Omar (r)Omar (r)Military ExpansionMilitary Expansion

A.S. Hashim, MDA.S. Hashim, MD

From wikipedia.comFrom wikipedia.com

Sources of ReferenceSources of Reference

Al Farooq, Omar, Muhammad Husayn HaykalAl Farooq, Omar, Muhammad Husayn Haykalal-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings al-Tabari, History of the Prophets and Kings Tabqat ibn Sa'ad. Tabqat ibn Sa'ad. al-Suyuti, The History of Khalifahsal-Suyuti, The History of KhalifahsMadelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhammad.Madelung, Wilferd. The Succession to Muhammad.K. Y. Blankinship, The History of al-TabariK. Y. Blankinship, The History of al-TabariEarly Khilaafah, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Ya’qub Early Khilaafah, Muhammad Ali, Muhammad Ya’qub KhanKhanModern Islamic political thought, Hahmid Enayat, Modern Islamic political thought, Hahmid Enayat, Encyclopedia Britannica Encyclopedia Britannica al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah by ibn Kathir al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah by ibn Kathir Armstrong, Armstrong,

In this Slide ShowIn this Slide Show

The Islamic Empire GrowsThe Islamic Empire GrowsCountries Annexed Countries Annexed The Exacting Taskmaster The Exacting Taskmaster Omar and Mu’awiyaOmar and Mu’awiyaThe Secret of their SuccessThe Secret of their SuccessThe Great Famine The Great Famine The Plague The Plague JerusalemJerusalemMosque of Omar Mosque of Omar AssassinationAssassinationAbu Lu’ lu’ah Abu Lu’ lu’ah Islam Gives Islam Gives

The Islamic Empire GrowsThe Islamic Empire Grows

It is widely believed that Omar stressed more on:It is widely believed that Omar stressed more on:consolidating his power and consolidating his power and political influence in the conquered land, political influence in the conquered land, rather than pursuing conquests. rather than pursuing conquests.

Nevertheless under Omar:Nevertheless under Omar:The Islamic empire grew at an unprecedented rate. The Islamic empire grew at an unprecedented rate. In 638, after the conquest of Syria, Omar dismissed Khalid, his In 638, after the conquest of Syria, Omar dismissed Khalid, his most successful general due to his ever-growing fame and most successful general due to his ever-growing fame and influence. influence. Later however Omar regretted over his decision. Later however Omar regretted over his decision. The military conquests were halted between 638-639 during the The military conquests were halted between 638-639 during the years of great famine and plague in Arabia and Levant years of great famine and plague in Arabia and Levant respectively. respectively.

Countries Annexed Countries Annexed

During Omar’s reign the following countries were During Omar’s reign the following countries were annexed to Islamic Empire:annexed to Islamic Empire:

Iraq and SyriaIraq and SyriaEgypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Egypt, Cyrenaica, Tripolitania, Fezzan, Eastern Anatolia, Eastern Anatolia, almost the whole of Sassani Persian Empire including almost the whole of Sassani Persian Empire including Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus and Bactria, Persia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Caucasus and MakranMakran

According to one estimate more than 4,050 cities According to one estimate more than 4,050 cities were captured during these military conquest.were captured during these military conquest.

The Zeal and the Rush to AnnexThe Zeal and the Rush to Annex

IraqIraqSyriaSyria

AnatoliaAnatolia

EgyptEgypt

TripoliTripoli PersiaPersia

CaucusesCaucuses

Omar: Consolidating his RuleOmar: Consolidating his Rule

Prior to his death in 644, Omar had ceased Prior to his death in 644, Omar had ceased all military expeditions all military expeditions

apparently to consolidate his rule in Egypt and apparently to consolidate his rule in Egypt and the newly conquered Persian Empire (642-the newly conquered Persian Empire (642-644). 644).

At his death in November 644, domain of his At his death in November 644, domain of his rule extended from present day Libya in west to rule extended from present day Libya in west to Indus river in east and Oxus river in north.Indus river in east and Oxus river in north.

