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Evolving CollectionDirections
Lorcan Dempsey & Constance MalpasOCLC Research
@LorcanD @ConstanceM
State College, PA June 2015PALCI Members Meeting
Garen M. “Valley Forge Trails Panorama” Flicrk CC BY-NC 2.0
PreambleCollection Directions
2.3B holdings* in 68K libraries
in PALCI 2
%
340M titles 4%
in PALCI
13M titles
43M holdings*
collective collection
Avg. 3 PALCI holdings/title
context
*holdings are assessed at the title level; multiple copies are counted as a single holding.
in 69 libraries
March 2015
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
86%Books
3%Serials
2%Scores
2%Visual
Material Typesin PALCI Collective Collection
N = 13M titles
89% books and journals
3%Recorded
Sound
5
Mostly English-language
Mostly humanities
Composition of PALCI Collective Collection
English69%
Non-Eng-lish31%
0 500,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000 3,500,000 4,000,000
PALCI MembershipDistribution by Size of Collection (titles)
Highly skewed distributionHeterogeneous population - research, teaching, liberal arts, medicine, art . . .Variable participation in ‘network level’ infrastructure
March 2015
X
9% of population accounts for >40% of aggregate inventory
University of PennsylvaniaPenn State
University of PittsburghNew York University
Rutgers UniversityTemple University
Bucknell UniversityWest Virginia University
Lehigh UniversityMuhlenberg College
Seton Hall UniversityCarnegie Mellon University
Dickinson CollegeState Library of Pennsylvania
Bloomsburg University of PennsylvaniaIndiana University of Pennsylvania
West Chester UniversityVillanova University
Rowan UniversityBryn Mawr College
Swarthmore CollegeAllegheny College
Marshall UniversityDrexel University
Duquesne UniversityFranklin & Marshall College
Clarion University of PaGettysburg College
East Stroudsburg UniversityKutztown University
New SchoolLafayette College
La Salle UniversityHaverford College
Millersville UnversityCalifornia University of PA
University of ScrantonLock Haven University
Messiah CollegeEdinboro University
Susquehanna UniversityPhiladelphia University
Juniata CollegeShippensburg UniversitySlippery Rock University
Lycoming CollegeSaint Francis University
Widener UniversityMoravian College
Saint Joseph's UniversityChatham Universtiy
Point Park University LibraryLa Roche College
Ursinus CollegePhiladelphia Museum of Art
Carlow UniversityMansfield University
Marywood UniversityRobert Morris University Library
Eastern UniversityYork College of PA
Elizabethtown CollegeGannon University
Misericordia UniversityUniversity of the Sciences
Mt. AloysiusPhila College of Osteopathic Med
Harrisburg UniversityLackawanna College
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
Duplication of PALCI Member Collections in WorldCat
< 10 libraries 10 to 24 25 to 99 >99 libraries
March 2015
Median proportion of titles held in >99 libraries: 81%
Median proportion of titles held in <10 libraries: 3%
Abundant in system-wide collection
University of PennsylvaniaPenn State
University of PittsburghNew York University
Rutgers UniversityTemple University
Bucknell UniversityWest Virginia University
Lehigh UniversityMuhlenberg College
Seton Hall UniversityCarnegie Mellon University
Dickinson CollegeState Library of Pennsylvania
Bloomsburg University of PennsylvaniaIndiana University of Pennsylvania
West Chester UniversityVillanova University
Rowan UniversityBryn Mawr College
Swarthmore CollegeAllegheny College
Marshall UniversityDrexel University
Duquesne UniversityFranklin & Marshall College
Clarion University of PaGettysburg College
East Stroudsburg UniversityKutztown University
New SchoolLafayette College
La Salle UniversityHaverford College
Millersville UnversityCalifornia University of PA
University of ScrantonLock Haven University
Messiah CollegeEdinboro University
Susquehanna UniversityPhiladelphia University
Juniata CollegeShippensburg UniversitySlippery Rock University
Lycoming CollegeSaint Francis University
Widener UniversityMoravian College
Saint Joseph's UniversityChatham Universtiy
Point Park University LibraryLa Roche College
Ursinus CollegePhiladelphia Museum of Art
Carlow UniversityMansfield University
Marywood UniversityRobert Morris University Library
Eastern UniversityYork College of PA
Elizabethtown CollegeGannon University
Misericordia UniversityUniversity of the Sciences
Mt. AloysiusPhila College of Osteopathic Med
Harrisburg UniversityLackawanna College
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
In-group Duplication in PALCI Member Libraries
Unique in group Duplicated in group
March 2015
Median proportion of titles duplicated in group: 93%
Median proportion of titles unique in group: 7%
Opportunities for de-duplication?
