Compiled by R.REX...

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;

Compiled by R.REX CHRISTOPHER 1

jkpo; ,yf;fzk; ,yf;fzk; Ie;J tifg;gLk;. 1. vOj;jpyf;fzk; 2. nrhy;ypyf;fzk; 3. nghUspyf;fzk; 4. ahg;gpyf;fzk; 5. mzpapyf;fzk;

1. vOj;jpyf;fzk;

vOj;Jfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. 1. KjnyOj;Jfs; 2. rhh;ngOj;Jfs;

KjnyOj;Jfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk;

1. capnuOj;Jfs; 2. nka;naOj;Jfs; capnuOj;Jfs; ,uz;L tifg;gLk; 1. Fw;nwOj;Jfs; (m> ,> c> v> x) 2. nel;nlOj;Jfs; (M><> C> V> I> X> xs) nka;naOj;Jfs; %d;W tifg;gLk; 1. ty;ypdk; (f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;) 2. nky;ypdk; (q;> Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;) 3. ,ilapdk; (a;> h;> y;> t;> o;> s;) Ma;j vOj;J - Kg;Gs;sp> Kg;ghw;Gs;sp> jdpepiy> Kw;wha;jk;

rhh;ngOj;Jfs; rhh;ngOj;Jfs; gj;J tifg;gLk; 1. caph;nka; 2. Ma;jk; 3. capusngil 4. xw;wsngil 5. Fw;wpaYfuk; 6. Fw;wpaypfuk; 7. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; 8. xsfhuf;FWf;fk; 9. kfuf;FWf;fk; 10. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; msngil nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;NghJ xU nrhy;ypd; KjypYk;> ,ilapYk;> ,WjpapYk; epw;Fk; nel;nlOj;Jfs; VOk; jkf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiuapypUe;J ePz;l xypg;gNj msngil vdg;gLk;.

msT =khj;jpiu. vil= vLj;jy; vd;gJ nghUs;. vOj;jpdJ khj;jpiu mstpy; ePl;b xypj;jy;. khj;jpiu msT caph;f;Fwpy;> caph;nka;f; Fwpy; - xd;W caph;neby;> caph;nka; neby; - ,uz;L nka;> Ma;jk; - ,iu capusngil - %d;W xw;wsngil – xd;W

msngil ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. 1. capusngil 2. xw;wsngil capusngil nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk;NghJ me;j xiria epiwT nra;a caph;nel;nlOj;Jfs; VOk; msngLf;Fk;. ,t;thW msngLf;Fk;NghJ mtw;wpw;F ,dkhd Fwpy; vOj;Jfs; gf;fj;jpy; tUk;. Ifhuj;jpw;F ,fuKk; xsfhuj;jpw;F cfuKk; ,dntOj;jhf tUk; capusngil %d;W tifg;gLk;.

1. nra;Aspir msngil (,ir epiwasngil) 2. ,d;dpir msngil 3. nrhy;ypir msngil

nra;Aspir msngil (,ir epiwasngil) nra;Aspy; Xir FiwAk; ,lj;jpy; me;j xiria epiwT nra;a nkhopapd; KjypYk;> ,ilapYk;> ,WjpapYk; epd;w caph; neby; vOj;Jfs; VOk; jkf;F ,dkhfpa Fwpy; vOj;Jfisg; ngw;W chpa khj;jpiuapypUe;J kpFe;J xypf;Fk;. ,JNt nra;Aspir msngil vdg;gLk;. (v.fh) nflhm> tplhmh; coh mh;> glh mh;> njh*ck;>J}c> j&ck;>MmJk;>Xxjy;> njhohms;> cwhmik> ngwhm ,d;dpir msngil nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ,dpa xir jUtjw;fhf Fwpy; nebyhf khwp msngLg;gJ ,d;dpir msngilahFk;. (v.fh) nfLg;gJ}ck;> vLg;gJ}ck;> cs;sJ}ck;> mjdpD}cq;F nrhy;ypir msngil nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwahj ,lj;jpYk; ngah;r;nrhy; tpidnar;rg; nghUs; jUk; nghUl;L msngLg;gj nrhy;ypir msngilahFk;. (v.fh) eir,> FbjoP,> mbjoP,> (joP – jOTjy; vd;gJ nghUs;) jOTjy; vd;Dk; njhopw;ngah;r; nrhy; joP, (jOtp) vd tpidnar;rr; nrhy;yhf msngLj;jjhy; ,J nrhy;ypir msngil NkYk; rpy v.fh: mis,> epiy,a> nroP,a> nga;jphP,> ,hP,> fbdKwP,. xw;wsngil nra;Aspy; Xir Fiwe;jhy; nka;naOj;JfSk; msngLf;Fk; ,J xw;wsngilahFk;. (v.fh) vq;q;fpiwtDs ndd;gha;> nt//Fthh;f;fpy;iy tPL> muq;q;fk;> kQ;Q;R ,t;thW q;>Q;> z;> e;> k;> d;> t;> a;. y;> s; Mfpa gj;J nka;Ak; / vd;w Ma;j vOj;J xd;Wk; Mf gjpNdhh; vOj;JfSk; xU Fwpiy mLj;Jk; ,U Fwpy;fis mLj;Jk; nra;Aspy; ,dpa Xir Ntz;b msngLf;Fk;. ,t;thW msngLg;gNj xw;wsngil MFk;. Fw;wpaYfuk;