See map in next slideSee map in next slide

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Omar's Empire, 644Omar's Empire, 644

Omar's empire at its peak, 644.

Omar and his GeneralsOmar and his Generals

TaskmasterTaskmaster

Quick to dismiss Quick to dismiss Lending his ears to complaints Lending his ears to complaints

Demanding of his GeneralsDemanding of his Generals

ExactingExacting

StrategyStrategy

The The Exacting Taskmaster Exacting Taskmaster Omar was a most exacting taskmaster for all his generals and Omar was a most exacting taskmaster for all his generals and governors. governors. He was quick to lend his ears to any complaint against them,He was quick to lend his ears to any complaint against them,

and he was even quicker to dismiss them and he was even quicker to dismiss them ––with one exception – Mu'awiya! with one exception – Mu'awiya! Omar was forever indulgent to the sons of Abu Sufyan and the clan of Omar was forever indulgent to the sons of Abu Sufyan and the clan of Banu Umayya. Banu Umayya.

Mu'awiya, (the son of Abu Sufyan and Hind), as the governor of Syria, Mu'awiya, (the son of Abu Sufyan and Hind), as the governor of Syria, lived in Damascus in imperial splendor, lived in Damascus in imperial splendor, surrounded by a glittering retinue. surrounded by a glittering retinue. It was a lifestyle that Omar did not tolerate in any other governor. It was a lifestyle that Omar did not tolerate in any other governor. But Mu'awiya, for him, was a "special," and the rules which applied to But Mu'awiya, for him, was a "special," and the rules which applied to others, did not apply to him. others, did not apply to him.

Omar and Mu’awiyaOmar and Mu’awiya

Tabari has recorded the following incident: Tabari has recorded the following incident: Omar was in Damascus and Mu'awiya came to see him every day – Omar was in Damascus and Mu'awiya came to see him every day – mornings and evenings – mornings and evenings – Mu'awiya arrives bedecked in regal outfit, with splendidly caparisoned Mu'awiya arrives bedecked in regal outfit, with splendidly caparisoned mounts and escorts. mounts and escorts. When Omar commented, rather acidly, upon his pageantry, Mu'awiya said When Omar commented, rather acidly, upon his pageantry, Mu'awiya said that: that: Syria was swarming with Roman spies, and it was necessary to impress Syria was swarming with Roman spies, and it was necessary to impress them with the "glory" of Islam. them with the "glory" of Islam. His pageantry, he said, was only the outward emblem of that glory - the His pageantry, he said, was only the outward emblem of that glory - the glory of Islam. glory of Islam.

But Omar was not convinced, and remarked: "This is a trap laid by But Omar was not convinced, and remarked: "This is a trap laid by the slick and guileful man." the slick and guileful man."

Omar and Mu’awiyaOmar and Mu’awiya

Mu'awiya answered: "Then I will do whatever you say, O Commander Mu'awiya answered: "Then I will do whatever you say, O Commander of the Faithful." of the Faithful." Omar answered back: “Even if I raise an objection, you baffle and Omar answered back: “Even if I raise an objection, you baffle and bewilder me with words. I am at a loss to know what to do." bewilder me with words. I am at a loss to know what to do."

Here Omar condones Mu'awiya in anything and everything. Here Omar condones Mu'awiya in anything and everything. Omar, in fact, appears to be ostentatiously courting Abu Sufyan and Omar, in fact, appears to be ostentatiously courting Abu Sufyan and his sons. his sons. Once Omar placed them at the helm of affairs, they consolidated Once Omar placed them at the helm of affairs, they consolidated their position, and it became impossible to dislodge them. their position, and it became impossible to dislodge them. It was in this manner that the secular, predatory, imperialist and It was in this manner that the secular, predatory, imperialist and economically exploitative Benu Umayya were foisted upon the economically exploitative Benu Umayya were foisted upon the Muslims. Muslims. The cultivation of Benu Umayya, it appears, was one of the The cultivation of Benu Umayya, it appears, was one of the constants in Saqifa's policy equation.constants in Saqifa's policy equation.

