CLASSIFICATION OF ORGANISMSBiology

RiverDell High SchoolC. Militano

• Introduction (why, what, how)• History of Classification• Systems and Nomenclature

I. Introduction A. Why are organisms classified?

1. show relationships between organisms

2. organize information about organisms

3. provide information for research4. allow for universal naming system

I. IntroductionB. What criteria are used?

1. Structure (morphology & anatomy)2. embryology3. biochemistry (DNA, RNA, proteins)4. chromosome number and structure5. geographic distribution or habitat6. life processes and behavior

a. nutrition, locomotion, reproduction

I. IntroductionC. How are organisms named?

1. person who discovered the organism

2. habitat in which organism is found

3. biochemistry4. appearance

II. History of classificationA. Aristotle and Theophrastus

Aristotle – classified animals by their habitat (land, water, air)

Theophrastus – classified plants by stem structure (soft stems – grasses and herbaceous, many woody stems, one woody stem) 1. classified over 500 organisms

II. History of Classification

B. Ray ( mid 1600’s – English) 1. classified 18,000 plants & animals 2. used the term species

C. Linnaeus ( 1707-1778 – Swedish) 1. Systema Naturae (1735) a. classification based on morphology

Caroli Linnaei Systema Natvrae

II. History of ClassificationC. Linnaeus

2. Seven levels of classification Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order Family, Genus, Species (varieties in plants and subspecies in animals)* King Philip came over from Genoa singing

Kingdom is the most generalSpecies is the most specific

Classes of Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata

II. History of ClassificationC. Linnaeus

3. Binomial Nomenclature a. Genus name and species name 1) both are underlined or italicized 2) Genus is capitalized b. ex. Homo sapiens, Panthera leo*species – similar organisms that

interbreed -produce fertile offsping

III. Classification Systems and Nomenclature

A. Systematics1.based on evolution(uses phylogenetic trees to show relationships)2. criteria used to classify organisms

a. fossil records b. homologous structures

III. Classification Systems and Nomenclature

A. Systematics c. patterns in embryo development d. chromosomes (numbers and banding) e. macromolecules (RNA, DNA, proteins)

Phylogenetic Tree

Plants-Phylogenetic Tree

Order Carnivora – Phylogenetic Tree

Phylogenetic Tree With Common Ancestor

III. Classification SystemB. Cladistics

1. more recent system of classification2. based on derived characters

a. common features that have evolved recently b. examples – feathers, scales, hair

3. cladogram – ancestry diagram made by cladistic analysis

Cladogram –Evolution of Vertebrates

Cladogram

III. Classification Systems and Nomenclature

C. Kingdoms 1. Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria 3. Protists 4. Plantae 5. Fungi 6. Animalia

III. Classification NomenclatureD. Domains1. Carl Woese – University of Illinois2. based on R-RNA similarities3. three domains

a. Domain Archae (prokaryotes)

b. Domain Bacteria (prokaryotes)

c. Domain Eukarya (eukaryotes) [Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia]

The Three Domains

Six Kingdoms and Three Domains

Will The Evolution of Organisms Ever Reach A Final Destination ?