“CO2 –Course 2 in Gothenburg, 2004”

Estonia`s Perspective on CO2 Capture and Storage

overview by Rein Kuusik

CO2 Emissions Inventory and Diminishing Perspectives

Content

National circumstances Antropogenic GHG emissions inventories Policy and measures Projections and effects Expected impacts Conclusion Links

Map of Estonia

On 2 slides

General Independence on 20 August 1991 Restructuring from planned to market economy

started in the early1990s Population –1,37 million. Diminishing ~0,9% annually Population density -31,8 inhabitants per km2 45 216 km2 Flat topography, average elevation 50 m; H.p.- 318 m Meam temp. in July:+16-18oC, in February: -3,5 -

7,5oC Mean annual precipitation range: 550 –700 mm Mean wind speed in coastal zone – 5-7 m/s

Land use

Distribution of population

GDP

GDP by economy sectors

Contribution of forestry and agriculture

Energy and industry profile

Changes in fuel supply

Oil shale

In 1999, share in electricity generating 92%

As a fuel it is characterized by - a high ash content (45-50%), - moderate moisture(11-13%) and sulphur contents (1.4-1.8%) - a low net caloric value (8.5-9 MJ).

The production of oil shale peaked in 1980 and fell by 8 million tons from1980 to 1990.

 

Antropogenic GHG emissions inventories

Key gases carbon dioxide(CO2), methane (CH4) Nitrous oxide (N2O) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)

Contribution

CO2 by economy sektors

CO2 emissions, combustion

Net CO2 removal

Net CO2 emissions

Policy Sustainable Development Act(RT I 1995,31, 384) - sets the most general principles for sustainable development

Estonian National Environmental Strategy (RT I1997, 26, 390) - is the major basic document for the policy-making process in the field of environment

the National Environmen tal Action Plan (NEAP) - defines concrete conceptual, legislation, organisational, educational, training and also investment measures for reaching the objectives set in the National Environmental Strategy

A number of environmental norms and standards have been worked out and adopted

Strategy 1 – general

In order to achieve improvements in air quality, it is necessary:

- to support development of less polluting types and means of transport - to ensure the importation of high-quality engine fuel - to stimulate the consumption of cleaner fuels - to impose restrictions established by international conventions on the use of ozone depleting substances and in order to achieve

- reduction of emissions of VOC and heavy metals- reduction of emission of sulphur and nitrogen

compounds- stabilization and reduction of emissions of GHG (CO2, CH4, CxHy).

Strategy 2 - energy

In order to promote energy conservation, it is necessary:

•to stimulate the use of less polluting fuels; •to encourage energy saving at transport from the producer to the consumer; •to support the use of renewable fuels and energy sources; •to reduce the negative impact of the oil-shale energy complex on the environment; •to introduce new technologies to raise the efficiency of the energy sector starting from fuel supply through power generation and transmission to energy consumption;

Projections 1 The projections of the GHG emissions were calculated on the

basis of general trends of the development of national economy, energy demand and supply in Estonia.

The results of the inventory of GHG show that an approximate total of 76% of all GHG emissions consist of CO2, with combustion processes being the largest source (approx. 98% of all CO2 emissions).

For this reason, the main attention was directed to the projection for CO2 emissions from combustion processes.

The remaining 24% of all GHG emissions consist of methane(21%) and nitrous oxide (3%). Here the uncertainties are greater.

Complicated task is to compile scenarios for the GHG sink, the more so as we have not scientifically supported calculations for biogeochemical cycles of CO2 in terrestrial ecosystems for Estonia.

Projections 2General background for making projections

Population Gross Domestic Product Energy price Energy taxation Energy policy and institutional issues

The number of quantitative indicators for the energy sector and national economy were taken into account when drafting GHG emission scenarios for Estonia.

The two projections elaborated were:

• WM-projection (“with measures” projection), which reflects the impact of planned measures and the policies and measures implemented in period 1995-2000;.• WAM-projection (“with additional measures” projection), which encompasses additional policies and measures, that may be taken in future.

Results, energy sector

have a look on the overhead slide with table 4.2.1 and slide 18

Projections 3

Climate Scenarios

Conclusions

In the Republic of Estonia the legislation, policy and measures for mitigation of the atmospheric emissions of GHG-s including CO2 have been elaborated and enforced

No measures focused on the capture and storage of CO2 have not been foreseen in the state-level plans

The basic and applied research for CO2 mineralisation in the energy sector have been initiated by TTU under support of ESF and SC Narva Elektrijaamad

Links

http://www.envir.ee/eng/strategy.html

http://www.envir.ee/eng/neap.html

http://www.mkm.ee/failid/Estonian Energy2002

http://www.seit.ee/allalaaditavad materjalid- Possible Energy Sector Trends in Estonia. Context of Climate Change- Country Case Study on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation Assessment in the Republic of Estonia