Fw;wpaYfuk; = FWik + ,ay; + cfuk; (F> R> L> J> G> W) xU khj;jpiuasT xypf;f Ntz;ba cfuk; miu khj;jpiuasthff; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ Fw;wpaYfukhFk;. jdp nebYlNdh> gy vOj;Jf;fisj; njhlh;e;Njh nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; ty;ypd nka;Nahl Nrh;e;J tUk; cfuk; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J miu khj;jpiuasNt xypf;Fk;. ,jidNa Fw;wpaYfuk; vd;gh;. gR – fhR> gL – ghL> mJ – ge;J Nkw;fz;l nrhw;fspy; gR> gL> mJ Nghd;w nrhw;fs; ,jo; Ftpj;J ed;F xypf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F F>R> L> J Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fSf;F xU khj;jpiu msT. Mdhy; fhR> ghL> ge;J Nghd;w nrhw;fspy; R> L> J Nghd;w vOj;Jf;fspd; cfuk; Fiwe;J xypf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,JNt Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. ,q;F R> L> J> Mfpa vOj;Jf;fs; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwe;J miu khj;jpiuahf xypf;fpwJ.

1. jdp xu Fw;nwOj;ij mLj;J tUk; cfu vOj;Jf;fs; jdf;Fhpa (v.fh) mJ> gR> gL> ngW.

2. nrhy;Yf;F KjypYk;> ,ilapYk; tUk; „cfuk;‟ jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpy; Fiwe;J xypf;fhJ.

3. nrhy;Yf;F ,Wjpapy; tUk; ty;ypd nka;fis (f;> r;> l;> j;> g;> w;) Ch;e;j cfuk; (F> R> L>J> G> W) kl;LNk jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpy; Fiwe;J

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


miu khj;jpiuahf xypf;Fk;. nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp vOj;jhf epw;Fk; Fw;wpaYfuj;jpd; Kd; cs;s vOj;ij Nehf;ff; Fw;wpaYfuk; MW tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

1. neby; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; jdp nebiyj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; nely; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. (jdp neby; vd;gJ caph; nebyhfTk;> caph;nka; nebyhfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;) (v.fh.) ghF> fhR> NjhL> fhJ> NrhW 2. Ma;jj; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; Ma;j vOj;ijj; njhlh;;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; caph;j; njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. (v.fh) v/F> m/J> f/R 3. caph;j;njhlh; Fw;wpaYfuk; capnuOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; caph;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. (v.fh) moF> KuR> gz;ghl> vUJ> kuG> ghyhW ,r;nrhw;fspy; ty;ypd nka;fis Ch;e;J te;j cfuk;

(F> R> L> J> G> W) capnuOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J (o= o; + m> u

