COMPHREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLAN (C-DAP)agriculturemizoram.nic.in/Documents/Champhai.pdf ·...

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COMPHREHENSIVE DISTRICT

AGRICULTURE PLAN

(C-DAP)

DISTRICT CHAMPHAI

MIZORAM

2

COMPREHENSIVE DISTRICT AGRICULTURE PLAN

(C-DAP)

FOR RASHTRIYA KRISHI VIKAS YOJANA

OF XIth FIVE YEAR PLAN

Prepared by

District Agriculture Officer

Champhai District

3

FOREWORD

The National Development Council has set the goal of 4 per cent growth

in the 11th plan by reorienting strategies of Agricultural Development

towards meeting the needs of farmers and appropriate use of natural

resources. The state governments are motivated to concentrate on finding

and evolving suitable strategies with innovative technologies and projects

for rejuvenation of agriculture in the country. The need for integrated

local area plans, based on specific endowments and needs of each area,

was stressed from the beginning of planned development. However,

despite several reports and studies, only sporadic efforts and isolated

cases of such planning could be located. It has therefore been decided by

the Govt. of India that the 'District Plan Process' should be an integral

part of the process of preparation of State. GoI Introduced a new

Additional Central Assistance scheme to incentivise States to draw up

plans for their agriculture sector more comprehensively, taking agro-

climatic conditions, natural resource issues and technology into account,

and integrating livestock, poultry and fisheries more fully. I appreciate

the Department of agriculture at the state level also at the district level

for their effort and coordination for preparation of C-DAPs in an

appropriate manner consulting with all line departments of the state. I

also congratulate all implementing agencies of RKVY to work with

commitment for achieving the common goals in general and to improve

the agriculture economy of the state.

Date

Director

Department of Agriculture (Crop Husbandry)

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CONTENT

Chapters Title Pages

Chapter -I Introduction

1.1 Methodology

1.2 Stages of District Planning

1.3 Vision Statement

1.4 Objectives of C-DAP

1.5 Expected Outcome

Chapter - II Champhai District Profile

2.1 Demographic Features

2.2 Socio-Cultural Background

2.3 Climatic Condition

2.4 Rainfall details

2.5 District Administration

2.4.2 Temperature

2.5 The Present Status of Agriculture

Chapter - III Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat

(SWOT) Analysis of the district and identification

of critical gaps

3.1 Introduction

3.2 SWOT Analysis of Agriculture of Champhai District

3.3 SWOT Anlyses of Horticulture of Champhai District

3.4 SWOT Analysis of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary

of Champhai District

3.5 SWOT Analysis of Fishery Sector of Champai District

3.6 SWOT Analysis for Sericulture

3.7 Challenges for the state as whole region and specific

to the District

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Chapter IV Agriculture Status and Proposed Strategies

4.1 Agricultural Farming Systems

4.2 Shifting (Jhum) Cultivation

4.3 Settled Cultivation

4.4 Cropping Pattern

4.5 Crop Intensity

4.6 Irrigation

4.7 Fertiliser Usage

4.8 Seed

4.9 Agro-based Industries

4.10 Foodgrains and Oilseeds

4.11 Farm Power

4.12 Resource-base, Potential, Problems and Strategies for

the Future

4.13 Traditional System, Their Problems, Potentials and

Strategies for Improvement

4.14 Issues and strategies for development

4.15 Infrastructure development for technology/

Research support

4.16 Basic steps needed to make the district self reliant

in agricultural production

4.17 PERFORMANCE GAP ANALYSIS

Chapter - V Allied Sector’s Status and Proposed Plan

5.1 Horticulture

5.1.1 Potential Horticultural Crops

5.1.2 Strategies for Development of Horticulture Sector

5.1.3 Production Gap Analysis

5.2 Animal Husbandry

5.3 Fishery Development in Champai District

5.3.1 Fish Species of the District

5.3.2 Fish Production

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5.5 Sericulture

Chapter 6 District Plan

Annexure I Primary Data of the district

Contents of Tables

Sl

No

Titles Page nos

1 Area, No. of Household, Population & Literacy Rate

2 Population By Religion (Census 2001)

3 Distribution of Population by Social Group (2001

Census)

4 Agriculture details

5 SERICULTURE RELATED DETAILS

6 Livestock and Poultry Population (Quinqennial

Livestock Census) 2007- 08:

7 Fish seed Production and Distribution during 2006-

07

8 No. of Small Scale Industries Registered During

2007-2008

9 Monthly Average rainfall of (2002-09)

10 Temperature (0C) of Champai district from 2002-

2005

11 Main Crops

12 SWOT Analysis Matrix of different crops

13 Projection of population and their food requirement

of district till 2025

14 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and

Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the

Productivity / Income from Rain fed-Paddy in the

District (Transplanted)

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Productivity / Income from Rain fed_Paddy in the

District (Direct Sown)



Productivity / Income from Mustard (Rabi Oilseed)



Productivity / Income from Pea (Rabi Pulse)



Productivity / Income from Kharif Pulse



Productivity / Income from Maize

20 Problems identified in Agriculture and suggested

interventions (Rice)


interventions (Maize)


interventions (Potato)

23 Strategy and expected Production Of Agricultural

Products

24 Proposed Strategies, Physical and Financial targets

for Agriculture (Champhai District)

25 NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL

OFFICES (Agri) (As on 2010)

26 No. of Institutions and Veterinary Personnel

27 Crop Wise Research / Extension / Adoption Gap

Analysis A. Vegetables : Tomato

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Productivity / Income from OKRA



Productivity / Income from Chilli



Productivity / Income from Rhizomatous



Productivity / Income from Banana



Productivity / Income from Pineapple



Productivity / Income from Passion fruit



Productivity / Income from Potato

35 Matrix Of Horticulture

36 PRODUCTION , REQUIREMENT, AND ESTIMATED

DEMAND FOR MILK AND ITS VALUE ADDED

PRODUCTS FOR CHAMPHAI DISTRICT

37 Technological Matrix of Animal Husbandry

38 Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed

Strategies for Improving the Productivity / Income

from Cow


Strategies for Improving the Productivity / income

from Goat

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from Pig



from Poultry

42 Proposed Strategy for Animal Husbandry &

Veterinary


OFFICES

44 Constraints and Intervention Needed



Productivity / Income from Fishery sector

46 The interventions are suggested for fishery Physical and

Financial targets for the current plan


OFFICES (Fishery) (As on 2010) AIZAWL,

SERCHHIIP, CHAMPHAI)

48 Various interventions suggested for Sericulture

Development in Champhai District are Presented

(in lakhs)

49 Soil Treatment

50 Soil & Moisture Conservation Activities

51 Water Conservation

52 DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES

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CHAPTER – I INTRODUCTION

India occupies 2% of the world geographical area and 16% of its

population. At the time of independence, the country had a total

population of 350 million and produced only 51 million tonnes of food

grain. Today, population has crossed 1 billion marks and food grain

production has increased to 230.67 million tonnes (2007-08). But the

agricultural productivity world over has hit a plateau, whereas, Indian

scenario is different. Apart from the flattening of yields over the past two

decades, our average productivity also lies below the optimum level. The

growth spurt ignited by the green revolution in the 1970 is now seeing

diminishing returns to technology. Again the North Eastern state like

Mizoram, the situation is completely different. Most of the people observe

the state as organic “by default”. In the last 30 years the state has not

been able to do any remarkable job in the field of agriculture, especially

for attaining independency in food supply. At the same time the

population of the state is growing very fast and the last decadal growth

rate was 28.82 %. So, in this current global scenario policy makers have

to rethink on the long term basis for the development of agriculture of

the state. Another fact is that the crisis for food is going to increase in

other parts of the country with the increasing population pressure.

Therefore, we need to be independent in our food grain production.

The economic reforms commenced in 1991 has successfully put

the economy in a higher growth orbit with more than 8 percent growth

rate in total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) especially during the recent

years. However, the agriculture sector which accounted for more than 30

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percent of total GDP at the beginning of reforms failed to maintain its

pre-reform growth. On the contrary, it witnessed a sharp declining in

growth after the mid 1990s as the per annum growth in agriculture

sector dropped to 1.9 percent during 1996-97 to 2001-2002 from 3.2

percent in the period 1980-81 to 1995-1996. This happened despite the

fact that agricultural productivity in most of the States was quite low, as

it were, and the potential for the growth of agriculture was high. The

Tenth five year plan target of growth of 4 percent per annum in

agriculture and allied sectors, set to reverse the sharp declining of 1996-

1997 to 2001-2002 has not been achieved. A sustained and wide spread

agricultural growth is a precondition of development in India as more

than 50 percent of country‟s work fare still depends upon agri. for its

livelihood. This slow growth in agriculture (including allied sectors) can

be of great strain for the economy. Concerned over this pace of growth in

agriculture and allied sectors, the National Development Council (NDC),

in its meeting held on 29th May, 2007 resolved that a special Additional

Central Assistance Scheme i.e. National Agriculture Development

Programme/ Rastriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) be launched

with following main objectives .

The main objectives of the scheme are:

► To stimulate the States for increasing public investment in agriculture

and allied sectors

► To ensure that agricultural plans of Districts/States are prepared and

are based on agroclimatic conditions, availability of technology and

natural resources.

► To reduce the yield gap in important crops and increase production

and productivity in agriculture and allied sectors through forcused and

holistic initiatives.

► To ensure that local needs/crops/priorities are better reflected in the

agricultural plans of the Districts/States.

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► To provide flexibility and autonomy to States in planning and

implementation of agriculture and allied sector schemes.

► To maximize income of farmers in agriculture and allied sectors.

The eligibility for assistance from the Centre under the scheme would

depend upon the State Government providing amounts in the Plan

Budget of the State for agriculture and allied sectors over the baseline

expenditure.

As per the NDC resolution Government of India introduced a new

Additional Central Assistance Scheme to incentivise States to draw up

plans for their agriculture sector more comprehensively, taking agro-

climatic conditions, natural resource issues and technology into account,

and integrating livestock, poultry and fisheries etc. This involves a new

schemefor Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to State Plans,

administered by the Union ministry of Agriculture over and above its

existing centrally sponsored schemes, to supplement the state-specific

strategies. In order to rejuvenate the agriculture during XI th plan a

growth rate of 4 percent per annum has to be achieved (as per NDC

commitment) by reorienting development strategies that meet the needs

of the farmers. The agriculture growth being essential element of the

strategy of making growth more inclusive, the NDC advised the State

Governments on preparation of Comprehensive District Agriculture Plans

(C-DAP) which includes allied agriculture sectors with full and efficient

utilization of available resources. The concept of integrated local area

plans (to raise living standard in rural area and over come food shortage)

based on specific endowments and needs of each area mooted in 1st Five

year plan in 1951, could not be materialized in true sense as only

sporadic efforts and isolated cases of such planning were practically

attempted. For success of local area or District level plans the underlying

constraints needed to be identified and required infrastructural

investment, extension (and research system) revamping and market

reach with the system‟s conduct and performance have to be

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synchronized through a holistic policy approach. Keeping this in view the

C-DAP of district Mamit is prepared for achieving sustainable

agricultural growth with improved farmers‟ income through participatory

process involving stakeholders and various organizations. By

establishing strong linkages with required institutional support services

the plan will ensure optimum utilization of scarce physical and financial

resources. The Agriculture in the district can‟t possibly achieve same

growth as in the past without recognizing the role of farmers‟

participatory approach for formulating strategies and finding solution to

new and emerging problems.

1.1 METHODOLOGY

The methodology of the Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (C-DAP)

focuses on understanding the potential for development, infrastructure

needed to support the development and identifying initiatives required.

These potentials are to be treated as goals to be achieved with the

available flow of resources and additional resources under RKVY.

The C-DAP guidelines envisage the preparation of the district agricultural

plan as a process to be accomplished by the various stakeholders of the

district and below level. Towards such stipulation, the Agriculture

Department, Government of Mizoram approached North Eastern Regional

Institute of Land and Water Management to render technical services as

Technical Support Institution (TSI) with the guidance at the initial

stages, but the actual planning work was undertaken by the district

planning units under the supervision of district Agriculture Officer with

the coordination of all the line departments and elected bodies.

CDAP guidelines envisage planning for agriculture development at grass

root level. In the context of the state of Mizoram and similarly for the

district, the planning process have been accomplished with the

consultation at various level conforming nearly all the villages. In the

light of the need for constitution of District Agricultural Planning Unit

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(DAPU), Block Agricultural Planning Unit (BAPU) and Village Agricultural

Planning Unit (PAPU) as per the CDAP Guidelines, the state decided to

make use following aerial unit as the planning unit at three levels

namely;

Formation of planning units

Agriculture and allied activities in the state as in the case of other states

of India are looked after by number of government departments with

organizational structure at district and below level. Selection of

departments to decide upon the content of CDAP, the state Government

followed the stipulation of the CDAP Guidelines. The consideration led to

the selection of following departments and their activities under CDAP-

Department of Agriculture

Department of Horticulture

Department of Sericulture

Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary

Department of Fishery

Department of Minor Irrigation

Finalization of Activity Chart

The district agriculture unit has completed the following activities in the

five broad areas as follows –

1. Visioning and Vision Statement.

2. Development of working skills and capabilities of the Planning

Teams.

3.Developing methodology, planning tools and software package for

data entry and analysis for preparation of CDAP to different planning

units

4. Familiarization of Planning Teams in the planning methodology.

5. Guidance and coordination during the planning process.

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1.2 Stages of District Planning

1: Preparatory Activities

Task-1: Conduct of state level workshop for orientation with CDAP,

selection of agri. and allied departments to be part of C-DAP, planning

unit and role and responsibility of the selected department in the

preparation of C-DAP.

Task-2: Guided for constitution of Planning Teams namely; DAPU, BAPU

and PAPU at district, Block and Village levels.

Task-3: Preparation of Planning Module and Reading Material to be used

for the capacity building of the members of DAPU, BAPU and PAPU.

Task-4: Preparation of Format (Primary Data Collection at Village Level)

for participatory assessment of local situation [Natural, Human,

performance status of the activities in practice, Backward-Forward

linking facilities (input, services and output) and price] and local need /

choice.

Task-5: Preparation of Sector wise Department Schedules for collection

of data for assessment of establishment setup, manpower strength,

ongoing development activities, funds flow (tied & untied) under plan and

non-plan heads and utilization by line department at District Level.

Task-6: Estimation of economics (land and labour productivity) of the

departments of agriculture and allied under- Advance practice, Moderate

practice, Traditional practice and Average status.

Task-7: Piloting of the Schedules / Formats

Activity-2: Data Collection and Plan Preparation

Task-1: Conduct of capacity building training of Planning Teams

(a) DAPU by TSI

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(b) BAPU by DAPU

(c) PAPU by DAPU

Task-2: Delivery of Planning Tools

i. Primary Data Collection Schedule as per guidelines.

ii. Sectoral Department Schedule (establishment setup,

manpower strength, ongoing development activities, funds flow

(tied & untied) by plan and non-plan and utilization)

iii. Participatory assessment of development need / potential and

decision making through structured schedule.

District Level, Block Level, Village Level

Task-3: Estimation of economics of Agriculture and agro-based activities

a. Advance practice – HYV with full package.

b. Moderate practice – HYV with mixed use of advanced package.

c. Traditional practice

d. Average status –

Task-4: Conduct of capacity building training on software.

(i) „Data Entry and Analysis Software‟ for Operator (selected

members at district level).

Task-5: Data Entry, Compilation and Aggregation of data as per

structured format.

Task-6: Organisation of the plan report in chapters

Task-7: Preparation of Draft Report.

1. Statistical profile has been prepared at the level of each planning

unit. This helped to understand the development perspective of the

district.

2. Vision was prepared combining both development perspective and

aspiration of the people.

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3. The strengths across the agriculture and allied sectors have been

documented on the basis of the resource endowment, production

and productivity.

4. The Weaknesses confronted in the existing pattern of development

also have been identified with respect to the status of productivity,

skill and infrastructure available.

5. The Opportunities that benefit most in the district have been

identified by making necessary information about technology and

external market available to the groups and individuals at

grassroot level.

6. The Threats that may confront also have been visualized and

enlisted.

7. People‟s choices and preferences have assessed for Income

Generating (IG) activities and Infrastructure facilities

8. Assessment of Investment requirement of the preferred activities

and also the gap with the resources that are expected to be

available during the plan period has been made.

9. The growth potential of the proposed investment has been worked

out and presented.

10. Physical and financial dimension of the plan have been set and

phased.

The required Changes in the management practices aimed in the proposed plan- • Adoption of resources conservation technologies at large scale.

• Farm productions system for land owing families.

• Soil health sustainability through the applications of fertilizers & other

mgt practices.

• Effective pest management strategies including weed & nematodes

based on

economic threshold value.

• Augmentation of the existing water applications through rain water

conservation and demand management.

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System approach:

1. Market infrastructure and marketing opportunities, custom hiring

services and some of the policy issue related to subsidy..

2. Collected and discussed the feed back regarding on-Farm and Off-

Farm activates.

3. Farmer inability to invest in the productivity enhancement as majority

of farmers belongs to resources poor category.

4. Livelihood support system for landless families.

5. Profitability and sustainability of cropping system and return

1.3 VISION STATEMENT

Sustainable Rural Livelihood by Accelerating Agriculture Growth

through Integrated farming system and diversified Cropping

Pattern.

Priority setting for the district

• Conservation, development and sustainable management of water

resources.

• Soil health improvement

• Popularizing resource conserving technologies.

• Encourages multiple land use by increasing cropping intensity and

intercropping.

• Integration of crop husbandry with vegetable and horticultural crops,

animal husbandry, mushroom cultivation and other non crop based

farming.

• Bridging yield gaps of crops, animals and other enterprises.

• Human resources development of rural youths, farm women, other

disadvantaged groups and filed staff.

• Paradigm shift from production oriented farming to market oriented

agriculture with the promotion of Agro processing industries.

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1.4 Objectives of C-DAP

Considering the above situation the present database/information

system was developed with the following objectives

1. Analysis on the existing farming practices.

2. Collection Analysis of secondary data on agriculture and allied

sector.

3. Identification of production constrains and technological gap.

4. Documentation of existing marketing pattern.

5. Formulation of strategies and action plan for different agricultural

production system to increase productivity.

1.5 Expected Outcome

This document will provide better and clear understanding of

prevailing agricultural and allied situations, constrains and

existing technological gaps in Champai district.

This document is put forward to provide an insight to identify the

development opportunities and potentialities for employment

generation in the field of agriculture and allied sector.

This document will support the state government to develop

agriculture and allied sector and will help in reforming policies and

action plans.

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CHAPTER – II CHAMPHAI DISTRICT PROFILE

Champhai district is one of 8 districts of Mizoram state in India. The

district is bounded on the north by Churachandpur district of Manipur

state, on the west by Aizwal and Serchhip Districts, and on the south

and east by Myanmar. The district occupies an area of 3185.83 km².

Champai town is the administrative headquarters of the district.

The district has 4 R.D. Blocks, Champhai, Khawbung, Khawzawl, and

Ngopa. The district has 5 assembly constituencies. These are Champhai,

Khawbung, Khawhai, Khawzawl, and Ngopa.

District HQ: Champhai.

Distance from State Capital (In KM): 194.

Sub Divisions: Champhai, Khawzawl, Ngopa.

Town of the District: Champhai.

Major Language: Mizo, English, Hindi.

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2.1 DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES: Source: Economic Survey Manipur 2007-

08

Table -1 Area, No. of Household, Population & Literacy Rate according to

2001 census:

Area (Sq.

km.)

No. of

house

holds

Population Decadal

variation %

1991-2001

Literaqcy

Rate (%) Total Male Female

3185 22059 108392 55756 52636 29.90 91.20

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Table 2 Population By Religion (Census 2001):

Christian Hindu Muslim Sikhs Buddhist Jains

Religion

not

stated

Other

105061 2248 432 24 163 6 209 249

Table 3 Distribution of Population by Social Group (2001 Census):

ST

Population

SC

Population Others

104924 0 3468

Table 4 AGRICULTURE DETATILS

WRC Statistics of Champhai:

2006-2007 2007-2008

No. of

WRC

farmers

Area of

WRC

cultivated

(Ha)

Area still to

be developed

(Ha)

No. of

WRC

farmers

Area of

WRC

cultivated

(Ha)

Area still to

be developed

(Ha)

2630 2557 2113 2630 2374 2113

SERICULTURE RELATED DETAILS:

No. of Sericulture

Village

No. of Families

Engaged

Area under

Sericulture

Plantation (in

Ha.)

No. of Sericulture

Fram

2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08

25 25 1600 1600 900 950 2 2

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Production of Cocoons, Silk Yarn and Seed Distributed:

Mulberry (in MT.) 2006-07 8

2007-08 7

Muga (in MT.) 2006-07 0

2007-08 0

Eri (in MT.) 2006-07 0

2007-08 0

Oak Tasar (in lakhs) 2006-07 1.50

2007-08 1.00

Silk yarn (in MT.) 2006-07 0

2007-08 0

No. of seed/cutting

distributed to Farms (in

'000')

2006-07 2068

2007-08 1745

No. of Sericulture Farms, Area and Reeling Units:

No. of Sericulture Farms Area in Ha. No. of Reeling Units

2006-

07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08

2 2 900 950 0 0

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LIVESTOCK & POULTRY:

Table 6 Livestock and Poultry Population (Quinqennial Livestock

Census) 2007- 08:

Ca ttle

Crossbred 572

Indigenous 6556

Total 7128

Buffaloes 3183

Mithun 1105

Sheep 564

Goats 706

Horse and Ponies 831

Pigs 36705

Dogs 4139

Fowls 265884

Ducks 502

Turkey 3

Others 2

Total 320752

FISHERY:

Table 7 Fish seed Production and Distribution during 2006-07.

Production of Fish

Seed (in lakh Nos.)

Distribution of

Fish Seed (in lakh

Nos.)

1953 20

No. of Nurseries and Fish Ponds in 2007-08:

Nurseries/

Hatcheries

Fish Ponds

Govt. Private Total

0 0 775 775

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Area of Fish Ponds and Production Fish:

Area of Fish Ponds (in Ha.) Production of fish (in Qntl.)

2006-07 2007-08 2006-07 2007-08

135.00 146.00 1953 1950.00

INDUSTRY:

Table 8 No. of Small Scale Industries Registered During 2007-2008:

Unit Registered 15

No. of persons employed 40

Amount of Investment (Rs. in

lakhs) 40

ELECTRICITY: Cumulative No. of Village Electrified:

As on

01.04.2007

As on

01.04.2008

76 80

HEALTH: Medical Institution and No. of Bed Strength:

Government

Hospital

Bed (as on

01.04.2007)

Bed (as on

01.04.2008)

Civil Hospital 60 60

No. of Births and Deaths Registered:

26

(January-December)

Births (Nos.) Deaths (Nos.)

2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007

2082 2205 2608 441 466 486

BANKING:

Name of Bank Number

SBI 1

MCAB 1

MRB 8

Total 10

2.2 Socio-Cultural Background

The main communities inhabiting Champai District are the Lais,

Chakmas, Bawm, Pang etc. These are famous cultural heritage among

such tribes. In the eastern side of the district where Lai communities are

the main inhabitants, Chawnglaizawn, Sarlamkai and Pawhlohtlawh are

the main cultural dances. In Chakma occupied area of the district, there

are various tribes of backward classes. These communities have different

folk dances, habits and customs of their own. The common cultural

dances of the Chakmas are Nua Jhumo Naach and Biju Naach.

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The inhabitants of district are very backward in various ways, the

standard of living is very low and literacy percentage of the district is also

the lower.

2.3 Climatic Condition

The district has a pleasant climate. It is generally cool in summer

and not very cold in winter. In winter the temperatures varies from 8

degree Celsius to 24 degree Celsius and in summer, it is between 18

degree Celsius and 32 degree Celsius. Relative humidity is highest during

the south-west monsoon and heavy precipitation is usually received

during the months from May up to September every year. The average

annual rainfall is about 2558mm. The hottest period starts from the

month of March up to August every year. During the rainy season, it is

usually heavily clouded. There is an increase of cloudiness from March

onwards. A clear and cool weather starts appearing from the month of

September up to January the next year.

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2.4 Rainfall Details

Table 9 Monthly Average rainfall of (2002-09)

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

2002 13 Nil 41 55 698 701 892 377 253 74 99 Nil

2003 Nil Nil 42 27 462 916 323 269 365 367 Nil Nil

2004 Nil Nil Nil 525 234 577 554 233 202 115 Nil Nil

2005 Nil Nil 89 160 140 457 416.4 582.1 302 217 97.7 Nil

2006 Nil Nil Nil 35 461 557 481 265 149 153 35 Nil

2007 Nil 35 11 86 423 519.5 525.5 421.1 579.5 195.5 36 Nil

2008 196 18.5 12 Nil 193 314.5 419.2 391.4 336.9 137.9 32.5 Nil

2009 Nil Nil 12 123 183 449.9 400.7 478

Source : Directorate of Agriculture and Minor Irrigation, Government of Mizoram.

2.5 District Administration

The district administration is look after by the office of the Deputy

Commissioner and various development programmes are implemented

mainly by the office of the Deputy Commissioner, DRDA and actively

assisted by BDOs. The office of the Deputy Commissioner is headed by

the Deputy Commissioner and he is assisted by Additional Deputy

Commissioner, Sub Deputy Officer (Sadar), two assistant to Deputy

Commissioner, Sub Divisional Magistrate. Judiciary is at the hands of

Deputy Commissioner, Sub Divisional Officer (Sadar) and Sub Divisional

Magistrate. All cases civil criminal are within their purview except some

cases of customary in nature are within the purview of the District

Council courts.

The district is divided into two rural development blocks for

efficient implementation and monitoring of various developmental

programmes of both the Central and the State Government. The following

offices are function within both the R.D. Blocks.

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Seasons

Based on the variation in temperature, rainfall, humidity and other

general weather conditions four different types of seasons are observed

here. They are

1. The cold and winter season (Thlasik)

Winter season starts from the month of December to first half of

February. This is the coldest season of the year. During this period

rainfall is much less as compared to other seasons, and whatever

amount of rainfall received is originated from North East Monsoon,

generally known as the retreating monsoon.

2. Spring season (Thal)

Spring is the shortest season of the year. It starts from the second

half of the February to the first half of March. Temperature is mild

during this period and the sky is clear and Mizoram people accustomed

to build new houses during this season as there are no weather

disturbances during this period.

3. Summer season/ Rainy season (Nipui/Fur)

It is the longest season and starts from the second half of March till

the first half of October. The warmest months, i.e. July and August,

prevails during this period and maximum insolation is received during

the early part of this season. Study from rainfall records reveals that the

heavy precipitation generally starts from the second quarter of May and

it continues up to September and these five months alone contributed

74.41% of the total annual rainfall during 2007.