The Secret of their SuccessThe Secret of their Success

According to many, the secret of the military success was in the piety According to many, the secret of the military success was in the piety and the religious zeal of the Muslim soldiers. and the religious zeal of the Muslim soldiers.

The propulsive power behind the Arab conquests of the seventh The propulsive power behind the Arab conquests of the seventh century, they say, came from Islam, century, they say, came from Islam, And every Arab who left the peninsula to attack the Fertile And every Arab who left the peninsula to attack the Fertile Crescent, was a Crescent, was a mujahidmujahid, fighting for the glory of God. , fighting for the glory of God.

This claim, however, is only partly true. This claim, however, is only partly true. Without a doubt there were those Muslims who wished to spread Without a doubt there were those Muslims who wished to spread the light of Islam in the world the light of Islam in the world but the overwhelming majority fought for the material rewards that but the overwhelming majority fought for the material rewards that the conquests promised to bring to them. the conquests promised to bring to them. They had developed a distinctly secular appetite for power and They had developed a distinctly secular appetite for power and riches.riches.

Conquest, Plague, and FamineConquest, Plague, and Famine

Omar's Khilaafah is notable for its many conquests. His generals Omar's Khilaafah is notable for its many conquests. His generals conquered:conquered:

Iraq, Iran, Atherbaijan, Kirman, Seistan, Khurasan, Syria, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Atherbaijan, Kirman, Seistan, Khurasan, Syria, Jordan, Palestine and Egypt, and incorporated them into the empire of the Palestine and Egypt, and incorporated them into the empire of the Muslims. Muslims. All of these were permanent conquests. All of these were permanent conquests. The Romans lost Syria, Palestine and Egypt forever; and in The Romans lost Syria, Palestine and Egypt forever; and in Persia, the Sassani Empire ceased to exist. Persia, the Sassani Empire ceased to exist.

Among other events of the Khilaafah of Omar, were:Among other events of the Khilaafah of Omar, were:the first outbreak of plague in Syria in 18 A.H., the first outbreak of plague in Syria in 18 A.H., and a famine in Hijaz in the same year. and a famine in Hijaz in the same year. Between them, the plague and the famine killed more than 25,000 Between them, the plague and the famine killed more than 25,000 people. people.

Omar and his GeneralsOmar and his Generals

After dismissing Khalid bin al-Walid as supreme commander of the After dismissing Khalid bin al-Walid as supreme commander of the forces in Syria, forces in Syria,

Omar appointed him, for a time, as governor of the district of Omar appointed him, for a time, as governor of the district of Qinnisirin Qinnisirin قنصرينقنصرين but Omar dismissed him again for his alleged "pomposity." but Omar dismissed him again for his alleged "pomposity." It is said Khalid died in poverty.It is said Khalid died in poverty.

Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas, the victor of the battle of Qadisiya fought Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas, the victor of the battle of Qadisiya fought against the Persians, against the Persians,

Sa’ad was Omar's governor of Iraq. Sa’ad was Omar's governor of Iraq. He too was dismissed in 21 A.H. He too was dismissed in 21 A.H.

Many were appointed then removed from office, except one:Many were appointed then removed from office, except one:That exception was Mu’awiya, whom Omar coveted and was too That exception was Mu’awiya, whom Omar coveted and was too timid to replace him.timid to replace him.

The Great FamineThe Great Famine

In the year 638, Arabia fell into severe drought followed In the year 638, Arabia fell into severe drought followed by a famine. by a famine.

