Climate Change & Technology Transfer

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Climate Change & Technology Climate Change & Technology TransferTransfer

AGUAGUOctober 6-7, 2010October 6-7, 2010

21/04/23 1Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA




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Avoiding Dangerous Climate Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change: A Shrinking Window ofChange: A Shrinking Window of

OpportunityOpportunity





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• Increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere must be limited to 450 parts per million (ppm) of CO2e if the world is to have a fifty-fifty chance of not crossing the temperature threshold.

• This means no more than 1,456 Gt CO2, or around an annual average of 14.5 Gt CO2, of carbon dioxide emissions should be released into the atmosphere in the 21st century.





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Technology For Adaptation in Technology For Adaptation in Energy Sector??Energy Sector??

• Power PlantPower Plant

• Renewable EnergiesRenewable Energies

• Energy ManagementEnergy Management

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Technology is not about

mitigation, it is also adaptation for the energy

sector!




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The Global Context of Technology The Global Context of Technology TransferTransfer

• Technology transfer is considered to be a key element in combating climate change under the UNFCCC.

• Necessity to realization global cooperation especially North-South and South-South

• It is an important element in all multi-lateral environmental agreements (MEAs)

• Technology transfer includes several phases of technology development, deployment, dissemination, adoption and “domestication”

• TT is one of the pillars of the Bali Action Plan endorsed by UNFCCC COP in 2007 and is now one of the negotiations tracks for post Kyoto

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Technology TransferTechnology TransferIPCC defined Technology Transfer as:

“….. a broad set of processes covering the flows of know-how, experience and equipment for mitigating and adapting to climate change amongst different stakeholders such as governments, private sector entities, financial institutions, NGOs and research/education institutions.”

• It encompasses diffusion of technologies and technology cooperation across and within countries.

• It covers technology transfer processes between all countries (developed, developing, economies in transition)

• It comprises the process of learning to understand, utilize and replicate the technology, including the capacity to choose & adapt to local conditions & integrate it with indigenous technologies.

-IPCCC Special Report of Working Group III, “Methodological and Technical Issues in Technology Transfer”





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TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER UNDER THE TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER UNDER THE UNFCCC AND KYOTO PROTOCOLUNFCCC AND KYOTO PROTOCOL


• Article 4.5 of the Convention addresses technology transfer, stating that

“developed countries…shall take all practicable steps to promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the transfer of, or access to, environmentally-sound technologies and know-how to other Parties, particularly developing country Parties, to enable them to implement the provisions of the Convention.”

• Article 10c of the Kyoto Protocol contains a similar commitment.




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• In 2001, Parties to the UNFCCC adopted a framework for actions to enhance the implementation of Article 4.5.

• The framework contains five key activities relating to:– Technology Needs Assessments (TNA), – Technology Information, – Enabling Environments, – Capacity Building and – Mechanisms for Technology Transfer.





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• Funding to implement the framework is provided through the climate change focal area of the Global Environment Facility and the Special Climate Change Fund.

• The CDM is also expected to contribute to the transfer of cleaner and more efficient technologies to developing countries.





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• Parties to the UNFCCC took further action in 2001 by establishing an Expert Group on Technology Transfer (EGTT) to help advance the Convention’s technology-related goals.

• Since then, workshops have been held on technology information (Beijing, China, April 2002), needs assessments (Seoul, Republic of Korea, April 2002), enabling environments (Ghent, Belgium, April 2003), innovative financing (Montreal, Canada, September 2004 and Bonn, Germany, October 2005), and adaptation technologies (Tobago, June 2005),.......(Bonn, June 2010)





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• The Poznan COP reconstituted the EGTT for a period of five years (decision 3/CP.13),

• Adopt Poznan Strategic Programme that taking into consideration differences in accessing and applying technologies for mitigation and adaptation.





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Poznan Strategic Program on Poznan Strategic Program on Technology TransferTechnology Transfer

• Consists of three funding windows– Technology needs assessments ($9m)– Technology transfer pilot projects ($40m)– Dissemination of technologies and practices ($1m)

• Timeframe for implementation– Remainder of GEF-4 (FY2006-10)





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Non-Technological OptionsNon-Technological Options

• In addition to technological options, countries also identified policies, regulations, standards and codes

• Awareness raising and education were identified as critical elements of the TNA

• Non-technological options needed to create an environment conducive to the adoption of hard technologies





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Earlier TNAsEarlier TNAsConducted within the National Communications with add-on funding from the GEF:

•UNDP assisted 78 countries between 2000 and 2003– Reports available for 66 countries