4. Autumn season (Favang)

It starts from second part of October to November. This season is very

pleasant as both the temperature and rain comes down and it is the

season of harvesting major crops like paddy.

2.4.2 Temperature

Temperature of Champai district does not fluctuate much. The

average maximum and minimum temperature of the district is 350C and

30

5.30C, respectively. The highest temperature was recorded on 6th May

2004 and it was 35.60C. On an average July and August was recorded to

be the warmest months with mean maximum temperature 27.50C and

mean minimum temperature 20.40C. The temperature starts falling from

November and it falls far low during December and January. January

was recorded to be the coldest month of the year with mean maximum

temperature 27.10C and minimum temperature 6.10C. However, the

coldest day was recorded to be 28th December 2004 with 5.30C.

Table 10. Temperature (0C) of Champai district from 2002-2005

Months 2002 2003 2004 2005

Max Min Max Min Max Min Max Min

Jan - - 26.5 6 26.5 5.9 28.2 6.4

Feb - - 29.4 8.5 31.1 5.7 32.2 7.2

March - - 31.5 8.3 34.8 11.6 33.4 13.5

April - - 34.2 16.6 34.2 15 34.8 14.4

May 33.9 16.7 34.3 18.1 35.6 17.4 34.2 16.8

June 32.6 20.4 34 19.5 33.7 20 34.8 19.4

July 32.8 22 34.5 22 32.8 20.6 33.3 21.6

Aug 32.8 22 33.5 20.1 34.3 21.8 - -

Sep 34 20.4 33.1 21.4 31.8 21 - -

Oct 32.5 17 31.1 18.4 31.4 17.2 - -

Nov 30.2 13 29.4 11.3 30.4 12.2 - -

Dec 26.5 6.3 27.6 9 27.6 5.3 - -

Wind

The monsoon wind is the most important wind that prevails in

Mizoram. During summer, the subtropical high pressure belt and the

thermal equator are displaced northward in response to the changing

pattern of solar heating of the earth. From the ocean, particularly from

the North Indian Ocean or Bay of Bengal, they move towards the land

mass and blow over the Asian continent. This South West Monsoon

usually reaches Mizoram during second half of May and prevails up to

the first half of October. The summer monsoon is characterized by highly

variable weather with frequent spells of draught and heavy rains. Besides

this, the winter monsoon also prevails which is a gentle drift of air in

which the winds generally blow from the north east. The retreating

31

monsoon cause sporadic rainfall especially in Mizoram and other north

eastern states producing sometimes heavy cyclonic rains.

As evidence from the earlier records, Mizoram state is vulnerable to

impact of tropical cyclone which develop in North Indian Ocean (Bay of

Bengal), and the cyclones of the post monsoon season (October to

December) are more intense than those of pre-monsoon season (April

and May). Cyclones are associated with strong winds, torrential rains

and storms. The impacts of these cyclones are quite devastating; it often

led to loss of properties, houses, power line cut-off, blockage of road,

damages to crops and even human lives etc. Generally these winds come

from the north western part of the state as the wind originates from the

Bay of Bengal. Vulnerability Analysis of Cyclone in Mizoram has been

conducted by the State Remote Sensing Center, Mizoram and according

to that report there are 87 villages/ towns/ wards falling in different

classes of vulnerability. Out of this, four villages (Mamit town,

Tuipuibari, Hmunpui and Darlung) are grouped as high vulnerable

areas. Other than this, eighteen villages/ towns/ wards are grouped as

medium vulnerable and rest sixty five villages/ towns/ wards are

grouped as low vulnerable.

Water

The water resources of the Northeast are abundant and constitute one

third of all of India‟s runoff. In addition, there are substantial unutilized

groundwater resources. Appropriate water development and management

can provide several benefits:

• Income generation to the northeastern states through development of

the massive hydropower potential of the region (with the host state

getting large royalties of 12 percent of generated power, which could be

sold in the market).

• Improvement of the base conditions for development in the Northeast,

for instance through:

Making hydropower available for industrial development and local

32

electrification

Catchment area treatment around dams to control deforestation

and erosion, which otherwise lead to increased siltation of dams,

thus reducing their useful life

Flood and erosion control, thus improving the livelihoods of

farmers in the flood-prone areas

Watershed management activities in major watersheds to improve

livelihoods, prevent erosion and landslides, and conserve

biodiversity

Groundwater development, especially for expanded winter and

spring agriculture

Wetland preservation and management to improve rural

livelihoods, and for biodiversity conservation

Inland water transportation to reach internal and export markets.

• Cooperation on water and power with neighboring states can be a pillar

for the

regional cooperation and development strategy of the Government of

India.

• Development of sustainable hydropower can contribute to reductions in

greenhouse gases, a global benefit, but also one from which India may be

able to benefit as carbon trading mechanisms emerge.

Forests

The forests of the Northeast constitute the key livelihood environment for

many of the region‟s inhabitants. The region is at the confluence of the

Indo-Malayan and Palearctic biogeographical realms and therefore

harbors tremendous biodiversity. . Forest management can provide at

least three types of benefits:

• Improvement of the base conditions for development in the Northeast

through:

Maintenance of the forest cover for community-driven productive

activities, both industrial and nonindustrial

33

Due to the indiscriminate destruction of forests, vast tracts of hilly lands

are exposed to erosion and fast depletion of valuable fertile topsoil and

other nutrients. With the destruction of vegetative cover, removal of

topsoil, the water retention capacity of the soil is reduced. The resultant

effect is that, the water availability in the lower reaches of the state for

drinking and irrigation have been greatly reduced. High hills offer low

returns and restrict alternatives. As a result hill villages are

small.Difficult terrain encourages isolation of small communities and

support of higher technologies is not available to

them.

2.5 The Present Status of Agriculture :

The method of cultivation has remained primitive the practice of

jumping or shifting cultivation. For various reasons this method of

cultivation has not undergone significant changes till today. The main

reasons are: Lack of suitable land for wet rice cultivation (WRC), lack of

adequate resources.

The total area of land having slope from 0 to 10% where there

may be a possibility of WRC is 58,638 hectares, which is merely 2.8% of

the total area. It is obvious that only a portion of these areas of

comparatively gentle slope will be suitable for preparation of WRC. Till

today, total cultivable command area of 5,316 hectares had been

completed for irrigation. The number of householders having WRC is

between 9,000 to 10,000, many of them have only small plots which have

been properly cultivated. More than 90% farmers are having no proper

irrigation system. Therefore, even though shifting cultivation is

destructive for environment, backbreaking and un-remunerative for the

cultivators, the vast majority of rural and semi-urban householders have

to resort to this primitive method of cultivation for want of any

34

alternative farming system or occupation. Rice is the staple food of the

people and the paddy harvested from jumps is still much more than that

harvested form WRC. These cultivators are eagerly looking forward to the

day when they will be emancipated from this cultivation.

Farming in the mountainous area :

The main method of agriculture in Mizoram is cultivation, or

jhuming. The mountainous country with its steep slopes and narrow

valleys and a few level areas led to the tradition of felling forests on the

steep slopes, burning the remains of the forest and growing crops

without terraces and terraces and without contour cultivation. The

growing method in a prepared plot is usually based on pit planting,

where the plants are sown or planted (rice) into pre-prepared holes and

filled with newly crumbled soil in order to prepare a bedding that is

suitable for the plant‟s development in the compacted soil.

This practice, which leads to severe soil erosion (as well as

environmental damage), eventually results in reduced yields,

abandonment of the plots and moving on to other plots. The Mizoram

Government understands the implications and disadvantages of the

method and proposed to implement a programmed that will lead to

permanent cultivation of the land by a transition to terrace farming by

construction of terraces on the moderate slopes.

In terrace farming plots, where plantation crops such as Banana,

Coffee, Cardamoms, Oranges, Hatkora, etc. are grown, the crop cycle is

longer and the roots‟ band in the ground prevents soil loss.

Irrigation without terraces is less feasible in mountainous

cultivation, so annual crops grow during the monsoon (Kharif) season

only. In terraced plots, if there is water, crops are also grown during the

35

rabi season and are irrigated manually with a hosepipe. In most places

this is not possible because there is no water.There is no mechanization

inn the cultivated plots and produce is also transported manually.

Farming in the valleys :

A number of valleys and narrow valleys along the rivers are

available. The area is divided into small leveled plots with a maximum

size of half a hectare. They are prepared according to contours with a

system of dirt irrigation canals lined with mounds of earthy at their

borders in order to enable flooding. The principal crops are rice, pulses,

oilseed and some vegetables.

Most of the activities take place in the monsoon (Kharif) season.

During the winter (Rabi) season, there is no water supply for irrigation,

except in the few locations, where water is pumped from the river and

used to irrigate two cycles of rice crops. Some of the plots are cultivated

using animals, while others are cultivated using tractors up to 25HP. A

combination of drainage problems, medium to heavy soil and ploughing

in wet soil creates a profile of very compacted soil under the tip

layer.Proper drainage and cultivation procedures to reduce the soil

compaction are conditional for agricultural reclamation in the valleys.

The low profitability of agriculture produce allows use of fertilizer.

In addition, the severe shortage of organic manure and compost prevents

amelioration of the soil. The Government distributes seeds free of cost, or

with a 50% subsidy, as part of a plan to improve farming

performance.For the same reason (low profitability), herbicides and

plant-protection materials are used in a limited extent.

36

Table 11 Main Crops :

Cereals Rice is grown in the valleys and in the cultivated plots on the mountain sides. Varieties grown include

upland Rice and Maize.

Pulses Rice bean, French Bean, Black Gram and more.

Leafy

vegetables

Mustard, Cabbage, Cauliflower and more.

Root vegetables

Potatoes, Carrots, Reddish and more.

Squash Different varieties of Squash grown on trellises on the mountain sides.

Oilseed Soya bean, Mustard, Sesame.

Spices Turmeric, Ginger, Chilies

Miscellaneous Cotton, Sugarcane.

1.5 Agro Climatic Zones :

Out on six agro-climatic zones i.e., alpine, temperate sub-alpine,

sub-tropical hills, sub-tropical valleys, mild tropical hills and mild

tropical plain zones for the entire North eastern region, four agro-

climatic zones have been identified in Mizoram as given below :

Zone Area covered

Zone I

Temperate sub-alpine zone Eastern and South Mizoram

adjoining Burma border, Major portion of Champhai ,

Saitual areas of Aizawl district. S.Vanlaiphai areas of

Lunglei district and Saiha Tuipang areas of

Chhimtuipuidistrict.

Zone II Sub-tropical Central Aizawl, Ngopa areas of Champhai &

Lunglei sub-division of Southern Mizoram.

37

Zone III Kolasib area of North Mizoram, Mamit areas of Western part

of Mizoram bordering Tripura, Demagiri (Lunglei sub-div)

and Chawngte sub-division of Southern Mizoram bordering

Bangladesh.

Climate

Mizoram has a pleasant climate. It is generally cool in summer

and not very cold in winter. The temperature varies between 20 and 30

degree during summer and between 11and 21 degree in winter. Pre-

monsoon rains are experienced from March to May while regular south-

west monsoon commences from June till October. The averages monthly

rainfall is 254cms. However, the southern region receives relatively

higher rainfall than the northern region. Despite such high rainfall,

prolonged dry spells and occasional drought conditions are noticed.

Crops are grown mostly rainfed depending upon the monsoon rainfall.

Annual rainfall of the State is about 2500mm with 124 numbers of rainy

days, but is concentrated between June to September. Except in the

month of October and November when rainfall of <200mm and >70mm,

respectively is received, there is practically no rainfall (>30mm) in the

subsequent months (December – January). Although the pre-monsoon

(February – January) rainfall is more than 700mm, the distribution of

rainfall in February and March is scarce (<110mm). This prevent raising

of pre-kharif crops. Therefore, adequate irrigation facilities during post-

monsoon as well as pre-monsoon seasons are essential to raise more

than one crop in a year.

38

Soil :

The physiographic of Mizoram can broadly be divided into hills,

valleys and flat lands. Hills consist of ridges and steep to very steep side

slopes. The soils of different physiographic units are homogenous in

nature so far as the genetical aspect of the soil formation is concerned.

They are mainly derived from sandstones, shales and siltstones.

The narrow valleys usually have the soils order of Entisols and

Inceptisols while the hill slopes and ridges covered with vegetations have

the soil order of ultisols indicating that physiography and soils have close

relationship. The type of soils mostly found at suborder level is Ochrepts

and Udults.

In the hill terrain the soils are light coloured, highly leached,

poor in bases, rich in iron and have low pH value (highly acidic). They are

well drained, deep to very deep, moderately rich in organic carbon, low in

available phosphate content and medium in available of providing

substantial oxygen supply for plant growth and have capacity to retain

moisture and maintain its supply throughout the growing season of most

of the crops. The soils on the top of barren ridges however, are mostly

shallow or underlaid by weathered rock and have a thin solum depth.

The valleys flat lands commonly have heavy texture, poorly

permeable or poorly drained soils with high ground water table(with one

meter depth). They are alluvial and colluvial, most fertile and productive

soils.

The narrow valleys have light and coarse texture, well drained,

well aerated and young soils. The dissected low hills/hillocks however,

have soils similar to the soils found in ridges and side slopes of hills.

39

Agro Climatic Zones

1 Humid Temperate Sub Alpine

Zone

2 Humid Sub-Tropical Hill Zone

3 Humid Mild-Tropical Zone

Table12 Types of Soils

Texture Loam to Clay loam

Acidity 4.5 to 6.5 pH (highly acidic

to moderately acidic)

Availability of

plant nutrient in

the soil

Nitrogen (N) -

HighPhosphorus (P)-

Medium

Temperature

Winter(average) Summer

(average)

Max. 230C 320C

Min. 100C 220C

The region still has more than 64% of the total geographical area under

forest cover and continues to be a forest surplus region. Environmental

degradation is quite active mainly due to traditional system of food

production. Control efforts were not succeeded to desired scale. The

climatic conditions and topography in different North East states varied

from plain to high altitude thereby providing congenial altitudinal

variations for the production of forest, cereal crops, vegetables, tropical,

sub-tropical and temperate fruits. The economy of the region mainly

depends on forest wealth, horticultural crops, agriculture and animal

wealth.

40

The scientific management of land and water resources in hilly

areas through appropriate vegetative measures becomes important for

achieving long term conservation and production needs. Due to over-

exploitation and improper management in hills, the forests are gradually

disappearing and grasslands are converted into wastelands causing

acute fodder and fuel scarcity and danger of soil and water erosion. Agri-

horti system in the region shall require special emphasis on the

cultivation of indigenous tress, which have multiple economic and

traditional importance in various applied fields such as nector flora for

bee keeping, sericulture, fibre and cottage industry, traditional

medicines, wood carving, carpentry and several other aspects. Various

species of trees like Aesandra, Butyracea, Oleosa, Pyrus pashia,

Rhododendron arboreum, etc., have plenty of nector for the bee keeping.

Land use systems: Land use systems focused on the cropping system

and agro-forestry. Suitable location specific crop production technologies

have been developed for tillage, seeding, weed control, water and fertilizer

application and crop management for enhanced productivity. Land use

systems have to be developed for desert areas involving suitable trees,

grasses and legumes. Land degradation is the biggest challenge affecting

healthy environment and reducing the basic live support systems. Agro-

forestry is being viewed as a restoration agent, rehabilitation process, bio

remediation, and mechanism to high input agriculture on fragile lands.

Agri-Horti System:

In the region, the commonly preferred horticulture based agro-forestry

systems are agri-silvihorticulture and silvi-horticulture. Agrihorti system

envisages growing of trees and woody perennial on terrace risers, terrace

edges, field bunds in the field as intercrops, as alley cropping in the

shape of the hedge row type of plantation, etc. The tree species grown in

association with hilly crops in this region are: Grevillea robusta, Albizia

41

lebbek, Malia azadarach, Alianthus excelsa, Moringa pterygosperma,

Morus alba, Bauhinia purpurea, Grewia optiva, Populus xeriramericana,

eucalyptus globules, etc. Agriculture crops like peas, potato, cauliflower,

mustard, etc., during winter season and maize, tomato, pepper, beans,

etc., are grown in first few years during summer with following tree

species in north eastern region. It is reported that the total above ground

biomass in agrohorti silvicultural or agri horticultural system was

around 48 t/ha and it was about two fold higher than agrisilviculturtal

systems. In fodder tress, significant percentage of annual production

upto 48% was allocated in current twigs, while in horticultural trees, a

major portion, upto 63% was partitioned in fruits.

Fruit trees and crops are grown together in various ways. Depending

upon the pattern and configuration, these companion crops are known

as intercrops, under planting, hedge row planting or alley cropping. In

intercropping, agricultural crops are normally grown between rows of

fruit trees planted at a spacing of 5 to 7 meters apart. The agricultural

crops provide seasonal revenue, while fruit trees are managed for 30-35

years giving regular returns of fruit and in some cases fuel wood from

pruned wood and fodder. Several kinds of crops are also under planted

with the canopy of fruit trees providing shade. However, shade is not

always desirable for agricultural crops such as maize, sorghum,

groundnut, etc. Following are the crops, generally under planted in the

orchards.

Fruit trees and crops are grown together in various ways. Depending

upon the pattern and configuration, these companion crops are

known as intercrops, under planting, hedge row planting or alley

cropping. In intercropping, agricultural crops are normally grown

between rows of fruit trees planted at a spacing of 5 to 7 meters apart.

The agricultural crops provide seasonal revenue, while fruit trees are

managed for 30-35 years giving regular returns of fruit and in some

cases fuel wood from pruned wood and fodder. Several kinds of crops

42

are also under planted with the canopy of fruit trees providing shade.

However, shade is not always desirable for agricultural crops such as

maize, sorghum, groundnut, etc. Following are the crops, generally

under planted in the orchards.

Shifting cultivation:

It is known as jhuming and regarded as the step in transition from food

gathering or hunting to food production. This traditional practice is still

predominant in this region. As a result of population explosion, increase

in demand for food and fuel arised. As a result, the jhum cycle of 10-15

years is reduced to 3 years. Indiscriminate felling of trees on the hill

slopes brought an undesirable eco-imbalance. Further, the hill tops are

the main source of water; deforestation of this hill top led to the

elimination of water source. This in fact, ended in the losses of top soil.

Coupled with this, deforestation drastically reduced the retentive

capacity of the soil. Erosion of soil in the catchment area resulted in

silting of the reservoirs and streams leading to unprecedented floods.

Hence, this situation needs to be tackled on top priority to keep the

ecological imbalance checked as well as to meet the fodder, food, fuel

requirements, etc.

Unscientific land use on hill slopes:

Horticultural crops grown on the hill slopes without proper soil and

water conservation resulted in soil erosion. The soil erosion varied with

the extent of disturbances caused to the soil surface. Colocasia, tapioca,

sweet potato, turmeric and ginger are the crops, which resulted in

movement of soil to the foot hills during the process of harvesting.

Vegetable crops grown on the slope without proper soil and water

conservation measures also resulted in this type of soil loss.

43

Over exploitation of forest:

Exploitation of forest indiscriminately increases the soil erosion on

hills and flood in down stream areas, thus forests wealth decreases. Fuel

shortage becomes acute. This again means further encroachment of

forest land resulting in more denudation, environmental degradation and

loss of biological components of soil and vegetation. Thus a vicious circle

may crop up. Even excessive grazing by cattle may also damage forest.

Heavy deforestation for augmenting fuel/fire need and harsh climate of

1150 cm of annual rainfall coming down in 4-5 months during monsoon.

Land degradation:

The extent of land degradation that follows use of forest areas for

agriculture is largely determined by the level of management. Apart from

soil loss that accompanies land clearing and early stages of plantations,

there is also severe nutrient loss. The practice of jhuming cultivation in

North East region has (increased) the problem of land degradation. The

involvement of such a large area in shifting cultivation has caused large

scale deforestation, soil erosion, loss of productivity, ecological imbalance

and land degradation. Rapid population pressure has resulted in misuse

of land resource and rational options for high value plantation crops

have severely affected the tropical forests.

Strategies for Agri-horticulture Development in the district

Agri-horticulture: In this system the 2/3rd of the area (upper side) is

covered under horticultural crops for which half moon terraces and

contour bunds are prepared on the hill slope and 1/3rd of the area

towards down side is used for the cultivation of cereals, oil crops, etc., on

the bench terraces. In this land use pattern, the following crops may be

grown after the land preparation.

Fruit trees in half-moon terraces (Triangular system of planting)

on contour

44

On the contour bunds the pineapple in two rows should be

planted at closer distance, which helps in soil erosion from contour

area.

The interspaces in the contour are utilized for the cultivation of

the vegetables. The legume vegetables like bean, cowpea, guar, pea

and good over crop like sweet potato should be cultivated.

Ginger and turmeric can be grown in the interspace area in the

contours.

In medium deep soil areas (LCC II to IV) receiving annual

rainfall of more than 750mm, agri-horticultural systems consisting of

a fruit tree intercropped with annual arable crop is recommended.

Land treatment for collection of runoff and water harvesting

techniques to provide supplemental irrigation during the summer

months are critical to the success of this practice (Katyal et al., 1994).

Apart from prudent use of stored soil moisture, the water needs of

fruit trees have to be effectively modulated by pruning. Custard apple

and also pomegranate and aonla are other fruit crops suitable for this

system.

Agri-horti-silvi -pastoral (model land use): In this system the middle

1/3rd area of the hills can be taken for the cultivation of horticultural

crops and upper 1/3rd area and lower 1/3rd area are being cultivated for

establishment of economic forest plant plantation with fodder and

cereals, millets etc. respectively. The middle portion is converted under

contours and the fruit plants could be planted in half moon terraces on

the contours. The contour bund is utilized for pineapple planting. The

two or three separate blocks of each fruit crop may be made so that

cultural operations may become easier. The vegetables, root crops,

rhizomatous crops, etc., are cultivated in the interspaces of the contour.

The lower one or two contours may be used for pure vegetable

cultivation.

45

Mixed horticultural land use: If the farmer is interested to grow only

different horticultural crops in the land available with him the whole

jhum land may be divided in the following pattern for developing mixed

horticultural land use.

a) 2/3rd area from top towards lower hillside is converted into

contour and 3-4 fruit blocks can be developed, i.e., banana block,

orange block, lemon block, papaya block. The lower 3/4th contour

is utilized for the cultivation of rhizomatous crops. After that 3-4

terraces may be completely utilized for the pure vegetable

cultivation.

b) The contour bunds are utilized for the planting of pineapple.

Horticultural land use (with fruit crops only): The land use under pure

horticultural orchard system also has high potentiality in the region. In

case more area (jhum land) is available at a place in the selected site and

the owners are too interested for growing of fruit trees collectively as co-

operative farming type in order to bring their large area under

horticulture then pure orchard can be done and land use pattern may be

developed accordingly, keeping in view about the soil and water

conservation aspects. This system of cultivating the land will be highly

profitable in the long run and area will be developed as fruit growing belt.

The water and soil management practices are to be followed in a

systematic manner so that the soil loss can be checked to a

considerable stage. The following practices (management) are to be

adopted while considering this land use.

1) The fruit plants like orange, banana, etc., are to be planted

either half moon terraces or in contour bunds.

2) If the slope is below than 25.30o the intercropping is to be

practiced for getting the subsidiary income to the farmers and the

four rows planting of pineapple after 10 rows of fruit trees across

the slope will be advisable in order to check the soil erosion.

46

3) The legume vegetable should be considered for the cultivation as

intercrop so that soil fertility may be enhanced.

4) If planting is done only in half moon terraces the chopping of

weeds in interspace areas is advisable and the filler crops should

be taken.

Selection of crops and varieties: Suitability of crops depends upon the

altitude, soil and climatic conditions. Say, as an example, Manipur

state can roughly be divided into three land zones, viz.

i) High hills: 900-2000 m above MSL (apple, peach, pear, plum,

apricot, potato, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, beans, etc.)

ii) Mid hills: Below 500 m (citrus, banana, pineapple, papaya,

guava, ginger, turmeric, chilli, brinjal, tomato, bean, sweet potato,

tapioca, colocasia, etc.)

iii) Foot hills: Bordering areas of hills (jack fruit, areca nut, black

pepper etc.)

Vast areas of the hills are suitable for cultivation of tropical, sub-

tropical and temperate fruits.

Tropical Cashew nut, banana, papaya

Sub-tropical fruits

Pineapple, citrus, guava, banana, gooseberry, etc.

Temperate Apple, Peach, pear and plum

Spices Chilli, turmeric, ginger, garlic

Vegetables Tomato, chillies, brinjal, potato, radish, pea, colocasia, okra, pumpkin, bottle gourd, cucumber, carrot, cabbage, cauliflower, knol khol, French bean,

winged bean, dolichos bean.

Tuber crops Tapioca, sweet potato

Tree

vegetables

Tree bean, tree tomato and drum stick

Suitable

grasses for risers

Stylosanthes guyanansis, Stylosanthes hamata and

Thinnapier, NB-21.

47

Crop planning and production technology: The lower one-third area

should be terraced and utilised for growing vegetable/spices or tuber

crops. While planning crops, it should be necessary to keep in mind the

requirement of farmers. Two crops round the year can be grown even

under rainfed conditions. High yielding varieties of crops should be

introduced.

Usually the terrace risers have to be protected by growing some

fodder grasses, so that apart from protecting the risers from erosion,

it provides a subsidiary source of income to the farmers. Upper, the

mid-one third area should be utilised for fruit crops and the

remaining upper one-third under the reserve forest (fodder or fuel

trees). The plants should be planted in half moon terraces.

48

CHAPTER - 3

Strength, Weakness, Opportunities and Threat (SWOT) Analysis of

the district and identification of critical gaps

3.1 Introduction

Champai District has numerous areas of advantages and strengths

which enable it to propel itself on to higher level of trajectory of economic

development if these strengths are fully exploited.

In this sector, the agro-climate condition of the district favours the

development of all kind of the horticulture crops. This conclusion is

drawn in accordance with the findings of Agro-Climate regional planning

(ACRP) exercise undertaken by the Planning Commission since 1998.