= h;+ m> gh= g; +M> U= h;+ c> yh = y;+M)<w;wpy; mike;J Fiwe;J xypg;gjhy; Fw;wpaYfuk; Mapw;W. Fwpg;G: neby; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; mike;j nrhy; nebiy cila ,uz;L vOj;Jr; nrhy;yhf kl;LNk tUk;. 4.td;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; ty;ypd nka;naOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; td;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. (v.fh) ghf;F> jr;R> jl;L> gj;J> cg;G> Gw;W 5. nkd;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; nky;ypd nka;naOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; nkd;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. (v.fh) ghq;F> gQ;R> tz;L> ge;J> mk;G> fd;W 6.,ilj;njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; ,ilapd nka;naOj;ijj; njhlh;e;J tUk; Fw;wpaYfuk; ,ilj; njhlh;f; Fw;wpaYfuk; MFk;. (v.fh.) %o;F> nra;J> rhy;G> rhh;G Kw;wpaYfuk; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwahj cfuk; Kw;wpaYfuk; vdg;gLk;. 1. gF> gR> gL> mJ> jG> ngW - ,it jdpf;Fwpy; vOj;ij mLj;J tUk; ty;ypd cfuk; ngw;w Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;. 2. fhZ> cz;Z> cWK - ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s Z> K cfuq;fs; Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;. 3. vO> js;S> fjT - ,tw;wpd; <w;wpYs;s ,ilapd cfuq;fs; Kw;wpaYfuq;fs;. Fw;wpaypfuk;

FWik +,ay; +,fuk;= Fw;wpaypfuk; FWfpa XirAila ,fuk;. ,fuk; jdf;Fhpa xU khj;jpiu mstpy; ,Ue;J miu khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ Fw;wpaypfukhFk;.

tPL+ ahJ?= tPbahJ?

xU Fw;wpaYfur; nrhy;ypd; (tPL) Kd; „ah‟ vd;Dk; vOj;ij Kjyhf cila nrhy; (ahJ) te;J NrUk;NghJ> mf;Fw;wpaYfur; nrhy;ypd; ,Wjpapy; cs;s cfuk; ,fukhf

khWk;. (l;+,=b) (tPbahJ) ,JNt Fw;wpaypfuk; vdg;gLk;. ,jw;Ff; fhy msT miu khj;jpiu.

epiy nkhopapd; <w;nwOj;J Fw;wpaYfukhf ,Ue;J tUnkhopapd; KjnyOj;J afukhf ,Ue;jhy; mitapuz;Lk; GzUk;nghOJ epiynkhop <w;wpYs;s

Fw;wpaYfuk; ,fukhfj; jphpAk;. NkYk; „kpah‟ vd;Dk; mirr;nrhy; tUnkhopahf te;jhy; mjpy; cs;s ,fuKk; (k; , kp) xyp Fiwe;J Fw;wpaypfuk; MFk;.

nfhf;F+ahJ? = nfhf;fpahJ?

v/F+ ahJ? = v/fpahJ?

cyF+ ahJ? = cyfpahJ?

Nfs;+ kpah? = Nfz;kpah? Ifhuf; FWf;fk;

Ifhuk; + FWf;fk; =Ifhuf;FWf;fk; Ifhuk; jdf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiu mstpypUe;J Fiwe;J xd;wiu khj;jpiuahfTk;> xU khj;jpiuahfTk; xypg;gJ Ifhuf;FWf;fk; MFk;. I>it> ij Ifhuk; jdpj;J xypf;Fk;NghJ ,uz;L khj;jpiu msT xypf;fpd;wJ. Ifhuk; nkhopf;F Kjy;> ,il> fil Mfpa ,lq;fspy; tUk;nghOJ> nkhopf;F Kjypy; xd;wiu khj;jpiuasTk;>Vida ,lq;fspy; xU khj;jpiuasTk; xypf;Fk;. Ifhuk; ,t;thW Fiwe;J xypg;gNj Ifhuf; FWf;fk; MFk;.

Ie;J – Ifhuk; nkhopf;F Kjypy; - 11/2 khj;jpiu ,isQh; - Ifhuk; nkhopf;F ,ilapy; - 1 khj;jpiu gwit – Ifhuk; nkhopf;Ff; filapy; - 1 khj;jpiu xsfhuf; FWf;fk;

xsfhuk; +FWf;fk;= xsfhuf; FWf;fk; xsfhuk; jdf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiuapypUe;J Fiwe;J xd;wiu khj;jiuahfTk;> xU khj;jpiuahfTk; xypg;gJ xsfhuf; FWf;fk; MFk;. xsfhuk; jdpj;J xypf;Fk; NghJ kl;Lk; jdf;Fhpa ,uz;L khj;jpiu msT xypf;Fk;. nkhopf;F Kjypy; tUk;nghOJ xd;wiu khj;jpiu msNt xypf;Fk;. xsfhuk; nkhopf;F ,ilapYk;> filapYk; tuhJ. xsit – nkhopf;F Kjypy; xd;wiu khj;jpiu. kfuf; FWf;fk;

kfuk; +FWf;fk; = kfuf; FWf;fk;