•UNEP assisted 14 countries– Reports available for 12 countries




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Countries with TNA Reports Countries with TNA Reports AvailableAvailable





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Examples of Technolgies Identified in Examples of Technolgies Identified in the Early TNAsthe Early TNAs

• Renewable Energy– Building-integrated photovoltaic power production– Stationary fuel-cell power generation

• Residential Energy Efficiency– Lighting and appliances– District heating systems

• Industrial Energy Efficiency– High efficiency industrial boilers

• Sustainable Urban Transport– Traffic demand management– Bus Rapid Transit Systems





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Key Sectors Covered by TNA ReportsKey Sectors Covered by TNA Reports

Source: Synthesis report on technology needs identified by Parties not included in Annex I to the Convention,FCCC/SBSTA/2006/INF.1, 21 April 2006.





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Share of Mitigation Options by SectorShare of Mitigation Options by Sector

Energy23%

Industry15%

Transport16%

Residential & Commercial

17%

Agriculture14%

Land-use and forestry6%

Waste9%





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Share of Adaptation Options by Share of Adaptation Options by SectorsSectors

Energy10%

Coastal area11%

Water resources10%

Health15%Agriculture

28%

Land-use and forestry

13%

Waste5%

Systematic observation

8%





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Current Situation of TT in Arab RegionCurrent Situation of TT in Arab Region

• Misunderstanding of TT Concept.• Absence of necessary financial resources to

TNA for some of Arab Counties.• Lack of technological information.• Absence of enabling environments.• Lack of trust and coordination between

governments, Private sectors and scientific research institutions.





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• Some countries prepared the TNA.

• There is a proposal to study the TNA in GCC, prepared by UNEP last month.

• There are some initiatives in the region that work on technology transfer like “Masdar”.





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Cont’dCont’d

No. Country TNA Date1. Comoros 2006

2. Egypt 2001

3. Jordan 2004

4. Lebanon 2002

5. Tunisia 2001





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Energy-efficiency technologies and Energy-efficiency technologies and Arabian countries supported by the GEFArabian countries supported by the GEF

Energy-efficiency technology Countries

Efficient lighting (compact fluorescent lamps, efficient street lighting, light-emitting diodes, etc.)

Egypt, Morocco

Energy-efficient appliances (refrigerators, air conditioners, washers, dryers, cookers, stoves, etc.)

Tunisia

Energy-efficient building design Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia

Industrial energy-efficiency technologies (steel, brickmaking, cement, ceramics, textile, foundry, rubber, wood, cokemaking, tea processing, food processing, pulp and paper, charcoal production, etc.)

Morocco, Tunisia

Cogeneration (including heat recovery for power generation from industrial processes)

Sudan





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Renewable Energy Technologies and Renewable Energy Technologies and Arabian countries supported by the GEFArabian countries supported by the GEF

Renewable technology Countries

Off-grid photovoltaics (PVs) Morocco

Solar water heating Algeria, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia

Tunisia Jordan, Tunisia

Methane from waste (mixed municipal and/or liquid biological)

Jordan

Biomass boilers (heat production) Egypt





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Low-GHG-emitting energy generatingLow-GHG-emitting energy generatingtechnologies and countries supportedtechnologies and countries supported

by the GEFby the GEF





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Transport sector technologiesTransport sector technologiesand countries supported by the GEFand countries supported by the GEF





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Barrier to TT in the Barrier to TT in the Developing Developing CountriesCountries

• Policy frameworks.• Technology.• Awareness and information.• Business and delivery models.• Availability of financing.





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Barrier to TT in the Barrier to TT in the Arab RegionArab Region

• Lack of access to information, • Market failures, • Absence of skilled human resources, • Weak institutional and legislative frameworks,• Social constraints. • High cost of technologies and difficulties represented

in accessing finance and the weak capacity to mobilize private-sector capital.





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Conclusions and RecommendationsConclusions and Recommendations• TNA is fundamental for the achievement of successful

technology transfer.

• Governments should play an important role in coordinating and guiding technology needs assessment among different stakeholders, and in creating other enabling environment for technology needs assessment.

• TNA should be prepared at national & regional level.

• Diversification of financial sources, local, regional and global to implement TNA.





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• Establish a regional technology transfer centre• Develop legislative and institutional frameworks

– Complete & update the TNAs– Develop technology road maps and national

action plans.– Develop technology transfer frameworks/strategy– Enhance enabling environments to integrate

technology transfer policies at the national levels. • Raising awareness on EST & TT.• Capacity-building in TT.





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21/04/233221/04/23 32Eng. Hussain Makki-NOGA

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