MILLERSVILLE UNIV LIBR
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV
OFFICE OF COMMONWEALTH LIBR
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
INDIANA UNIV OF PENNSYLVANIA
BUCKNELL UNIV
YALE UNIV LIBR
JUNIATA COL
ALTOONA AREA PUB LIBR
HARVARD UNIV, HARVARD COL LIBR
NEW YORK PUB LIBR
HATHITRUST DIGITAL LIBR
UNIV OF MISSISSIPPI
UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES
SIMPSON UNIV
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60%
Henry W. Shoemaker, 1880-1958Total related works = 172
http://collection1.libraries.psu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/psuphoto/id/160/rec/1http://collection1.libraries.psu.edu/cdm/singleitem/collection/digitalbks4/id/1332/rec/13
Top 15 most comprehensive collections related to:
PALCI
10
MILLERSVILLE UNIV LIBR
MUHLENBERG COL LIBR
PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV
MENNONITE HIST LIBR
UNIV OF WATERLOO LIBR
LANCASTERY HISTORICAL SOCIETY
FRANKLIN & MARSHALL COL
UNIV OF PENNSYLVANIA
EASTERN MENNONITE UNIV
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
HARVARD UNIV
OFFICE OF COMMONWEALTH LIBR BUR OF STATE
BETHEL COL
YALE UNIV LIBR
FREE LIBR OF PHILADELPHIA
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
Pennsylvania German dialectTotal related works = 485
Top 15 most comprehensive collections related to:
PALCI
UNIV OF NOTRE DAMEUNIV OF JOSEPH COLLCOLLEGE OF ST MARY
SAINT XAVIER UNIV GEORGIAN COURT UNIVMOUNT ALOYSIUS COL
UNIV OF DETROIT, MERCYSALVE REGINA UNIV
LIBRARY OF CONGRESSCATHOLIC UNIV OF AMERICA
GWYNEDD MERCY COL AUSTRALIAN CATHOLIC UNIV BANYO
BOSTON COLCARLOW UNIV
MOUNT MERCY UNIV SAINT LOUIS UNIV, PIUS XII
MERCYHURST UNIV HAMMERMILL CATHOLIC THEOL UNION
CHRIST THE KING SEMINARYDETROIT COOP CAT CTR
SAINT CHARLES BORROMEO SEMUNIV OF DAYTON
CAPITAL DISTCOUNSAINT JOSEPHS COL
MISERICORDIA UNIV
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%
Catherine McAuley, 1778-1841 Total related works=69
Top 25 most comprehensive collections related to:
A sisterhood within PALCI?
PALCI
LA SALLE UNIV
NEW YORK PUB LIBR
ALIBRIS
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
BAKER & TAYLOR INC
BOWLING GREEN STATE UNIV
YBP LIBRARY SERVICES
CLEVELAND PUB LIBR
MINNESOTA HIST SOC
CAMBRIDGE UNIV
BRITISH LIBR
UNIV OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA CRUZ
STANFORD UNIV LIBR
CHICAGO PUB LIBR
ROCK AND ROLL HALL OF FAME
0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25%
Bob Dylan, 1941-Total related works = 881
Top 15 most comprehensive collections related to:
"Bob Dylan - Azkena Rock Festival 2010 2" by Alberto Cabello from Vitoria Gasteiz - Bob Dylan. Licensed under CC BY 2.0 via Wikimedia Commons - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bob_Dylan_-_Azkena_Rock_Festival_2010_2.jpg#/media/File:Bob_Dylan_-_Azkena_Rock_Festival_2010_2.jpg
PALCI
http://www.pitt.edu/chancellor/library-collaboration
Growing attention to ‘above campus’ strategies
Multi-scalar strategies
HathiTrust
CIC
t
EAST
HathiTrust
HathiTrust
PALCI
PALCI
Bryn Mawr
Tri-Colleges
PALCI
Edinboro
simultaneous participation in cooperative efforts operating at multiple scales
?
Penn
State
PALCI
Figure: Multi-scalar library partnerships. OCLC Research, 2014.
MARLI
NYU
KeystoneLibrary Net.
