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Cognitive Behavior TherapyCognitive Behavior Therapy
Dr. Sparrow EPSY 6363
Founders
• Albert Ellis -- Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) originated in mid-1950s
• Aaron Beck -- Cognitive Therapy (CT)
• Donald Meichenbaum -- Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
The Common Ground
• Collaborative relationship
• Psychological distress originates in faulty cognitive processes
• Changing cognitions will change feelings and behaviors
• Short-term educational model
• homework
• client responsibility in and out of session
• variety of technique
Ellis’s REBT• Thoughts, emotions and behaviors have a
reciprocal cause and effect relationship
• We do not need to be loved or accepted.
• People are not disturbed by things, but the view they take of them
• Adlerian:
• social interest
• goals and purposes
• teaching and persuasion
• Emotions follow beliefs, so therapy focuses mainly on changing beliefs
Human Nature and Source of Distress
• Humans are capable of rational lives, but also susceptible to faulty thinking
• We are self-talking, self-evaluating, and self-sustaining
• We mistake our preferences for essential needs
Sources of Faulty Thinking
• Significant others
• Our own thought processes -- superstitions and dogmas
• Assumption that we need acceptance
• Assumption that there’s someone or something to blame
• Our preferences turn into shoulds and musts.
A-B-C Theory of Personality
• A is activating event
• B is belief
• C is emotional and behavioral consequence
• D is disputing (either by therapist or client) -- by detecting, debating, discriminating
• E is effect of intervention, that is, an effective belief system or philosoph
• F is new feeling
Therapeutic Goals of REBT
• Minimizing emotional disturbances
• Acquiring more realistic philosophy
• Acquiring unconditional self acceptance (USA)
• Developing unconditional other acceptance (UOA)
Therapist’s Function
• Encourages and persuades client to change “musts” into preferences
• Demonstrate how client is keeping emotional disturbance active
• Helping client modify thinking
• Challenge client to develop rational philosophy
The Client’s Experience in Therapy
• Learner
• Doer
• Expected to work outside session
• Homework is carefully co-designed
Therapeutic Relationship
• Relationship is minimized
• Therapist models UOA, encouraging clients to do likewise
• Therapist discloses in order to model healthy imperfection
• Transference is challenged as unnecessary, part of irrational beliefs
Interventions of REBT
• Cognitive
• Disputing irrational beliefs
• Doing cognitive homework, making lists of problems, detecting absolutist beliefs and disputing them.
• Client is expected to take risks to overcome negative expectations.
• Changing one’s language
• Using humor, laughing at oneself
Interventions of REBT, continued
• Emotive Techniques
• Rational emotive imagery-- imagining worst case scenarios and feeling appropriate reactions
• Role playing -- noting specific beliefs and feelings that arise as evidence of irrational philosophy
• Shame attacking exercises, going counter to usual efforts to win acceptance
• Use of force and vigor, role playing with therapist
Interventions of REBT, continued
• Behavioral Techniques
• standard behavior therapy techniques, such as operant conditioning, systematic desensitization, etc.
• Research Efforts
• technical eclecticism makes research difficult.
Aaron Beck’s CT• Similar to REBT in that focus is on changing faulty
thoughts and beliefs
• But CT is based on three tenets.
• Client’s internal dialogue can be accessed through introspection
• Beliefs have highly personal meanings, so therapist can’t presume to know what’s best.
• These meanings have to be discovered by the client.
• By accessing cognitive content of upsetting experience, therapist can work with restructuring underlying “core schema.”
Aaron Beck’s CT, continued
• Cognitive distortions
• arbitrary inferences -- conclusions that are without supporting evidence
• selective abstraction -- forming conclusions on the basis of one detail
• overgeneralization
• magnification and minimization
• personalization
• mislabeling
• polarized thinking, all-or-nothing, either-or
Differences Between REBT and CT
• REBT is highly confrontive and focuses on teaching role of therapist. Beck uses an inquiring method.
• Disputes Ellis’s method of confronting irrational beliefs, believing that people think they are being rational.
• Beck prefers collaborative empiricism, arriving at the facts together, so that confrontation can be based on discovery, rather than on therapist’s impressions.
• Beck prefers to see problems as a misapplication of underlying rules that may be okay. Beliefs are not so much irrational as interfering.
Therapeutic Relationship in CT
• Much more emphasis on quality of relationship
• Therapist functions as catalyst and guide
• Client expected to take an active role
• Therapist’s teaching role minimized in favor of supporting client’s role in self discovery
• Client becomes her own therapist
Applications of CT
• Applying CT
• Helping clients become aware of automatic thoughts (cognitive distoritions)
• Helping clients make alternative interpretations
Applications of CT, continued
• Treatment of depression: It’s basis:
• 1) negative self concept
• 2) interpreting experiences negatively
• 3) projection of negativity into future
• Treatment of depression: Interventiosn
• Getting client to do something
• Pointing out “tyranny of shoulds”
• Breaking tasks into manageable units to offset tendency of depressed persons to exaggerate the obstacles
Meichenbaum’s Cognitive Behavior Modification
• Self instructional training helps clients become aware of self talk
• self observation
• starting new internal dialogue
• learning new “coping” skills practiced in real life situations
Meichenbaum’s CBM continued
• Stress management
• stress innoculation
• conceptual -- becoming aware of nature of stress and how they are responding to it, as well as creating it
• skills acquisition and rehearsal -- strategizing new responses
• application -- transfer and maintenance of changes
Contributions of REBT, CT, CBM
• RBT
• Confrontation is important
• Action orientation
• Becoming your own therapist
• CT
• Extremely effective for depression
• focuses on client’s inner world -- existentialist
Contributions of REBT, CT, CBM, continued
• Meichenbaum
• Like CT, based on educational model; dymystifies therapy
• Encourages a working alliance
• Empowers the individual
Limitations of Cognitive Behavioral Approach
• Ellis’s REBT
• Denies past
• Encourages misuse of power
• Beck’s CM and Meichenbaum’s CBM
• simplistic and superficial
• emotions are overlooked
• teaching isn’t only way learning takes place