The Fragile Politics of Peace

Unit 9

Main Topics

Cold WarDétente

Post Cold War Europe

Non-Cold War Europe

Cold War

Struggle between West and Communism

1945-1991

Soviet-American Relations

1945-71—Cold War Stalin pursued hard line

Korea

Khrushchev pursued softer line

Vietnam Missiles in Cuba

Soviet-American Relations

Soviet-American Relations

1972-1991—Detente Détente=relaxation

During 1980s Gorbachev began major liberalization of economics

Soviet Union 1953—Stalin’s death led to bitter

struggle for power Secret Speech

Nikita Khrushchev Report to 20th Party Congress February 25 1956 Maintained support for Communist ideals Criticized Stalin’s actions

Purges Terror against citizens Stalin's personality cult1945-71

Yugoslavia

1943-1991—Marshal Tito

Defied Stalin, pursuing nationalist policies

Stalin tried to bring Tito under Soviet domination

Western nations offered aid

Allowed Tito to remain independent 1945-71

Germany Nazi war crimes trials in

Nuremberg (1945-1946)

Berlin Blockade and Airlift (1948-1949)

West Germany (German Federal Republic) created (1949)

East Germany (German Democratic Republic) created (1949)1945-71

Divided Berlin

Divided Germany

Germany

August 13, 1961—East German border guard escapes to the West

Berlin Wall built (1961) June 26, 1963—Kennedy visited the wall Relations normalized between the two Germanies (1972)

Berlin Wall Seals Iron Curtain

1945-71

Eastern Europe—1956 Poland (October)

Polish people engaged in strikes and riots Władysław Gomułka pledged a measure

of loyalty to Russia Hungary (23 October 23-November

10) Like Poland, people revolted and

Imre Nagy pushed for some independence from Russia

Soviets could not allow more anti-Soviet moves

1,000s of Hungarians killed as government smashed by Soviets1945-71

Eastern Europe—1968

Czechoslovakia Alexander Dubcek began

liberalization, assuring Soviets of loyalty

Warsaw Pact troops, led by Soviets, brought Czechoslovakia back under total Soviet control

1945-71

Economic Aspects

Aid Truman Doct. to Greece & Turkey

Marshall Plan to all of Europe, especially Eastern Europe

COMECON—Communist response to Marshall Plan

Eisenhower Doct. to Middle East

Peace Corps idealistic volunteers to underdeveloped countries

1945-71

Economic Aspects European Economic Unity

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) (1952)

European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) (1957)

European Economic Community (EEC/Common Market) (1957)

European Community (EC) (1986)

European Union (EU) (1992) 1945-71

Military Aspects

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (1948)

Australia, New Zealand, and the United States (ANZUS) (1951)

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) (1954)

1945-71

China China and Russia became hostile

over: Ideological differences

Border disputes

World Communist leadership

1976—At Mao's death, a thaw

1989—After Soviets left Afghanistan, a normalization

1945-71

Detente

1972-1991

Germanies 1970—Willy Brandt’s Ostpolitik

Greater harmony with GDR & Poland

1972—More open relations with GDR, allowing more travel

1972-91

Détente—1972 &

73 1972 Nixon visited Brezhnev in

Moscow for summit Two SALT Accords

Limited nuclear weaponry 1973

Brezhnev visited US Traveled across country,

appearing on TV Signed accords with Nixon1972-91

Détente—1974-75 1974—Nixon visited Brezhnev in

Moscow and Yalta Signed economic and nuclear treaties

Ford visited Brezhnev in Vladivostok Discussed arms control

Helsinki Pact US, Canada, and Europe Honored post WWII boundaries Agreed to further human rights

1972-91

Détente—1979

SALT II Accord Carter met Brezhnev

Further limited nuclear weapons

1972-91

Europe

1980-88

Yugoslavia In 1980, Tito died, leaving

power vacuum

Albanians in province of Kosovo wanted independence

Serbs and Montenegrins demonstrated for protection from the separatists

1980-88

Poland 1979—Pope John Paul II visited

Warsaw Polish TV would only show altar

John Paul’s visit helped produce, 14 months later, Solidarity movement

Illegal strikes in Gdansk inspired by Solidarity Led by Lech Walesa

Popular movement, achieved some goals 1980-88

Poland Lech Walesa

"The pope started this chain of events that led to the end of communism. Before his pontificate, the world was divided into blocs. Nobody knew how to get rid of communism. He simply said: ‘Don't be afraid, change the image of this land.’" 

Timothy Garton Ash (Oxford historian)

"Without the Pope, no Solidarity. Without Solidarity, no Gorbachev. Without Gorbachev, no fall of Communism."

Gorbachev (USSR Party Secretary, 1985-1991)

“It (fall of Communism) would have been impossible without the Pope.” 1980-88

Poland

1981—Martial law imposed and Walesa arrested

1982—With increased pressure and economic decline, Walesa released 1981, Time Man of the Year

1983, Nobel Peace Prize 1980-88

Soviet Union In 1985 Gorbachev came to power

“We can't go on living like this.” March 10,1985 Glasnost (openness)

Perestroika (restructuring)

Chaos from: Mixed comm./cap. economy

Loss in Afghanistan (1979-89)

Challenged politically by Yeltsin 1988—Fired him as chief of Moscow's

Communist Party1980-88

1987—Reagan visited Berlin “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this

wall!”