OverviewCollection directions
2 31
Collections• The evolving scholarly
record• Collection attention:
collections grid
Trends• Collections as a service• Inside-out collections• Workflow is the new content• From curation to creation
Right-scaling• How we will manage print
collections … differently.• Consortia and
coordination capacity
The evolving scholarly record
Collection directions
Framing the Scholarly Record …
OCLC Research, 2014Figure: Evolving Scholarly Record framework.
OCLC Research, 2014Figure: Evolving Scholarly Record framework, publishing venues.
Grid: collection attention
Collection directions
Low Stewardship
In few collections
In many collections
Research & Learning Materials
Open Web Resources ‘Published’ materials
Special CollectionsLocal Digitization
Licensed
PurchasedHigh
Stewardship
OCLC Research, 2014Figure: OCLC Collections Grid.
Journals
1. Licensed materials are now the larger part of academic library budgets
2. Publishers looking to research workflow (e.g. Elsevier – Mendeley, Pure)
3. National science/research policy and open access4. A part only of the scholarly record – data, etc.
Monographs
1. Emergence of ‘e’ (platform)2. Shift to demand-driven acquisition3. Digital corpora4. Disciplinary differences5. Growing difference between market-available and
distinctive (e.g. area studies)6. Managing down print - shared print
Special collections, archives, …
1. Release more value through digitization, exhibitions, …
2. Streamlining processing, production, …3. Network level aggregation for scale and utility:
DPLA, Europeana, …
Research and learning materials
1. Evolving scholarly record: research data, e-prints, ...2. IR – role and content?3. Research information management (profiles,
outputs, …)4. Support for digital scholarship, online education5. Support for open access publishing
https://www.libraries.psu.edu/psul/pubcur.html
Creation and curation
http://www.library.pitt.edu/publications
New publication vehicles
https://orcid.library.cmu.edu/
New ‘knowledge work’ (K. Arlitsch)
Aggregation at what scale? Consortium, state, national…
Institutional Needs – Academic Libraries: Current situation vs. 5 years from now
High Stewardship
LowStewardship
In few collections
In many collections
Licensed
Purchased
Key Trends?:• increased
reliance on group provisioning of print and licensed content
• more integration of freely available web-based content
• special collections focus on institutional mission, reputation
• growing attention to teaching/learning materials
Research & Learning Materials
Purchased MaterialsLicensed E-Resources
Open Web Resources
Special CollectionsLocal Digitization
OCLC Research, 2015.Figure: Projected shift in institutional attention, academic libraries.
Institutional Needs – Research Libraries: Current situation vs. 5 years from now
High Stewardship
LowStewardship
In few collections
In many collections
Licensed
Purchased
Key Trends?:• strategic
realignment around purchasing/licensing ‘collections as services’
• redirection of investment toward research support (incl. ‘reputation management’)
• emphasis on effective disclosure of distinctive assets: special collections, research data, expertise
Research & Learning Materials
Purchased MaterialsLicensed E-Resources
Open Web Resources
Special CollectionsLocal Digitization
OCLC Research, 2015Figure: Projected shift in institutional attention, research libraries.
Collections as a service
Collection directions
Owned
Catalog
Available
LibGuides, etc
Licensed
KB/Discovery
Global
Google, ResearchGate, etc …
Separation of discovery and collection?:• Focus shifts from
owned to facilitated (available)?
• Focus shifts from collection to other services (creation, …)?
• Systemwide thinking becomes stronger?OCLC Research, 2015.Figure: Discoverability redefines collection boundaries.
The ‘owned’ collection
The ‘facilitated’ collection
The ‘licensed’ collection
The ‘borrowed’ collection
• Pointing people at Google Scholar• Including freely available e-books
in the catalog• Creating resource guides for web
resources
• Purchased and physically stored
A collections spectrum
The ‘demand-driven’ collection
The ‘shared print’ collection
OCLC Research, 2015.Figure: A collections spectrum.
Workflow is the new content
Collection directions
arXiv, SSRN, RePEc, PubMed Central (disciplinary repositories that have become important discovery hubs);
Google Scholar, Google Books, Amazon (ubiquitous discovery and fulfillment hubs);
Mendeley, ResearchGate (services for social discovery and scholarly reputation management);
Goodreads, LibraryThing (social description/reading sites);
Wikipedia, Yahoo Answers, Khan Academy (hubs for open research, reference, and teaching materials).