Bedouin people began to die because of hunger and Bedouin people began to die because of hunger and epidemic diseases, epidemic diseases, as a result of drought and famine hundreds of as a result of drought and famine hundreds of thousands of people from all over Arabia gathered at thousands of people from all over Arabia gathered at Medina Medina where due to city life and civic sense, food was where due to city life and civic sense, food was rationed.rationed.Soon the reserves of food at Medina began to decline, Soon the reserves of food at Medina began to decline,

Omar wrote to the provincial governors of Syria, Palestine Omar wrote to the provincial governors of Syria, Palestine and Iraq for the aid. and Iraq for the aid. State of emergency was declared in Medina and Arabia. State of emergency was declared in Medina and Arabia.

The Great FamineThe Great Famine

The timely aid of Omar's governors saved life of thousands of people The timely aid of Omar's governors saved life of thousands of people throughout Arabia.throughout Arabia.

First governor to respond was Abu Obadiah ibn al-Jarrah, the First governor to respond was Abu Obadiah ibn al-Jarrah, the governor of Syria and supreme commander of Rashidun army. He governor of Syria and supreme commander of Rashidun army. He sent a historic letter to Omar saying:sent a historic letter to Omar saying:

I am sending you caravans whose one end will be here at Syria and I am sending you caravans whose one end will be here at Syria and the other will be at Medina.the other will be at Medina.Later Abu Obadiah paid a personal visit to Medina Later Abu Obadiah paid a personal visit to Medina

and acted as an officer of Disaster Management cell, and acted as an officer of Disaster Management cell, which was headed personally by Omar. which was headed personally by Omar. Hundreds of thousands of people from desert towns had already Hundreds of thousands of people from desert towns had already gathered in Medinagathered in Medina

People from the desert towns swarmed Medina, once adequate People from the desert towns swarmed Medina, once adequate supply of ration had reached there.supply of ration had reached there.

The Great FamineThe Great Famine

Omar dispatched his men to the routes of Iraq, Palestine and SyriaOmar dispatched his men to the routes of Iraq, Palestine and Syriato take the supply caravans to the desert settlements deeper into to take the supply caravans to the desert settlements deeper into Arabia, which in turn saved millions from annihilation. Arabia, which in turn saved millions from annihilation.

For the internally displaced people, Omar hosted a dinner every night at For the internally displaced people, Omar hosted a dinner every night at Medina.Medina.By early 639 conditions began to improve, By early 639 conditions began to improve,

Arabia received rain, goodly precipitation, and soon the famine Arabia received rain, goodly precipitation, and soon the famine ended, ended, Omar personally supervised the rehabilitation of the displaced Omar personally supervised the rehabilitation of the displaced people. people.

These people wereThese people weregiven adequate ration and given adequate ration and were exempted from payment of Zakat for that year and the next were exempted from payment of Zakat for that year and the next year.year.

2020

The PlagueThe Plague

While famine was ending in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine While famine was ending in Arabia, many districts in Syria and Palestine were devastated by an epidemic of plague. were devastated by an epidemic of plague. While Omar was on his way to visit Syria: While Omar was on his way to visit Syria:

at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaida, the governor of Syria, at Elat, he was received by Abu Ubaida, the governor of Syria, who informed him about the plague and its intensity who informed him about the plague and its intensity and he advised Omar to go back to Medina, rather than expose himself to and he advised Omar to go back to Medina, rather than expose himself to it. it.

Omar tried then to persuade Abu Ubaida to go with him to Medina Omar tried then to persuade Abu Ubaida to go with him to Medina but Abu Ubaida refused to abandon his troops in such critical situation.but Abu Ubaida refused to abandon his troops in such critical situation.Soon, Abu Ubaida himself contracted the plague and died in 639.Soon, Abu Ubaida himself contracted the plague and died in 639.It is said that the plague cost the life of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. It is said that the plague cost the life of 25,000 Muslims in Syria. In late 639 Omar visited Syria for its administrative re-organization, as In late 639 Omar visited Syria for its administrative re-organization, as most of the veteran commanders and governors had died.most of the veteran commanders and governors had died.

