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Comparing of Radiation and Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev , R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov
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Page 1: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Comparing of Radiation and Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic

RegionRegion

V.P. Kisselev , R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov

Page 2: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Radiation safety assessment for the population of Russia is based on data

and scientific observations of:

“Comprehensive analysis of radiation and chemical risks for the population of Russia” IBRAE RAS ;

Federal targeting programme “Nuclear and radiation safety of Russia" and appropriate subprograms ;

Federal targeting programme on overcoming the consequences of the Chernobyl accident and the South Ural accident;

Official data of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, RAMS, Goskomecology of Russia, Rosgidromet of Russia, RAAS, Minatom of the Russian Federation, UNSCEAR, NEA OECD, WHO, IAEA. www.ibrae.ac.ru

Page 3: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Действующие АЭС России(2001 г. - 22,2 ГВт)

Билибинская – 0,05 ГВтКольская – 1,8 ГВт

Ленинградская – 4 ГВт

Смоленская – 3 ГВт

Курская – 4 ГВт

Калининская – 2 ГВт

Нововоронежская – 1,8 ГВт

Балаковская – 4 ГВт

Белоярская – 0,6 ГВт

ТерриторияДоля в 2000 году

выработки электроэнергии на АЭС, %

Россия 15%Европейская

часть (с Уралом) 20%Центр 29%

Северо-запад 39%Поволжье 29%

Западная Европа – 43%Франция – 76%США – 19%

Ростовская –1 ГВт

Page 4: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Actual Sources of Technogenic Actual Sources of Technogenic Radionuclides Radionuclides

The Arctic Region

The Far Eastern region

Page 5: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Мощность сброса Мощность сброса 137137Cs Cs из завода из завода Селлафилда и концентрации этого Селлафилда и концентрации этого радионуклида в Баренцевом морерадионуклида в Баренцевом море

Page 6: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Типичные данные об активности долго-Типичные данные об активности долго-живущих радионуклидов в ОЯТ реакторов живущих радионуклидов в ОЯТ реакторов

АПЛ «Курск» и в реакторе АЭС с ВВЭР-АПЛ «Курск» и в реакторе АЭС с ВВЭР-1000, МКи1000, МКи

7

0,17

5,9

0,154 0,006 0,00024

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

ВВЭР-1000ОК-650

137Cs 90Sr 239PU

Page 7: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Суммарная активность твердых Суммарная активность твердых радиоактивных отходов (кКи), затопленных в радиоактивных отходов (кКи), затопленных в арктических морях, Северной Атлантике и на арктических морях, Северной Атлантике и на

Дальнем ВостокеДальнем Востоке

700

940

695

107

430 529

0

200

400

600

800

1000

Арктика ДальнийВосток

СевернаяАтлантика

в настоящее время

максимальные значение

Page 8: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Средние концентрации естественных Средние концентрации естественных радио-нуклидов в морской воде и в радио-нуклидов в морской воде и в

гидробионтах, Бкгидробионтах, Бк//л или Бкл или Бк//кг сырого веса кг сырого веса (НКДАР=2001)(НКДАР=2001)

Радио-нуклид

Морская вода

Водные растени

я

Ракооб-

разные

Мол-люски

Рыба

40K 11-13 90-350 40-240 60-270 90-150

14C 0,007 11 22 18 15

3H 0,01-0,11 0,01-0,1 0,01-0,1 0,01-0,1 0,01-0,1

7Be 0,002-0,63

87Rb 0,1

210Pb 0,003 4-26 1,5-2,5 0,2-0,4 0,2 (0,1-4,8)

210Po 0,002 15-63 40-100 15-41 2 (0,1-53)

226Ra 0,001 0,7 0,1 0,1-1 0,1

234U 0,05 1-2 0,25-0,5 0,5-1,5 0,03

0,04 0,8-1,9 0,2-0,4 0,4-1,2

Page 9: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.
Page 10: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Potential Contaminants of the Environment Resulting from

