……In IndiaIn India
Of India’s annual $9.7 billion environmental damage, $7 billion due to air and water pollution
Rampant industrial water pollution due to nearly 3 million small & medium-size enterprises
Untreated & under-treated effluent cause severeecological degradation and water contamination<30% of population have access to safe drinkingwater
Green IssuesGreen IssuesEnvironmental pollution
• Afforestation
• Bio-diversity
• Sustainable agricultural practices
• Dredging, countryside management
>> 150 million hectares of land degraded and unfit for agriculture; 70% wildlife lost due to deforestation & urbanisation
Blue IssuesBlue Issues
Tremendous pressure on available finite water resources due to rapid industrialisation,
expanding population, increasing pollution and excessive use and misuse of water
DroughtScarcity& rising costs Pollution
The Need for cleaner technologies
• Water & Waste water treatment equipment are increasingly being used for water recovery
• Treatment units and technologies should not generate waste and add to pollution
• Treatment units should leave the smallest carbon footprint possible
• Treatment shpuld not produce harmful byproducts in the treated water / waste
CLEANER TECHNOLOGIES
•Ultra Filtration
•Reverse Osmosis
•Membrane Bioreactor
Membrane Technologies
Other Technologies•Electrodeionisation
•Ozonation
Membrane Processes• Ultra filtration and Reverse osmosis are the two fastest
growing membrane technologies.
• Membranes offer solutions for effective water management, resource conservation, recycling and recover
• Membranes offer cleaner solutions – Eliminate/ reduce use of chemicals
• Piloting and testing always recommended for new applications / waste streams.
• Membrane systems compact and user friendly making it suitable for homes and communities.
WHAT IS FILTRATION?It is a physical process of separating particulate matter from fluids such as liquid/air by passing fluid through a medium which will not pass the particulates. No requirement of chemicals.
Different types of filtration.ReverseOsmosis Nanofiltration Ultrafiltration Microfiltration
0.001 1.00.10.010.0001Microns
MonovalentSalts
Divalent SaltsSugars
VirusesColloidsSilicatesProteinsMicrooganismsTurbidity
Suspended Material
Why use a membrane filter?
• Chemical-free water treatment technique– Eliminate coagulant and flocculant treatment– No residual chemicals in the filtered water
• Physical barrier, unlike conventional filtration.– In situ integrity check with air diffusion and visual
inspection• Consistent water quality even with feed spikes
– Handles wide variations and upsets in water source
• No constant operator attention– Only chemicals used are for intermittent
cleaning
Schematic representation - Reverse Osmosis system
WATER SOLUTION
HIGH PRESSURE PUMP
RO MODULE
PERMEATE
REJECT
Principle of RO Technology
• Operating cost less than DM plant for higher TDS• No regeneration – No chemical waste• Variation in TDS does not significantly alter
performance of reverse osmosis• Better purification• Expand capacity at minimum cost• In addition to dissolved salts, RO removes colloids,
organics and bacteria • RO can be used to recycle and reuse treated
waste water
Advantages of Reverse Osmosis
Membrane Module
Air Line
Aeration Tank
Sludge outlet
Wastewater inletTreated water
Vacuum pump
MEMBRANE BIO REACTOR
Operation of MBR• Immersed Ultrafiltration membrane system
• Cleaner technology for waste water treatment with low energy consumption
• No chemicals used in operation
• Revolutionary Submerged Flat Sheet Membranes immersed in a biological process treatment tank
• Effluent is drawn through surface of membrane in an “ outside - in” flow path producing treated water of reusable quality
MBR PERFORMANCE:MUNICIPAL SEWAGE
• PARAMETER MBR REMOVAL• EFFLUENT• BOD < 2 mg/l > 99%• TSS < 1 mg/l > 99% • TKN < 2 mg/l > 96% • NH3 < 0.3 mg/l > 97% • Total P < 0.1 mg/l --• Turbidity < 1 NTU > 99% • Total Coliforms < 100 cfu/100 ml > 6 log• Feacal Coliforms < 10 cfu/100 ml > 6 log•
• NOTE: Values for Municipal Sewage with an organic loading of 2.5 kg/m3 per day of BOD, and a Hydraulic retention time of less than 2 hrs.
•
CASE STUDYCASE STUDYUse of membrane technologies to Use of membrane technologies to maximisemaximise
recovery in Textile Industryrecovery in Textile Industry
Textile Common Effluent Treatment Plant in Tirupur in Southern India.Faced Closure if Zero Discharge not implementedTOTAL TREATMENT CAPACITY - 10000 Cu.m. per day A trouble free and trusted process to maximize recovery and product recovery was essentialNecessary for lowest waste generation from treatment processPilot Trials carried out for 50 and then at 500 m3/day to choose scheme.Some factors deciding scheme and also membrane flux:
• Membrane filtration essential pre RO.• With 2 stages of RO, recovery of over 80% can be achieved• RO reject can be used as brine solution.• Total waste from the system can be reduced to 7%• RO system can handle the blend of dye bath & wash water.
Bar Screen
Equali-sationtank
Sandfilter
Membrane Bio Reactor
ROFeed tank
IEXRO - II
82%Permeate
NF – Reject management
system
Brinesolution
Brine solution
Reject18%
SBS
dosi
ng
Filter feed pump
TREATMENT SCHEME FOR 10 MLD
HRSCC Activatedcarbonfilter
Lim
eFe
SO4
Poly
mer
FinalReject 7 – 8 %
RO - I
TREATED WATER TDS : < 250 ppm
Recovery of permeate : 82 – 83%
REJECT Quantity of reject : 7 – 8 %
BRINE SOLUTION
Quantity of brine solution(Reusable) : 10%
EDI Technology
• Ions removed continuously• Resins in Steady State (no
regen)• No chemicals• Upflow design
(+) (-)
UltrapureProduct
Feed
Na
Na
H
Cl
Cl
OH
C A C A
Conc Conc
H
Na
OH
Cl
Benefits of EDI Technology•Constant process with stable product quality
•No acid or caustic regenerants required.
•No upsets or downtime for regeneration
•No need for high purity water rinse and backwash.
•Produces high purity water with high water recovery(95%)
•No regeneration of waste•Eliminates need for a waste treatment plant•Eliminates acid and caustic storage tank•Eliminates acid and caustic dilution skid•Reduced floor space•Safe and reliable (No chemical handling)•Used in combination with RO to produce high purity water without chemicals
•Easy to install
Additional technology Benefits
Ozone Plant Technology
Gasout
Water in
Treated water out
Air preparationsystems
Liquid Oxygen(LOX)
On site oxygenpreparationsystems
Feed gaspreparation Ozone generation Ozone contacting Vent ozone destruction
Advantages and benefits of ozone
• Most powerful disinfecting agent available industrially
• Removal of color, taste and odor• Support for flocculation• Economical• Safe and largely experienced process• Environmentally favorable• No Trihalomethanes as by-product
• Most powerful disinfecting agent available industrially
• Removal of color, taste and odor• Support for flocculation• Economical• Safe and largely experienced process• Environmentally favorable• No Trihalomethanes as by-product
Applications of OzoneApplications of Ozone• Drinking water
• Pulp and paper bleaching
• Industrial Waste water
• Sewage disinfection
• Ultra pure water and process water recycling
• Drinking water
• Pulp and paper bleaching
• Industrial Waste water
• Sewage disinfection
• Ultra pure water and process water recycling
• Leachates
• Cooling towers
• Aquaculture
• Swimming pools and spas
• Foodstuffs industry