GalaxyZoo, FigShare, OpenRefine (data storage and manipulation tools)
Github (software management)
http://www.nature.com/news/online-collaboration-scientists-and-the-social-network-1.15711
Faculty/researcher engagement in academic social network
Digital Residents
Digital Visitors
Her view is that publishers are here to make the scientific research process more effective by helping them keep up to date, find colleagues, plan experiments, and then share their results. After they have published, the processes continues with gaining a reputation, obtaining funds, finding collaborators, and even finding a new job. What can we as publishers do to address some of scientists’ pain points?
Annette Thomas, CEO of Macmillan Publishers
A publisher’s new job description
http://www.against-the-grain.com/2012/11/a-publishers-new-job-description/
Concentrating capacity through consolidation
“ridiculously popular” features
A new ‘self-service’ economy for resource discovery, reputation management
Faculty taking reputation management into their own hands
Brand management … in the library
Research support services include guidance on reputation management, impact metrics, author & publication identifiers
http://4humanities.org/bloomsburg-u-undergraduate-manifesto-on-digital-humanities/https://www.bloomu.edu/documents/ics/digital-humanities.pdf
Library support for technology-enhanced teaching
Workflow is the new content
• In a print world, researchers and learners organized their workflow around the library.
• The library had limited interaction with the full process.
• In a digital world, the library needs to organize itself around the workflows of research and learners.
• Workflows generate and consume information resources.
The inside out collection
Collection directions
In few collections
In many collections
A
Licensed
Purchased
Outside, inOCLC Collections Grid
Distinctive
Library as brokerMaximize efficiency
Then
Low Stewardship
High Stewardship
Market
Inside, out
Library as providerMaximize discoverability
Now Figure: OCLC Collections Grid, shift in emphasis. OCLC Research, 2014.
From curation to creation
Collection directions
University of Minnesota ARL Institutional profile, 2009
“In alignment with the University's strategic positioning, the University Libraries have re-conceived goals, shifting from a collection-centric focus to one that is engagement-based.”
http://umcf.umn.edu/awards/2006/images/margo_library_lg.jpg
http://www.libqual.org/documents/admin/Profiles_apndx_C.pdf
50Library in the life of its user(s)
Closer alignment with teaching and learning
http://library.lehigh.edu/teaching_support
51Library in the life of its user(s)
Role-based understanding of service needs
52
http://library.rmu.edu/services/textbook-reserve-program
Library in the life of its user(s)
A ‘service bundle’ built around user engagement
54From curation to creationhttp://digitalcommons.ursinus.edu/student_art/
Towards the collective (print) collection
Collection directions
The bubble of growth in twentieth-century printed collections has left … librarians with a tricky problem.Barbara Fister
New Roles for the Road Ahead:Essays commissioned for ACRL’s 75th Birthday
http://blogs.millersville.edu/newlibrary/http://www.library.millersville.edu/
Johnny Gainer, Library Student Ambassador
See also:E. Dorney and E. Frierson “Renovations as a Catalyst for Change”http://www.inthelibrarywiththeleadpipe.org/2011/renovation-catalyst/
https://www.susqu.edu/library/51557.asp
Space reconfigured to fit user needs, preferences
architecture of engagement
http://www.palci.org/news/temple-plans-ambitious-new-library.htmlhttp://library.temple.edu/about/faculty-senate-library/minutes/december-11-2013http://library.temple.edu/about/highlights/digital-scholarship-center
Conversion of collections space enables redirection of resource toward new forms of research, teaching, learning.
60
Shared Print
• ‘Right-scaling’ management of print resources, part of larger shift to above-the-institution solutions
• Opportunity costs of maintaining institution-scale operations are very high; deep reluctance to managing down local inventory
• Early efforts focused on journals (because risks are low; scholarly attention has moved on); new groundswell of activity around monographs
• Strategic goal – increase operational efficiencies for managing print so that library resources can be redirected to distinctive collections and services
61
Shared print - collective collection
Then: Value relates to depth and breadth of local collection.
Now: Value relates to systemwide curation of and access to print collections – ‘rightscaling’.
Decision support throughshared data.
North American print book resource: 45.7 million distinct publications 889.5 million total library holdings Figure: North American Regional Print
Book Collections. OCLC Research, 2013.
Mega-regions & Shared Print Initiatives
OCLC Research, 2013
Orbis-Cascade
CIC
ASERL
SCELC
MSCS
WRLC
OCUL
GWLA
WEST
FLARE
We expect that in 5-7 years the larger part of the North American ‘collective collection’will have moved into shared management.
