planets
MEDICINE Inoculation
against small pox
Sterilization = medical procedures
Plastic surgery Setting bones
Enduring Questions
Be prepared to examine and evaluate all of India’s legacies.
Be prepared to compare India – China – Roman political systems, economic systems, cultural tendencies.
Classical India
Salvation ReligionsHinduism -Jainism
Buddhism
Salvation Religions of India
Hinduism Jainism Buddhism
Hinduism Religion of Vedic Age Aryan gods
[polytheism] War god INDRA Multiple gods of
sun, etc. Ethical god
Varuna Ritual Sacrifices:
Priests > specialists Power & favor >
outcomes
Spirituality Dissatisfaction
with ritual Shift to spiritual
contemplation Retreat to
isolation [hermits] Adapted
Dravidian: Transmigration
Reincarnation
Blending Aryan/Dravidian UPANISHADS c. 800 BCE
Religious teachings 800-400 B.C.E. Religious forums/dialogues
BRAHMAN “Universal Soul” Highest goal > Moksha
Escape reincarnation Join with Brahman
Blending Aryan/Dravidian UPANISHAD TEACHINGS:
SAMSARA– Process of incarnation & reincarnation
KARMA– Specific incarnations [actions invest in
future incarnations] MOKSHA
– Permanent liberation from physical incarnation
Religion & Vedic Society Reinforced social hierarchy Promoted high ethical standards Respect for all living things = AHIMSA Vegetarian diet
Reincarnation
Basic Tenets of Hinduism Source: Rig Vedas Upanishad
discourses Creative force:
Hindu TrinityBrahmaVishnu / Shiva
Ahimsa Reincarnation Moksha
Dharma Doctrine [ethics &
duties] Samsara
Cycle of incarnation / reincarnation
Karma Current incarnation
Actions wherein invest in future
Moksha Release from cycle
of incarnation / reincarnation
Hinduism [c. 800 BCE]
“Do naught to others which if done to thee would cause thee pain."
(From the Mahabharata 5.1517) Not a missionary religion Gains popularity because the way
to achieve moksha is not as difficult as in Buddhism
Recognizes the caste system.
Jainism [7th Century BCE]
“In happiness and suffering, in joy and grief, we should regard all creatures as we regard our own self.”
(Lord Mahavir 24th Tirthankara)
• Founder• Vardhamana Mahavira
• Very strict adherence to ahimsa• Strict nonviolence toward all
living things
• Promotes asceticism• Jains are strict vegetarians• Does not recognize the caste system
Buddhism“Hurt not others with that which pains yourself.“
From the Udanavarga 5.18
Buddhism [528 BCE]
Siddhartha Gautama [asceticism] Becomes Buddha after death Buddha > “The Enlightened One”
Nirvana Salvation [release from cycle of
reincarnation] AHIMSA Missionary Does not recognize the caste system Appealing to women and lower
castes.
Tenets of Buddhism FOUR NOBLE
TRUTHS: All life is suffering Desire is the
cause of suffering Elimination of
desire brings an end to suffering
Follow the Noble Eightfold Path
Dharma> doctrine Noble Eightfold
Path Right belief Right resolve Right speech Right behavior Right occupation Right effort Right contemplation Right meditation
Religions of Asia
Major Sects of Buddhism
www.buddha101.com/h_maps.htm
Theravada Buddhism
“The Lesser Vehicle”Practiced in India
Parts of Southeast AsiaStrict asceticism Difficult for ordinary people to
achieve nirvana
Mahayana Buddhism
“The Greater Vehicle”Practiced in ChinaMahayana Buddhism
Monks explained in Daoist vernacular= DHARMA = DAO & NIRVANA WUWEI
Appealing moralityMonasteries helped poor
Chan / Zen Buddhism
Adapted from Mahayana Chan in Korea Zen in Japan
Unlike Theravada, easier for ordinary people to achieve nirvana.
Very popular because monks used vernacular to spread teachings.
Zen & Chan
Locations
Animism
Christianity
Islam
Judaism
Hinduism
Buddhism
Religion Terms Analects Animism Brahman Bodhisattvas Covenant Diaspora Disciple Edict of Milan New Testament
Ten Commandments
Messiah
Dharma Karma Moksha
Ahimsa Nirvana Reincarnation Theocracy
All terms related to Islam
Torah Yahweh Yin & Yang Filial Piety
Enduring Questions
Be prepared to compare all components of major world religions and evaluate similarities and differences.
Include founder, scripture, tenets, purpose, auxiliary components, important concepts.