The ACRP take in to account resources endowments, strategy for balance

regional development, comparative advantages, and choice of priority

activities for the region, infrastructure needs and investment in its

approach. The findings of ACRP regarding the District point out the

strategies for agricultural development are through soil and water

conservation and settle farming. In addition, there has been a paradigm

shift in the state government‟s agriculture policy from the practice of

mono crops cultivation of land use through shifting cultivation to

diversification of crops by introducing location specific crops through

settled farming. A follow up policy called Land Use Policy is chalked out

and implemented with limited success. However, the drawback of this

new policy is its adoption of the strategy of area targeting for the

implementation zone, which left out majority of the district of Mizoram

including Champai district. In recent years, the state government is

making great stride towards bringing land under horticulture crops

through a new policy – Mizoram Intodelhna Project. Even this policy

suffered from certain limits like its outreach, due to the latter

inaccessibility, remoteness, lack of good road infrastructure etc. Another

strength lies in the availability of flat land for wet rice cultivation.

49

Another strength of the District is the possibility of

transforming farming practice along the line of organic farming by using

only manures since consumption of fertilizers has always been negligible.

Organic farming is a production system that avoid of largely excludes the

use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators. Instead, it

relies upon crop rotation with leguminous crops, addition of crop

residues, green manures, bio- fertilizers and bio pesticides. The objective

encouraging organic farming in the district are to developed a

sustainable agriculture system which maintain soil fertility and ensure

adequate food production. Besides it is well recognize that organic

products are preferred to conventional agriculture product due to the

absence of harmful chemical residues in it.

For Development of infrastructure, the district strength lies in the

river where there is immense scope for the development of hydro electric

power project is taken up by Central water commission. If this project is

materialized, and then it will greatly boost the productivity of the District

which is currently at a very low level due to inadequate power supply to

producing units.

Another strength of District lies in the availability of fresh

water sources like stream and rivers which are perennial in nature for

the expansion of rural water supply in interior part of the region.

This is crucial for the development of backward tribes who constantly

need social cohesion and cooperation in protesting and the safeguarding

their interest. Most of the village studies conducted by sociologist

establish the correlation between the community assets and social

cohesion and cooperation. The availability of community assets like

community halls provide people a place for frequent interaction at a

short notice. This in turn built close intimacy, cooperation and

cohesions among the people. However, it should be added that, the

present condition of all the community assets are in very pathetic state.

50

Despite all the areas of strength mention above, the District suffer from

various weaknesses. The following are some of the areas of weaknesses:

In this sector, the District faced constraints in the form of:

a) High run off water, increasing depletion of ground water due to

excessive survey. Exploitation, depletion of fertility of soil due to

„Jhum‟ cultivation, expansion of wasteland and inundation due

to frequent change of course by the rivers.

b) Lack of quality seed and planting material.

c) Inadequate post harvest infrastructure and unorganized

market.

d) Lack of systematic records of land and surveys especially

cadastral survey.

e) High cost of inputs, little scope for farm mechanization,

suitability of only minor irrigation and exorbitant cost of

transport.

f) Destructive practice of jhuming cultivation.

g) Lack of accurate data on stock of inventory and limited

research and development activities by concern departments.

h) Lack of rain water harvesting structure to supplement meager

water supply during lean season for consumption and

agricultural purpose.

i) Lack of awareness on the part of the farmers regarding seeds,

soil condition, weather etc.

j) Lack of proper land use planning.

The communication networks especially the roads are in bad

shape. The district continues to deprive of good road connectivity

although it has great potential in coffee plantation. Most of the region

where WRC has been successfully practice on a limited scale still face the

51

problem of good road connectivity which hamper their economic

prosperity to a great extends. Most of the villages are inaccessible

especially in rainy season due to frequent landslide and improper

management. There has always been a dire necessity to improve the

road network to help the people of remote areas of the District.

3.2 SWOT Analysis of Agriculture of Champhai District :

Strength:

a. Availability of abundant land resources with organic enriched,

fertile soil.

b. Less use of chemical and fertilizer in the entire district.

c. Farmers attraction and awareness toward cultivation of cash crops

(tea, turmeric)

d. Potential area for production of various cereals crops and pulses

due to suitable agro-ecological conditions .

e. Availability of abundant low land in foot hills (valley) suitable for

paddy (Wet Land Rice Cultivation (WRC).

f. Slopes of the terrains are suitable for growing cash crops, jhum

paddy along with fruit crops.

g. Farmers having basic ( traditional) knowledge of crop cultivation.

h. Availability of enough man power (labour), their nature of hard

working and desireness for learning.

Weakness:

a. Soil erosion by run off and acidity in the soil in all the region of the

district.

b. Jhuming or shifting cultivation practice on hill slopes.

c. Poor soil fertility management, unawareness about green

manuring, composting etc.

52

d. Imbalance use of fertilizers specially blind use of urea.

e. Reluctance of farmers towards modern varieties and their package

of practices, faith in traditional seeds and way of farming.

f. Cultivation with very low input and unawareness/negligence for

use of available natural resources.

g. Rampant use of diseased seedlings as a planting material.

h. Heavy and long spell of rainfall caused land slide and soil erosion

and due to this problem, communication and transport system

paralyzed in the district.

i. Lack of awareness regarding soil testing.

j. Lack of knowledge on integrated management like –IPM, IPNM,

IWM.

k. Reluctant to adopt HYVs of paddy because traditional rice variety

in much tastier than HYVs. (i.e. Preferences is mostly by taste of

the variety)

l. Seed treatment is not in practice due lack of awareness.

m. Farmers having non commercial mindset, they are only dependant

on traditional cultivation practices for crop production resulting in

low productivity.

n. Unavailable suitable varieties for the location and their package of

practices .

o. Lack of knowledge and awareness on the use of farm implements.

p. Non-availability of Farmers Interest Group (FIG) and Self Help

Groups( SHGs).

q. Insufficient government credit institution and its linkages with

farming community.

r. Un availability of agriculture based enterprises.

s. Lack of proper channel of market and traditional way of selling the

produce.

53

Opportunities:

a. Scope for promotion of organic farming and its trade at national &

global level.

b. Promotion of Horticultural crops especially Passion fruit, Orange,

Grapes & Pineapple in various pockets of the district.

c. Good scope for promoting organic tea.

d. Favourable condition for cultivation of medicinal and aromatic

plants in the entire district.

e. Improvement in productivity by introduction of different location

specific varieties and their packages of practices.

f. Production and distribution of various disease free, certified seeds

and planting materials.

g. Opportunity to promote micro-irrigation technology during dry

spell (Nov-Feb)

h. Scope of land reforms and reclamation through proper soil nutrient

management.

i. Higher production potential for WRC and winter season vegetable

specially cole crops.

j. Higher market potential due to nearness of international border

and open trade.

k. Good scope of establishing agriculture based industries and

generation of employment.

l. Application of Post Harvest technology and value addition in the

products.

Threats:

a. Heavy and long spell of rainfall which causes soil loss, land slide

and severe infestation of insect pests and diseases.

b. Frosty weather during winter which causes crop loss and attack of

pests and diseases.

54

c. Flowering in bamboo which caused sudden population growth of

rodents causing famine in the areas.

d. Attack of wild buffaloes on crops during winter season.

e. Farmers dependency on government schemes on agriculture,

horticulture and allied sectors.

f. Higher rate of population growth 39 % approx. ( decadal) which

cause small size of land holding.

g. Jhum cultivation still prevails in this areas which causes

deforestation and heavy soil loss through erosion.

h. Urbanization of villages and migration of farm labours into the

urban areas.

i. No fixation of price in agriculture produces and availability of

proper markets.

55

Table 12 SWOT Analysis Matrix

Sl

No Strength Weakness Opportunities Threats

1 Growing of bird eye chilies as

mixed cropping in hill slope

jhuming in extensive area will give

good economic enzyme as the price

of Bird eye chilly is very high

Jhuming condition is labour

demanding and low in productivity to

generate good income

Good and reasonable prices for bird

eye chillies and ordinary chillies

Market of chillie depend on outside

state businessmen and not sustained

2 If all the potential valleys under

irrigated paddy cultivation is

covered by double cropping with

field pea, the buy back policy will

give good earning

Less area covered with good

irrigation sources. Lack of awareness

to utilize ground water by farmers as

well as govt.

Establishment of public private

partnership (PPP) in field pea

introduced state dept. of Social

Welfare since 2005

Poor management of soil acid water

lack of techniques to use mulching in

Rabi crops

3 Maize and soyabean are purchased

with reasonable price by state

department for Animal feed.

Lack of adequate seed supply

(improved seeds) and lack of

awareness to grow market oriented

crops by farmers

Fixing of reasonable price by state

govt. to purchase maize and soyabean

for feed plant under Vety Deptt.

Lack of awareness in organizing

community market through

GIG/Commodity based interest

groups

4 Hybridization of local domestic

animal is the on going programme

of state Very Dept.

Slow progress in up gradation breeds

of animals

Hybridization of local breeds of

animals as on going scheme of state

Dept.

Lack of proper management for

general growth of health care of

domestic animals

5 There is a very good scope of

cultivating grapes, passion fruits,

ginger, avocado, kiwi, banana,

mango etc. in view of agro climatic

condition and vat land resource

Lack of processing facilities for Horti.

Cross and lack of techniques in post

harvest technology

Awareness of farmers for permanent

farming through Horti. Orchards of

grapes, passion fruit, bananas,

jatropha etc. and as contract farming

in some fruit/crops mentioned aboved

Lack of suitable alternative to

jhuming easily adoptable by farmers

of Resources Poor

6 Gaining popularity in silkworm

rearing among farming families

Lack of awareness campaign from

concern Depart. Or private companies

both in sericulture and fisheries

Vast area for cultivation of mulberry

and gaining popularity among farmers

in respect of Sericulture development

as a whole.

Undesirable jungle burnings

7 Adoption of paddy cum pisciculture

in WRC areas and in ponds

Gaining nutritive value of fishes

among the community for market

opportunity

Heavy soil fertility loss due to

jhuming in hillslopes and continuous

pruning water in irrigated paddy field

56

Sl


1 Vast potential for rainfed paddy

and other crop under jhuming

Low productivity from Agril.

Crops resulting tendency of

farmers to change into other

farming system

Fast vegetative growth or new

growth after jhuming enabling

formation of fertile top soil

Continuous jhum shifting

cultivation causing

deforestation soil erosion

etc.

2 Persisted to hill slope jhuming as

traditional method by majority of

farmer

Free grazing of animal causing

serious problems to crop

production due to damage by

domestic animals

Less density of production Continuous shifting

cultivation and increase

farming families may

exhausted the land

holding size etc. also the

jhum cycle shall

gradually become

unproductive

3 Possibilities of mix cropping

(paddy and other corp.) to get

variety of production from the

same field

Lack of effort to improve

animal farming and cropping

system by the farmer

Optimum rainfall, temperature,

humidity and good fertile soill for

agril. Crops

The animal farming

system is very poor and

unproductive. The

animal waste is not

properly utilized for

farming.

4 Easy method of getting yield Low income from paddy,

animals.

Good vegetative cover providing

shelter to rain drops splash erosion

and rill erosion

s

5 Free grazing and rearing of

animals

Presence of well established

biodiversity in the forest

57

Sl


1 Vast potential area for rainfed

paddy cultivation and maize

cultivation

Top mills and higher elevated

hillslopes more inductive to soil

erosion

Vast area for expansion of Horti.

Orchard under grapes, passion

fruits, avocado, kiwi and jatropha

Deforestation and high

range of erosion due to

shifting cultivation

practices

2 Majority of the farming

community depends on jhuming

Scarcity of perennial water

source for irrigation is orchards

Higher altitudes and less insect pest

disease appearances

Lack of sustainable

markets for Horti. (fruit)

production

3 Most of the farmers depends on

hill slope jhuming which was

form undesirable and low in

productivity

Implementation of source CSS

projects like NWDPRA, WDPSCA

and IWDP, Tech, Mission etc. in

some areas.

Lack of awareness by

farmers for community

marketing

4 Expansion of Horti. Or chard

under grapes, passion fruits and

ginger as commercial carping in

higher cultivation

Lack of awareness in self

sufficiency or organic manures

Well established bio diversity Farmers dependency on

Govt. for market

orientation

5 Awareness of farmers in

permanent farming through fruit

crop cultivation in hill slopes as

mentioned above.

Depends on govt. for

improvement of their farming

system

Manor farming communities

depends on this farming system

Lack of awareness sin

upgrading of Demistic

animals

Rearing of improve cows and

upgrading of local cows

Inconveniency for

double cropping under


58

Sl


1 Use of Agril. Waste as

fodder gives strength in

animal rearing specially

in improved cows

Persistency in


leading to low

productivity and soil

erosion

Good forest cover

and vegetative cover

to protect soil from

erosion

High rainfall causing oil

acidity and soil erosion

2 Expansion of fish ponds

cum water harvesting

dam crops irrigation in

top hills

No. HYV paddy

varieties being

established for hill

areas under shifting

cultivation

Optimum weather

conditions for hill

slope paddy, potato,

cabbages, radish etc

Loss of fertile topsoil

due to cultivation at

steep slopes

3 Awareness in using

animal waster and

agriculture waste as

compost materials and

fish meal

Difficulties in

Transportation of

farm productivity to

market/village /town

Lack of water sources

for peiculture during

dry season

Lack of water sources for

pisiculture during dry

season

4 Vast area suitable for

vegetables such as

potatoes, radish, carrots,

cabbage etc. in higher

alleviated hill slopes,

including maize

Less chances of

expansion in fish

ponds due to scarcity

of good water source

and steep slopes.

Poor transportation

leading to back wardness

in modern techniques of

Agriculture etc.

59

Sl


1 Irrigated paddy (WRC) in

river valley and flat lands

having good scope and

more potential

Lack of good

communication road

ways

Vast forest coverage

giving good protection

of soil against rain drop

splash erosion

Undesirable jungle

burning

2 Bottom hills and lowland

having potential for double

cropping

Practice of shifting

cultivation mono-

cropping giving low

yield.

Practice of shifting

cultivation mono-

cropping giving low

yield.

Un methodical use of

chemical fertilizers

3 Heavy and fertile soils good

for cultivation of ginger and

papaya, guava, banana etc.

Low productivity due

ot management in in

WRC paddy

Variety of medical

plant species

(availability)

Threats in use of

chemical’/poisons etc. in

rivers

4 Vast forest cover for better

ecological balance and

biodiversity

Lack of awareness in

double cropping

Some areas are covered

by NWDPRA,

WDPSCA, IWDP etc.

for natural resources

management

Lose of biodiversity

through mono cropping

in orchards, jhums and

WRC paddy field

5 Free grazing for cattle Lack of improved

animal varieties in

cows, pigs and

poultry birds

Vast area for extension

of Horticulture and

animal rearing

Heavy soil loss in


practices

6 Less animal diseases Lack of good variety Great forest and river

resources such as in

river resources fishes,

snails, crabs, prawn

Deforestation due to

cultivation jungle

burning

7 Less insect/pest and

diseases

Free anima grazing

problems

60

Sl


1 Vast area for cultivation of

maize and soyabean

Poor drainage

facilities in irrigated

paddy

Credit availabilities Lack of interest youths in

farm works

2 Vast area for shifting

cultivation for jhum ginger

and other crops

Poor management of

soil, moisture and

other natural resource

Hardworking laborers

in tradition

Gradual losses of soil

fertility due to soil

erosion in hill slopes

3 High rainfall, humid

condition, temperate, well

drained suitable for

horticulture orchards-passion

fruits, grapes and floriculture

Low productivity of

local paddy varieties

Implementation of

IWDP, NWDPRA,

WDPSCA and Tech,

mission

Lack of proper

management in Horti.

Crops and Agril. Crops

in : IPM, INM and

moisture

4 Majority of population

engaged under Agriculture

Horti. For occupation

Imbalance uses of

chemical fertilizers

Good potential area for

Horti. Crops of grapes.,

passion fruits, papaya,

banana, floriculture,

Jatropha

Lack of knowledge and

skill in pruning/training

5 Well communicated road

ways

Lack of effort for

double cropping

Contract farming under

initial staff for

floriculture, passion

fruit, jatropha

Undesirable jungle

burning causing death to

orchard crops useful

bacterial

6 No communication problems

in language and printed

media

Lack of effort in

organizing FIGs for

better market

opportunities

Less problem in insect

pest and diseases.

Lack of legal awareness

to control animal and

protect the crops and

natural resources

7 Well establish local paddy

varieties

Lack awareness in

fishery and fish meals

production.

Lack of awareness to

create market

opportunities and

formation of FIGs

8 Well establish paddy cum

pisiculture in WRC farm

ponds

61

Sl


1 Adoption of jhuming

by majority of farming

community in respect

rainfed paddy, maize,

sugarcane and other

vegetable a mixed

crops

Shifting cultivation is

labour demand done

in remote area, prone

to erosion and low

productivity

Getting yield of

different commodities

from unit consumption

Fast way of deforestation

and soil erosion, high-

rainfall leading to acidic soil

formation under jhuming

2 Hybridization and

better feed

management

programme gives

more income and

adopted by innovative

and progressive

farmers

Low progress in

hybridization

progrmme and

availabilities of

concentrated foods

for farmers

On going extension

programmes of state

Govt.

Lack of proper care and

management for animals,

lack of awareness to use

animal waste, spread of

undesirable diseases

3 Fat spreading of

grapes, passion fruits,

ginger, papaya and

improve bananas and

vast area for its

expansion

Lack of proper

management in

Training, printing,

INM, IPM and

irrigation etc

Vast area available for

Horti. Orchards and

suitable agro climatic

conditions

Lack of processing unit and

pot harvest management,

lack of market infrastructure

facilities and unsustainable

markets in the area.

62

3.3 SWOT ANLYSIS OF HORTICULTURE OF CHAMPHAI DISTRICT

Strength :

a. Suitable agro climatic and agro ecological condition for growing

various fruit crops.

b. Farmers having traditional wisdom on cultivation of fruit crops.

c. Potential area available for cultivation and production of Passion

fruit, Grapes, Orange, Pineapple, Turmeric, Ginger etc.

d. Slopes of terrains are favourable for fruit and vegetable production.

e. Less use of chemicals, fertilizers and pesticides in horticultural

crops.

f. Availability of abundant low land in foot hill for winter vegetable

products.

g. Farmers having traditional knowledge of identification of various

medicinal plants.

Weaknesses :

a. Poor storage facilities of fruits and vegetables.

b. Poor transport and communication service in the district due to

the ecological condition.

c. Lack of knowledge and infrastructure on post harvest technology.

d. No proper marketing system.

63

e. Non availability of processing units for fruit crops.

f. Use of poor quality of seedlings/planting materials lead to citrus

declining.

g. improper establishment of orchards.

h. Poor soil management, insect pest management and disease

management.

i. Cultivation with zero input.

Opportunities :

a. High density population planting in various fruit crops and mixed

and inter cropping.

b. Awareness on various post harvest techniques lead to help in

getting good price.

c. Production and supply of disease free planting material and

seedlings of various fruits and vegetables.

d. Establishment of processing industry specially for Grapes and

Passion fruit.

e. Promotion of farmers for establishment of new orchards as well as

rejuvenation of old orchards in the district.

f. Attracting buyer by taking organic certificate of fruit crops.

64

h. Generating employment through cultivation of high rate low

volume crops.

Threats :

a. Declining of citrus and other orchards due to higher infestation of

insect pest and diseases, lack of nutrient management etc.

b. Due to remoteness of area and perishable in nature of produce

more chances of damage.

c. Disturbances of natural balance due to privilage of jhum practice.

d. No fixation of price of horticulture produces by government.

e. Heavy rain and landslide is also experiences as threat for

horticultural crop cultivation.

65

3.4 SWOT ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND VETERINARY OF

CHAMPHAI DISTRICT :

Strength :

a. Favorable and varied climatic condition which leads to rearing of a

variety of animal species suiting their adaptability

b. District having enough area coverage with grasses, bushes and

forest trees.

c. Farmers having traditional knowledge and practice of rearing live-

stocks.

d. Non vegetarian food habit of tribal (indigenous) population is good

strength for live-stock development in the district.

e. Wide animal and plant –biodiversity of the district leads for

germplasm and feed resource exploration.

f. Unparallel and positive attitude of people is an excellent strength

for development of this sector.

Weakness :

a. Remoteness and transportation bottlenecks are hindering the

desired growth of this sector.

b. Due to heavy rainfall and high humidity animals are vulnerable to

various disease and parasites.

c. Tendency of farmers to raise live-stock on zero or very negligible

inputs.

d. Lack of organized marketing channel.

e. Lack of processing and value addition facilities.

f. Due to absence of abattoirs, slaughter house byproducts are

wasted.

g. Inadequate vaccine facilities and their storage caused to failure in

desired health of live stock.

h. Lack of sound breeding and production policy.

i. Lacking live stock raiser‟s organization and co-operatives .

j. No proper linkage of farmers with credit institutions.

66

k. Lacking of superior germ plasm because germ plasm production

centre are very few in number and poorly managed due to financial

crunches.

Opportunity :

a. Development of improved varieties of pig and poultry through

systematic breeding in wild and indigenous breeds.

b. Meat revolution through industrialization of pork production.

c. Due to popularization of duck egg and meat there is wide scope of

promotion for duckary along with poultry in the district.

d. Promotion of unconventional lives stock like dog and pigeon

because they are also used as meat by the sizeable section.

e. Opportunity existing for the promotion of slaughter house, by

product processing, value addition and marketing.

f. To develop feed formula for pig and poultry by incorporating

indigenous and resources including medicinal herbs,

shrubs & tree leafs.

g. To organize farmer by their different groups and developing

cooperate sector on live stock farmers.

Threats:

a. Increasing trend of land degradation due to the unhealthy practice

leads to forest loss is the big threat to this sector.

b. Due to the adjacent location of district with Myanmar spread of

diseases is the threat.

c. Non availability of byproducts utilization facility leads the threat to

public health in pig populated pockets.

e. Higher growth trend in prices of feed ingredients and other input in

also experienced as a threat.

f. Natural calamities and due to high humidity and rainfall

infestation/attack of various pests and diseases.

67

3.5 SWOT ANALYSIS OF FISHERY SECTOR OF CHAMPAI

DISTRICT

Strength

1. Vast area of land is available for the establishment of ponds.

2. Perennial source of water is readily available.

3. Climatic condition is suitable for development of fishery.

4. High demand for fish.

5. Majority of the farmers are willing to take up fish farming.

Weakness

1. Scarcity of exotic fingerlings.

2. Lack of technical guidance.

3. Absence of Ice Plant.

4. Poor financial condition of farmers to take up fish farming.

5. Poor transport and communication.

6. Acidity of water body.

Opportunities

1. Under India‟s Look East Policy, recently, there has been a proposal

of waterway from Hruitezawl to Akyap (Myanmar) Sea Port for the

facilitation of international trade.

2. Extension services to popularize fish farming.

3. Establishment of cold storage facility (Ice Plant).

4. Facilitation of marketing facility.

5. Popularization of value added fish product.

6. Establishment of hatcheries.

Threats

1. Scarcity and high cost of fish feed.

2. Siltation of fish ponds due to the practice of shifting cultivation.

3. Competition with other districts and foreign countries like

Bangladesh and Myanmar.

4. Natural calamities such as flood, landslide/ landslip, etc.

68

3.6 SWOT ANALYSIS for Sericulture

STRENGTH :

1. Climatic condition ideal for Mulberry and Castor plants.

2. PH of Soil optimum.

3. Agrarian life style of Jhum cultivation ease the mind set of the

people to switch-on Sericulture readily.

4. Mizoram Govt. flagship programme (i.e. Sericulture

sector/activities).

5. Short gestation period (i.e. 1 year)

WEAKNESS :

1. Non-traditional.

2. Communication poor.

3. Infrastructure (viz. Grainage house, Godown, etc.) inadequate.

4. Illiteracy on livelihood.

5. Minority area.

OPPORTUNITIES :

1. Hilly terrain unsuitable for wet rice cultivation, good for Mulberry

and Castor.

2. An excellent sector for replacement of Jhum cultivation.

3. Minority areas.

4. Introduction of Sericulture easy due to BPL areas.

5. Mixed & Subsistence Agri. economy.

THREATS :

1. Consumer ignorance.

2. Fair weather road.

3. Lack of technological know-how.

69

3.7 Challenges for the state as whole region and specific to the

District Water-related sectors

Overall, in the water-related sectors, it seems that links into community-

based institutional arrangements are limited or do not exist, be it for

watershed management, early warning systems, or adaptation to the

recurrent floods. This goes for both state and central government

initiatives. These institutional arrangements also influence the

management instruments that have been chosen and the way they are

being implemented. There is significant knowledge about water resources

in the region, but the knowledge is still incomplete and it is partially

inaccessible.

With a lack of access to data and information by the wider public,

decision making takes place within agencies but without much outreach,

and accordingly accountability to the public is very limited. Global

experience has shown that such a situation leads to low performance

and to little consideration of impacts on the ground, as indicated by the

degree to which investments effectively reach beneficiaries. Stakeholders

(water users, marooned flood victims, citizens without access to basic

electricity in rural areas, young people without jobs) then feel abandoned

and look for other sources of livelihood, for example by leaving the region

or even by participating in violence.

The challenge then is to reverse this trend and instead build a more

accountable institutional framework. This implies strong political will to

counteract the tendency of a society to follow the path it has already

taken due to the political or financial cost of changing Similarly,

improvements in inland water transport, so important.

70

Forest sector

Regard to forests, the resource management instruments, including

monitoring devices, cataloging (for example of biodiversity), and definition

of forest use rights, are strongly conditioned by the centralized approach

defined by existing formal laws and regulations. Plans do exist, but

incentives (for both government agencies and stakeholders) to apply

them seem to be lacking, as very few are being implemented. The

organizational management form for forest management requires review

in order to create functioning structures to enable forest agencies at

different levels to work jointly with communities to find ways of building

sustainable livelihoods.