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Conquests, Famine, and PlagueConquests, Famine, and Plague

1. Countries Annexed Countries Annexed

2. The Exacting Taskmaster

3. The Great Famine

4. The Plague

5. In Jerusalem

6. Assassination

JerusalemJerusalem

The siege of Jerusalem was bloodless.The siege of Jerusalem was bloodless.The Byzantine garrison could not expect any help from The Byzantine garrison could not expect any help from the humbled regime of Heracleus. the humbled regime of Heracleus. After a siege of four months, Sophronius offered:After a siege of four months, Sophronius offered:

to surrender the city and pay a Jizya (tribute), to surrender the city and pay a Jizya (tribute), on condition that the Khalifa comes to Jerusalem to sign the pact on condition that the Khalifa comes to Jerusalem to sign the pact and accept the surrender.and accept the surrender.

It is said that when Sophronius' terms became known to It is said that when Sophronius' terms became known to the Muslims, the Muslims,

Abu Obadiah wrote to Khalifa Omar about the situation, and Abu Obadiah wrote to Khalifa Omar about the situation, and invited him to come to Jerusalem to accept the surrender of the invited him to come to Jerusalem to accept the surrender of the city.city.

Omar with Sophronius Omar with Sophronius

After the Siege of Jerusalem, Patriarch Sophronius refused to After the Siege of Jerusalem, Patriarch Sophronius refused to surrender except to the Khalifa Omar himself. surrender except to the Khalifa Omar himself. Omar traveled to Jerusalem and accepted the surrender. Omar traveled to Jerusalem and accepted the surrender. He then visited the Church of the Holy Sepulcher He then visited the Church of the Holy Sepulcher Sophronius invited him to pray inside the Church, but Omar Sophronius invited him to pray inside the Church, but Omar declined so as not to set a precedent and thereby endanger the declined so as not to set a precedent and thereby endanger the Church's status as a Christian site. Church's status as a Christian site. Instead Omar prayed outside in the courtyard. Instead Omar prayed outside in the courtyard. Hence the Mosque of Omar was built in its current shape by the Hence the Mosque of Omar was built in its current shape by the Ayyubi Sultan al-Afdhal bin Saladin in 1193 in memory of this event. Ayyubi Sultan al-Afdhal bin Saladin in 1193 in memory of this event. It has a 15-meter high minaret that was built before 1465 CE It has a 15-meter high minaret that was built before 1465 CE

The PactThe Pact

Upon Omar's arrival in Jerusalem, a pact known as The Upon Omar's arrival in Jerusalem, a pact known as The Omari Covenant was drawn up. Omari Covenant was drawn up. It surrendered the city and gave guarantees of civil and It surrendered the city and gave guarantees of civil and religious liberty to Christians in exchange for jizya. religious liberty to Christians in exchange for jizya. It was signed by Khalifa Omar on behalf of the Muslims, It was signed by Khalifa Omar on behalf of the Muslims, and witnessed by Khalid, Amr, Abdul Rahman and and witnessed by Khalid, Amr, Abdul Rahman and Mu'awiya. Mu'awiya. In late April 637, Jerusalem was officially surrendered In late April 637, Jerusalem was officially surrendered Omar allowed Jews to live in Jerusalem. It was the first Omar allowed Jews to live in Jerusalem. It was the first time, after almost 500 years of oppressive rule of the time, after almost 500 years of oppressive rule of the Romans, that Jews were allowed to enter and worship Romans, that Jews were allowed to enter and worship freely in their holy cityfreely in their holy cityAfter staying for ten days at Jerusalem, the Khalifa After staying for ten days at Jerusalem, the Khalifa returned to Medina.returned to Medina.