Nuclear Submarine Utilization

Decommissioned Nuclear Submarines

Nuclear Fleet Maintenance Infrastructure

Working Stage of Utilization

Nu

cle

ar

Su

bm

ari

nes

wit

h D

am

ag

ed

Pow

er

Reacto

r Facilit

ies

Non

-Defu

ele

d

Nu

cle

ar

Su

bm

ari

nes

Defu

ele

d

Nu

cle

ar

Su

bm

ari

nes

Reacto

r C

om

part

men

ts

at

Lon

g-T

erm

S

tora

ge C

en

ters

NS

Dis

man

lin

g a

t

Sh

ipyard

s

Th

ree-

an

d

Mu

lti-

C

om

part

men

t Flo

ati

ng

Un

its

NS Coastal Servicing Enterprises

NS Floating Servicing Enterprises

- Units Containing Spent - Units Containing Spent FuelFuel

- - Units without Spent FuelUnits without Spent Fuel

Page 11: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Основные радиационно-опасные объекты

Page 12: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

PotentialPotential Sources of Technogenic Sources of Technogenic RadionuclidesRadionuclides

The Arctic Region

The Far Eastern region

Page 13: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Транспортировка ОЯТ

Безопасность перевозок ОЯТ и радиоактивных материалов, осуществляемых в соответствии с правилами МАГАТЭ, подтверждена практикой. В мире было осуществлено свыше 1 млн перевозок упаковок с радиоактивными материалами. В России было осуществлено 900 контейнеро-рейсов на ПО «Маяк», и 694 на ГХК. При этом не произошло ни одной аварии со значимыми радиационными последствиями.

www.ibrae.ac.ru

Page 14: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Пример представления Пример представления результатов результатов

моделирования с моделирования с помощью помощью

компьютернойкомпьютерной системы«Нсистемы«Нострадамусострадамус

» » (Источник – падение(Источник – падение ракеты, береговая ракеты, береговая

база губа Андреева)база губа Андреева)

Расстояние по оси

следа, км

Загрязнениерадионук

дами почвы, ки/км2

Ингаляционная доза, мЗв

Доза внешнего

облучения за 10 суток, мЗв

Эффективная доза за год,

мЗв

2 5 26 7 256

3 4 20 5,2 190

4 2,6 14 3,3 120

5 2 12 2,8 102

6 1,8 10 2,5 91

8 1 5 1,5 55

10 0,7 3,5 0,8 29

Page 15: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Вклады различных источников Вклады различных источников в дозы облучения у населенияв дозы облучения у населения

Эксплуатация ИИИ Техногенный фонПриродные источники

Медицинские источники

Коллектив-ная доза

Ср. инд. доза

Коллектив-ная доза

Ср. инд. доза

Коллектив-ная доза

Ср. инд. доза

Коллектив-ная доза

Ср. инд. доза

чел.-Зв % мЗв/чел чел.-Зв % мЗв/чел чел.-Зв % мЗв/чел чел.-Зв % мЗв/чел

Карелия 3,20,13

0,004 120,64,71

0,156 1423 55,6 1,85 101139,5

1,31

Коми 4,120,13

0,004 88,82,86

0,077 1888 60,9 1,64 112036,1

0,97

Архангель-ская обл.

9,30,27

0,006 17,70,52

0,012 1784 52,7 1,21 157746,5

1,07

Мурман-ская обл.

240,73

0,024 110,33

0,011 2119 64,1 2,12 115334,9

1,15

Челябин-ская обл.

39,20,19

0,011 86,20,42

0,023 17000 82,4 4,59 350717,0

0,95

Брянская обл.

1,420,03

0,001 523,612,1

0,355 3096 71,7 2,10 695,716,1

0,47

Дозы ионизирующего излучения у населения Российской Федерации в 1999 г.