Sector Regional-level activities Local-level activities

Water resources

Create an appropriate institutional framework for river basin

management, including an interstate river basin organization with a

clear mission and mandate Undertake comprehensive strategic

participatory river basin management and planning covering several

states (Brahmaputra and Barak basins) including trade-off analysis of

different development and management options (e.g. floods, hydro,

wetlands, environmental flows, etc.) Implement and maintain effective

water monitoring systems Develop and support regionwide and basin-

level research on water resources Create new or align existing state

agencies for water resource management that can effectively interact with

the interstate river basin organization Develop groundwater resources

Manage wetlands, restore and preserve beels Manage watersheds

Flood and erosion management

Develop and implement an operational plan to enable strategic

investments in annual maintenance of flood management structures

Carry out structural interventions to enhance erosion management

71

Develop an appropriate flood and erosion monitoring system with

information available to all stakeholders Develop a functional flood

warning and community alert system Develop a functional plan to start

addressing drainage issues Review and adjust existing agencies‟ internal

incentive structures (including budget allocations and accountability

structures) to enhance delivery of services Enhance communities‟

capacities to “live intelligently with floods” through strengthening coping

mechanisms, supporting and learning from innovations, improving basic

health services Develop local capacity to link into and respond to a

broader flood warning system Analyze local needs for watershed

management to control local erosion and landslides in tributaries –

“landscape management” – and work with communities to develop local

watershed management actions

Hydropower Assess potential benefits and tradeoffs between hydropower

and flood management benefits/costs and continue dialog on different

options Develop scenarios to harness hydropower at the basin level

(sequencing, integration with for example considerations for flood

management benefits, inclusion of local stakeholders) Develop

small/mini/micro/pico hydel projects in a more targeted manner Ensure

benefits (for example electrification of villages, job creation) and minimize

costs (for example displacement, erosion of cultural values) at local level

from large hydel by developing and implementing functioning benefit-

sharing mechanisms to improve people‟s livelihoods

Sector Regional-level activities Local-level activities

Inland water transport

Analyze and develop opportunities for linkages between India and its neighbors

in order to break Northeastern Region isolation and enhance options for trade

Invest in multimodal transport infrastructure strategically, reinforcing the

existing NW-2 to support regional connectivity with neighbors and peninsular

India Develop local-level infrastructure for community water transport on

72

secondary rivers, improving access to markets and to social infrastructure (for

example health, education)

Forest and biodiversity management

Build up a regional systematic knowledge base on biodiversity and forest

resources Develop institutional arrangements that take into account the

specific social and cultural background of the Northeastern Region

Assess options for regional ecotourism and create an enabling

institutional framework Carbon trading: Reclassify northeastern forests

to enable carbon trading Support communities in recovering and

building on their traditional structures for forest management Develop

appropriate knowledge sharing and extension service mechanisms for

rural communities to develop sustainable economic activities (for

example diversified agriculture, ecotourism) Work with local communities

to find out their interest in preserving forests through carbon finance.

73

CHAPTER IV STATUS OF AGRICULTURE AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES

4.1 Agricultural Farming Systems

The agricultural practices in the region are broadly of two distinct types, viz., (i)settled farming practised in the plains,

valleys, foothills and terraced slopes and (ii) shifting

cultivation practised on the hill slopes. In the hills, agricultural operations are carried out at

a maximum elevation of 5000 m with „slash and burn‟ method.

4.2 Shifting (Jhum) Cultivation

It is a primitive mode of agriculture evolved as a reflex action under the stress of the

peculiar geophysical and ecological situations prevailing in the hills of the NE region. The

system reflects a sort of community farming without heritable rights over the land. The

practice starts with selection of forested land, clearing and burning of the forest before the

onset of monsoon, planting of various crops in an intimate mixture by dibbling and

harvesting. The land is abandoned after cultivation for a period of 2-3 years and cultivation

is shifted to another site. The method of allotment of land varies from tribe to tribe. In most

cases it is decided upon by the village councils or by village elders, and size of the plots

depends on the number of working hands in respective farm families. Consequent upon population

pressure, the jhum cycle has, however, shrunk to 3-6 years or even less against, earlier

practice of a cycle of 10-15 years resulting in soil degradation and ecological imbalance.

Indiscriminate destruction of forests in the jhum land, coupled with high rainfall, has

resulted in heavy soil erosion and consequent silting of rivers causing floods in the lower

reaches.

74

4.3 Settled Cultivation

Settled cultivation is practised in plains and valleys. Adequate precipitation ensures

availability of water for the crops grown in kharif. However, rabi crop faces water deficit,

which is met by irrigation. With increasing awareness of the disadvantages of shifting

cultivation, the farmers have started adopting settled cultivation. This is likely to result in

reduction of area under shifting cultivation.

4.4 Cropping Pattern

The cropping pattern in the region, characterised by

predominance of rice as the lead crop. Food crops

account for more than 80 per cent of the gross cropped area, which is suggestive of

prevalence of subsistence agriculture and lack of crop diversification. About 70 per cent of

the gross cropped area is accounted for by cereals alone. A remarkable feature of shifting cultivation is that a wide

variety of crops is grown in the jhum fields. Jhum paddy is the dominant crop and is mixed with maize,

millets, beans, tapioca, sweet potato, ginger, cotton, tobacco, chillies, sesamum and

vegetables. The production units are more or less self-contained, each family growing crops

according to its needs. Major food crops of the region are cereals and pulses which are

cultivated in 78.03 per cent of the cropped area.

4.5 Crop Intensity

The region‟s agriculture is characterised by low crop intensity (117 per cent).

Physical constraints like weak and underdeveloped irrigation network, extremely cold

weather in the higher elevations limit the crop season to summer months only. Low density

of population in the hills and sociological constraints like values and attitudes, which are

75

not wholly conducive to market oriented agriculture, have resulted in near stagnation in

agricultural production.

4.6 Irrigation

The normal way of irrigation in the hills is by diverting small streams. In other areas, the irrigation is provided from

natural sources only during rainy months. The hydro-geomorphology of the hilly region is such that groundwater

resource cannot be easily utilised for irrigation purpose. In such areas

techniques for harvesting rainwater appears to be essential.

4.7 Fertiliser

Fertiliser consumption works out to be as low as 23 kg/ha as against

the national average of 95.6 kg/ha. The low level of fertiliser consumptions is

attributable to heavy loss through run off of rainwater during the kharif season and due to

slow and limited spread of fertiliser-based technology in the region.

4.8 Seed

Seed is the most important component of agricultural production system. Information

available from different sources indicates that there are large gaps in the supply of this vital

input. The time lag in the supply of seeds frustrates the production programmes of the

region. The spread of HYV has been poor as evidenced from the fact that only 56 per cent

of the rice area has been brought under HYVs. Of the total quantity of improved seeds required by the farmers,

roughly 40 per

cent is met from within the region leaving a gap of 60 per cent in its present requirement.

This gap is very likely to widen over time, as the percentage of adoption is sure to increase

76

in near future.

4.9 Agro-based Industries

The status of agro-based industries in the region is not very satisfactory because of

lack of development in this area. However, it has potential for growth of traditional agro

based industries like rice mills, oils mills, paper pulp unit based on bamboo, vanaspati plant etc.

Despite considerable potential for development of fruit

processing industries in the region, there has not been much progress in this area.

4.10 Foodgrains and Oilseeds

The region faces a deficit of food grains, which is met by imports from other parts of the country. It drains the capital

out of the region. This can,

however, be curbed by making the region self-sufficient in foodgrains.

Non-availability of adequate quantity of quality seeds of improved varieties and lack of use of inputs like fertiliser,

weed control and disease and pests protection are major constraints in pulses and oilseeds production.

4.11 Farm Power

Availability of farm power is a pre-requisite for timely field operations that are essential for optimum productivity in

agriculture. The farm power availability is estimated at 0.67 kW/ha Studies have revealed that under rainfed farming,

seed-bed preparation and sowing, harvesting and threshing, inter-culture, and weeding, and transport are the most

energy intensive operations. Means will have to be found to bridge the gap between availability and requirement of

power for farming operations. It experiences hot and humid weather, which poses serious problems for post harvest

handling. In humid weather,

it becomes difficult to dry the agricultural produce to safe moisture levels and this results in

77

huge post-harvest losses.

4.12 Resource-base, Potential, Problems and Strategies for the Future

a. Soil and Water Resources

_ Soil and water resources need to be properly inventorised,

characterised and evaluated for appropriate uses.

_ Implementation of appropriate soil conservation practices should be mandatory for

any cultivation programme in the hills, where soil and water losses are beyond the

permissible limits.

_ Watershed approach of soil and water conservation and development of land-based

production programmes in participatory mode need to be propagated.

_ The surface run off should be captured and used by following appropriate irrigation

methods.

b. Plant Resources

_ Diversity mapping should be done along with inventorisation at micro-level for

effective management, conservation and use of crop species and their relatives.

_ Agroecological niches should be clearly identified and records should be maintained

on prevalent crops and cropping system, the ethnic group and economic

background of indigenous communities. The information collected should form the

basis for designing „on-farm‟ conservation.

_ Regional networking should be planned/developed to enable safeguarding regional

interests for genetic diversity.

_ Specially designed genetic reserves, gene sanctuaries and/or genetic garden should

78

be earmarked for wild species of food value and other economic importance.

Strategies, approaches and technologies including biotechnology should be

developed/standardised for gradually bringing these wild economic species under

cultivation. Germplasm screening for processing and diversified use should be encouraged.

4.13 Traditional System, Their Problems, Potentials and Strategies for Improvement

a. Shifting Cultivation

Following course is recommended:

_ Detailed survey to identify specific problems of various agroclimatic situations and

ethnic groups.

_ Selection of crops and varieties to suit different farming systems based on the needs

of farmers. Identified crops should have assured market and should fulfil specific

needs such as fodder, etc.

_ Development of different types of farming systems suited to irrigated and rainfed

situation coupled with efficient management of soil and water.

_ Proper use of the biomass and recycling of wastes in the various farming systems.

_ Studies on development of suitable irrigation system for hillslopes with scientific

water management.

_ Participatory research and extension involving farmers to bring about community

empowerment by considering a number of socioeconomic issues in order to achieve

success.

b. Agroforestry and Horticulture

_ A greater intervention through agroforestry and horticulture is necessary to remove

79

the unbalanced and unsustainable short cycle of jhuming and limited opportunity to

expand arable lands and their mechanisation on the slopes.

_ There is need to encourage product diversification in a unit of land through

agroforestry to increase land‟s capacity to produce and bring the land to its full

potential by linking to assured marketing channels by identifying demands and

outlets or outputs.

_ Collaboration on rubber-based farming system will help identification of the most

suitable and economically viable farming system models by taking care of adapting

low input agricultural practices, which can be followed by a smallholder. Rubber

cultivation will help in soil conservation, enrich organic matters, improve soil properties

and microclimate, besides being eco-friendly.

_ Vast expansion of area under rubber is possible where land is denuded and is not

suitable for cultivation of other crops. From the ecological restoration,

socioeconomical development and rehabilitation of shifting cultivators‟ point of view,

rubber can play a crucial role to alleviate the problems.

_ Research on mushroom cultivation and processing of the produce need to be

encouraged.

c. Agricultural Research and Education

_ To raise productivity of existing crops, intensive research efforts are required to (i)

breed/identify suitable varieties of existing crops, (ii) employ newer technologies to

speed up crop improvement, (iii) evolve suitable agro-techniques (iv) develop an

80

integrated pest and nutrient management system and (v) develop appropriate soil and water management techniques.

Similarly, for improving productivity of animals besides breed upgradation, research efforts should be directed towards

animal nutrition and health care. Since, agriculture is rarely practised in isolation, development of appropriate mixed

farming models, based on landholding size, will be helpful in improving the productivity in the livestock as well as

agriculture sector. _ Grassland improvement scheme must be introduced and cost of meat and milk production

should be reduced for the enterprise to become economical.

_ To bring cash in the hands of the farmers and to raise their economic status three

pronged approach is required which includes: (a) identification of suitable production

technology, (b) development of technologies suitable for adoption at farm level to

reduce the post-harvest losses and to increase the shelf life of produce to enable

transport of perishable commodities to distant consuming centres and (c) marketing

support.

_ There is an urgent need to document the traditional knowledge, collect different

plant materials and ascertain their medicinal properties. Useful plants can be

popularised for large-scale cultivation, which will help in providing employment and

improving income of large number of tribal and other rural families.

_ Short or medium range programme on horticulture-based cropping system; water

management including micro-irrigation and fertigation, greenhouse cultivation of vegetables and flowers have already

received research attention. Further refinement

of the technologies and their transfer will bring perceptible change/improvement in

production of different crop commodities.

_ Commercialisation of micropropagation protocols for banana, orchid, cardamom,

and ginger. Refinement of TPS and microtuber production technology in potato.

81

Improvement in STG techniques and cross-protection in citrus for virus elimination

and control; hybrid seed production of temperate vegetables in high altitude areas.

_ In order to reduce post-harvest losses at production centres low cost eco-friendly

on-farm storage structures can play a crucial role. Significant advancement has

been made in this direction and some small and medium sized cool chambers on

the principles of evaporative cooling have been devised. Further refinement of the

technology will go a long way. Also, standardisation of packing line operations and

proper packaging of different commodities are of urgent need.

_ Pesticide residue management and newer product development will add values to

the produce.

_ In crop improvement programmes, new genes need to be introduced for increasing

total biomass, which should then be followed by more efficient partitioning. This will

require crossing the cultivated races with wild types, many of which are not sexually

crossable. This can, however, be accomplished through embryo rescue/protoplast

fusion and other biotechnological approaches.

Post-harvest engineering and technology can help farmers earn more and increase employment through value addition

to their produce and by-products.

_ Improvement of tea, ornamental plants, medicinal plants, forest trees through

application of biotechnology should receive immediate attention.

_ Judicious use of biotechnology tool in crop and livestock improvement

programme/research is important as the conventional breeding methodology

sometimes provides quicker results at less cost in many cases.

_ Human resource to serve immediate requirement of academic and developmental

82

activities in the region is an urgent need. It is also necessary to produce middle level

technicians/professionals to assist developmental activities.

_ In the context of growing public concern for environment, globalisation, household

food security and eco-regional imbalances, new directions are required in planning

and transfer of technology by designing more effective linkage between scientists

and farmers for technology information to meet future challenges of growing demand

of food.

Table 13 Projection of population and their food requirement of champhai district till 2025

Parameters Current Projected requirement of food materials

2010 2015 2020 2025

Human

(Population)

102,739 1,10,752 1,32,348 1,58,155 1,88,995

Cereals (MT) 13,124.90 14,148.56 16,907.45 20,204.30 24,144.1

1

Pulses (MT) 2,624.98 2,829.71 3,381.49 4,040.86 4,828.82

Vegetables (MT) 10,499.92 11,318.85 13,525.96 16,163.44 1,9315.2

83

8

Fruits (MT) 2,249.98 2,425.46 2,890.42 3,463.59 4,138.99

Milk (MT) 10,499.92 11,318.85 13,525.96 16,163.44 1,9315.2

8

Meat (MT) 2,249.98 2,425.46 2,898.42 3,463.58 4,138.98

Egg (lakhs) 184.93 199.35 238.22 284.67 340.19

Fats & oils 1,312.49 1,414.85 1,690.74 2,020.43 2,414.41

Sugar 1,124.99 1,212.73 1,449.21 1,731.79 2,069.49

4.14 Issues and strategies for development:

To achieve the desired projected target of production of food grains, fruits, vegetables, milk and

meat etc. The following strategy will be followed to mitigate the said requirements.

Production breakthroughs:

i) Production of cereals, pulses, vegetable etc may be increased by popularizing high

yielding varieties and increasing the cropping intensity particularly in valley land.

ii) Introducing high yielding milch cattle breeds and up gradation of local breeds of milch

cattles.

iii) Up gradation of local pig and other to meet the demand of meat in the district.

iv) Introduction of poultry quality birds for egg and meat production.

84

4.15 Infrastructure development for technology/ Research support:

Establishment of green houses, poly houses, tissue culture lab, bio-control lab,

meteorological observatory, disease forecasting centre and other analytical laboratories.

Communication strategy:

Mizoram having higher growth rates state in the region and very optimistic in development

issues and strategies which extended to make the entire district accessible and easy to reach.

Infrastructural development for marketing:

Construction of cold storage, and processing industries for grape and passion fruit, rice

mills, certification of organic products and linkage with global market to get the optimum price and

value addition.

Extension and training support:-

Strengthening and empowering of KVKs with Line departments. ATMA, NHM with sufficient

human resource to transfer the appropriate technology to the farmers field and trained them

accordingly.

85

Strategies for the development of Agriculture sector:

Cereals, Pulses and Oilseeds:- Mizoram state having higher decadal growth rate in population

among all states of country. The farmers of the district practicing agriculture in their traditional

way of farming. Due to indigenous farming system the district is in deficit for food grains (cereals),

Pulses and Oilseeds and depends on import of the fooding materials.

To meet this challenge of fulfilling the requirement of fooding material to this growing

population the following strategies are broadly sought in the vision document 2020.

Expansion of cultivable area under cereals upto 20% from the base year, 5 % under

pulses and approximately 200 % under oilseed to make the district self reliant in food

production.

Increasing productivity of all cereals, pulses and oilseed by using high yielding varieties and providing

balance doses of fertilizers.

Increasing cropping intensity by double cropping and intensive farming practices.

4.16 Basic steps needed to make the district self reliant in agricultural production.

Identification and promotion of location specific short duration high yielding varieties of different crops.

86

Land reclamation and improvement in fertility by balance fertilizer application, adoption of green manures

and compost (vermi compost etc.)

Cropping intensity improvement by growing more crops in a year rather than mono cropping.

Making new watersheds and reservoir for irrigation and promoting micro and macro irrigation technology

to meet the challenge of water scarcity.

Application of the principles of IPM, INM and IWM etc.

Searching the new horizon of market by getting organic certificate and quality products.

Strengthening the extension system and making it more reliable to farmers.

Making a sound agriculture research and extension policy at state level.

4.17 PERFORMANCE GAP ANALYSIS

Table 14 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from

Rain fed-Paddy in the District (Transplanted)

87

Sl.

No

Items of

Package

Existing

practice

Recommended

Practice

Gap

in

Adopt

Specific Reasons

for Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy

Strategy to Overcome gap

1 Sowing

Time

Method

Transplant

May - June

Local method

of

transplanting

Transplant

May - June

SRI

-

-

Lack of awareness

-

-

nil

-

-

Demonstration/exposure visit

2 Varieties

Local IR 64/Pant

12/Krishna

hamsa

Non availability Farmers

Personal

choice

Awareness campaigns/ demonstration.

3 Seed Rate

(per ha.)

50 – 60 kgs 45 -50 kgs Lack of awareness Nil Training and demonstrations.

4 Seed

Treatment

Sun and

Smoke

drying

Use of

Chemicals

Unavailability of

inputs/ lack of

awareness

Availability

of inputs in

time

Training/demonstration/timely supply of inputs.

5 Organic

Manure

(tons / ha)

Nil 5 tons/ha Lack of awareness/

unavailability of

inputs

Availability

of inputs

Training/demonstration/availability of inputs

6 Fertilizer

Nil N:P:K 60:40:40 Lack of awareness/

unavailability of

inputs

Availability

of inputs

Training/demonstration/ timely supply of inputs

7 Micro

Nutrient

Nil Use of essential

micro nutrients.

-do- - -do-

8 Pest

Management

Use of

cultural

methods

Use of IPM Lack of awareness Use of

pesticides

Introduction of IPM

9 Disease

Management.

-do- -do- -do- -do- -do-

88

10 Post Harvest

Management

Traditional

method

Scientific post-

harvest

technology

Lack of awareness Nil Awareness training/ exposure visits, etc

11 Weed

Management

Hand

weeding

Use of scientific

technology

Lack of inputs Supply of

inputs

Awareness training and availability of inputs/

exposure visit

Table 15 Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving the Productivity / Income from Rain

fed_Paddy in the District (Direct Sown)

Sl.

No Items of Package

Existing

practice

Recommended

Practice

Gap in

Adopt

Specific

Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


1 Sowing

Time

Method

Dibbling

April

Dibbling

Dibbling

April

Dibbling

- -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

2 Varieties

Local Local - - - -

89

3 Seed Rate (per

ha.)

25 - 30 kgs 25 – 30 kgs - - - -

4 Seed Treatment

Sun/smoke

drying

Use of chemicals F Nonavailability

of inputs/ lack

of awareness

Access of

inputs in time

Training/demonstration/timely

supply of inputs.

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

Nil Nil F - - -

6 Fertilizer

Nil N:P:K 30:20:20 F Lack of

awareness/

unavailability

of inputs

Availability of

inputs

Training/demonstration/ timely

supply of inputs

7 Micro Nutrient

Nil Nil F - - -

8 Pest Management

Use of cultural

methods

Use of IPM P Lack of

awareness

Use of

pesticides

Introduction of IPM

9 Disease

Management.

-do- Use of IPM P -do- -do- -do-

10 Post Harvest

Management

Traditional

method

Scientific post-

harvest technology

F Lack of

awareness

Nil Awareness training/ exposure

visits, etc

11 Weed

Management

Hand weeding Use of scientific

technology

F Lack of inputs Supply of

inputs

Awareness training and availability

of inputs/ exposure visit


Mustard (Rabi Oilseed)

Sl.

No Items of Package Existing practice

Recommended

Practice Gap in Adopt

Specific

Reasons for

Gap

Farmers Proposed Strategy Strategy to

Overcome gap

90

1 Sowing

Time

Method

Broadcasting

November –

December

Broadcasting

Broadcasting

November –

December

Broadcasting

- - - -

2 Varieties

Varuna/ M-27/

TM-2

Varuna/ M-27/ TM-

2

- - - -

3 Seed Rate (per ha.)

20 - 25 kgs 10 – 15 kgs - - - -

4 Seed Treatment

Sun/smoke drying Use of chemicals F Availability of

inputs in time


supply of inputs.

Unavailability of

inputs/ lack of

awareness

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

Nil 2 - 3 F -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

Nil N:P:K 60:40:40 F Availability of

inputs

Training/demonstration/

timely supply of inputs

Lack of

awareness/

unavailability of

inputs

7 Micro Nutrient

Nil Use of micro

nutrient complex

F -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Use of cultural

methods

Use of IPM F Lack of

awareness

Use of pesticides Introduction of

IPM

9 Disease

Management.

-do- Use of IPM F -do- -do- -do-

10 Post Harvest

Management

Traditional method Scientific post-

harvest technology

F Lack of

awareness

Nil Awareness

training/

exposure visits,

etc

11 Weed

Management


technology

F Lack of inputs Supply of inputs Awareness

training and

availability of

inputs/ exposure

visit

91


Pea (Rabi Pulse)

Sl.

No Items of Package

Existing

practice

Recommended

Practice

Gap in

Adopt

Specific

Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


1 Sowing

Time

Method

Dibbling

November –

December

Dibbling

Line sowing

November –

December

Line sowing

F

F

Lack of

awareness-

-

Lack of

awareness

Nil

-

Demonstration

-

2 Varieties

Arkel Arkel N - - -

3 Seed Rate (per

ha.)

30 -35 kgs 30 – 35 kgs N - - -

4 Seed Treatment

Sun and Smoke

drying

Use of Chemicals F Unavailability

of inputs/ lack

of awareness

Availability of

inputs in time


supply of inputs.

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

Nil 4 - 5 tons/ha F Lack of

awareness/

unavailability

of inputs

Availability of

inputs

Training/demonstration/availability

of inputs

92

6 Fertilizer


awareness/

unavailability

of inputs

Availability of

inputs


supply of inputs

7 Micro Nutrient


micro nutrients.

F -do- - -do-

8 Pest Management

Use of cultural

methods


awareness

Use of

pesticides

Introduction of IPM

9 Disease

Management.

-do- -do- F -do- -do- -do-

10 Post Harvest

Management

Traditional

method

Scientific post-

harvest technology

F Lack of

awareness


visits, etc

11 Weed

Management


technology

F Lack of inputs Supply of iputs Awareness training and availability



Kharif Pulse

Sl.

No Items of Package

Existing

practice

Recommended

Practice

Gap in

Adopt

Specific

Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


1 Sowing

Time

Method

Dibbling

April – May

Dibbling

Line sowing

April – May

Line sowing

F

F

Lack of

awareness-

-

Lack of

awareness

Nil

-

Demonstration

-

2 Varieties

Local Improve varieties F Lack of

awareness

- Demonstration

93

3 Seed Rate (per

ha.)

75 kgs 75 kgs - - - -

4 Seed Treatment

Sun and Smoke

drying


of inputs/ lack

of awareness

Availability of

inputs in time


supply of inputs.

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

Nil 2 - 4 tons/ha F Lack of

awareness/

unavailability

of inputs

Availability of

inputs


of inputs

6 Fertilizer


awareness/

unavailability

of inputs

Availability of

inputs


supply of inputs

7 Micro Nutrient


micro nutrients.

F -do- - -do-

8 Pest Management

Use of cultural

methods


awareness

Use of

pesticides

Introduction of IPM

9 Disease

Management.


10 Post Harvest

Management

Traditional

method

Scientific post-

harvest technology

F Lack of

awareness


visits, etc

11 Weed

Management


technology


inputs




Maize

94

Sl.

No

Items of

Package

Existing

practice

Recommended

Practice

Gap in

Adopt

Specific

Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


1 Sowing

Time

Method

Dibbling

March - April

Dibbling

Line sowing

March - April

Line sowing

F

F

Lack of

awareness

-

Lack of

awareness

Nil

-

Nil

Demonstration / awareness

campaign

-

Demonstration/awareness

2 Varieties

Vijay

composite/

navjot/ local

Vijat

composite/navjoy/local

- - - -

3 Seed Rate (per

ha.)

20 kgs 15 – 20 kgs P - - -

4 Seed Treatment

Sun and Smoke

drying


of inputs/ lack

of awareness

Availability of

inputs in time


supply of inputs.

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

Nil 2 tons/ha F Lack of

awareness/

unavailability

of inputs

Availability of

inputs


of inputs

6 Fertilizer


awareness/

unavailability

of inputs

Availability of

inputs


supply of inputs

7 Micro Nutrient

Nil Use of essential micro

nutrients.

F -do- - -do-

8 Pest Management

Use of cultural

methods


awareness

Use of

pesticides

Introduction of IPM

9 Disease

Management.


10 Post Harvest

Management

Traditional

method

Scientific post-harvest

technology

F Lack of

awareness


visits, etc

95

11 Weed

Management


technology


inputs



Table 20 Problems identified in Agriculture and suggested interventions

CROP: RICE

Sl.No Problems identified Existing farming

system

Suggested intervention

1. Long duration and low

yield of traditional

varieties

Rainfall, WRC and

upland rice paddy

(Jhum paddy)

1) Introduction of medium duration and high yielding rice

variety and check with available local variety

96

2. Improper seed selection

and awareness regar-

ding seed treatment,

soil treatment etc.

1. Viable seeds, pure seeds & various method of selection

for seed purposes may be adopted.

2. Selected seeds should be treated using various

like Dithane M-45, Captaf, foltaf, Bavistin @ 2mg/litre

of water by wet treatment & also by dry seed treatment

.

3. Seed treatment with Bio pesticides such as

Pseudomonas spp, Trichoderma spp etc.

4. Seed and soil treatment with Bio-fertilizer such as

Azotobacter/ Azospirrillum & P.S.M.

3. Unawareness regarding

and reclamation of soils

1) For acid soils, liming is a widely accepted amelioration

practices

2) For saline soils, application of Gypsum is widely

accepted.

3) Mulching of soils, frequent irrigation drainage,

improving irrigation efficiency and green manuring for

soil reclamation

4 Lack of fertilizer

management and its

application

1) Creating awareness for adoption of balance dose of

fertilizers.