Mosque of Omar Mosque of Omar بن عمر بن مسجد عمر مسجدالخطابالخطاب

During his stay in Jerusalem, Omar was led to the Foundation During his stay in Jerusalem, Omar was led to the Foundation Stone on the Temple Mount. Stone on the Temple Mount. This is the Rock from where, (less than 20 years earlier) Prophet This is the Rock from where, (less than 20 years earlier) Prophet Muhammad ascended with the Angel Gabriel in his night journey Muhammad ascended with the Angel Gabriel in his night journey to heaven; known as "Israa and Mi'raaj to heaven; known as "Israa and Mi'raaj والمعراج والمعراج االسراء ." ."االسراءAs Omar cleared the refuse and debris from the site of the Holy of As Omar cleared the refuse and debris from the site of the Holy of Holies, a large rock was revealed. Holies, a large rock was revealed. Even more of the rock was exposed through further cleaning. Even more of the rock was exposed through further cleaning. Omar built a fence around it and ordered the building of a mosque Omar built a fence around it and ordered the building of a mosque nearby.nearby.According to the Gaullic bishop Arculf, who lived in Jerusalem According to the Gaullic bishop Arculf, who lived in Jerusalem from 679 to 688, the Mosque of Omar was a rectangular wooden from 679 to 688, the Mosque of Omar was a rectangular wooden structure built over ruins, which could accommodate 3,000 structure built over ruins, which could accommodate 3,000 worshipersworshipers

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Masjid Omar in JerusalemMasjid Omar in Jerusalem

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Al-Masjid Al-AqsaAl-Masjid Al-Aqsa

AssassinationAssassination

In 644, at the zenith of his power, Omar was In 644, at the zenith of his power, Omar was assassinated. assassinated.

His assassination was carried out by Persians, in His assassination was carried out by Persians, in response to the Muslim conquest of Persia.response to the Muslim conquest of Persia.The assassination was planned several months earlier. The assassination was planned several months earlier.

In October 644 Omar went for Hajj in Mecca, In October 644 Omar went for Hajj in Mecca, the assassins started the hoopla of Omar's possible the assassins started the hoopla of Omar's possible death that year, death that year, and the massive crowd of the congregation was used and the massive crowd of the congregation was used by the conspirators as a veil to hide themselves. by the conspirators as a veil to hide themselves.

Conspiracy to Kill OmarConspiracy to Kill Omar

Amongst the conspirators was:Amongst the conspirators was:Hormuzan,Hormuzan, the alleged mastermind of the plot. He was the alleged mastermind of the plot. He was Commander in many battles, was captured and brought to Commander in many battles, was captured and brought to Medina. He embraced Islam, used to give advice to Omar, and Medina. He embraced Islam, used to give advice to Omar, and was given a pension. was given a pension. Ka'ab al-Ahbar Ka'ab al-Ahbar األحبار األحبار كعب One of Omar's advisors, a former , One of Omar's advisors, a former , كعبJewish Rabbi, who apparently had converted to Islam, a good Jewish Rabbi, who apparently had converted to Islam, a good friend of Omar.friend of Omar.Jafinah Jafinah جفينةجفينة , the Christian Arab from Iraq, who was also a foster , the Christian Arab from Iraq, who was also a foster brother of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas, former governor of Basra. brother of Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas, former governor of Basra. Pirouz Pirouz فيروزفيروز , popularly known as , popularly known as Abu Lulu Abu Lulu لؤلؤة لؤلؤة أبو he was , he was , أبوslave of Mughira ibn Shu'ba the then governor of Basra. slave of Mughira ibn Shu'ba the then governor of Basra.

Abu Lu’ lu’ah Abu Lu’ lu’ah لؤلؤة لؤلؤة أبو أبو

In addition to his superb military skills, Pirouz was a In addition to his superb military skills, Pirouz was a skilled workman, skilled workman,

a carpenter, blacksmith, and a skillful artisan, a carpenter, blacksmith, and a skillful artisan, his owner Mughira ibn Shu'ba allowed him to live in his his owner Mughira ibn Shu'ba allowed him to live in his own household own household Omar had given Mughira special permission to send Omar had given Mughira special permission to send Abu Lu‘ lu'ah to Medina—since captives were not Abu Lu‘ lu'ah to Medina—since captives were not permitted to live in Medina.permitted to live in Medina.

