CM 220: College Composition II

Interpreting the Experts and Finding Your

Voice:

How to use APA and

Avoid Plagiarism

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Unit 4 Seminar

Unit 4 activities2

Reading: Introduction to unit; The Kaplan Guide to Successful Writing, chapters 11-12; Ceil Pillsbury article (found in Business Source Complete database)

Quiz: Interactive quizzes on plagiarism, citation, paraphrasing/quoting/summarizing [not graded--see links to external quizzes by clicking on the Reading icon on unit home page]

Seminar: Review of APA citation and paraphrasing, discussion of Ceil Pillsbury article

Tech Lab: Blogs and social networking sites (Facebook)

Unit 4 Activities3

To complete the Unit 4 Invention Lab:Write an APA in-text and reference page citationSummarize the article’s main idea Paraphrase and properly cite a key point Discuss any challenges you have with citing and paraphrasing Respond to two classmates’ citations

Offer suggestions Ask questions Mention helpful resources for citing and paraphrasing

Unit 4 Activities4

The project for this unit builds upon your discussion for this week, so be sure to post the discussion early so you can receive feedback before writing the project. The project has several components, so be sure to complete all of them. 

To satisfy the requirements of the Unit 4 Project, you will be:Completing the pre-interview worksheet (posted in the unit 4 folder of Doc Sharing)Describing at least 3 sources you may use in your draftCreating an APA references page for your sources

Review the project description and grading rubric as well as the sample project, posted in Doc Sharing, carefully.

Use the worksheet posted in the Unit 4 Folder in Doc Sharing or on the Unit 4 Project page.

Unit 4 Project Reflecting on Sources APA Formatted Title Page

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Unit 4 Project Reflecting on Sources Part I: Pre-Interview Worksheet

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Unit 4 Project Reflecting on Sources Part II: Three Secondary Sources

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Unit 4 Project Reflecting on Sources Part III: References

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Unit 4 Project Reflecting on Sources All responses are written in complete sentences Paragraphs for part 2 are well-developed,

coherent, and logically organized. One source presents challenges to the “big idea.”

References page in part 3 includes citations for each of the sources in Part II and follows APA guidelines.

Project is free of serious errors; grammar, punctuation, and spelling help to clarify the meaning by following accepted conventions of Standard American English.

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Finding Credible Sources10

Library databases Online journals Googlescholar.com Look for sources with known authors,

reputable publishers, cited sources Always verify information

Common Source Types11

Books Journal articles Magazine articles Newspaper articles Web sites Interviews Speeches

Each source has a specific formatting style! More on that in a minute…

Questionable Sources

.com, .org, .edu – what’s the difference? Blogs Wikipedia Other questionable sources

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Using those Sources13

Remember that sources help YOU to defend YOUR ideas. That means you should first begin with YOUR ideas.

Consider drafting without any sources and then adding sources to help defend, develop and explore your ideas.

Avoid simply cutting and pasting information from sources.

Do not fill your papers with source information for the sake of filling up space-use information that is directly relevant to your argument. If it is not relevant, do not use it.

Interact with and analyze source information

3 Ways to Use Sources14

Quote Summarize Paraphrase LIMIT the use of quotes. Increase the

originality of your paper by TRANSLATING the information from the sources into your own language.

Using Sources Appropriately

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Use to support and explain your own ideas Consider drafting without any sources and then

adding sources to help defend, develop and explore your ideas.

Avoid simply cutting and pasting information from sources

Do not fill your papers with source information for the sake of filling up space

Interact with and analyze source information Do not over-quote!

Why Use Sources?16

Sources can

1. Support our own reasoning and logic with expert opinion

2. Add credibility to an idea

3. Provide additional information

Sources cannot

1. Be the entire essay

2. String together to create entire paragraphs

Above all, do not use a series of paraphrases and quotations as your whole paragraph. Paragraphs are not compilations of sources; we are writing original work, not repeating our sources’ ideas only.

What is APA?17

• American Psychological Association: Standard for writing that is widely used by writers in the social sciences, education, business and psychology.