2) Promotions of farmers to adopt Bio-fertilizers like

BGA & Azolla in WRC.

3) Application of Neem cake and introduction of Wood

Vinegar/bamboo vinegar, E.M. vermi compost or vermi

97

technology and chemical compositions

5. Infestation of various

insect pest and diseases

1) Introduction of resistant

and disease free varieties compatible to the region.

2) Application of fungicides and insecticides such as

Bavistin to control blast and carbofuran etc to control

root knot nematode and stem borers

3)Application of Bio pesticides such as Pseudomonas spp

and Trichoderma spp to control blast, leaf blight,

brown spot etc.

4) Introduction of Entomopathogenic fungi such as

Beaveria bassiana to control stem borer,plant

hoppers,leaf hoppers, rice bug and hispa etc.

6. Weeds 1) Introduction of S.R.I.method use of cano weeder for

weeding purposes

7. Traditional way of

harvesting and post

harvest

1) Introduction and promotion for use of paddy thresher,

winnower etc.

2) Promotion of improved and modern technology

3) Introduction of Duli structure for storage

98

Table 21 CROP : MAIZE

Sl.No Problems identified Existing farming system Proposed interventions

1. Low yield varieties Rainfed (Upland/Jhum) 1) Introduction and promotion of high yielding, short-

medium duration varieties through participatory research

and extensions.

2. Traditional method of

sowing practices

1) Demonstrations on the importance of sowing on line and

ridges with the recommended spacing requirement

2) Introduction and promotion of clean cultivation practices

3) Promotions of compatible crops for inter

cropping

99

3. Lack of awareness seed

dressing/treatment

1) Introduction on application of seeds with Agrosan GN or

Ceresan dry @ 9gm/kg seed (or other Fungicides)

2) Seeds and soil fertilizers such as Azotobacter/

Azospirrillum & P.S.M.

4. Lack of technical know

how on fertilizers

application and

management

1)Awareness cum Demon-strations for adoption of balance

dose of fertilizers and time of its applications

2) Promotions/Demonstrations to adopt Bio fertilizers and

green manuring crops

3) Introduction and promotions of green manure compost

with the available local resources

5 Infestations of various

insect pests & Disease

1) Awareness/Demonstration cum training regarding

application of insecticides/pesticides/fungicides &

identification of insect pest and diseases

2) Introduction and promotions of Bio pesticides &

Entomopathogenic fungi and parasitoids such as

Trichogram- matids, Basillus Thuringiensis (BT) etc. to

control stem borers

6. Lack of knowledge and

awareness on basic farm

implements

1) Demonstration and promotion of Maize Sheller etc.

100

Table 22 CROP: POTATO

Sl.No Problems identified Existing farming system Proposed intervention

1 Lack of availability of

quality seeds/tubers

Rainfed (Upland &

Irrigated)

1) Promotion of the crop by using T.P.S. technology

2) Checking the appropriateness of various varieties in the district.

3) Promotion of suitable through F.L.D.

4) Creating awareness for seed treatment through chemical and bio

agents

2 Lack of technical knowhow

on planting technique and

time

1) Demonstration of planting on ridges & furrows with the recommended

spacing

2) Time of planting may be change from Nov-Dec to Sept -Oct & April-

May to Feb- March ( For upland condition)

3) Demonstration of cultural practices and earthing up on suitable time

3. Water management 1) Introduction and promotion of micro & macro irrigation technique

for maximum water use efficiency.

4. Processing and value

addition

1) Processing of various value added products may be demonstrated i.e.

making chips, French fry etc.

101

Based on the available resources, constraints, potential capacities the following activities are suggested for the rest of years of the 11th

plan and required physical and financial statement also given here.

5. Storage 1) Creating awareness and promotions of cold storage facility in the

district.

102

Table 23 Strategy and expected Production Of Agricultural Products

Food Base Data(2006-07) Strategy and expected Production Of Agricultural Products

Year 2010 Year 2015 Year 2020 Year 2025

Area

(Ha)

Prodn

(MT)

Prodtivity

(MT/Ha)

Area

(Ha)

Prodn

(MT)

Prodtivity

(MT/Ha)

Area

(Ha)

Prodn

(MT)

Prodtivity

(MT/Ha)

Area

(Ha)

Prodn

(MT)

Prodtivity

(MT/Ha)

Area

(Ha)

Prodn

(MT)

Prodtivity

(MT/Ha)

B. Pulses 1510 1054 0.69 1510 2265.0 1.5 1585.5 3963.75 2.5 1585.5 4756.5 3.0 1585.5 5549.25 3.5

Surplus(+)/

Defecit(-)

(-)

1570.98

(-)

564.71

(+)

582.26

(+)

715.64

(+)

720.43

Vision Strategies : 1) Introduction of HYV’s of

Pulses suitable for the district.

2) Introduction of providing

inputs for productivity

enhancement.

3) IPM technology to prevent

infestation of insect pest and

diseases

1) Increase by 5 % from base year

under Pulse production.

2) FLD of HYV’s under Pulse

production technology.

3) Introduction of other suitable

Pulse crops.

4) Cultivation of short duration

HYV’s.

1) Increasing productivity 2.31

MT/Ha by adoption of HYV’s.

2) FLD of HYV’s under Pulse


3) Introduction of other suitable

pulse crops.

4) Cultivation of short duration

HYV’s.

1) Increasing productivity by 2.28

MT from base year by introducing

high yielding pulse crops.

2) Introducing short duration high

yielding pulses crops like, moong,

lentil, urd etc.

103

Food Base Data(2006-07) Strategy and expected Production Of Agricultural Products

Year 2010 Year 2015 Year 2020 Year 2025

Area

(Ha)

Prodn

(MT)

Prodtivity

(MT/Ha)

Area

(Ha)

Prodn

(MT)

Prodtivity

(MT/Ha)

Area

(Ha)

Prodn

(MT)

Prodtivity

(MT/Ha)

Area

(Ha)

Prodn

(MT)

Prodtivity

(MT/Ha)

Area

(Ha)

Prodn

(MT)

Prodtivity

(MT/Ha)

C. Oil Seed 260 75 28 390 585 1.5 520 1040 2.0 650 1625 2.5 10.40 2600 2.5

Surplus(+)/

Defecit(-)

(-)

1237.49

(-)

829.85

(+)

650.26

(-)

395.43

(+)

185.59

Vision Strategies : 1) 50 % increased under oil seeds

by double cropping & FLDs 122

MT/Ha.

2) Productivity increasing by

using hybrid yielding varieties.

3) Introducing HYVs by FLDs on

oilseeds.

1) Increasing 100 % area of base

increasing productivity.

2) Introducing new oil seed

crops which are not in practice

here like sunflower and

sessasum.

3) Establishment of oil

processing industry.

1) 150 % increase of area from

base year under double cropping.

2) Increasing productivity 2.22

MT/Ha from base year.

3) Increase cropping intensity.

4) Introducing short duration high

small scale yielding variety.

5) Introduction of healthy storage

practices to prevent post harvest

loss.

6) Market linkage

1)200 % area increasing from

base year.

2) Increase productivity.

3) Processing units in the strategic

year.

4) Promotion of small scale

industries .

5) Market linkage.

104

Table 24 Proposed Strategies, Physical and Financial targets for Agriculture

(Champhai District)

Sl.

No

Proposed

Strategy

Activities Unit cost in Rs

2010-11 2011-12

1

Enhancing

seed

replacement

rate

Production incentive for

HYV paddy seeds

- - - - -

Distribution of certified

seeds of paddy

1500/q 100 /

45

67,500 15

0 /

68

1,01,2

50


pulse seeds

4,500/q 50 / 38 1,71,000 50

/

38

1,71,0

00

Production incentives for

certified pulse seeds

- - - - -


oilseeds

3,000/q 50 / 8 24,000 50

/ 8

24,000

2

Transfer of

technology

through crop

demonstration

Mixed cropping

demonstration with Maize

5,000/h 20 1,00,000 20 1,00,0

00

Mixed cropping

demonstration with Maize

-

Intercropping demonstration

of Arhar based crops

5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000

Intercropping demonstration

of Maize based

crop

5,000/h 20 1,00,000 20 1,00,0

00

Demonstration of oilseeds 4,000/h 50 2,00,000 50 2,00,0

00

Demonstration on pulse 4,000/h 50 2,00,000 50 2,00,0

00

SRI method of paddy

demonstration

7,500/h 100 7,50,000 15

0

11,25,

000

Hybrid rice demonstration 3,000/h 100 3,00,000 15

0

4,50,0

00

105

Farmers Field School (rice,

sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds)

17,000 12 2,04,000 12 2,04,0

00

Varietals demonstration on

pulses

5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000


Oil seeds

5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000


Maize

5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000

Promotion SRI Village - - - - -

3

Integrated

Nutrient

Management

(FFS)

INM demonstration in rice 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,0

00

INM demonstration on

sugarcane

17,000/h 5 85,000 5 85,000

INM demonstration on

Oilseed

17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,0

00

Supply of micronutrients 1,000/h 100 1,00,000 10

0

1,00,0

00

Liming of acid soils 1,000/h 1,000 10,00,000 1,0

00

10,00,

000

4

Integrated

Pest

management(

FFS)

IPM demonstrations on rice 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,0

00

IPM demonstrations on Rabi

Oilseeeds

17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,0

00


Pulse

17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,0

00

IPM demonstrations on

Kharif Pulse

17.000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,0

00


Khafir Oilseeeds

17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,0

00


Sugarcane

17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,0

00


Maize

17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,0

00

106

Supply of biopesticides for

rice,pulse and Oilseeds

1,000/h 400 4,00,000 40

0

4,00,0

00

5

Promotion of

Organic

Farming

Establishment of Vermi-

hatchery at Block Level

1,50,000 5 7,50,000 5 7,50,0

00

Demonstration on compost

pit

5,000 50 2,50,000 50 2,50,0

00


compost units

15,000 20 3,00,000 20 3,00,0

00

6 Farm

Mechanisation

Subsidized sale of power

tillers

56,250 40 22,50,000 40 22,50,

000

Subsidy on rotavator @ 50% 25,000 10 2,50,000 10 2,50,0

00

Subsidised sale of power

thresher @ 50%

24,000 3 72,000 3 72,000

Subsidised sale of post hole

digger @ 50%

25,000 5 1,25,000 5 1,25,0

00

Subsidised sale of bullock

drawn/manual operated

implements @ 50%

5,000 10 50,000 10 50,000

Subsidised sale of diesel

pump sets @ 50%

10,000 20 2,00,000 20 2,00,0

00

Subsidised sale of sprayers

@ 50%

1,600 50 80,000 50 80,000

Harrow @ 50% 20,000 10 2,00,000 - -

Power thresher @ 50 % 24,000 5 1,20,000 - -

Reaper @ 50% 80,000 3 2,40,000 - -

Cono Weeder @ 50% 3,000 200 6,00,000 20

0

6,00,0

00

Zero till seed cum Fert.Drill

@ 50%

25,000 5 1,25,000 - -

Potato Planter @ 50% 30,000 5 1,50,000 - -

Raised Bed Planter @ 50% 25,000 50 12,50,000 - -

Assistance for boring of 24,000 50 12,00,000 50 12,00,

107

Tube Wells 000

7 Infrastructure

Development

Establishment of bio control

laboratory

- - - - -

Assistance for setting up cold

storage at Sub-Division HQ

3,00,00,000 - - 1 3,00,0

0,000

Construction of Farmers

hostel and chowkider quarter

at Departmental land at

District HQ

1,00,00,000 1 1,00,00,00

0

- -

Construction of storage

godown at District HQ and

Sub-Division HQ

30,00,000 - - 1 30,00,

000

8 Technology

Transfer

Training of farmers groups

on crop production

technology

10,000 / 50 farmers/3

days

30 3,00,000 30 3,00,0

00

Training of VEWs and other

extension functionaries on

crop production technology

at District level

20,000 / 30/3 days 3 60,000 3 60,000

Exposure visit of farmers

within the state

30,000/20 farmers 10 3,00,000 10 3,00,0

00


outside the state

50,000/10 farmers 10 5,00,000 10 5,00,0

00

9

Support to

State Seed

farm (Seed

Production

Farm)

Procurement of farm inputs - - - - -

Machinery and equipment - - - - -

Development of Farm

Infrastructure

- - - - -

10 Innovative

Programme

Block Level Farmers meet 2,00,000 4 8,00,000 4 8,00,0

00

District Level Exhibition

Show

4,00,000 1 4,00,000 1 4,00,0

00

11. On Farm Dev. Land Levelling, Shaping, 56,000 150 20

108

Works Bunding, Drainage etc. 0

109

Table 25 NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Agri) (As on

2010)

(Champhai District)

Sl.

No.

Post by Designation Sanctioned

Post (No.)

Person in Post

(No.)

Vacant Post

(No.)

1 DAO 1 1 -

2 SDAO 1 1 -

3 ADO/AEO 10 5 5

4 AFA/AAI 1

5 Farm Managers - - -

6 Demonstrator/GS 3

7 HA 1

8 UDA 2

9 LDA 1

10 Others (Peon/Chowkidar etc) 5

Total 20

Table 26. No. of Institutions and Veterinary Personnel During 2007-08:

Hospitals 1

Dispensaries 7

Rural Animal Health Centre 13

Artificial Insemination

Centres 2

Doctores/Surgeons 11

VFA/SUFA/JM/JEO/PI/LS

etc. 28

110

CHAPTER – V ALLIED SECTOR’S STATUS AND PROPOSED PLAN

5. 1 HORTICULTURE

Mizoram with its geographical area of 21,081km. is predominantly a hilly state with

varying altitudes, enjoys a splendid blend of climatic onditions of tropical, sub-

tropical and temperate zones. This coupled with high mean annual precipitation of

2,500 mm, high relative humidity upto 90% has made the state conducive for the

growth and production of crops under rain fed conditions. The soils are loamy to clay

with high organic carbon content. With all these advantages the state has enormous

scope for cultivation of a wide range of horticultural crops. Scope of growing

Horticulture crop: The land which cannot be used for cultivation of cereal crops can

be profitably utilised for development of horticulture crops for generating economy to

the growers and the state as a whole. Besides, it will offer avenues in creating

employment opportunities to rural unemployed population.

Endowed with diverse climate, offers ideal agroclimatic conditions for

cultivation of a wide variety of tropical and temperate fruits in its hills and valleys.

The dominant horticultural crops include pineapple, citrus, banana and areca nut.

5.1.1 POTENTIAL HORTICULTURAL CROPS

The State of Mizoram with its ideal agro-climatic conditions is suitable for cultivation

of fruits, vegetables, spices, plantation crops, medicinal and aromatic plants and

flowering plants. It goes without saying that, there exist tremendous scope aimed

potentialities for growing of all these crops.

In fact, few crops have already attained commercial importance in the State. Despite

poor management, these are yielding some economic benefit to the growers. The fruit

crops like mandarin orange, hatkora, banana, passionfruit, grape,some vegetable

crops like beans, potato, cole crops, squash etc. spices like ginger, bird‟s eye chillies,

turmeric etc. are highly popular and have good economic bearing. The present area

under various horticulture crops namely fruits, vegetables,spices and condiments

Including plantation crops has been reported to be 45,015 ha. This is only 7.13% of

the estimated potential area of 6.31 lakh ha. available for the development of

111

horticulture. This show that the growth of horticulture crops in the State during the

earlier plan period has been quite slow despite enormous scope. The present Scheme

for development of Horticulture in Mizoram envisages multifacet dimensions with the

basic strategies for the exploitation of the condusive agroclimatic

conditions by growing horticulture crops suitable under different conditions,

expansion of area under various crops with appropriate growth rate for utilisation of

maximum land resource, appropriate use of suitable production technologies, gainful

utilisation of man power augmentation of productivity level, generation of higher

income to growers and augmentation of marketable surplus to cater the need of the

State and outside market etc.The scheme also aims at providing good quality planting

materials to the farmers, popularizations of organic farming, Agri/ Horti. tools and

implements, and strengthening of infrastructure.

AREA EXPANSION :

To encourage the farmers by way of ensuing family and adequate supply of inputs

and other technical assistance. Emphasis has to be given on cultivation of fruits like

mandarin orange, passionfruit, Banana, Pineapple, Papaya and Kiwi. The strategy to

be adopted for development of horticulture under the expansion programme would be

confined to compact area with communication facilities. This will ensure better

supervision and extension services, easy transportation of inputs to production areas

as well as marketing of the produce. In such areas, high value crops with longer shelf

life will be grown to extend economic gain to the growers.

Adoption of “Integrated Approach” in various crops has to be taken up for advanced

and important solution for boosting up the productivity of different crops. Due to dry

spell period during February-May in the district, well developed irrigation system is

required. Installation of drip irrigation system in orchards would ensure optimum

availability of water to crops throughout the year. Drip irrigation should also be

supplemented with water tanks such as community water tank available near the

orchard. For vegetable and floriculture crops, sprinkler irrigation is the best option

for supplementing rain water especially during dry spell.

FRUITS

112

Fruit crops such as oranges, banana, pineapple, passionfruit, etc. which have been

growing satisfactorily in the State despite poor management practices have been

given topmost priority. The land which cannot be used for cultivation of cereal crops

can be profitably utilized for fruits thereby generating income to the growers and the

state as a whole. The State with its ideal agro-climatic conditions is highly suitable for

cultivation of all kinds of fruits ranging from tropical to temperate fruits. As such, it

goes without saying thatthere exist tremendous scope and potentialities for growing of

all these crops. Infact few crops already have attained commercial importance in the

State despite poor management and these are yielding some economic benefit to the

growers. The fruit crops like mandarin orange, banana, passionfruit, pineaplle etc.

are highly popular and have good economic bearing. Details of Division wise break-up

is given at Annexure - The Department proposed to integrated various components

under Technology Mission like Community Water Tank, Tube wells, Drip Irrigation,

Training of Farmers etc. so that the farmers gets the maximum benefits to increase

the production of crop as a whole.

Mandarin Orange :

An area of 500 Ha. has been covered under Technology Mission, The coverage has to

be enlarged. Since satisfactory results are seen and also, the farmers are taking keen

interest in taking up the scheme.

Banana :

Since banana is performing very well in the state, better quality varieties like „Grand

Naine‟ and „Tall cavendish‟ is being introduced for commercial cultivation. Since

„Grand Naine‟ is an export variety, it is being introduced for export purpose.

Passionfruit :

This particular fruit has short gestation period but gives good economic bearing.

Therefore, many farmers prefer this crop.

Papaya :

The agro-climatic condition of the state is suitable for production of Papaya. An

export oriented variety of papaya i.e. „Hawaiian Solo‟ is being introduced for

commercial production.

113

VEGETABLES :

The State is far from being self-sufficient in vegetable production even for local

consumption especially during rabi season. Major thrust on off-season vegetables has

been given to reap better economic benefit besides catering the needs of the State.

Growing of Horticulture crops other than vegetables is long gestation programme

where no return is gained in the initial year. Further, in the earlier years of plantation

lots of interspaces are left out as such without any use by the plants. These

interspaces can be gainfully utilized through cultivation of vegetable crops to generate

additional income to the growers to sustain the cost of management practices of the

long gestation fruit crops besides getting some additional income. This will also

ensure optimum utilization of land realizing maximum productivity per unit area.

Chow-Chow :

Since Chow - Chow shows good potential and has high productivity under Mizoram

conditions, it can be encouraged

Cabbage (off - season) :

Since the state is far from being self sufficient in vegetables especially during rainy

season, cultivation of off-season crops is a good option. The crop has given good

economic return to the farmers. The state is far from being self sufficient in

vegetables expecially during rainy season, ,

Tomato :-

Tomato cultivated under green house aids in production of better quality off-sea son

crops. The green house grown tomato gives better and more yield.

Capsicum :

Cultivation of capsicum under Green House enables production of off-season crop.

Off season crops yields better economic return.

SPICES :

Emphasis has to be given for spices crops of high cost low volume like bird‟s eye

chillies, black pepper, etc. which will extend economic gain to the growers. This is

due to inadequate road network in many of the potential areas. Besides, major thrust

114

have to give on , turmeric, as this crops has already given proved performance under

the existing level of management.It is proposed to cover new areas of 300 Ha. under

this expansion programme. Besides, like incentive organic farming, on farm handling

etc. to give farmers, the maximum benefits to increase the production.

Turmeric :-

This is one of the most widely used spice of the state. It grows very well even without

proper management. Therefore, the area under this crop is to be extended in order to

meet the local demand as well as for export.

Bird’s eye chilli :

Mostly, this crop is marketed in dried form. Hence, it is non-bulky and has long

keeping quality making it easy to transport. The state has high productivity and since

transportation problem does not arise for this crop. The spices crops will be grown in

various parts of the State depending upon their suitability.

FLOWERS

The mild climate of the hills in the district has the unique advantage of growing

almost all types of flowers round the year. Flowers like rose, anthurium, B.O.P etc.

can be grown successfully round the year. Regarding marketing of cut flowers, there

may not be much hurdles in its disposal as the state is well connected by air with

Kolkata etc. However, improved packaging and quality of flowers will be an important

factor. It may be mentioned

here that to compete with export market, the plants shall have to be raised under

controlled condition so as to maintain the desired quality of the products. Bringing

more area under cultivation of flowers like anthurium, Bird of Paradise(BOP), Rose

etc. by way of distributing quality/planting materials to the growers is advisable.

Besides integrating various components like community water tank, tube-wells,

shade nets, greenhouse, training etc. so that the farmers gets the maximum benefit to

increase the production.

Anthurium :

115

World class varieties of this flower was introduced in the state with a view to export it.

It has shown excellent performance when grown under shadehouse. It is proposed to

cover so as to increase surplus production for sale outside the state. Since it is a

moisture loving crop, provision of sprinkler/drip irrigation system would enhance

production and quality of flowers. Old plantation requires maintenance in order to

maintain he quality and productivity.

Bird of paradise :

Due to its long shelf life, this flower is encouraging for export. The crop has shown

good performance and therefore, expansion of area will yield good results This flower

in combination with Anthurium flower will have advantage in packing, considering

weight and volume.

Rose :

There is always a demand for rose in the market. However, for year- round

production, cultivation under greenhouse is recommended.

5.1.2 Strategies for Development of Horticulture Sector:

The district Champhai has sufficient in fruit production specially higher

producer of passion fruit, grapes and citrus among the fruits. In case of vegetables,

approximately 80 % of production and 60 % area comes under a single crop i.e.

Ginger and the district are dependent on import of other vegetables from external

sources.

The present vision document emphasis on certain approaches/strategies to

fulfill the gap of other vegetables and fruits as well as opening the new horizons of

market for export, are as follows :-

Expansion of area 20 % form base year under fruit cultivation.

Expansion of area 15 % for other vegetables except ginger.

Production of off season vegetables.

Increase in productivity.

116

Basic steps to make the district self sufficient and increase in export potential.

Production of disease free quality planting materials for different horticultural crops.

Identification and promotion of location specific high yielding varieties.

Rejuvenation of old orchard and high density planting.

Scientific orchard management and laying out.

Application of balance fertilizer doses.

Introduction of micro irrigation (drip irrigation) for fruit crops.

Application of the principles of IPM, IPNM.

Introduction and promotion of hybrids specially for vegetables.

Production of off season vegetables through green houses and poly

houses.

Linkage with global market for organic certified products e.g. ginger, bird eye chili and passion fruit etc.

Post harvest management, processing and value addition of horticultural

products

Introducing New technology like tissue culture and propagation.

Strengthening sound research and extension policy and planning for

district.

5.1. 3 PRODUCTION GAP ANALYSIS

Table 27. Crop Wise Researche / Extension / Adoption Gap Analysis

A. Vegetables : Tomato

Sl.


Recommended


Specific

Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy

Strategy to Overcome

gap

1 Sowing

Time

Aug_September

Early var : June-July

Middle var:

Sept.Oct.

Improper

management

Lack of

awareness and

difficulty in

convincing

Quality seeds/

inputs

Timely procurement of

seeds/inputs and

distribution to the

farmers.

117

Method Primary Nursery

Late var : Oct. –

Nov.

farmers

2 Varieties

Depends on Horti.

Deptt./local market

Pusa Samrudhi Aska

Saurav, Pusa Uphar

More use of local

market units

High cost of

hybrid seeds

-do- -do-


1000gm/Ha. Local-400-

500gm/ha. Hybrid-

200-300g/ha.

Traditional

practices

Lack of

awareness

Training Training/demonstration

4 Seed Treatment

Poor/Nil Agrosan GN-3gm/1kg

seed

Bavistan-2gm.1kgseed

-do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

Poor Management FYM-20T/Ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

Irregular NPK:60:80:120 kg

1Ha.

-do- -do- Subsidised -do-

7 Micro Nutrient

Poor/Nil - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Need Base Malathion 50EC@2ml/l

Rogor 30EC@2ml/l Improper

practices

-do- -do- -do-

9 Disease

Management.

Need Base Dithane M-45@3gm/l

Indofil M-45@3gm/l -do- -do- -do- -do-

10 Post Harvest

Management

Bomboo basket Proper packing/

plastic crates

container

Non-availability Cost factor Subsidise rate -do-

11 Weed Management

Traditional Butachlor @3kg/ha.

Alachles @3kg/ha.

High traditional

practice

Cost factor,

awareness

-do- -do-

Crop : Bhindi /OKRA

Table 28.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving

the Productivity / Income from OKRA

Sl.


Recommended


Specific

Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


gap

1 Sowing

Time

Method

April – May

In-situ

Feb – Mar – Spring

summer crop

April – June – N.I

Improper

management

Lack of

awareness and

difficulty in

convincing

farmers

Quality seeds/

inputs


seeds/inputs and

distribution to the

farmers.

2 Varieties

Local Aska Abay

Aska Ananuka

More use of local

market units

High cost of

hybrid seeds

-do- -do-


9-11 kg/ha. 18-22kg/ha. – spring

summer

8-10kg/ha. – kharif

Traditional

practices

Lack of

awareness


118

4 Seed Treatment

Nil Bavistan 0.2% -do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

FYM FYM 25 T/Ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

Occationally NPK:95:10:60

kg/ha.


7 Micro Nutrient

Nil Ca-80kg/ha.

Mg-35kg./ha.

-do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Need base Malathion @2ml/lit

of water

Improper

practices

-do- -do- -do-

9 Disease

Management.

-do- Bavistin @2gm/kg.

of ssed

Captan/Thiram

@3gm/kg of sed

-do- -do- -do- -do-

10 Post Harvest

Management

Nil Cooling, packing in

gunny bags and do

not keep in air tight

container


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Fluchloralin

@1.5kg. a.i/ha.