There are many controversial stories about Abu Lu‘ lu'ahThere are many controversial stories about Abu Lu‘ lu'ahIt is said that he intended to commit his acts due to:It is said that he intended to commit his acts due to:

What the Arab-Muslim invaders in Iran had committed, What the Arab-Muslim invaders in Iran had committed, which resulted in massacre, rape, and looting of their which resulted in massacre, rape, and looting of their countrycountry

Abu Lu’ lu’ah Abu Lu’ lu’ah لؤلؤة لؤلؤة أبو أبو

Abu Lulu brought a conjectural complaint to Omar about Abu Lulu brought a conjectural complaint to Omar about the high tax he was charged by his master Mughirah. the high tax he was charged by his master Mughirah. Mughirah was the governor of BasrahMughirah was the governor of BasrahOmar wrote to Mughirah inquiring about the tax, Omar wrote to Mughirah inquiring about the tax, Mughirah's reply was satisfactory, and Omar held that the Mughirah's reply was satisfactory, and Omar held that the tax charged to Abu Lulu was reasonable, tax charged to Abu Lulu was reasonable, Omar then is reported to have asked Abu Lulu:Omar then is reported to have asked Abu Lulu:I heard that you make windmills; make one for me as I heard that you make windmills; make one for me as well. well. In a condescending way, Pirouz said, "Verily I will make In a condescending way, Pirouz said, "Verily I will make such a mill for you, that whole world would ever such a mill for you, that whole world would ever remember".remember".

Abu Lu’ lu’ah Abu Lu’ lu’ah لؤلؤة لؤلؤة أبو أبو

On 3 November 644, Omar was attacked by Abu LuluOn 3 November 644, Omar was attacked by Abu LuluAbu Lulu stabbed him six times in the belly and the last Abu Lulu stabbed him six times in the belly and the last on the navel, that proved fatal. on the navel, that proved fatal. Omar was left profusely bleeding while Abu Lulu tried to Omar was left profusely bleeding while Abu Lulu tried to flee flee

but people from all sides rushed to capture him, he in his efforts to but people from all sides rushed to capture him, he in his efforts to escape is reported to have wounded twelve other people, six or escape is reported to have wounded twelve other people, six or nine of them later died. nine of them later died. At last he was captured but committed suicide from the same At last he was captured but committed suicide from the same dagger. dagger. Others claim he escaped then found later and was killed.Others claim he escaped then found later and was killed.

Omar died of the wounds three days later on Sunday, 7 Omar died of the wounds three days later on Sunday, 7 November 644.November 644.

Ubaidullah ibn Omar AvengesUbaidullah ibn Omar Avenges

Ubaidullah ibn Omar, furious, sought to kill all Persians in Medina. Ubaidullah ibn Omar, furious, sought to kill all Persians in Medina. He killed: He killed:

Hormuzan, Hormuzan, Jafinah Jafinah جفينةجفينة, and , and the daughter of Abu Lulu, who is believed to be a Muslim. the daughter of Abu Lulu, who is believed to be a Muslim.

Ubaidullah was then intercepted, withholding him from the further Ubaidullah was then intercepted, withholding him from the further massacre. massacre. It is also believed that Omar’s daughter Hafsa provoked Ubaidullah to It is also believed that Omar’s daughter Hafsa provoked Ubaidullah to take the punitive action. take the punitive action. The murder of Jafinah, enraged Sa’ad ibn Abi Waqqas, (his foster The murder of Jafinah, enraged Sa’ad ibn Abi Waqqas, (his foster brother), and he assaulted Ubaidullah and again the companions brother), and he assaulted Ubaidullah and again the companions intervened. intervened.

Release of UbaidullahRelease of Ubaidullah

When Omar was informed about the incident, he ordered When Omar was informed about the incident, he ordered that:that:

Ubaidullah should be detained and Ubaidullah should be detained and The next Khalifa to decide his fate.The next Khalifa to decide his fate.