„k;‟ vd;Dk; vOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ kfuf; FWf;fkhFk;. nra;Aspy; NghYk;> kUSk; Nghd;w nrhw;fspy; <w;way; vOj;JfspYs;s cfuq;fs; nfl;Lg; Nghy;k;> kUs;k; vd;whfpg; Nghd;k;> kUz;k;> vd;W jphpAk;. mt;thW jphpe;j dfu> zfuq;fspd; Kd; cs;s kfuk; miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiu msNt xypf;Fk;. jUk; tstd;> tUk; tz;b Mfpa njhlh;fspy; epiy nkhopaPw;wpy; kfuKk; tUnkhop Kjypy; tfuKk; cs;sd. ,JNghy; epiy nkhopaPw;wpy; kfuk; ,Ue;J tfu Kjy; nkhopNahL GzUk;NghJ epiynkhopaPw;wpYs;s kfuk; Fiwe;J fhy; khj;jpiuasNt xypf;Fk;. ,t;thW Fiwe;njhypf;Fk; FWf;fk; kfuf; FWf;fk; MFk;. Ma;jf; FWf;fk;

Ma;jk; +FWf;fk; =Ma;jf; FWf;fk; Ma;j vOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;j fhy; khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;njhypg;gJ Ma;jf; FWf;fkhFk;.

fy; +jPJ =f/wPJ

Ks; +jPJ =K/BJ

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


epiynkhopapy; jdpf;Fwpiyr; rhh;e;J tUk; yfu> sfu nka;fs; Kd;Nd> tUnkhop Kjypy; jfuk; te;jhy; yfuj;jpw;F Kd; tUk; jfuk; wfukhFk;. sfuj;jpw;F Kd; tUk; jfuk; lfukhFk;. mt;thW jphpe;J wfu> lfuq;fs; GzUk;NghJ epiynkhop <w;wpYs;s yfu> sfuq;fs; Ma;j vOj;jhfj; jphpAk;. ,t;thW jphpfpd;w Ma;j vOj;J jdf;Fhpa miu khj;jpiuapypUe;J fhy; khj;jpiuahff; Fiwe;J xypf;Fk;. ,jw;F Ma;jf; FWf;fk; vd;W ngah;.

2. nrhy;ypyf;fzk;

,yf;fz tifg;gb nrhw;fspd; ehd;F tiffs; 1. ngah;r;nrhy; (v.fh.) mg;gh> khefh;> kJiu 2. tpidr;nrhy; (v.fh.) te;jhd;> nrd;wd 3. ,ilr;nrhy; (v.fh.) ck;> I 4. chpr;nrhy; (v.fh.) kh> rhy ,yf;fpa tifg;gb nrhw;fspd; ehd;F tiffs; 1. ,aw;nrhy; 2. jphpnrhy; 3. jpirr;nrhy; 4. tlnrhy;

,aw;nrhy; - vy;NyhUf;Fk; nghUs; GhptJ (v.fh) jP> fhL> kuk;.

ngah; ,aw;nrhy;> tpid ,aw;nrhy; vd ,U tifg;gLk;

jphpnrhy; - fw;wth;fSf;F kl;Lk; nghUs; GhptJ (v.fh.) gPyp (kapy; Njhif)> cfph; (efk;)> nry; (Nkfk;).