• Most Kaplan courses require it• Guides the layout of the document• Requires parenthetical citations in the body of the

essay• Uses a reference page with full citations for each

source cited in-text • Exception: interviews or other personal

communications that cannot be retrieved are only cited in-text

APA—6th edition18

• New edition—number 6--has some slight differences from the 5th edition

• The Writing Center has posted new documents that reflect these changes

• Main changes:1. Spacing after periods (2 instead of 1)2. Title page formatting3. DOI

APA 6th Edition and DOI19

Use DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of retrieval date and database for information obtained electronically (library database, for example) or online

DOI – “a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed” (Trexler Library, 2010, p. 3).

Instructions on Formatting

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Joni Boone, a Writing Center specialist, has designed a video showing students how to set up documents in APA format.http://www.screencast.com/users/Joni.Boone/folders/Jing/media/50487d39-0472-4db4-a96c-ee7cb86ba03cAlso see resources in Doc Sharing’s APA folder and the class webliography

APA Format21

More than just citing sourcesTitle pagesPage layoutSpacingFontsEtc.

APA Title Page22

Running Head•Place Running Head at top left•Use “Insert” feature to place Running Head in “Header”

Page Number•Place Page Number at top right•Use “Insert” feature to place Page Number

Center•Title•Author•Institution

Bottom Center•Course•Instructor•Due Date

Body Page 223

Fonts•Times New Roman•Helvetica•Arial•Not COMIC SANS•Not Edwardian Scripts•Not Harrington

Margins

Spacing

Nitty Gritty24

Fonts Times New Roman Helvetica Arial

Not COMIC SANS Not Edwardian Scripts Not Harrington

Spacing Double-space

In-text Citations25

Requires two or three pieces of information: Author’s last name Year Page or paragraph number (required for direct quotes only)

(Thompson, 2007)(Thompson, 2007, p. 345) OR (Thompson, 2007, ¶ 4)A survey by the Census Bureau indicates that half of

American households have a computer (Thompson, 2007).According to Thompson (2007), “50 percent of the population

have computers” (p. 345).

In-text Citations with No Author

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Many sources do not have a cited author. Websites, for example, often use a

CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, USDA). If no individual author is listed,

cite by the CORPORATE AUTHOR (CDC, 2008) or If no corporate author is listed,

by the title of the article or page you are using (New Technologies in the Workplace, 2009).

Remember that the point here is to connect the citation in the body of the paper to the reference

on your References Page.

References page formatting

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Start on a new page, titled Reference(s), centered in upper- and lowercase letters.

Include a page header and page number in the upper right-hand corner.

Alphabetize by author’s last name. Double-space throughout. Use a hanging indent

1st line of each entry flush left, indent subsequent lines 5-7 spaces

Can select by right-clicking, selecting paragraph and selecting “hanging” from the Indention drop down menu

Match with in-text citations. Italicize titles of books and periodicals.

References Page28

Formatting References29

Reference Page entries are like a paragraph. There are specific statements. Each ends with a period.

This basic format applies to all references regardless of type or available information.

Author. (Pub date). Title. Publication info.

Book with one author30

Maslow, A.H. (1974). Toward a psychology of

being. Princeton: Van Nostrand.

Author. (Publication year). Title. City of

publication: publishing company.

IN TEXT CITATION: (Maslow, 1974).

Journal Article31

Miller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs. Journal of

Social Issues, 21(10), 1-28.

Author. (year of publication). Title of article. Journal

name, volume #(issue #), page number(s).

IN TEXT CITATION: (Miller, 1969).

For quote: (Miller, 1969, p. 27).

Magazine Article32

McCurdy, H.G. (1983, June). Brain mechanisms and

intelligence. Psychology Today, 46, 61-63.

Author’s name. (year/month of publication). Article

title. Magazine Name, volume #, page

number(s).

IN TEXT CITATION: (McCurdy, 1983).

Newspaper Article33

James, W.R. (1993, November 16). The uninsured

and health care. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A14.

Author’s name. (Publication date). Article title.

Newspaper name, page # and section.

IN TEXT CITATION: (James, 1993).

Internet Source-author known

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Smith, K. & Jones, M. (2003). Building a better rifle. Retrieved March 17, 2011, from http://www.buildingrifles.com.