Uthman succeeded Omar as the Khalifa. Uthman succeeded Omar as the Khalifa. After prolonged negotiations the tribunal decided to give After prolonged negotiations the tribunal decided to give blood money to the victimsblood money to the victimsThus they released Omar's son Ubaidullah,Thus they released Omar's son Ubaidullah,

on the ground that after the tragic incident of Omar's on the ground that after the tragic incident of Omar's assassination assassination people will be further infuriated by execution of his son people will be further infuriated by execution of his son the very next day.the very next day.

Committee of SixCommittee of Six

Omar finally appointed a committee of six persons Omar finally appointed a committee of six persons comprising,comprising,

Abdul Rahman ibn Awf Abdul Rahman ibn Awf Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas Sa'ad ibn Abi Waqqas Talha ibn Obaidullah Talha ibn Obaidullah Uthman ibn Affan Uthman ibn Affan Ali ibn Abi Talib Ali ibn Abi Talib Zubair ibn al-Awwam Zubair ibn al-Awwam

Their task was to chose a Khalifa from amongst them. Their task was to chose a Khalifa from amongst them. Omar appointed a band of fifty armed soldiers to protect Omar appointed a band of fifty armed soldiers to protect the house where the meeting was proceeding. the house where the meeting was proceeding.

Islam GivesIslam Gives

The hundred years from 632 to 732 were the century of the Arabs. The hundred years from 632 to 732 were the century of the Arabs. They were supreme, they were triumphant, they were irresistible and They were supreme, they were triumphant, they were irresistible and they were invincible – in that century.they were invincible – in that century. Islam united the Muslims and gave them Islam united the Muslims and gave them

a sense of direction, a sense of direction, purpose and purpose and propulsive power. propulsive power.

Without Islam, their future would have been just as irrelevant and Without Islam, their future would have been just as irrelevant and barren as their past had been. barren as their past had been. But there is no correlation between their conquests on the one hand, But there is no correlation between their conquests on the one hand, and piety and religious enthusiasm on the other.  and piety and religious enthusiasm on the other. 

In ConclusionIn Conclusion

Omar and military expansionDiscussed in this slide show are:

The Islamic Empire GrowsCountries Annexed The Exacting Taskmaster Omar and Mu’awiyaThe Great Famine The Plague JerusalemMosque of Omar AssassinationAbu Lu’ lu’ah

Finally we quote the Quran:Finally we quote the Quran:

By the Token of Time By the Token of Time

Verily Man is in loss,Verily Man is in loss,

Except those who Except those who believe and do good believe and do good works, and exhort one works, and exhort one another to Truth and another to Truth and exhort one another to exhort one another to patience.patience.

ح+من* الر, اللِه* * ِم *س+ ح+من* ب الر, اللِه* * ِم *س+ ب

* ح*يِم *الر, ح*يِم الر,

+ع0ص+ر* +ع0ص+ر*و0ال و0ال

* ا *َّن, * ِإ ا *َّن, ر3 الالِإ ُخ4س+ 0ف*ي ل اَّن0 ر3 نس0 ُخ4س+ 0ف*ي ل اَّن0 نس0

* *ِإ 4وا الالِإ و0ع0م*ل 4وا آم0ن ,ِذ*ين0 4وا ال و0ع0م*ل 4وا آم0ن ,ِذ*ين0 ال0و0اَص0و+ا و0َت *َح0اِت* 0و0اَص0و+ا الص,ال و0َت *َح0اِت* الص,ال

+ر* *الص,ب ب 0و0اَص0و+ا و0َت +َح0ِّق< *ال +ر* ب *الص,ب ب 0و0اَص0و+ا و0َت +َح0ِّق< *ال ب

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

Be in Allah’s CareBe in Allah’s Care

Dr. A.S. HashimDr. A.S. Hashim