Page 16: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Structure of exposure for the population of the Russian Federation in 1998

Reference: Analytical information «State of radiation safety of the Russian Federation in 1998 », Ministry of Health of the RF

Page 17: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

  Radiation incidents with victims in nuclear industry

in the USSR and Russia for 50 years (data of SSC “Institute of Biophysics”, March 2001)

* - excluding local radiation injury at SPA«Mayak» in 1949-1956

Number of victims with clinical symptoms* Classification of

the incidents

Number of

incidents TOTAL Including acute radiation sickness

Out of that number - died

1. Radioisotope equipment and their sources (total)

88 163 45 16

Including: Co-60 17 28 15 3 Cs-137 19 59 13 9 Ir-192 34 50 10 1

other -emitters 8 10 2 - (-)-emittersи 2 2 - -

-emitters 8 14 5 3

2. X-ray apparatuses and accelerators (total)

38 39 1 -

Including: X-ray apparatuses 26 26 - - Electron accelerators 9 10 1 - Proton accelerators 3 3 -

3. Reactor incidents and fissible material criticality monitoring loss

34 83 73 13

Including: fissible material criticality monitoring loss

16 42 42 10

Reactor incidents 18 41 31 3

4. NS accidents 4 133 85 12 5. Other accidents (total) 11 16 6 2 Total w/o Chernobyl 175 434 210 43 Chernobyl accident 1 134 134 28 TOTAL 176 568 344 71

Page 18: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Напряженность экологической ситуации

Page 19: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Риски смерти для населения городов Севера от загрязнения атмосферного воздуха взвешенными веществами

Город Индивидуальный годовой риск

Архангельск 1,6 *10-4

Воркута 2,8*10-4

Мончегорск 2*10-4

Никель 2*10-4

Норильск 2,8*10-4

Page 20: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Ecological portrait of nuclear energy technologies of the USSR / RUSSIA is characterised by four components:

1. Ecological problems, accumulated at the initial stage of the nuclear weapons creation. That period was characterized by the highest priority of necessity to provide, in a short period, a parity of the USSR and USA nuclear potential, the forced “on the run” improvement of technologies, lack of knowledge concerning the problems of radiation safety and radioecology.

2. Ecological consequences of the accidents and incidents for the population and personnel as well as the environment for the entire operation period of the nuclear complex of the USSR/RUSSIA.

3. Ecological risks of the modern nuclear technologies in the projected operation mode in comparison with other man-caused ecological risks.

4. Assessment of potential ecological safety of the nuclear technologies in the future taking into account the perspectives of the large-scale development of nuclear power engineering. The place of nuclear power engineering in realisation of the steady development strategy.

www.ibrae.ac.ru

Page 21: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Exposure doses for the population around the plants of Minatom of the Russian Federation in 1993 - 1996

UNSCEAR report - 2000 .

Plant Exposedpopulatio

n(Ths.

people)

Annual effective dose mSv/y

Life risk for the

populationExterna

lInternal Total

SPA «Mayak»

320 0.01 0.10 0.11 5.5х10-6

MCC 200 0.03 0.02 0.05 2.5х10-6

SCC 400 0.0004 0.005 0.0054 3х10-7Natural background – 2-2.5 mSv/yearMedical procedures – 1-3 mSv/year

Page 22: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Carcinogenic risks at normative levels for permissible concentrations for most of regulated substances reach very high

values

%Abs.%Abs.%Abs.

100931003710087Total

0019,0710,59<10-5

7,5724,3926,42310-4-10-5

10,71035,11333,32910-3-10-4

36,53416,2621,81910-2-10-3

45,1425,428,07>10-2

Working areaAtmospheric airWater in pondsRisk

S.M.Novikov, B.N.Porfiriev, O.V.PonomarevaConsulting Center on risk assessment, Moscow,

Report of IBRAE RAS, 2000

Page 23: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Individual annual risks of death

•- Hypothetical risks of death for small doses within the framework of linear nonthreshold concept

^ - 6 men*months per 1 death

^

Page 24: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Effect of contaminated air on the population health in Western Europe (Austria, France and Switzerland) *

Results. 6% of annual death rate (40,000 cases) is caused by air pollution. About half of all deaths connected with air pollution, is due to motor transport, which is responsible for more than 25,000 new cases of chronic bronchitis (for adults), above 290,000 cases of bronchitis (children), above 0.5 million of asthma cases and above 16 mln. man-day of restricted activity.

