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Cold War in Europe
Cold War – conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union. No actual military conflict (democracy v. communism)
Cold War in Europe
1. Eastern European nations fall to communism after WWII
Known as the “Communist Bloc” or Soviet Bloc
2. Containment• U.S. policy of stopping the spread
of communism to other nations
Economic Aid
3. Truman Doctrine (1947) Military & economic aid to nations
fighting communist threat (Greece & Turkey)
4. Marshall Plan (1947)
U.S. aid to war torn nations in Western Europe to help stop the spread of communism
($24 billion in aid)
Economic Aid
5. Berlin Airlift (1948) After Soviet blockade into West
Berlin, Truman orders an airlift of supplies into West Berlin (located in East Germany)
Lasts approximately 9 months before Soviets lift blockade
Image of the Berlin Airlift
The Cold War6. NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Alliance of Democratic nations in response to Soviet threat
1st peace time entangling alliance for the U.S.
7. Warsaw Pact – Russia, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Rumania
Cold War in Asia
1. China Mao Zedong and the Communists
take control of China U.S.S.R. supports the Chinese
Communists with military aid U.S. supports democratic leader
Chiang Kai-Shek, who flees to Taiwan
The Soviet Union: Atomic Bomb test (1949) Soviets explode their atomic bomb 1952: U.S. explodes hydrogen bomb
(H-bomb) Soviets explode an H-bomb in 1953 Beginning of an arms race
Hot War in Asia: KOREAN WAR
Japan loses Korea after WWII U.S. & U.S.S.R. agree to split Korea @
the 38th parallel line U.S. withdraw & the United Nations
take over S. Korea Communists attack South Korea from
North Korea
Hot War in Asia: KOREAN WAR
Truman does not declare war – he uses power of the Commander in Chief to send troops into a “police action”
United Nations calls for a limited war McArthur disagrees & pushes
communists all the way to the border with China
Hot War in Asia: KOREAN WAR
MacArthur wants to invade China, but Truman says “NO”
MacArthur ignores Truman and is fired!
The Korean War ends as a stalemate No land exchanges hands; no concessions made
Cold War & ContainmentEisenhower Administration
1. Domino Theory Belief that if one country fell to
communism it would set off a chain reaction
2. SEATO (South East Asian Treaty Organization
Alliance similar to NATO which developed between U.S, England, Japan, France (Indochina), Thailand, Australia, Philippines
Cold War & ContainmentEisenhower Administration
3. Eisenhower Doctrine Send troops to any Middle Eastern
nation that wanted help to fight communism
Cold War & ContainmentEisenhower Administration
4. Sputnik satellite – launched by USSR Shocked the U.S. Caused education spending increase
for sciences and for the space race
Image of Sputnik.
The Cold War
5. U-2 Spy Incident U.S. plane shot down while spying on
the Soviet Union Pilot was exchanged for Soviet spy Khrushchev cancels summit in
response
Cold War Events - at Home
1946 Truman starts loyalty checks through the FBI (3 million gov’t workers investigated)
1. McCarthyism• Use of unsupported accusations to
intimidate people• Senator Joseph McCarthy (R) from
Wisconsin claims there are some 205 communists in the state department
Cold War Events - at Home
Became very popular with public, listened to him on the radio
McCarthy attacks so-called communism in the U.S. military
Condemned by the Senate, led to his downfall
Laws Passed to Restrict Communist Activities
2. Smith Act – made it illegal to join the Communist Party
3. McCarren-Walter Act – Communist organizations must register & disclose financial statements as well as no more communists can enter this country (from Eastern Europe and USSR)
Laws Passed to Restrict Communist Activities
4. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC)• led by Richard
Nixon (future president). Those accused of communist activities had to testify in front of the House of Representatives
The Rosenberg Case (1953)
Julius & Ethel Rosenberg were accused and convicted of passing secrets about the atomic bomb to the Soviets
The evidence against them was circumstantial (weak)
Both were executed in 1953
Photograph of Julius & Ethel Rosenberg
At Home: Life & Culture of the 1950s
A. G.I. Bill – war veterans are given money for college or housing
B. Baby Boom – dramatic increase in birth rates following WWII – population explosion
C. Suburbs grow due to increased demand in housing
Suburban Sprawl
At Home: Life & Culture of the 1950s
d. Americans begin buying consumer goods at a fast rate!
Rise of Rock n’ Roll – music featured heavy rhythms, simple melodies & lyrics about love, cars and the problems of being young
At Home: Life & Culture of the 1950s
e. Car culture increases – an abundance of gasoline, raw materials and easy credit allowed car sales to jump to from 6.7 million cars sold in 1950 to 7.9 million sold in 1955
f. Drive-in movies!
Government Policies
Truman’s Domestic Policy – called Fair Deal
1. Minimum wage increases to $0.752. Increase in social security coverage3. Funding for low income housing
Government Policies
Eisenhower’s Domestic Policy1. Favors business2. Creates interstate highway system3. Establishes Dept of Health,
Education & Welfare