High traditional

practice

Cost factor,

awareness

-do- -do-


the Productivity / Income from Chilli

Sl.


Recommended


Specific

Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


gap

1 Sowing

Time

Method

March – April

Mixed cropping

with jhum paddy

March – May

Nursery raising, In-

situ

Improper

management

Lack of

awareness and

difficulty in

convincing

farmers

Quality seeds/

inputs


seeds/inputs and

distribution to the

farmers.

2 Varieties

Local variety, some

hybrid variety

California wonder,

Pusa Deepti

More use of local

market units

High cost of

hybrid seeds

-do- -do-

3 Seed Rate (per ha.) 1 Kg./ha. 1 Kg/ha. Traditional Lack of Training Training/demonstration

119

practices awareness

4 Seed Treatment

Nil Captan/Thiram

@2g/kg of seed

-do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

FYM FYM-20T/Ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

- NPK@100:50:50

kg/ha.


7 Micro Nutrient

- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

- Chlopyriphos 10kg/

1ha, Meta Systox

25EC@2ml/l

Improper

practices

-do- -do- -do-

9 Disease

Management.

Need Base Carbendrzim

@1g/kg os seed

Thiram/Captan

@0.25%

-do- -do- -do- -do-

10 Post Harvest

Management

Nil

Traditional Practice

Packed in perjosated

plastic bag & store in

bamboo basket.

Shade dry for 3 days

and Sun dry.


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Alachlor @2kg/ha.

In 800 l of water

High traditional

practice

Cost factor,

awareness

-do- -do-

Crop : GINGER


the Productivity / Income from Rhizomatous

Sl.


Recommended


Specific

Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


gap

1 Sowing

Time

Method

April – May

In – situ

April – May Improper

management

Lack of

awareness and

difficulty in

convincing

farmers

Quality seeds/

inputs


seeds/inputs and

distribution to the

farmers.

120

2 Varieties

Thingpui,

Thanglaidum

Nadia, Thingpui More use of local

market units

High cost of

hybrid seeds

-do- -do-


5 qtl./acre 12-15 q/ha. Traditional

practices

Lack of

awareness


4 Seed Treatment

Nil Dithane [email protected]%

for 30 minutes

-do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

FYM FYM 25-30T/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

Occasionally NPK :

75:50:50kg/ha.


7 Micro Nutrient

- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Need Base Endrin 0.5% Improper

practices

-do- -do- -do-

9 Disease

Management.

Poor/Nil Dithane M-45

@0.03%

-do- -do- -do- -do-

10 Post Harvest

Management

Nil One day sun drying

for dry ginger,

packing in air proof

container.


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Alachlor @1.5

kg/ha.

High traditional

practice

Cost factor,

awareness

-do- -do-


the Productivity / Income from Banana

Sl.


Recommended


Specific

Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


gap

1 Sowing

Time

March – April

March – April Improper

management

Lack of

awareness and

difficulty in

convincing

Quality seeds/

inputs


seeds/inputs and

distribution to the

farmers.

mailto:[email protected]%25

121

Method Pit planting farmers

2 Varieties

Cavendish Grand Naine,

Cavendish

More use of local

market units

High cost of

hybrid seeds

-do- -do-


400 suckers /ha. 600 suckers/ha. for

hilly areas

Traditional

practices

Lack of

awareness


4 Seed Treatment

Not practice Bavistan @0.2% -do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

FYM FYM @120kg/plant -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

Need base N:P:K

@218:311:500g/plant


7 Micro Nutrient

- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Cleaning base of the

plant

Malathion, Rogor Improper

practices

-do- -do- -do-

9 Disease

Management.

Poor / Nil Bavistan @2%

Removal of bunchy

tops

-do- -do- -do- -do-

10 Post Harvest

Management

Harvesting &

packaging in gunny

bags

Grading, drying,

packing in bamboo

baskets.


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Clean cultivation, use

of weedicides.

High traditional

practice

Cost factor,

awareness

-do- -do-

Table 32. Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for Improving

the Productivity / Income from Pineapple

Sl.


Recommended


Specific

Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


gap

1 Sowing

April – October

April – October

Improper

management

Lack of

awareness and

Quality seeds/

inputs


seeds/inputs and

122

Time

Method

Line Planting

Line planting across

the slope.

difficulty in

convincing

farmers

distribution to the

farmers.

2 Varieties

Queen, Kew Queen, Kew,

Mauritius.

More use of local

market units

High cost of

hybrid seeds

-do- -do-


15,000 suckers/ha. 44,000 suckers/ha. Traditional

practices

Lack of

awareness


4 Seed Treatment

- Dibling of seed in

ceresan solution 4g/l

-do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

Not practice FYM @10T/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

-do- Urea @40g/10l of

water


7 Micro Nutrient

-do- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Poor / Nil - Improper

practices

-do- -do- -do-

9 Disease

Management.

-do- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

10 Post Harvest

Management

Not practice Shade drying store in

plastic crates.


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Butachlor High traditional

practice

Cost factor,

awareness

-do- -do-


the Productivity / Income from Passionfruit

Sl.


Recommended


Specific

Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


gap

123

1 Sowing

Time

Method

Jan/Feb – sowing

May – Transplanting

In-situ

-do-

-do-

Improper

management

Lack of

awareness and

difficulty in

convincing

farmers

Quality seeds/

inputs


seeds/inputs and

distribution to the

farmers.

2 Varieties

Purple variety Purple var. yellow,

var, Hybrid

More use of local

market units

High cost of

hybrid seeds

-do- -do-


1500 seedlings/ha. -do- Traditional

practices

Lack of

awareness


4 Seed Treatment

Nil - -do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

FYM FYM 20T/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

Need base N:P:K 300:

150:150gm/plant


7 Micro Nutrient

- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

Need base Malathion 1m/l

Nuvan, Dicofol

Improper

practices

-do- -do- -do-

9 Disease

Management.

Poor/Nil Confidor @0.5 ml/.l

of water

-do- -do- -do- -do-

10 Post Harvest

Management

Shade drying and

pack in bamboo

baskets

Store in plastic

crates, bamboo

basket.


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Alachlor @2g/ha. High traditional

practice

Cost factor,

awareness

-do- -do-


the Productivity / Income from Potato

Sl.


Recommended


Specific

Reasons for

Farmers

Proposed


gap

124

Gap Strategy

1 Sowing

Time

Method

Winter Potato –

Oct- (Plain area)

Nov. Summer

Potato – Jan – Feb.

(Hill area)

-do-

Ridge and furrow,

Terracing

Improper

management

Lack of

awareness and

difficulty in

convincing

farmers

Quality seeds/

inputs


seeds/inputs and

distribution to the

farmers.

2 Varieties

Kufri var. Kufri Jyoti, Kufri

Mejha, Kufri Ashoka

More use of local

market units

High cost of

hybrid seeds

-do- -do-


18qtl/Ha. 22.5 – 259/Ha.

(Small size 25g)

Traditional

practices

Lack of

awareness


4 Seed Treatment

Nil Soaking of seeds in

Dithance M-45 @45g/l

of water for 30 mins.

-do- -do- -do- -do-

5 Organic Manure

(tons / ha)

5qtl/acre FYM FYM -25-30 T/ha. -do- -do- -do- -do-

6 Fertilizer

- N:P:K @ 120:80:80

kg/ha.


7 Micro Nutrient

- - -do- -do- -do- -do-

8 Pest Management

On need base Malathion 5% Rogor

or 30EC

Improper

practices

-do- -do- -do-

9 Disease

Management.

-do- Dithance M-45@

0.25% Rodomil 2ml

-do- -do- -do- -do-

10 Post Harvest

Management

Store in thatch

house

Curing and store in

diffused sunlight.


11 Weed Management

Hand weeding Metribuzin 1kg/ha High traditional

practice

Cost factor,

awareness

-do- -do-

Table 35. Matrix Of Horticulture :

125

Sl.No Crops Problems Proposed intervention

1 Citrus

species

1.Declining of

orchards

1) Production of virus free, certified planting

material through nuclear lines and use of

grafted/budded plants

2) Rejuvenation of old orchards by using training

micro & macro nutrient management etc.

3) Superior healthy mother plants developed

through shoot lip grafting

2) Infestation of

various insect pests

1) Using parasites, parasitoids, predators, and

Entomo-pathogenic fungi.

2) Using botanicals/plant extracts as repellants

3) Using insect traps, reflection mulches

4) Keeping sanitation and crop hygiene by

collateral hosts and cross protection measure.

3) Infestation of

foliar and post

harvest disease (die

back, damping off,

seedling rot etc.)

1) Proper drainage system

2) Use of disease free root stock

3) Using bio-pesticide of Trichoderma species to

control citrus due back

4) Use of bio control agents aspire and Bio save

for post harvest treatment of citrus fruits.

4)Orchard planning

and management (

planting techniques)

1) Apply optimum planting distance to obtain

most efficient and profitable use of land

2) By using several planting designs e.g. square,

rectangular, quincunx, hexagonal, hedgerow

and contour planting

3) Providing extension services to design new

orchards

5) Lacking extension

services

Using participatory extension methods of

transfer of technology (TOT) through OFTs, FLDs

Farmers Field Schools (FFS), and training

126

2 Passion

fruit

1) Lack of awareness

of varieties having

good yield potential

1) Creating awareness and popularizing to

cultivate purple, yellow and kaveri hybrid variety

2) Propagation

techniques

1) Production and distribution of healthy

seedlings

2)Popularizing the propagation techniques of

both sexual propagation and vegetative

propagation

3) Nonstandard crop

package

1) Conducting participatory research and

demonstration to show the standard package

of practices including training,

nutrition management and production & post

harvest

4) Infestation of

insect pest &

diseases

1) Collection and burning of dried fruits, twigs

etc.

2) Application as Bait of Molasses fruit Juice +

Neem extract.

3) For (10:10:1) grass hopper control

demonstrate the clean cultivation

4) Application of lime at planting

5) Use of yellow variety root stock

3. Banana 1) Unavailability of

good suckers and

variety

Production of healthy disease free suckers of

Giant Cavendish, and dwarf

Cavendish.

2) Improper planting Demonstration and training on planting

techniques on half moon terraces etc. Variety

wise planting distance will be demonstrated

3) Lack of technical

know-how on

fertilizer application

and management

1) Application of FYM 15 kg and vermi compost

5 kg/plant.

2) Application of 200 g N in three split doses,

100 g P and 300 g k into two split doses

3) Removal of unwanted suckers at the time of

127

shooting of mother plant it can also be checked

by pouring kerosene 1 ml sucker on the

portion of pseudostem

4) Lack of knowledge

and awareness and

insect pest and

disease management

Banana Aphid-

1) Rouging and burning of diseases plants .

2) Spray of rogor 0.05 % ( 1 ml/plant)

Banana skipper/leaf roller-

1)Natural parasites kill the larvae .

2) Leaf roll squeezing by hand to crush the

larvae.

Banana beetle :

1) Removal of weed from basin

2) Removal of unwanted suckers.

Disease management –

1) Cultivation of less susceptible varieties .

2) Rouging of infected plants .

3) For control of sigatoka disease - regular

removal and burning of infected leaves.


activities

Participatory research & demonstration

conducted to show the appropriateness of

technology

4 Ginger 1) Non availability of

suitable varieties

Popularizing high yielding varieties e.g.Nadia,

Jorhat and Maran in the region through

demonstration over local check.


on planting time and

system

1) Modifying the planting time from February to

April- May

2) Row planting techniques on ridges shall

popularized

3) Lack of technical

know-how on

fertilizer application

1) Application of Neem cake 2 ton/ha to avoid

rhizome rot with INM.

2) Application of Biofor-pf + dry cow dung or

vermi compost after 80-90 days after planting.

128


and awareness on

pest management

1) For control of stem borer spray of 2 ml

Quinolphos per litre water

2) Application of metasystox 1.0-1.5 ml per litre

of water and spraying

5) Occurrence of

diseases

Seed treatment of rhizomes application of

Biofor-pf (Best treatment) for both seed and soil

treatment with different

doses to prevent the rhizome rot disease which

is mostly common in the district.


services

Participatory research and extension of all the

mentioned technologies on farmer‟s field by

KVK.

129

5.2 ANIMAL HUSPANDRY STATUS AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES

Livestock in this region comprises cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig. Poultry is yet to

develop on commercial lines. Many tribal populations have no habit of rearing cattle

for milk production. Therefore, animals are reared largely for meat. Feed and fodder

both in quantity and quality are major constraints for any improvement in livestock

and poultry production.

Strategies for Development of Animal Husbandry Sector:

To meet the demand of growing population for animal husbandry to fulfill the

requirement of meat, egg and milk and milk products, a sound policy on animal

husbandry and dairy is the need of hour.

The present vision document emphasizes to produce meat and milk as

recommendation of ICMR to fulfill the requirements of growing population, as

follows:-

Replacement of selected indigenous unproductive non descript

cattles breeds in various fragments on various locations.

Increasing productivity: Enhancing productivity by upgrading local

breeds through artificial insemination and providing subsidy on

concentrated feeds and quality fodder.

Basic steps for ensuring self sufficiency of all livestock products.

Identification of superior breeds suitable for the region and thereby

improving the existing indigenous stocks.

Making self sufficient in feed and fodder production by identifying locally

available fodder grasses and feeding materials.

Processing of milk and other value added products of milk.

130

Formation of dairy co-operative in the district.

Linkages with market.

Making dairy research and extension policy.

Frozen semen storage house and establishing mobile van for Veterinary

services.

_ Characterization of indigenous livestock and poultry resources and their

conservation need to be emphasized as there are many valuable genes for adaptability

and disease resistance available in these animals.

_ The swamp buffaloes of the region and goats need to be improved either through

selection or crossbreeding. Pigs of the region are required to be improved by using

exotic breeds. Similarly, poultry, including ducks and other animals like rabbit,

mithun and yak need to be exploited to boost farm income.

_ Research on standardizing improved technologies of artificial insemination,

intrauterine insemination, embryo transfer for improved reproduction of livestock is

also the need of the hour.

_ For animal health improvement, research on disease control/health care, vaccine

production, diagnostics, disease surveillance and monitoring are extremely important.

_ Feed and fodder resource enhancement should receive urgent attention.

_ Research is called for: (i) on cultivation of indigenous grasses, fodder trees for feed

and fodder (ii) nutritional requirements of various categories of animals, including

cross-breds and (iii) conservation of fodder for the lean period. These steps are needed

for improvement in animal nutrition.

_ Management system research and animal product processing and marketing

research are other areas, which need attention.

131

Table 36.PRODUCTION , REQUIREMENT, AND ESTIMATED DEMAND FOR MILK AND ITS VALUE ADDED PRODUCTS FOR CHAMPHAI DISTRICT

2006-07 2010 2015 2020 2025

Milk production-

1622.00

per capita availability – 43.25 gm

No. of

cattles : Local – 6663

Crossbreed – 346

Requirement – 11318.85

Production trend – 3.17

% year

Milk –

1865.3 MT

(-) 9452.7


Milk –

2122.38 MT

(-) 11403.58


Milk – 2365.68

(-) 13797.75

Requirement –

19315.28

Milk –

2608.98

(-) 16706.29

strategy to improve Dairy sector :- Through sound Dairy policy

a) 2% replacement of selected

indigenous cow breed

with high yielding breeds.

b) Upgradation

of local breeds

through A.I. c)

Identification of local

available feed and fodder

introduction of round the fodder


d) Regulation of milk selling.

a) 15% replacement of selected

local indigenous

breed of cow with high yielding

breeds. b)

Expansion of fodder

land and subsidy of concentrated

feed.

c) Forming of SHGs and co-operative

society. d)

Installation of

processing plants

a) 20 % replacement of selected

indigenous cows with high

yielding cows. b)

Establishment of feed industry.

c) Creating awareness for

quality feed and fodder production

d) Village milk

booth established/milk collection centre

at village level.

a) 25 % replacement of selected

indigenous breeds with

high yielding cows.

b) Establishing small scale

industries of animal feeds

based on local resources.

c) Establishment

of dairy industry for processing

and various value added products.

d) Market

linkages.

132

Expected

Milk Yield

2051.83 MT

(-) 9267.02 MT

5305.95

(-) 8220.01

5914.2

(-) 10249.24

7174.69

(-) 12140.58

Expected availability

54.71 gm

109.83 gm

102.45 gm

104.06 gm

Table 37.Technological Matrix of Animal Husbandry

Constraints Proposed Technological Interventions.

Cattle Pig Poultry

Non descript indigenous nature of Breeds

and Strains of animals and lack of

knowledge about good

adaptable nature of animals.

1. Identification of good

productive animal amongst local

breed.

1. Upgradation of existing breeds.

2. Introduction of new breeds for breeding & meat

purpose.

Introduction of improved dual purpose birds like Vanaraja, Gramapriya, etc.

133

Lack of

scientific Knowledge of rearing animals

as the animals are reared under semi

intensive system without proper

housing system and are left to graze on its

own.

1.

Introduction of scientific low cost

hosing system made by locally

available materials.

2. Identification and

awareness of good nutritive

feed & fodder existing naturally.

1. Introduction

of scientific low cost housing system made by

locally available materials. 2. Awareness for

addition of feed supplements in

present existing feeding system.

1. Proper scientific low cost

housing system for backyard poultry rearing. 2. Awareness for addition of

feed supplements in present existing feeding system.

Low productivity of indigenous

breed of animals due to its wild inheritance.

1. Intensive Rearing of

milch cows in proper housing

system. 2.

Introduction of productive crossbred

animals adaptive to the region.

3. Upgradation

of indigenous breeds through

crossing with superior breeds and

A.I

1. Rearing of pigs in proper

housing system. 2. Upgradation of indigenous

local pigs by crossing with

superior Hampshire and Yorkshire

through natural and A.I. 3. Upgradation

by selective breeding.

1.Upgradation of desi birds by introducing improved dual

purpose birds like Vanaraja, Gramapriya, etc

Poor

performance due to non

availability of quality feed and fodder leading

to stunted, weak and low growth rate of animals..

1. Preperation

and storage of Silage and

hay during off season. 2.

Introduction of techniques of year round

fodder

1. Making

nutritive feed for pig with locally

available resources. 2. Creating

awareness regarding quality feeding.

1. Using locally available feed

ingredients for making quality poultry feed.

2. Replacement and addition of concentrates in feeds.

134

production

3. Replacement of 30% of feed

by concentrate.

High Mortality of infants as well as at

different level of growth

1. Maintaining Hygienic

condition. 2. Proper

feeding of calf. 3. Deworming

and Vaccination.

1. Proper farrowing pen. 2.

Supplementation of Iron at first

week of birth. 3. Construction of creep area

and follow hygienic standards.

1. Vaccination at proper time. 2. Proper brooding

High incidence

of contagious diseases and

high parasitic load and lack of awareness of

Vaccination and its schedule.

Vaccination

Schedule for FMD-

a)3-4 Months and repeat after one

month. b)At 6-9 Months.

for Brucellosis:

4-6 Months

Vaccination

Schedule for Swine Fever at

2 Months

Vaccine Route Age

MD Sub Cutaneous

1 day

RD Lasota

Occulo - nasal

4-7 days

IBD Occulo - nasal

12-14 days

R2B Sub Cutaneous

30days

R2B Sub Cutaneous

18 weeks

R2B Sub Cutaneous

40-50 weeks

Table 38.Research / Extension / adoption Gap and Proposed Strategies for Improving

the Productivity / Income from Cow

Sl.

No

Items of package Existing practice Recommended

practice

Gap Specific Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


gap

1 Breed Cross

breed/indegenous

Cross yes Poor management nil Training/education

2 Feed management

Green Fodder (Kg / day) 20 kg/day 20-25 yes Non knowledgment nil Training/education

Dry Fodder (Kg / day) 3 kg 5 kg yes Non knowledgment nil Training/education

135


the Productivity / income from Goat

Sl.

No


practice

Gap Reasons for

Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy

Strategy to Overcome the

gap

1 Breed Black

Bengal/desi

Black

Bengal/desi

- - -

2 Feed management

Green Fodder (Kg / day) Grazing/Ad lib Grazing/Ad lib Nil - Specific grazing

land

Providing of specific well

barbed wire fenced grazing

land.

Dry Fodder (Kg / day) On availability As required nil - nil Traning regarding celluloid

treatment to farmers

Concentrate (gms / day) Nil 500 gm yes Non availability

of conc. Feed

for goat

nil Govt. aid in term of feed

subsidy.

Minerals (gm/day) Nil/ Common salt 5gm/day yes Lack of

medicine supply

nil

Govt. aid in term of

Sudsidy.

Vitamins (ml / day) Nil 2ml/day yes Lack of supply nil

3 Inter Calving Period

(months)

6-7 Months 6 months yes Bad mana

gement

nil Management training

4 Health Care

No of Vaccination

Concentrate (gms / day) Non specific 2 kg plus 500gm

for every lit of

milk

yes Non knowledgment nil Training/education.Govt.

support in term of feed

subsidy

Vitamins (ml / day) 3 5 yes Non knowledgment nil Training/education

3 Inter Calving Period

(months)

390 days Calf a year yes Lack of knowledge nil Training/education

4 Health Care

No of Vaccination Nil 1/year yes Lack of

vaccine

nil Financial support

HSBQ once 2/ year yes

FMD

5 General Management

Housing ( Pucca /

Kutcha)

Kutcha Pucca Yes Lack of fund nil Financial support

Drinking Water (lit /

day)

20-25 lits 40-45lit yes Lack of storage tank Storage tank Govt. support for rain

water harvesting

6 Average Milk Yield

(lit./day)

5-6 10-15 yes Feed insufficiency

due to high cost

Nil Financial support in term

of feed subsidy and

transport subsidy.

136

HSBQ Nil Once a year Lack of vaccine nil Govt. aid in procuring

enough vaccines

5 Gen.Mangement Nil Twice a year

Washing (times / day)

Cleaning (times / day) nil Twice a week yes Negligence nil Training

Housing ( Pucca /

Kutcha)

1/day 2/day Yes Negligence nil Training

Drinking Water (lit / day) kutcha pucca Yes Lack of fund nil Govt. aid

6 Average Milk yield

(lit/day)

250 500 Yes Insufficient feed

and minerals

nil Govt. aid in term of feed and

transport subsidy


the Productivity / Income from Pig

Sl.

No


practice

Gap Specific Reasons

for Gap

Farmers

Proposed

Strategy


gap

1 Breed Cross breed Cross breed nil - - -

2 Feed management

Green Fodder (Kg / day) 0n availability Ad-lib nil - -

Concentrate (gms / day)

(i) 0-56 days (piglet) Non-specific .5 kg/day yes Lack of conc.

feed

Nil Govt aid in term of feed

and transport subsidy.

(ii) 56-180 days (Grower) Non-specific 1 kg/day yes Lack of conc.

feed

nil

(iii) Fatten Non-specific Adlib yes Lack of conc.

feed

nil Govt aid in term of feed

and transport subsidy

(iv) Breeding Non-specific Adlib yes Lack of conc.

feed

nil Govt aid in term of feed

and transport subsidy

3 Inter Ferring period

(months)

185-190 days 180 days yes Lack of specific

Manangement.

nil

4 Health Care (No of

Vaccination)

(i) FMD Nil Twice/year Yes Due to scarcity of

vaccine

Procurement of vaccine

(ii) Swine fever Nil Yearly Yes -do- -do-

(iii) Piglet Anaemia Nil 4-6 days/Iron inj. Yes -do- -do-


Washing (times / day) No specific time No specific time

recommended

Yes Lack of water

storage

-do-

Cleaning (times / day) -do- -do- Yes -do- -do-

Housing ( Pucca / Kutcha) Kutcha Pucca Yes Lack of fund and

non intensive

system of rearing

Intensive system of

rearing

Drinking Water (lit / day) Twice daily Ad lib Rain water harvesting

system

137


the Productivity / Income from Poultry

Sl.

No


practice

Gap Specific

Reasons

for Gap

Farmers Proposed

Strategy

Strategy to

Overcome gap

1 Breed Desi / Exotic Exotic Breed Nil Nil Nil Nil

2 Feed management

Grazing and stall

feed

Stall feed Yes Financial

Problem

Government

Assistance

Financial

Assistance needed

Commulative concentrate

(gms/bird)

(i) 0-7 Days Not specific 30 gms/day Yes -do- Financial

Assistance needed

Scientific and

financial support

(ii) 20-28 Days -do- 60 gms/day Yes -do- -do- -do-

(iii) 35-42 Days -do- 100 gms/day Yes -do- -do- -do-

Vitamins (ml/day) For all

ages

Nil 100 ml / 100 birds Yes -do- -do- -do-

4 Health Care (No of

Vaccination)

HVT MD Nil Vaccine needed Yes Due to lack

of vaccine

Vaccination -do-

RD F1 Nil -do- -do- -do- -do- -do-


Housing ( Pucca / Kutcha) Kutcha Pucca Yes Due to

financial

problem

Scientific housing

& financial support

Drinking Water (lit / day/

100 Birds)

(i) 0-7 Days Not specific Ad lib -do- Due to

scarcity

Water reservoir Rainwater harvest

system needed

(ii) 20-28 Days -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do-

(iii) 35-42 Days -do- -do- -do- -do- -do- -do-

Table 42.Proposed Strategy for Animal Husbandry & Veterinary.

Sl. No

Interventions Unit cost Rs.

2010-11 2011-12

1 Animal Health Phy Fin Rs in

Lakh

Phy Fin Rs in

Lakh

i) Distribution of Vety. Aid Kids Rs50000 training 4 2 lac 4 2 lac

ii) Cosnt. Of vety. Disp. Rs20Lakh/Dispensary 3 60 4 120

Cattle and Buffalo Dev.

(a)Milk cow induction cow/heifer expected give 10 lit.

Rs 40000/cow 60 24 20 8

138

of milk per day

2 F0R DAIRY PLANT AT CHAMPHAI (b) Purchase of 75 Kva

Generator, (c) Purchase of Polyfilm,

(d) Preparation of Efffluent treatment Plant. (e) Feed Subsidy to Dairy

Farmers

1 no

150/kg

Rs 3 /kg

1

12.33mt

1

12

10

18.50

10

36

12

36

Piggery development

3 Distribution of 5 piglets

(4female +1 male) of age group 3-4 month.