*N. Kunzli, R. Kaizer, S. Medina et al. «The Lancet», V.352, September 2, 2000, pp.795

Page 25: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Results:Total individual cancerogenic risk: 2.8 10-3 in the Kuibyshev District of Samara; 8.4 10-3 in Novokuibyshevsk town.

This exceeds the acceptable individual risk level (adopted in a number of counties as 10-

4 - 10-6) by a factor of 28-8400.

www.ibrae.ac.ru

Page 26: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Inconsistency of sanitary-ecological criteria

The low of the RF on the environmental protection:

Emergency ecological situation: inconvertible negative changes in the environment, which represent a hazard to the population health …

Ecological disaster: severe inconvertible changes in the environment, which entailed an essential aggravation of the population health and natural imbalance …

www.ibrae.ac.ru

Page 27: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Inconsistency of sanitary-ecological criteria

Criteria of radiation safety (Danilov-Danilyan, 1992):

< 15-10> 10Effective exposure dose, mSv/year

Emergency ecological situation (art.58)

Ecological disaster

(art. 59)

< 5·10-5(2.55) · 10-4> 5·10-4Risk

Relatively satisfactory situation

Parameters

Показатели

«Man has been chosen as the main object of protection, because there are no reliable and systematic data on levels and radiation effects for other biological objects and systems and also because of the high radiosensitivity of a human body»

www.ibrae.ac.ru

Page 28: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Total exposure doses to the population of different European states (according to data of the National

Commission on Radiological protection of Great Britain)

and the Krasnoyarsk Region (according to data of the Regional Radiological Center of State Sanitary

Inspection of the Krasnoyarsk Region)

2,9

7,6

5,03,8

5,46,3

3,42,3

0

2

4

6

8AUSTRIA

FINLAND

FRANCE

GERMANY

PORTUGAL

SWEDEN

SWITZERLAND

KRASNOYARSKREGION

mSv

www.ibrae.ac.ru

Page 29: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

Average annual exposure doses to the population from different sources

(mSv/year)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

FINLAND GERMANY KRASNOYARSKREGION

MAYAK Tomsk SMOLENSKAYANPP

BALAKOVSKAYANPP

GLOBAL

0

0,02

0,04

0,06

0,08

0,1

0,12

MAYAK MCC

0

0,0002

0,0004

0,0006

0,0008

0,001

0,0012

0,0014

0,0016

0,0018

SMOLENSKAYA NPP BALAKOVSKAYA NPP GLOBAL

- natural background

- medical procedures

- technogenic exposure

- global

Page 30: Comparing of Radiation and Chemical Risks in the Russian Arctic Region V.P. Kisselev, R.V. Aroutiounian, I.I. Linge, A.A. Sarkissov.

«…while assessing the values of stochastic irradiation consequences, there are no arguments in favour of medical and biological justification for including in calculations the dose values below the practical threshold.

… the similar numerical values of the practical threshold on the accumulated effective dose are within the limits of 200 mSv»

L.A.Ilin « Problems of regulating the technogenic people exposure» Proceedings of International Conference « Radioactivity at nuclear explosions and accidents», Moscow 2000.

Decision-Making about Chronic Radiation Exposure to the Public:

New Recommendations from the ICRP

Abel J. Gonzalez, 2000

«… annual radiation dose, which approaches 10 mSv, can be used as a control level, below which, in some situations, connected with long exposure, can hardly be considered as justified»


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