Please note that APA has changed its rule about including a RETRIEVAL DATE. In general, if a source is apt to change (updated material, for example), a Retrieval date is required; otherwise, no retrieval date is included.

Internet Source—Corporate Author

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U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2003). Guidelines for growing certified organic foods (USDA Publication No. 02-3456). Retrieved from http://www.deptofag.gov/organics

IN TEXT CITATION: (U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2003).

Internet Sources36

Keep in mind that internet source citation styles can vary dramatically depending upon what information you have available. Include as much information as possibleMake sure the link worksEnsure that the link on the references page takes the reader directly to the relevant page

What is Plagiarism?37

To Avoid Plagiarizing. . .38

Cite in-text and on the references page Paraphrase if translating into your own

words Quote if using the source’s exact

language

Why is it Important to Cite?

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Helps to build credibility Shows your reader you are honest and

that you have done your research! Gives reader necessary information to

find sources and do further research Helps avoid issues with plagiarism.

How to Cite40

No matter how you use the source, whether quoted, paraphrased or summarized, it must be cited both in-text and on the References page.

List sources alphabetically on the References page and make sure citations match up (author, title, or organization name in in-text citation should be the first part of the entry on the References page).

Cite within the paper where you use these sources -- show WHICH sources have been used, WHERE, and to WHAT EXTENT by using IN TEXT CITATIONS

How Do I Decide What to Cite?

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Is this information that most people would know? Is this information that would be known by those

outside of a particular field? Is the information readily available in general

reference sources like encyclopedias? If the answer to all three is “Yes,” then the

material is common knowledge and you don’t need a citation (unless, of course, you want to use a direct quote!).

For more details, go to http://library.csusm.edu/plagiarism/howtoavoid/how_avoid_common.htm

Which of These Needs a Citation?

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There are 5,283 hospice programs in the United States.

The critic Stephen Greenblatt argues that the religious conflicts of his period, especially those that occurred during his youth, had an effect on Shakespeare's work.

The freezing point of water is 32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0 degrees Centigrade.

The teen pregnancy rate declined by two percent between 1999 and 2000.

What is Paraphrasing?43

Taking source ideas and translating them into your own language, vocabulary, and sentence structure

The source’s meaning and ideas are not changed

Paraphrasing does not simply change a few words.

A paraphrase is usually shorter than the original source; a summary is even shorter.

Tips for Effective Paraphrasing

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Decide where you need to include source information in your writing.

Locate the source that best helps you to defend, develop or clarify your ideas

Read the source WITHOUT having your paper open. This helps you to avoid cutting and pasting.

Read the source until you understand it and can explain it to others without having the source open.

Close your source. Open your paper. Insert the source information where you need it, in your own words.

Compare the paraphrase to the original, changing any accidental cutting and pasting to your own words.

Cite the source.

Unit 5 Preview

Reading: Introduction to unit; The Kaplan Guide to Successful Writing, chapters 7, 13, 14 (pp. 167-168)

Invention Lab 1: Map ideas for draftInvention Lab 2: Formal and informal communications of big idea (letter to editor and post on Facebook, for example)

Seminar: Organization and development of ideas for draft, audience, comparison of letters to the editor

Tech Lab: Podcasts and videos

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Unit 5 Invention Lab

You will be completing two invention labs this week. You can access the second thread by clicking on “Invention Lab: Question 2.”

The first lab asks you to create messages for two different audiences and situations one formal and one informal. You will need to think about how to present your “Big Idea” to others, whether readers of your local newspaper or your Facebook page.  You only need to respond to one classmate for this lab, but make sure that you

write an actual response to your classmate’s editorial letter and evaluate the effectiveness of the messages.

The second lab will ask you to generate at least 4 ideas for your draft using one of the methods for organization that we discuss in seminar or that you discover on your own. You might create an outline, use an innovation tool like Wordle, or use the organization chart included in the sample post. Respond to two classmates for this lab, and be sure to ask questions, recommend

other possible points to include, or offer potential objections that your classmate needs to consider.

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Review47

Unit 4 Activities Reading Seminar Invention Lab Tech Lab Read instructions carefully

Avoid plagiarism by paraphrasing and citing all non-original material

Use proper APA formatting for paper format as well as citations

Email with questionsjst.john@kaplan.edu