Rs 3000/piglet 30 4.5 30 4.5

Poultry Development

Backyard Poultry scheme

Distribution of 40 grown up low input technology birds

Rs 350/bird 50 7 40 5.6

Construction of Chick rearing

unit with procurement of poultry appliance in the district

Head Office

1 40

4 Distribution of 50 Khaki

Campbel day old ducklings a long with feed and other appliance

Other Livestock Development

(i)Incentives

toPony/Breeders/Farmers

(ii)Incentives toMithun Breeders

10000/beneficiary

30000/beneficiary

20

50

2

1.5

25

50

2.5

1.5

ii) Incentive to the farmers

under Goatry Dev. Progr. (4 doest and 1 buck)

5000/beneficiary

10

0.5

10

0.5

Feed and fodder Dev.

i) New Construction of District

feed mixing plant at Champhai

- - 1 600

5 ii) Incentive for growing fodder

@ Rs, 5000/-beneficiary in terms of seed/fertilizer/fending/

ploughing charges

100

5

100

5

Extension, Education &

Training

i) Organisation of farmers

training programme @ Rs,

10 3 10 3

139

30000/-each.

Assistant to Animal Husbandry Co-operation/Local bodies ( 20 Primary Soocieties)

100000/ Primary Farming Societies

10 10 5 5

Table 43.NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES

(Vety)(As on 2010)

Sl.

No.

Post by Designation Sanctioned

Post (No.)

Person in Post

(No.)

Vacant Post

(No.)

11 DDVVOO 1 1 nil

22 VVOO 8 5 3

33 VVFFAA 15 15 3

44 FFaarrmm MMaannaaggeerrss 1 1 nil

55 DDeemmoonnssttrraattoorr 3 3 Nil

66 HHAA 1 nil 1

77 UUDDAA 1 1 nil

88 LLDDAA 2 2 nil

99 OOtthheerrss ((MMuusstteerrrroollll LLaabboouurrss)) 41 41 nil

1100 TToottaall 72 68 7

140

.3 FISHREY DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES IN

CHAMPAI DISTRICT

Fish resources of the region reside in the tributaries of the Brahmaputra

and Barak,

the rivulets and streams and reservoirs, lakes, ponds and paddy fields.

Opportunities for both warm and cold water fisheries are available in the

region. These resources can be broadly classified into two categories namely

riverine comprising rivers and streams and inland comprising reservoirs,

lakes, tanks and ponds.

The extent of exploitation of aquatic resources of the region remains quite

low. One of the reasons for this is the sizeable length of the rivers and

streams lying nearly fallow. Lack of regulatory measures for conservation of

fish stock and industrial pollution are an added constraint in fisheries

development.

Fisheries comprise fish from mostly fish ponds, and traditional integrated

rice-cum-fish

culture in paddy fields. Rivers and their tributaries are harnessed for

production of fish to supplement the annual production. Consumption of

fish in the State is much higher than the State‟s own production. Presently,

2,640 ha of water area has been brought under pond fish culture and

another 400 ha under paddy-cum-fish culture. About 7,000 families are

engaged in fish farming while another 2,000 are involved in riverine

(capture) fishery. The State produced only 3,758 MT from culture sector in

2006-07 and 2413 MT in 2007-08 and another 300 MT from other sources

against the total requirement of 10,395 MT for a projected population of

9.45 lakhs calculated at 11 kg per capita per year consumption, while the

import of fish into the State in the same year was 7,830 MT.

Mizoram has 24,000 hectares of potential area available for fish farming.

Due to poor

economic condition of the rural people and financial constraints of the State

government, it has not been possible to exploit the potential. So far only

141

2,640 hectares of water area has been brought under pond fish culture.

There are another 400 hectares under paddy-cumfish culture integrated

farming with wet rice cultivation. Besides the area, 6,000 hectares of water

area are also available in the riverine sector in the form of rivers and

streams. Production from culture sector alone is estimated at 3,500 MT by

2005-06. The total production from all these resources are estimated to be

3,800 MT against the requirement of 10,395 MT based on the projected

population at the end of 2004-05 of 9,45,000 calculated with per capita

requirement of 11 kg. Thereby at the end of 2004-05 the State is in a

position to meet only 3.97 kg per capita leaving a shortfall of 7.03 kg per

capita from the State own production.

Mizoram is a hilly state and it is known for rich in floral and

faunal diversity. Agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry

is the mainstay of economy in the region. The fishery resources of

the district are varied ranging from rivers-1700km, reservoirs-

32ha, ponds/ mini barrages-1795 ha and potential paddy fields is

about 1440ha. Out of the total 274 fish species found in North

East, only 89 fish species is so far documented in Mizoram. Due to

high rainfall there is tremendous potential for fish production in

the state to fulfill the fish meat requirement from the available

resources but the present fish production is only 2764.65 MT.

(2007-08). Per capita availability of fish in the state is 3.07

kg/year and the state is 72.05 % deficit in fish production (2008-

09). For this reason fishes is being imported from outside. The

important challenge for aquaculture for the state in the 21st

century is to ensure sustainability and profitability. Sustainability

has to be achieved by adopting environmentally non-degradable,

technical appropriate, economically viable and socially acceptable

best farming practices. In the recent times the concept of fisheries

has changed to a multidisciplinary approach which incorporates

the soil and water conservation measures especially for the hills.

Due to this concept the scope of increasing fish production and

142

fisheries resources in terms of watershed ponds, silt retention

ponds, wasteland ponds etc. have increased. Retention of water in

agricultural waste land, damming of valley as soil conservation

and water conservation measures in these high rainfall areas,

together with the existing lake/beels, give us a fairly breadth

perspective to look into the prospects of aquaculturally developing

the state.

paddy area. At present there are 80ha of paddy cum fish culture area and

there are more than 90 ha potential paddy area where fish can be cultured.

The present fish production level of the district is very low (753 MT, 2006-

07) and the average price of locally available Indian Major Carps is Rs.80-

120 per kg depending on seasonal abundance, locality and size. Hence, the

fisheries sector should be developed utilizing the natural land, water and

fish resources for augmenting food production of the state and to reach a

stage of self-dependency in meeting the fish requirement of the population.

Focus for strengthening

_ Areas requiring emphasis are: standardisation of technologies suitable to

varied

agrarian practices and investment potentials of the region. This requires

establishment of an elaborate research network across the state.

This is also true of the species-based systems, with a high biodiversity of

fish

species present in this part of the country.

_ Development of suitable and specific aquaculture packages for acidic soil

condition,

upland waters and lowland waters.

_ Research programmes aiming at intensification and diversification of

freshwater

aquaculture in tune with the geomorphological feature of the region viz.,

upland

aquaculture and lowland aquaculture.

_ Training to farmers and entrepreneurs at different levels along with better

143

coordination between extension functionaries.

_ Extension activities in terms of demonstrations, publications, farmers‟

meet, village

adoption, production of audio and video materials for promoting scientific

aquaculture.

_ Extensive bio-monitoring of all rivers in time and space to assess threat

perspectives

in relation to biodiversity conservation.

_ Regular monitoring of reproductive biology of economically important fish

species so

as to suggest remedial measures for depleting population.

_ Conservation and rational exploitation of beel resources which are the

back-bone of

fish and fisheries in the region.

_ Introduction of fish husbandry in beel ecosystem. It would be prudent to

exploit the

nutrient enriched marginal areas of the beels profitability with new

technologies like

pen culture/cage culture, barrackpore. The

pen-culture technology developed by CICFRI for „fin‟ fish can open new

vistas in the

fishery activities of the region as it is less capital and labour intensive and

has the

added advantage of producing reasonably high fish/prawn biomass without

disturbing the main fishery of the lake proper.

5.3.1 Fish Species of the district

The Fisheries Department of the district is in a growing status. The

most commonly cultivated fish species of the district are Catla (Catla catla),

Rohu (Labeo rohita), Mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala), Silver Carp

(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) and

144

Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio). The other cultivated fish species of the

district are Calbasu (Labeo calbasu), Bighead Carp (Hypophthalmichthys

nobilis), Gonius (Labeo gonius), Bata (Labeo bata), Java Puthi (Puntius

javanicus), Mola (Amblypharyngadon mola), Magur (Clarius batrachus) etc.

Besides, IMC and exotic carps, the other most commonly available fish

species in the mini barrages, rivers, streams, beels/waste lands etc. are

Mahseer (Tor sp.), Tengra (Mystus bleekeri, M. vittatus), Pabda (Ompok

pabda) Gangetic mystus (Mystus cavasius), Bacha (Eutropiichthys vacha),

Singhi (Heteropneustes fosilis), Bami (Mastacembellus armatus)sp., Cheng

(Channa orientalis), Goroi (Ch. punctatus), Shol (Ch. striatus), Kuchia

(Monopterus cuchia), Chepta chanda (Chanda nama), Taka chanda

(Pseudambassis ranga), Phul chanda (Psudambassis baculis), Dora baicha

(Polyacanthus lalius), Rosybarb (Puntius conchonius), Sarputi (Puntius

sarana), Titputi (Puntius sophore), Two spot barb (P. ticto), Kanla (Notopterus

notopterus), Dorikona (Danio dangila), Dorkene (Danio devario) etc.

5.3.2 Fish Production

The state has to go a long way to increase the fish productivity in

respect of demand of fish. During the year 2007-08 the overall fish

production in the state was 2764.65MT and the average fish productivity

was 10.5 qtls/ha. In the year 2007-08 the

145

Fig. 4. District-wise comparison of fish production (qtls) in the year 2007-08

Schemes of Fisheries Department

At present 7 schemes is running under the District Fishery

Development Office, Champai to upgrade the fisheries sector in the district.

A brief description of the schemes undertaken in the district is given below:

Fish Farmers Development Agency (CSS)

Fish Farmers Development Agency (FFDA) in Mizoram is operating at

district level throughout the state. It is providing a package of technical,

financial and extension support to the fish farmers. Under the scheme

assistance in the form of subsidy is given to fish farmers for a number of

developmental activities, such as, construction of new ponds,

reclamation/renovation of ponds and tanks, inputs for first year fish culture

(fish seed, feed, manures, fertilizers etc.), running water fish culture,

integrated fish farming, fish seed hatcheries, fish feed units, training etc.

The Centre and the states share expenditure on the developmental activities

on the basis of 75:25. The main objectives of the FFDA Programme

are

1. To utilize the potential inland resources for fish production.

146

2. To meet the demand of protein rich diet by augmenting production of

table fish.

3. To generate employment opportunities for rural educated unemployed

youths.

4. To generate income to improve the livelihood and transform the socio-

economic condition of the fisher folk.

National Fisheries Development Board Programme (CSS)

The NFDB programme covers the whole district. It is a new concept in

the development of fisheries. The scheme started during the current fiscal

year (2008-09). The main objective of this programme is to augment fish

production in the state through fish farming by expansion/ renovation of

water areas, training etc. The components of assistance under this

programme are elucidated below:

i. Intensive aquaculture in existing ponds and tanks

ii. Intensive aquaculture in new ponds and tanks

iii. Inputs

iv. Establishment of hatcheries for production of fish seeds

v. Establishment of fish seed rearing units for production of fish

fingerlings

vi. Establishment of fish seed rearing units for production of fish

fingerlings

vii. Domestic marketing

viii. Training and demonstration

Information Extension and Training (CSS)

The main objective of the programme is to disseminate modern

method of fish farming technology to the farmers. It is being implemented in

the entire district. The scheme is implemented as per pattern of assistance

of Govt. of India for various components for which expenditure is shared on

80:20 basis by the center and state.

147

Development of Riverine Fisheries (CSS)

This programme is implemented in the entire state for increasing the

fish production from the riverine resources of the district. The rivers of the

district are mainly fast flowing and seasonal in nature. Under this

programme it is tried to evolve newer types of craft and gears to exploit the

riverine resources and at the same time to see the efficiency of the existing

craft and gears. The expenditure in the scheme will be shared on 75:25

basis by the center and state.

Development of Cold Water Fisheries (CSS)

The middle and high altitude region of the district are suitable for cold

water fisheries. The most important cold water fish species available in the

district are Common Carp and Mahseer. Besides this it is tried to document

the availability of other important cold water fishes and prospect of their

cultivation in the area. Under this programme it is tried to augment the fish

production by increasing the production of cold water fishes in the district.

The expenditure for the programme is shared on 75:25 basis by the center

and state.

Marketing

Fish is a perishable commodity and its market price depends on its

physical condition. So, proper marketing facility is of utmost importance for

the farmers to get better remunerative price of their production. Initially the

scheme is implemented under the state plan outlay and the central

assistance will be also availed for infrastructure development from time to

time. The main objective of this programme is to improve the fishery

marketing network in the state by providing marketing infrastructure

facilities to the fish farmers.

148

Table 44.Constraints and Intervention Needed

Sl.

No.

Constrains Strategies Action plan

1. Technology

dissemination and

awareness about fish

culture

Extension and

awareness

programme

1. Fishery extension

service should be revamped

and strengthened

2. Training programmes

for farmers

3. Kishan Mela

4. Fishermen‟s

organization

2. Irrational fishing

(bleaching powder,

poison, blasting etc.)

destruction of breeders

and juvenile fish

Ban on use of toxic

substance which

needs policy decision

and implementation

1. Awareness/ motivation

camps against use of toxic

substance in fishing

2. Restriction of irrational

fishing during breeding and

spawning season

3. Inadequate

documentation and

conservation of fish

genetic resources

Survey,

documentation and

conservation

programme

1. Survey and documentation

of fish resources of district

2. Conservation of rare and

economic fish resources of

the district

4. High siltation of rivers

due to catchment area

Land use planning 1. Awareness and motivation

programme for local

fishermen

2. Restriction on forest

destruction in catchment

area which demands policy

decision

5. Financial constraints

at both government

Fund support 1. Infrastructure creation

and awareness programme

149

and private sector 2. Subsidy schemes for

the progressive farmers

3. Financial linkage

support for providing credits

for fisheries development

4. Encouraging fish

farming on commercial line

(fish cum pig, fish cum

paddy etc.)

6. Lack of preparedness

for farmer‟s

participation in fish

culture activities

Fish farmers

participatory

approach

1. Motivation camps for

farmers

2. Kirishi-mela/ fish culture

show

3. Recognition to be given to

progressive fish farmers

PRODUCTION GAP ANALYSIS

Table 45.Gap in Research / Extension / Adoption and Proposed Extension Strategy for

Improving the Productivity / Income from Fishery sector

Sl.

No Item of package Recommended Practice

Specific reasons for

Gap Gap

Farmers’

proposed

strategy

Strategy to overcome

Gap

1. Culture Components

a) Indian Major carp

b) Exotic carp

c) Prawn

Semi intensive composite

culture with exotic carp


culture with Indian Major carp

Polyculture with carp take off

stage along with trial

-

-

-

-

2. Pond preparation

a) Organic manure (kg/ha)

b) Inorganic manure (kg/ha)

c) Lime (kg/ha)

10,000kg/ha/yr (RCD)

Urea-300kg/ha/yr SSP-

240kg/ha/yr

500kg/ha/yr

Inadequate availability

of the inputs and

purchasing power of

the farmer

80% gap

Supply at

subsidised rate

at least for one

crop (initial

crop)

As proposed by farmers

through District level

Departmental Sales

emporium

150

d) Water depth 2.5 metres

3. Weed control

a) Manual

b) Mechanical

c) Chemical

Manual

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-2-

4. Stocking size/No

a) Prawn

b) Fry

c) Fingerlings

15000-20000/ha

PL 12-18

12000-15000/ha

8000-10000/ha

Inadequate availability in

the region

Inadequate infrastructure

for seed production and

economic inability of

farmers

5000 to

8000/ha

30%

-

Supply of fish

seeds at

subsidised rate

Establishment of prawn

hatchery in the state

Creation of more

infrastructure for seed

production.

5. Feeding schedule

a) Rice bran

b) Oil cake

c) Pelleted feed

1:1 ratio 4500kg annually

2500kg annually

Inadequate purchasing

capacity on the part of the

farmers

80%

Supply of feed

at subsidised

rate

As under column 2

6. Sample netting

a) Monthly

b) Quarterly

c) Half yearly

Recommended monthly

Inadequate gears available

with the farmers

Only 20%

of the

farmers

adopted

quarterly

sample

netting

As under

column 5.

As under column 2.

7. Harvesting method

Through netting As stated under col.6,90%

of the farmers undertake

harvesting by draining

water

90% As under

column 5.

As under column 2.

8. Culture method


farming, integrated

farming, polyculture of

carp and prawn

The gap are already

discussed under various

item of package from 1-7.

1-7 As preceding

columns

As preceding columns

151

Table 46.The interventions are suggested for promotion of fishery in the District are presented.

Physical and Financial targets for the current plan

Sl.

No Interventions

Unit cost

in (Rs.in

lakh)

2010-2011 2011-2012 Total

Phys

-ical

Finan

cial

Phys

-ical

Financi

al

Phys-

ical

Fin

anc

ial

1. Hatchery with

production

capacity of 7-8

million

fry/annually

16.00

lakhs NIL NIL NIL NIL

2. FFDA/NFDB

new pond of

1ha.WSA

4.00

lakhs per

ha

20

ha 20.00

20

ha 20.00

3. Renovation of

existing pond

1ha.WSA

0.75/ha 25

ha 4.70

25

ha 4.70

4. Development of

integrated Fish

Farming

1ha.WA

0.80/ha 25

ha 5.00

25

ha 5.00

5. Training of Fish

Farmers for

FFDA Scheme

0.015

per

farmer

240

nos 3.60

240

nos 3.60

152

Table 47.NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (Fishery) (As

on 2010) AIZAWL, SERCHHIIP, CHAMPHAI)

Sl.

No Post by Designation

Sanctioned Post

(No.)

Person in Post

(No.)

Vacant Post

(No.)

1. District Fisheries Dev.Officer 1 1 NIL

2. Fishery Extension Officer 3 3 NIL

3. Asst.Fishery Officer 8 8 NIL

4. Fishery Demonstrator 12 12 NIL

5. Head Assistant 1 1 NIL

6. UDA 2 1 1

7. LDA 2 1 1

8. Others 11 11 NIL

TOTAL:- 40 38 2

153

5.5 SERICULTURE STATUS AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES

Importance of sericulture in development

The art of silk production is called sericulture that comprises cultivation of

mulberry, silkworm rearing and post cocoon activities leading to production

of silk yarn. Sericulture provides gainful employment, economic

development and improvement in the quality of life to the people in rural

area and therefore it plays an important role in anti poverty programme and

prevents migration of rural people to urban area in search of employment.

Hence several developing nations like China, India, Brazil, Thailand,

Vietnam, Indonesia, Egypt, Iran, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Bangladesh, Nepal,

Myanmar, Turkey, Papua New Guinea, Mexico, Uzbekistan and some of the

African and Latin American countries have taken up sericulture to provide

employment to the people in rural area.

Multipurpose use of sericulture

Apart from silk, there are several other bye-products from sericulture. The

mulberry fruits are rich in minerals and vitamins and from the roots, barks

and mulberry leaves several ayurvedic and herbal medicines are prepared.

Some of the woody mulberry trees provide timber which are resistant to

termites and the timber is used for making sports items, toys etc. The

mulberry branches after silkworm feeding are generally dried and used as

fuel particularly in the villages. The foliage of mulberry is used as a fodder

for cattle. The mulberry trees are also planted in the embarkment area for

protection of the soil to prevent soil erosion, and mulberry trees are planted

as avenue trees. The silkworm pupae are rich in oil content and pupal oil is

used in cosmetic industry and the remaining pupal cake is a rich source of

protein suitable for poultry and fisheries. In some tribal population, the

154

people eat eri pupa as a source of protein and nourishment. The silkworm

litter is used for bio-gas production and used as a fuel for cooking in the

rural area. Thus sericulture not only provides silk for fashionable clothings,

it also provides several very useful bye products to the human society.

Therefore, sericulture development provides opportunities to improve the

living standards of people in the rural area in developing countries.

Future demand for silk

The present global silk production is fluctuating around 70, 000 to 90, 000

M.T. and the demand for silk is annually increasing by 5%. With the

increase in population and also with the increased demand for fashionable

clothing items due to fast changing fashion designs in developed countries,

the demand for silk is bound to increase even more. For increasing the silk

production we require highly productive mulberry varieties and silkworm

races and also silkworm races tolerant to adverse climatic conditions and

diseases which can come mainly from the sericultural germplasm resources

and also from the wild relatives of Bombyx available in the natural habitats.

Present status of silkworm germplasm at global level

Though accurate data are not available on the silkworm germplasm in

different countries of the world, an approximate information indicate that

there are 4310 silkworm germplasm accessions available in different

countries. There is every likelihood that some of these silkworm accessions

are duplicated; for instance the silkworm germplasm from China, Japan,

France, Russia and India might be represented in the germplasm collection

of other countries since these are the principal source of sericultural

germplasm and also several countries might have exchanged some silkworm

germplasm for silkworm breeding and hence a proper documentation on the

availability of silkworm germplasm in different countries is very much

required.

A very recent compilation of silkworm genetic stocks indicate that there are

around 3000 genotypes of Bombyx mori at the global level, which includes

155

mutants, parthenoclones, polyploids and geographical races (Nagaraju et. al

2001). In fact much of the genetic diversity of Bombyx mori is derived from

the inbred lines of land races and elite stocks evolved by the silkworm

breeders and also from hybridisation of different geographical races; mainly

the Japanese, Chinese, European and tropical races, which are distinct for

several economic characters. The geographical races also possess several

heritable characters for a variety of morphological, biochemical and

quantitative characters. Among the four geographical races, the bivoltine

and univoltine races of temperate origin and multivoltine races of tropical

origin differ widely and exhibit contrasting characters. The bivoltine and

univoltine races produce high quantity of good quality silk, whereas the

multivoltine races are hardy, tolerant to pathogen load and thereby resistant

to diseases compared to the bivoltines but produce low amount of poor

quality silk. Thus, these geographical races are very valuable genetic stocks

for further improvement of silkworm races and evolution of superior breeds

of B. mori.

Apart from a rich biodiversity of geographical races, there are also a large

number of mutants. The silkworm genetic stocks include more than 500

mutants for a variety of characters viz., serosal colours; larval and adult

integument colours; skin markings and body shapes; cocoon colours and

shapes; physiological traits such as diapause, number of larval moults and

timing of larval maturity; food habits and biochemical features such as

digestive amylase, blood and egg esterases, larval integument esterase,

alkaline and acid phosphatases; haemolymph proteins; silk production and

fibroin secretion; homeoproteins and body plan determination etc. and the

various mutants, gene locus and phenotype were documented recently .

Apart from the geographical races and mutants there is a large genetic stock

of B.mori evolved by the breeders mostly utilising the geographical races and

mutants of larval, pupal and cocoon colour variants of sex limited races,

particularly in Peoples Republic of China, Japan, India and erstwhile United

Soviet Socialist Russia (USSR) and some of these breeds are commercially

exploited in these countries for silkworm rearing to produce raw silk and the

156

remaining breeds are maintained in the silkworm germplasm of these

countries as breeders genetic stocks and they are utilised as the genetic

material in the silkworm breeding programmes for evolution of more

superior and elite races.

Thus, the geographical races, mutants and the elite breeders stock

constitute the major portion of the present day silkworm germplasm at the

global level apart from the parthenoclones, triploid, polyploids and wild

relatives of Bombyx and Bombycidae

Importance of Conservation of Silk Worm Genetic Resources

During the recent years, biodiversity conservation programmes have drawn

the attention of many countries including developing nations, because of the

genetic erosion due to indiscriminate use of bio resources and damage to the

environment, destruction of forest, human interference in eco-system,

upsetting the equilibrium of the biosphere.

Improvement in silkworm race heavily depended on the geographical races

of B. mori and the wild relatives of Bombyx were not explored, unlike in

agriculture. Whereas in agricultural, horticultural and sericultural crop

improvement programme the wild species of several crop plants have

contributed very valuable genes for resistance to diseases and pests and

tolerance to adverse agroclimatic conditions and similar exploitation of

genes from wild relatives of B.mori have not been reported.

Biodiversity is the result of evolution that is a continuous phenomenon

induced by natural selection pressure and the population of organisms

evolve through adaptation to the biotic and abiotic stress. Ever since B.mori

was domesticated, the species does not survive in the wild state in natural

157

condition and also does not survive without human care and hence natural

selection induced genetic diversity in B.mori is rather very limited to

voltinism. Hence, it is very essential to conserve and utilise the wild relatives

of Bombyx mori to broaden its genetic diversity, apart from the geographical

races, mutants, sex-limited races, evolved breeds and breeders genetic

stocks. The wild relatives of Bombyx are very vulnerable and the

vulnerability at different spatial and temporal scales are not known. The

design of biodiversity network in sericulture involving the complementarity

of wild relatives and domesticated B. mori is also not well established.

Therefore, conservation of wild as well as domesticated seribiodiversity

resources is very essential for sustainable development of sericulture (Fig-3)

since loss of genetic resources of domesticated and wild relatives of Bombyx

species along with their unique genes may disadvantage future generation.

SERICULTURE IN MIZORAM

Mizoram occupies an important position on account of its unique flora and fauna. The

climate here is congenial for the healthy growth and development of sericulture

industry, which covers mulberry, oak tassar, eri and muga culture, the last three

being commonly known as non-mulberry culture. Eri culture is one of the most

predominant sericulture in the region. The muga culture is unique and confined

particularly to the Brahmaputra Valley and is not found in any other part of the world.

Silk culture or sericulture is the rearing of insect that produces silk yarn. It is

an extremely delicate work that requires patience throughout the entire cycle of

rearing silk moths from egg to cocoons. Silk, is acclaimed as the queen of all

the textiles, having all the desired qualities of textile, viz., fibre-strength,

elasticity, softness, coolness and affinity to dyes. Muga silk is golden yellow in

colour, which makes its very attractive. The world demand for natural silk

textiles is soaring. Traditional silk producing countries like Japan, Korea,

Brazil and Russia have drastically cut production due to socio-economic

reasons. India, taking advantage of the situation, has launched a massive

developmental Scheme on sericulture. The export of silk has been registering a

steady growth of 30% annually. The world silk demand according to a survey

conducted by the International Silk Association (ISA) is steadily increasing due

158

to the enhanced awareness about natural fibres and preference for silk fibres.

Silk fibres are mostly woven on handlooms, which are quite popular in the

domestic as well as export markets.

Availability & Varieties of Sericulture:

Sericulture is not an organized commercial activity as is the case of

mulberry. It is prevalent mainly amongst the tribals in hill districts. The

lower Brahmaputra Valley is the traditional home of eri spinners and

weavers, producing bulk of eri yarn and fabric. The eri cocoons are utilized

locally. In MizoramMuga culture is a new introduction.

Table 48.Various interventions suggested for Sericulture Development in

Champhai District are Presented (in lakhs)

Sl Name of Activity Unit 2010 - 11 2011 - 12 TOTAL

159

.