1988—Gorbachev announced withdrawal of Soviet troops from Eastern Europe

Soviet Union

Get audio or video

1980-88

End of Cold War

1989

Poland Formed coalition

government including Solidarity members and Communists

1989

Soviet Union

Lithuania declared independence

Secessionist movements began in: Latvia

Estonia

The Ukraine 1989

Hungary June—Reburied Imre Nagy July—Supreme Court acquitted

Nagy of high treason for which he had been executed

August—Tore down fence separating it from Austria Let 1,000s of refugees from East

Germany into Hungary Refugees then fled into Austria

October—Changed from People's Republic into Republic of Hungary

1989

East Germany 1989—Refugees poured

into W Germany: 225,000 from East Germany

300,000 from Russia and Poland

October 18—Communist East German govt. fell

Midnight, November 9/10— New government opened border with West Germany1989

Rumania Shortages and economic collapse

Nicolae Ceausescu and his wife continued their lifestyle and use of secret police

December—bloody demonstrations

Eventually Ceausescu's caught, tried, and shot

Get video

1989

Czechoslovakia

Prague government tried to control demonstrations

Charter 77 created

Communist government collapsed

Vaclav Havel was elected president, beginning democratization

1989

Bulgaria & Yugoslavia

December—Announced democratic reforms

1989

End of Cold War

1990

Yugoslavia

Communists voted to end 1-party system

Ethnic Albanians in Kosovo rioted

Slobodan Milosevic elected Serbian president

Slovenia voted for independence

1990

Russia

Gorbachev was jeered in Red Square on May Day

May—Yeltsin elected Russian president Defeated Gorbachev's

candidate

1990

Germany On October 3 Germany

reunited

Took on government and trappings of West Germany

East German pollution

1990

GERMANY: 1914-1990

Poland On December 9 Lech

Walesa elected president 75% of vote

Catholic support

1990

Hungary

New coalition government formed

1990

Romania

First free elections in 53 years

1990

End of Cold War

1991

Russia

Revolts in Soviet republics as Communists lost power

Gorbachev: Supported new, loosely-governed

Soviet Union

Denounced Communism

1991

Russia August—Hard-liners attempted

coup of Gorbachev government

Russians, led by Yeltsin, rebelled against coup in Moscow and other cities

Yeltsin denounced coup, saving Gorbachev

1991

Russia Gorbachev ended

Communist Party, but it was too late

Independence was "won" by Latvia

Lithuania

Estonia

Ukraine 1991

Russia On Dec. 25:

Gorbachev resigned

New confederation of ex-Soviet republics created

Yeltsin became President (1991-1999)

1991

Yugoslavia

May—Croatia voted for independence

October Serbs shelled Dubrovnik

Yugoslav forces bombed Zagreb, Croatian capital

1991

Post-Cold War

1992-Present

Czechoslovakia

1992—Czechs and Slovaks voted to split Havel resigned

1993—Birth of Czech Republic and Slovakia

1992-->

Yugoslavia 1992—Bosnia voted for

independence 1995—Officially independent

1998—Milosevic attacked Kosovo when they pushed for autonomy 1999—NATO and UN bombed Sarajevo

1992-->

Yugoslavia 2003—Serbia and Montenegro

changed FRY into Serbia and Montenegro

June, 2006—Montenegro and Serbia voted for separation

Feb, 2008—Kosovo became independent

1992-->

Russia

Putin

President of Russian Federation, 1999-2008

Currently Dmitry Medvedev Putin as Prime Minister

1992-->

Non-Cold War

The Welfare StatePost-WWII nationalizing of businesses

Sweden and FRG someItaly and Britain moreFrance most

All, but Britain, had long-term planning and direct intervention in economyAll, including Britain, created welfare states (social safety net)

Rise of European centristsIn 1980s began to reduce

Social ChangesGreater social democracy

Especially for womenBirth control pill

Led to negative population growthCreated problem for retirement benefits

Youth cultureBaby boomers

Growing immigration from Asia, Middle East and Africa

Led to anti-immigrant political parties

Socio-Economic Changes

Growing middle classMore social mobilityProsperityEducational opportunities

ConsumerismMass marketingWestern industry begins to shift from heavy industry toward services and information processing

1968Rebellious children of

Fascists

French bourgeoisie

Oppressive Soviet Communism in Eastern Europe

Vietnam War

Terrorism in Europe1972—Hostage crisis at the Summer

Olympics in Munich, West Germany

1985—Hijacked cruise ship, Achille Lauro, in Mediterranean

1988—Explosion of Pan Am 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland

2004—Bombings of Madrid subway/train

2005—Bombings in London

TechnologyGovernment-run science

Antibiotics

Polio vaccine

Organ transplants

Nuclear powerChernobyl, 1986

Cultural and Intellectual

ChangesCenter of art moved to NYCThought

PostmodernismExistentialism

ReligionEcumenical movementSecond Vatican CouncilEvangelical Christianity

The Fragile Politics of Peace

Unit 9