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Classification
• Classification – grouping of objects or information based on similarities
• Taxonomy – branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on their characteristics
History of Classification Systems• The way we classify organisms changes as we
gather information about: – DNA/protein analysis– Embryology – study of an organism’s early stage
of life
– Anatomy (body parts)/morphology (form)– Phylogeny – evolutionary history of an organism
1. Aristotle (384-322 BC)
- Classified all organisms into 2 groups (kingdoms)
Plants & Animals
herbs shrubs trees air land water
2.Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)
• Developed two-word naming system called binomial nomenclature
Ex. Homo sapiensMost names are in Latin – 1st word = genus (capitalized)– 2nd word = species (lowercase) – usually descriptive– Both words must be italicized or underlined
Examples of Scientific Names
• Felis catus
• Panthera leo
• Homo neanderthalensis
3.Current system (with human classification):• Domain (3) – group of similar kingdoms (Eukarya)• Kingdom (7) – group of similar phyla (Animalia)• Phylum – group of similar classes (Chordata)• Class – group of similar orders (Mammalia)• Order – group of similar families (Primates)• Family – group of similar genera (Hominidae)• Genus – group of similar species (Homo)• Species – a group of organisms that can interbreed and
produce fertile offspring in nature (H. sapiens)
Dumb King Phillip Cried Out “For Goodness Sake!”
Examples of Offspring between Two Non-Species
• Horse x donkey = mule
• Lion x tiger = liger
• Zebra x donkey = zonkey
• Camel and llama = cama
• Dog x cat = catdog…just kidding!
Same Species…Different Subspecies
• Canis lupus – gray wolf
• Canis lupus familiaris – domestic dog
subspecies
Which two of these organisms are most closely related?
Ursus americanus, Lepus americanus, Ursus arctos
Phylogenetic tree – diagram that shows an organism’s evolutionary history
Q: Which 2 organisms are most related?
A&B or A&C?A&C or C&D?
Dichotomous Key – identification key that contains pairs of contrasting descriptions