ngah; jphpnrhy;> tpid jphpnrhy; vd ,U tifg;gLk;

jpirr;nrhy; - jkpo;ehl;ilr; #o;e;Js;s gpw gFjpfspy; ,Ue;J jkpopy; toq;fg;ngWk; nrhw;fs; (v.fh.) Nfzp> ngw;wk;

tlnrhy;- (v.fh.) fkyk;> tp\k;> G\;gk; %tif nkhopfs;:- 1. jdpnkhop 2. njhlh;nkhop 3. nghJnkhop tof;F (kuG): ek; Kd;Ndhh;fs; ve;nje;jg; nghUis ve;nje;jr; nrhw;fshy; toq;fpdhh;fNsh> mtw;iw mt;thNw ehKk;

toq;Fk; Kiw „tof;F‟. tof;F ,U tifg;gLk;: 1. ,ay;G tof;F 2. jFjp tof;F

1. ,ay;G tof;F xU nghUisr; Rl;Ltjw;F vr;nrhy; ,ay;ghf mike;jNjh> me;jg; nghUis me;jr; nrhy;yhy; toq;Fk; tof;F. v.fh. jkpo; ,dpikahd nkhop ,ay;G tof;F %d;W tifg;gLk;

1. ,yf;fzKilaJ 2. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp 3. k&c ,yf;fzKilaJ: ,yf;fz newpNahL toq;fp tUk;

nrhw;fs; „,yf;fz KilaJ‟ vdg;gLk;. v.fh. cyfk; Roy;fpwJ> ney; tpise;jJ ,yf;fzg;Nghyp: ,yf;fz newpf;Fg; nghUe;jhjhapUg;gpDk; mwpTilahh; njhd;W njhl;L toq;fp tUk; fhuzj;jhy; ,yf;fzKilait Nghd;W Vw;Wf;

nfhs;sg;gLk; nrhw;fs; „,yf;fzg;Nghyp‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. (v.fh)

,yf;fz tof;F ,yf;fzg; Nghyp ,y;tha; thapy; efh;g;Gwk; Gwefh; jir rij Nfhtpy; Nfhapy; ,y;Kd; Kd;wpy; kuEdp Edpkuk;

Gwcyh cyhg;Gwk;

k&c: ,yf;fzk; rpije;J> tbtk; khwp toq;fp tUk;

nrhw;fis mwpTilNahh; Vw;Wf;nfhz;Ls;sijNa „k&c‟ vd;W miof;fpd;Nwhk;. (v.fh)

,yf;fz tof;F kUtp toq;FtJ jQ;rht+h; jQ;ir Fk;gNfhzk; Fle;ij GJr;Nrhp GJit Nrho ehL NrhzhL ngah; Ngh; ve;ij vd; je;ij

2. jFjp tof;F xUthplk; NgRk;nghOJ NgRtjw;Fj; jFjpaw;w nrhw;fisr; nrhy;y Neh;e;jhy; mtw;iw kiwj;J NtW nrhw;fshy;

$WtJ „jFjp tof;F‟ vdg;gLk;.

jFjp tof;F %d;W tifg;gLk; 1. ,lf;fulf;fy; 2. kq;fyk; 3. F*cf; Fwp

,lf;fluf;fy;: nrhy;yj; jfhjr; nrhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;j nrhw;fshy; nghUisj; jfhjr; nrhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;j

nrhw;fshy; nghUisj; njhptpg;gJ „,lf;fulf;fy;‟ vdg;gLk;. (,lf;fh; - nrhy;yj; jfhjJ@ mlf;fy; - kiwj;Jf; $Wjy;)

v.fh. if fOtpdhd;> fhy; fOtp te;jhd;. ,it KiwNa cz;lgpd; vr;rpiyf; fOtpdhd;> kyk; fOtpdhd; vd;Dk; ,lh;g;ghlhd nghUisj; jUfpd;wd. MfNt mr;nrhw;fis ePf;fpj; jFe;j nrhw;fisr; nfhz;L

mjd; nghUs; toq;fg;gLtjhy; ,J „,lf;fulf;fy;‟ vdg;gLfpwJ. kq;fyk;: mkq;fykhd nrhy;iy kiwj;J kq;fykhd

nrhy;yhy; nghUis tpsf;FtJ „kq;fyk;‟ vdg;gLk;. v.fh. c.Nt. rhkpehj Iah; GfOlk;G mile;jhh;

mkq;fyk; kq;fyk; nrj;jhh; JQ;rpdhh; RLfhL ed;fhL fhuhL nts;shL nfhba eQ;Rilghk;G ey;y ghk;G Xiy jpUKfk; jhyp mWe;jJ jhyp ngUfpw;W

F*cf;Fwp: xU nghUSf;F ,ay;gha; mike;j ngaiu xopj;J> kw;wth; mwpahjgb jk; FOtpdh;f;F kl;Lk; nghUs; tpsq;FkhW milahsr; nrhy;yhy; xU FOtpdh;

toq;FtJ „F*cf; Fwp‟ vdg;gLk;. (F*c - $l;lk;> Fwp – milahsk;)

v.fh. nghw;nfhy;yh; nghd;idg; „gwp‟ vd;gh;.

ahidg; ghfh; Miliaf; „fhiu‟ vd;gh;.