Figure: North American Mega-regions and shared print activity. OCLC Research, 2013.
PALCI
EAST
Group scale
ChiPitts
CIC-scale shared print program could preserve 58% of regional collection
SoCal
SCELC-scale shared print program could preserve 47% of regional collection
Char-lanta
ASERL-scale shared print program could preserve 67% of regional resource
OCLC Research, 2013Figure: Regional impacts of consortial print stewardship. OCLC Research, 2014.
Group scale
In conclusionCollection directions
Then: the user in the life of the libraryNow: the library in the life of the user
The practice of research and learning is changing.Research and learning outputs are diversifying.Research outputs are the subject of policy attention.Teaching and learning objects recognized as institutional assets.Publishers are supporting workflow and reputation.
Move to facilitated, on-demand access – collection as a service.Move to creation, curation of institutional materials – inside out.
Stewardship of the print and digital scholarly record requires conscious coordination at the network level.
Right-scaling and consortia
Epilogue
Shared service and collections infrastructure• Consortial borrowing• Collective collection – print and licensed• ILL service center• Shared print • Negotiation
Learning• At a time of change it becomes increasingly important to
provide a venue in which to scale learning.
“Ultimately, consortial activity is about right-scaling, finding the optimal level at which activities should be carried out.” What is the optimal level? • Institutional – engagement• Consortial – shared service and collections
infrastructure• Third party - ?
Right-scaling and Conscious Coordination: New Context for Collaboration .
The ‘owned’ collection
The ‘facilitated’ collection
PALCI E-resource licensing
PALCI E-Z Borrow
RapidILL Pod
• Pointing people at Google Scholar• Including freely available e-books
in the catalog• Creating resource guides for web
resources
• Purchased and physically stored
A collections spectrum
PALCI DDA eBooks
PALCI Distributed Print Archive
(PDPA) Program
OCLC Research, 2015.Figure: A collections spectrum.
PALCI decreases friction in ‘facilitated
collection’ management
Then invisible hand Leverage economies of scale in consortial licensing:
prospective collection development Infrastructure support for consortial borrowing Professional development and institutional networking
Now conscious coordination Economies of scale in managing collective collection:
prospective and retrospective, print and digital Optimize resource-sharing networks; retool library logistics Support conscious coordination of the facilitated collection Foster organizational learning
https://www.flickr.com/photos/dishippy/14149701813/in/photolist-nymVo6-n2YUkZ-fkAaSx-gch83c-gWCddK-auokbA-nt1zTT-bqsgsq-gWC4JF-mnj3Lo-bmdG5-4dTNb-6oPhy-6aSCxr-gWBc9e-acGCwV-9XyDeJ-hMyC6Q-dLttDu-9XvK4F-9XvqnF-iT9F7d-61bWZ-7VdtUW-aoCBx2-nJV58Z-pcSNQj-asXYYT-qnzeNU-bxwDDV-5XVdRC-njGRCF-oNcNyA-qxhnNF-8YM3gY-ddu5Tt-k4hY1P-bFHYs8-8fyPc8-h2BUZh-9jp7Aq-cZNQrG-6NPQVv-5jXRM7-aNiF6r-9jkRJK-8zdZyr-cFMfdJ-5YkmQ-95S8jK
“You might think that the library is at the intersection of Frederick and George Streets, but it is actually at the intersection of scholarship, innovation, creativity and collaboration. And that’s the road to our future.”
President Francine McNairy, Millersville UniversityConvocation Address, 2010
Jeff Hamm “Busy Night At The Brewery” Flickr (CC BY-NC 2.0)
@LorcanD@ConstanceMhttp://www.oclc.org/research
73
Credits
This presentation reflects ongoing shared work with our colleague Brian Lavoie. Thanks to our colleague JD Shipengrover for graphics.
• The Evolving Scholarly Recordhttp://oclc.org/content/dam/research/publications/library/2014/oclcresearch-evolving-scholarly-record-2014.pdf
• Understanding the Collective Collectionhttp://oclc.org/research/publications/library/2013/2013-09r.html
• Collection Directionshttp://www.oclc.org/content/dam/research/publications/library/2014/oclcresearch-collection-directions-preprint-2014.pdf
• Stewardship of the Evolving Scholarly Record [in press]