N

o

cost

(in

lakh)

Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 Castor Plantation with

start up tools

0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00

2 Cost of Rearing House 0.40 100 40.00 100 40.00

3 Assistance for

strengthening of

Eri Farm cum Grainage

800 - - 1 8.00

4 Establishment of Cocoon

godown

4.00 1 4.00 - -

5 Rearing appliances 0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00

6 Assistance for irrigation

and other water

conservation

0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00

7 Crop Protection and

disinfectant materials

0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00

8 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 1.9

9 Administrative cost 34.16 - 4.88 - 4.88

Sub Total 13.7

9

- 91.90 - 95.90

Mulberry Sector

1 Mulberry Plantation with

start up tools

0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5


3 Assistance for

strengthening of

Mulberry Farm cum

Grainage

10.00 - - 1 10.00


godown

5.00 - - 1 5.00

160



and other water

conservation

0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5



0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 1200 84

8 Construction of Chawki

Rearing Centre

3.5 1 3.5 1 3.5 7 24.5

9 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 2.85 14 22.8

1

0

Administrative cost 20.29 - 3.00 - 3.00

Sub Total 92.4 150.35 6026 990.30

161

5.6 SOIL AND WATER STATUS AND PROPOSED STRATEGIES

5.6 Surface runoff and resulting soil erosion are the principal means by which

fertilizers,

sediment, and pesticide residues reach surface waters. Infiltration of ponded

runoff through permeable soils can move nitrogen and pesticide residues

into ground water.

Controlling water flow through and out of your vineyard will greatly reduce

transport of contaminants off site, and will preserve your vineyard‟s

productivity. Three proven

methods of reducing runoff and erosion are to divert excess water around

your vineyard, slow runoff out of your vineyard, and provide ground covers

that break the force of raindrops before they reach the soil. Soil erosion

involves movement of soil particles from one area to another. In arid areas,

disturbed soil is often moved by wind. In our

region, however, water movement is the prime force behind soil erosion. Soil

engineers recognize two types of soil erosion. Gully erosion involves the

mass movement of soil from an area of concentrated flow, often following

heavy rainfall. Gullies expand rapidly and are highly visible. Sheet and rill

erosion, as the name implies, involves more subtle loss of soil across an

entire area. It is more constant, but harder to spot, since it involves

movement of an imperceptibly small layer of soil. Runoff and soil erosion

impacts surface water quality directly through deposition of sediments in

waterways,

streams, lakes and estuaries. It is also the principal means by which

fertilizers and pesticides (particularly herbicides)applied to a vineyard move

offsite, as they are

often attached to soil particles. Soil erosion also limits the productivity of

vineyards. In almost any older vineyard in New York, one can find eroded

knolls where subsoil layers

162

are exposed, and swales or depressions with deep deposits of sediment.

Much of this erosion can be traced to clean tillage and frequent disking

practiced in Finger Lakes and

Lake Erie hillside vineyards from the mid-1800s through the early 80s, and

more recently on Long Island. This soil movement complicates vineyard

management and

leads to more variability in vine size and performance. On Long Island,

runoff accumulates in low areas of vineyards, where it can slowly infiltrate

into groundwater.

For these reasons, soil conservation practices that control water movement

both into and out of vineyards, and limit the force of rainfall hitting the soil

are the best means

for maintaining sustainable production and avoiding offsite movement of

pesticides and fertilizers.

Understanding Erosion. Topography, soil characteristics, rainfall, and

ground cover determine the annual rate of soil erosion. Soil conservation

professionals use a tool

called the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) to estimate annual

rates of soil erosion on a particular site. This equation predicts an annual

rate of soil loss (A) based

on several factors that influence erosion. These factors are:

• Rainfall. The amount and intensity of rainfall in a given climate influences

the amount of runoff and leaching.

• Soil type. Soils differ in their „erosivity‟ or „erodability‟based on

composition, soil particle sizes, and reaction to freeze/thaw cycles.

• Slope Length. The longer a slope is, the more area it drains and the more

water it carries.

• Slope steepness. Water runs faster and with more force down steeper

slopes than down shallow slopes.

• Crop Factor. The type and sequence of crops grown affects erosion. For

example, continuous corn would be more prone to soil loss than corn

planted in rotation

163

with alfalfa and small grains. Perennial crops like grapes with less frequent

tillage and soil disturbance would have a lower crop factor than annually

seeded crops.

• Management Factor. This factor is used to account for different

management practices. For example, „notill‟ corn, where crop residues are

left on the surface would reduce erosion compared with corn grown with

clean tillage. Similarly, a vineyard with row

middles disked four times annually would be more prone to erosion than

one with permanent cover or straw mulch in row middles.

Soil conservation professionals use this as a planningtool to determine how

different management practices or structures would affect the annual soil

loss. For example,

installing diversions or terraces would reduce erosion by reducing the

effective slope length. The general goal is to reduce the annual estimated soil

erosion

(A) to less than the annual replacement or soil formation rate, generally

between 3 to 5 tons per acre per year. If that sounds like a lot, consider that

an acre foot of soil weighs about 2 million pounds, and that 5 T/acre/year

would amount to a layer about 0.03 inches thick.

Soil Conservation Practices Soil conservation practices prevent erosion and

maintain

clean water in three ways. First, diversion of water around vineyards keeps

water clean, because it doesn‟t wash over disturbed soil in the first place.

Filtering of water through soil (drainage systems) and ground covers

removes soil particles and other material suspended in water that passes

through vineyards. Finally, ground covers provide a protective barrier that

breaks the force of raindrops that could otherwise dislodge soil particles.

Key soil conservation practices used in vineyards are:

• Diversion Ditches. Diversion ditches are soil structures constructed at

intervals across the slope. They collect water from slopes and divert it into

natural drainage ways. They are seeded and gently graded, and slow the

water down to reduce its erosive force. They can reduce the amount of water

164

running through a vineyard by up to 80%. • Water and Sediment Control

Basins. Raising a berm across a gully with a subsurface outlet pipe

that discharges at the base of the slope will collect runoff, and stop erosion

by slowing down water and collecting the sediment.

• Buffer Strips. All vineyards require headlands and grassed areas around

their perimeters to allow machinery to turn around. These grassed areas

also protect natural drainageways by filtering surface water that leaves

vineyards before it gets to streams,

drainageways and depressions. Generally, about 40 feet of headland around

vineyards is adequate for a buffer strip.

• Drainage Tile. Subsurface drainage tile, commonly used in area vineyards,

also helps protect water quality in two ways. Drainage tile reduces surface

runoff that would otherwise occur when soils become saturated with water.

It also allows water to be filtered through the soil, which removes many

contaminants that would be present in surface runoff.

• Vineyard Layout. Planting vineyards so that the rows run across the slope

rather than up and down the slope can reduce erosion by up to 50 percent.

This practice is common, because most slopes surrounding the Finger Lakes

face east or west. Planting across the slope allows vineyard rows to be

oriented north

and south, which allows for maximum sunlight

interception as well as soil conservation.

Table 49. Soil Treatment under Champhai District Soil &

Water Conservation

Sl.

No

Type of Soil/

Nature of Soil

Area in

Ha

Area

Affected

Area in Ha.

Treatment

Required

Strategy Financial Requirement Amount (in Lakhs)

2010-11 2011-12

1 Acidic Soil 318583 318583 69000 Liming 490.00 490.00

2 Waste Land/

Degraded Land 8000 8000 4000

Plantation/trenching,et

c. 57.00 57.00

3 Land slide prone area 2000 2000 1000 Plantation/Engineerin 36.00 36.00

165

g measures.

Total 583.00 583.00

Tables 50. Soil & Moisture Conservation Activities

Sl.

No

Types of Activities Area in

Ha

Unit Cost No of Units Financial

Requirement

Amount (in Lakhs)

1 Terrace farming (25-35%

Slope) 56943 125000.00 42700 53375.00

2 Contour Bunding (less

than 20%slope 12513 50000.00 1250 625.50

3 Channellizing 12513 50000.00 7500 3750.00

4 Social Forestry (15% ) 46500 5000.00 4650 23.25

5 Check wall Construction 1000 1.50 250 375.00

6 Cash Crop Plantation

a).Rubber:

b) Broom 2000 1.10 2000 2200.00

c) Coffee 500 1.00 500 500.00

166

Table 51. Water Conservation

Sl.N

o

Type of Activity Nos of Units Unit Cost

(in lakh)

Financial Requirement

Amount (in Lakhs)

1 Farm Ponds (1unit for 5ha.) 2500 150000.00 3750.00

2 Check Dam (10%) 6900 25000.00 1725.00

3 Feeder Channnel 12500 15000.00 1875.00

4 Canal 2500 150000.00 3750.00

5 Water Storage (1unit for

2ha.) 28000 50000.00 14000.00

167

Table 52. NETWORK OF DISTRICT AND BELOW LEVEL OFFICES (As on October 2010)

Sl.No Post by Designation Sanctioned Post (No.)

Person in Post (No.)

Vacant Post (No.)

1 District Sericulture Officer - - Under process

2 Sericulture Promotion Officer

1 1 2

3 Sericulture Extension Officer 4 1 3

4 Farm manager 4 3 1

5 Sericulture Demonstrator 10 6 4

6 Sericulture Rearer 10 3 7

7 LDC/UDC 2 1 1

8 IV Grade/Labour 7 7 NIL

168

CHAPTER – 6. DISTRICT PLAN

a. Proposed Strategies, Physical and Financial targets for Agriculture

(Champhai District)

Sl.

No

Proposed

Strategy

Activities Unit cost in Rs

2010-11 2011-12

1 Enhancing seed

replacement rate

Production incentive for HYV

paddy seeds

- - - - -

Distribution of certified seeds of

paddy

1500/q 100 / 45 67,500 150 / 68 1,01,250

Distribution of certified pulse

seeds

4,500/q 50 / 38 1,71,000 50 / 38 1,71,000

Production incentives for certified

pulse seeds

- - - - -

Distribution of certyified oilseeds 3,000/q 50 / 8 24,000 50 / 8 24,000

2

Transfer of

technology

through crop

demonstration

Mixed cropping demonstration

with Maize

5,000/h 20 1,00,000 20 1,00,000

Mixed cropping demonstration

with Maize

-

Intercropping demonstration of

Arhar based crops

5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000

Intercropping demonstration of

Maize based

crop

5,000/h 20 1,00,000 20 1,00,000

Demonstration of oilseeds 4,000/h 50 2,00,000 50 2,00,000

Demonstration on pulse 4,000/h 50 2,00,000 50 2,00,000

SRI method of paddy

demonstration

7,500/h 100 7,50,000 150 11,25,000

Hybrid rice demonstration 3,000/h 100 3,00,000 150 4,50,000

Farmers Field School (rice,

sugarcane, pulses, oilseeds)

17,000 12 2,04,000 12 2,04,000

Varietals demonstration on pulses 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000

169

Varietals demonstration on Oil

seeds

5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000

Varietals demonstration on Maize 5,000/h 10 50,000 10 50,000

Promotion SRI Village - - - - -

3

Integrated

Nutrient

Management

(FFS)

INM demonstration in rice 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000

INM demonstration on sugarcane 17,000/h 5 85,000 5 85,000

INM demonstration on Oilseed 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000

Supply of micronutrients 1,000/h 100 1,00,000 100 1,00,000

Liming of acid soils 1,000/h 1,000 10,00,000 1,000 10,00,000

4

Integrated Pest

management(FFS

)

IPM demonstrations on rice 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,000


Oilseeeds

17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000

IPM demonstrations on Rabi Pulse 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,000

IPM demonstrations on Kharif

Pulse

17.000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000

IPM demonstrations on Khafir

Oilseeeds

17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000

IPM demonstrations on Sugarcane 17,000/h 10 1,70,000 10 1,70,000

IPM demonstrations on Maize 17,000/h 50 8,50,000 50 8,50,000

Supply of biopesticides for

rice,pulse and Oilseeds

1,000/h 400 4,00,000 400 4,00,000

5 Promotion of

Organic Farming

Establishment of Vermi-hatchery

at Block Level

1,50,000 5 7,50,000 5 7,50,000

Demonstration on compost pit 5,000 50 2,50,000 50 2,50,000

Establishment of Vermi-compost

units

15,000 20 3,00,000 20 3,00,000

6 Farm

Mechanisation

Subsidized sale of power tillers 56,250 40 22,50,000 40 22,50,000

Subsidy on rotavator @ 50% 25,000 10 2,50,000 10 2,50,000

Subsidised sale of power thresher

@ 50%

24,000 3 72,000 3 72,000

Subsidised sale of post hole digger

@ 50%

25,000 5 1,25,000 5 1,25,000

Subsidised sale of bullock 5,000 10 50,000 10 50,000

170

drawn/manual operated

implements @ 50%

Subsidised sale of diesel pump

sets @ 50%

10,000 20 2,00,000 20 2,00,000

Subsidised sale of sprayers @

50%

1,600 50 80,000 50 80,000

Harrow @ 50% 20,000 10 2,00,000 - -

Power thresher @ 50 % 24,000 5 1,20,000 - -

Reaper @ 50% 80,000 3 2,40,000 - -

Cono Weeder @ 50% 3,000 200 6,00,000 200 6,00,000

Zero till seed cum Fert.Drill @

50%

25,000 5 1,25,000 - -

Potato Planter @ 50% 30,000 5 1,50,000 - -

Raised Bed Planter @ 50% 25,000 50 12,50,000 - -

Assistance for boring of Tube

Wells

24,000 50 12,00,000 50 12,00,000

7 Infrastructure

Development

Establishment of bio control

laboratory

- - - - -


storage at Sub-Division HQ

3,00,00,000 - - 1 3,00,00,000

Construction of Farmers hostel

and chowkider quarter at

Departmental land at District HQ

1,00,00,000 1 1,00,00,000 - -

Construction of storage godown at

District HQ and Sub-Division HQ

30,00,000 - - 1 30,00,000

8 Technology

Transfer

Training of farmers groups on


10,000 / 50 farmers/3 days 30 3,00,000 30 3,00,000


extension functionaries on crop

production technology at District

level

20,000 / 30/3 days 3 60,000 3 60,000

Exposure visit of farmers within

the state

30,000/20 farmers 10 3,00,000 10 3,00,000

171

Exposure visit of farmers outside

the state

50,000/10 farmers 10 5,00,000 10 5,00,000

9

Support to State

Seed farm (Seed

Production Farm)

Procurement of farm inputs - - - - -

Machinery and equipment - - - - -

Development of Farm

Infrastructure

- - - - -

10 Innovative

Programme

Block Level Farmers meet 2,00,000 4 8,00,000 4 8,00,000

District Level Exhibition Show 4,00,000 1 4,00,000 1 4,00,000

Sl. No.

Proposed strategy

Activities Unit cost

in Rs. In lakh

2015 - 2016 2016 - 2017

2010-11 2011-12

Phy. Fin. Phy. Fin.

1 Promotion of Nursery

Model Nursery in Public Sector

25.00 1 25.00 1 25.00 25.00 1 25.00

Model Nursery in Private Sector

10.00 2 20.00 2 20.00 20.00 2 20.00

Small Nursery in Private Sector (No.)

3.00 4 12.00 4 12.00 12.00 4 12.00

2 Esyablishment of New Garden

Banana (Ha.) Sucker

1st Year Maintenance of Banana

0.075 100 7.50 100 7.50 7.50 100 7.50

3 Floriculture Rose (Small & Marginal farmer (Ha.))

0.525 10 5.25 10 5.25 5.25 10 5.25

Incentives of Floriculture Garden (No)

0.20 20 4.00 20 4.00 4.00 20 4.00

4 Seed Infrastructure Vegetable seed production 5.00 2 10.00 2 10.00 10.00 2 10.00

5

Integrated Nutrient Management/ Integrated Pest Management

A. Fruits

IPM on Banana cultivation 0.01 100 1.00 100 1.00 1.00 100 1.00

INM on Pineapple 0.01 200 2.00 200 2.00 2.00 200 2.00

INM on Yongchak 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Passion Fruits 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

IPM on Lime / Lemon 0.01 200 2.00 200 2.00 2.00 200 2.00

B. Vegetables Kharif

IPM on French Bean

0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

172

INM on Bhindi 0.01 100 1.00 100 1.00 1.00 100 1.00

INM on Brinjal 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

IPM on Cucurbit 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Ginger / Turmeric 0.01 400 4.00 400 4.00 4.00 400 4.00

INM on Chillies 0.01 200 2.00 200 2.00 2.00 200 2.00

C. Vegetables Rabi

IPM on Pea 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

IPM on Cabbage 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Cauliflower

0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Potato

0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Radish 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Knolkhol 0.01 50 0.50 50 0.50 0.50 50 0.50

INM on Tomato

0.01 100 1.00 100 1.00 1.00 100 1.00

6 Protected Cultivation Green House (SF & MF). Sq.m 0.00125 10000 12.50 10000 12.50 12.50 10000 12.50

Green House (Other farmer)/

Sq.m 0.00325 5000 16.30 5000 16.30 16.30 5000 16.30

Shade net / Sq.m 0.00014 100000 14.00 100000 14.00 14.00 100000 14.00

Mulching/ Sq.m 0.00014 50000 7.00 50000 7.00 7.00 50000 7.00

7 Promotion and Popularisation of Organic farming

Construction of compost pit 0.025 500 12.50 500 12.50 12.50 500 12.50


Composts units-Big (No) 0.60 10 6.00 10 6.00 6.00 10 6.00


Compost units-small (no) 0.30 20 6.00 20 6.00 6.00 20 6.00

Demonstration of Organic

Farming 0.20 20 4.00 20 4.00 4.00 20 4.00

8 Popularization on of

organic Fertilizers

Demonstation on use of Rich

Reuter “AA” 0.20 10 2.00 10 2.00 2.00 10 2.00

Rich Field Fertilizer (13:40:13) 0.20 10 2.00 10 2.00 2.00 10 2.00



9 Watershed Water shade Development 25.00 1 25.00 1 25.00 25.00 1 25.00

10 Human Resource

Development


extension functionaries on crop

production technology at

District Level.@1500/No.

0.015 50 0.80 50 0.80 0.80 50 0.80

173

Exposure visit outside the State

on IPM / INM, Plantation, Plant

Health Management @2500/No. 0.025 50 1.25 50 1.25 1.25 50 1.25

Exposure visit inside the state

@1500/no. 0.015 50 0.80 50 0.80 0.80 50 0.80

Training of Entrepreneurs @

2500/no. 0.025 50 1.25 50 1.25 1.25 50 1.25

Exposure Visits of Farmers

inside the State @1500/no. 0.015 100 1.60 100 1.60 1.60 100 1.60

11 Creation of Water

Resources

Construction of community

Tanks @10Ha./unit 17.25 5 86.30 5 86.30 86.30 5 86.30

12 Farm Mechanization Subsidized sale of power tillers 0.75 10 7.50 10 7.50 7.50 10 7.50

Subsidized sale of pump sets @

50% 0.09 20 1.80 20 1.80 1.80 20 1.80

Subsidized sale of sprayers @

50 % 0.01 200 2.00 200 2.00 2.00 200 2.00

13 Post harvest

Infrastructure

Development


storages at Block Level 175.00 1 175.00

Construction of storage of

godown at Block Headquaters 20.00 1 20.00 1 20.00 20.00 1 20.00

14 Establishment of

Marketing

Infrastructure

Functional Infrastructure for

Collection & grading (no) 50.00 1 50.00

15 Technology transfer Training of farmer groups on


@2500/no 0.025 100 2.50 100 2.50 2.50 100 2.50

Training of farmers on the use

of Organic Fertilizers @1500/no 0.015 100 1.50 100 1.50 1.50 100 1.50

Training of farmers on INM

@150/no 0.015 100 1.50 100 1.50 1.50 100 1.50

Training of Farmers on IPM

@1500/no 0.015 100 1.50 100 1.50 1.50 100 1.50

Training of Farmers on Post

Harvest Technology on

important horticultural crops @

1500/no

0.015 100 1.50 100 1.50 1.50 100 1.50

Exposure visit of farmers within

the state @2500/no. 0.025 100 2.50 100 2.50 2.50 100 2.50


outside the state @5000/no. 0.050 50 2.50 50 2.50 2.50 50 2.50

Conducting field trials in new

crop varieties / new practices 0.050 50 2.50 50 2.50 2.50 50 2.50

16 Innovative Low Cost Potato Storage 1.50 2 3.00 2 3.00

17 Programme Structure 1.50 1 1.00 1 1.00 1.00 1 1.00

District Level Show/Unit 1.50 1 1.50 1 1.50 1.50 1 1.50

174

b Proposed Strategy for Animal Husbandry & Veterinary.

Sl.

No

Interventions Unit cost Rs.

2010-11 2011-12

1 Animal Health Phy Fin Rs in

Lakh

Phy Fin Rs in Lakh

i) Distribution of Vety. Aid Kids Rs50000 training 4 2 lac 4 2 lac

ii) Cosnt. Of vety. Disp. Rs20Lakh/Dispensary 3 60 4 120

Cattle and Buffalo Dev.

(a)Milk cow induction cow/heifer expected give 10 lit. of milk per day

Rs 40000/cow 60 24 20 8

2 F0R DAIRY PLANT AT CHAMPHAI

(b) Purchase of 75 Kva Generator, (c) Purchase of Polyfilm,

(d) Preparation of Efffluent treatment Plant.

(e) Feed Subsidy to Dairy Farmers

1 no 150/kg

Rs 3 /kg

1 12.33mt

1

12

10 18.50

10

36

12

36

Piggery development

3 Distribution of 5 piglets

(4female +1 male) of age group 3-4 month.

Rs 3000/piglet 30 4.5 30 4.5

Poultry Development

Backyard Poultry scheme

Distribution of 40 grown up low input technology birds

Rs 350/bird 50 7 40 5.6

Construction of Chick rearing unit with procurement of poultry appliance in the district

Head Office

1 40

4 Distribution of 50 Khaki

Campbel day old ducklings a long with feed and other appliance

Other Livestock Development

(i)Incentives toPony/Breeders/Farmers

(ii)Incentives toMithun Breeders

10000/beneficiary 30000/beneficiary

20 50

2 1.5

25 50

2.5 1.5

ii) Incentive to the farmers

175

under Goatry Dev. Progr. (4

doest and 1 buck)

5000/beneficiary 10 0.5 10 0.5

Feed and fodder Dev.

i) New Construction of District feed mixing plant at Champhai

- - 1 600

5 ii) Incentive for growing fodder @ Rs, 5000/-beneficiary in terms of

seed/fertilizer/fending/ ploughing charges

100

5

100

5

Extension, Education & Training

i) Organisation of farmers training programme @ Rs, 30000/-each.

10 3 10 3

Assistant to Animal Husbandry Co-operation/Local bodies ( 20

Primary Soocieties)

100000/ Primary Farming Societies

10 10 5 5

c. The interventions are suggested for promotion of fishery in the District are presented. Physical and

Financial targets for the current plan

Sl.

No Interventions

Unit cost

in (Rs.in

lakh)

2010-2011 2011-2012 Total

Phys

-ical

Finan

cial

Phys

-ical

Fina

ncial

Phys

-ical

Financi

al

1. Hatchery with

production

capacity of 7-8

million

fry/annually

16.00

lakhs NIL NIL NIL NIL

2. FFDA/NFDB

new pond of

1ha.WSA

4.00

lakhs per

ha

20

ha 20.00

20

ha

20.0

0

176

3. Renovation of

existing pond

1ha.WSA

0.75/ha 25

ha 4.70

25

ha 4.70

4. Development of

integrated Fish

Farming

1ha.WA

0.80/ha 25

ha 5.00

25

ha 5.00

5. Training of Fish

Farmers for

FFDA Scheme

0.015

per

farmer

240

nos 3.60

240

nos 3.60

d. Various interventions suggested for Sericulture Development in

Champhai District are Presented (in lakhs)

Sl

.

N

o

Name of Activity

Unit

cost

(in

lakh)

2010 - 11 2011 - 12 TOTAL

Phy Fin Phy Fin Phy Fin

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 Castor Plantation with

start up tools

0.15 100 15.00 100 15.00


3 Assistance for

strengthening of

Eri Farm cum Grainage

800 - - 1 8.00


godown

4.00 1 4.00 - -



and other water

conservation

0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00



0.07 100 7.00 100 7.00

8 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 1.9

177

9 Administrative cost 34.16 - 4.88 - 4.88

Sub Total 13.7

9

- 91.90 - 95.90

Mulberry Sector

1 Mulberry Plantation with

start up tools

0.15 100 15.00 150 22.5


3 Assistance for

strengthening of

Mulberry Farm cum

Grainage

10.00 - - 1 10.00


godown

5.00 - - 1 5.00



and other water

conservation

0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5



0.07 100 7.00 150 10.5 1200 84

8 Construction of Chawki

Rearing Centre

3.5 1 3.5 1 3.5 7 24.5

9 Capacity building 0.95 2 1.9 2 2.85 14 22.8

1

0

Administrative cost 20.29 - 3.00 - 3.00

Sub Total 92.4 150.35 6026 990.30

178

e. Soil Treatment under Champhai District Soil & Water

Conservation

Sl.

No

Type of Soil/

Nature of Soil

Area in

Ha

Area

Affected

Area in Ha.

Treatment

Required

Strategy Financial Requirement Amount (in Lakhs)

2010-11 2011-12

1 Acidic Soil 318583 318583 69000 Liming 490.00 490.00

2 Waste Land/

Degraded Land 8000 8000 4000

Plantation/trenching,et

c. 57.00 57.00

3 Land slide prone area

2000 2000 1000

Plantation/Engineerin

g measures. 36.00 36.00

Total 583.00 583.00

f. Soil & Moisture Conservation Activities

Sl.

No

Types of Activities Area in

Ha

Unit Cost No of Units Financial

Requirement

Amount (in Lakhs)

1 Terrace farming (25-35%

Slope) 56943 125000.00 42700 53375.00

2 Contour Bunding (less

than 20%slope 12513 50000.00 1250 625.50

3 Channellizing 12513 50000.00 7500 3750.00

4 Social Forestry (15% ) 46500 5000.00 4650 23.25

179

5 Check wall Construction 1000 1.50 250 375.00

6 Cash Crop Plantation

a).Rubber:

b) Broom 2000 1.10 2000 2200.00

c) Coffee 500 1.00 500 500.00

g. Water Conservation

Sl.N

o

Type of Activity Nos of Units Unit Cost

(in lakh)

Financial Requirement

Amount (in Lakhs)

1 Farm Ponds (1unit for 5ha.) 2500 150000.00 3750.00

2 Check Dam (10%) 6900 25000.00 1725.00

3 Feeder Channnel 12500 15000.00 1875.00

4 Canal 2500 150000.00 3750.00

5 Water Storage (1unit for

2ha.) 28000 50000.00 14000.00

180

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