Ntlh; fs;isr; „nrhy; tpsk;gp‟ vd;gh;.

tO epiy> toh epiy> tOtikjp

tOepiy: ,yf;fz Kiwf;F khwhfg; NgRtJk;> vOJtJk;> tO vdg;gLk; (tO – Fw;wk;) v.fh. ehd; ehis te;Njd;. Fapy; MLk; tO epiy VO tifg;gLk;. 1. jpiz tO : v.fh. Rkjp te;jJ 2. ghy; tO : v.fh. nry;tk; te;jhs; 3. ,l tO : v.fh. eP te;jhd; 4. fhy tO : v.fh. New;W tUthd; 5. tpdh tO : xU tpuiyf; fhl;br; rpwpNjh? nghpNjh? vd tpdTtJ tpdhtOthFk;

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


6. tpil tO : gl;Lf;Nfhl;ilf;F topahJ? vd;Dk; tpdhtpw;F

„nfhl;ilg; ghf;F fpNyh Ik;gJ &gha;‟ vd;W tpil $WtJ tpiltO. 7. kuG tO : Fapy; fj;Jk; vd;gJ kuG tO. toh epiy: ,yf;fzg; gpioapd;wpg; NgRtJk; vOJtJk; toh epiy vdg;gLk;. (toh epiy - ,yf;fzg; gpioaw;w Kiw> tO - gpio)

v.fh. ehd; ehis tUNtd; > Fapy; $Tk; toh epiy MW tifg;gLk;. mit 1. jpiztoh epiy 2. ghy; toh epiy 3. ,ltoh epiy 4. fhy toh epiy 5. tpdh toh epiy 6. tpil toh epiy tOtikjp: ,yf;fz Kiwapd;wp mike;jpUg;gpDk; xU fhuzk; fUjp ,yf;fzKilaijg; Nghy Vw;Wf; nfhs;tJ tOtikjpahFk;. (tO – Fw;wk; mikjp – Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy;)

v.fh. jha; jd; Foe;ijia „vd; fz;Nz! fz;kzpNa‟ vd;W ghuhl;L md;G fhuzkhf te;j tOtikjp MFk;.

tOtikjp gy tifg;gLk;. 1. jpiz tOtikjp : jpq;fSk; rhd;NwhUk; xg;gh;. 2. ghy; tOtikjp : je;ij jd; kfis thlh vd;W mioj;jy; 3. ,l tOtikjp : ,e;j fz;zd; xU ehSk; ngha; $w khl;lhd; 4. fhy tOtikjp : gpujkh; ehis nrd;id tUfpwhh;. 5. kuG tOtikjp : fj;Jk; FapNyhir vd;wd; fhjpy; tpo Ntz;Lk;.

njhfh epiyj; njhlh; 9 tif vOtha;j; njhlh; - fgpyd; te;jhd; tpspj; njhlh; - fjputh th tpidKw;Wj; njhlh; - fz;Nld; rPijia nganur;rj; njhlh; - tpOe;j kuk; tpidnar;rj; njhlh; - te;J Nghdhd; Ntw;Wikj; njhfh epiyj; njhlh; - tPl;ilf; fl;bdhd; ,ilr; nrhw;nwhlh; - kw;nwhd;W chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; - khKdpth; mLf;Fj; njhlh; - tho;f! tho;f!

3.nghUspyf;fzk; nghUs;Nfhs; xU nra;Aspy; cs;s rPh;fisNah> mbfisNah nghUs; czh;Tf;F Vw;wtifapy; mikj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Kiwiag; nghUs;Nfhs; (nghUs; nfhs;Sk;Kiw) vd toq;Fth;.

nghUs;Nfhs; vl;L tifg;gLk;.

1. Mw;WePh;g; nghUs;Nfhs;: ,ilawhJ nry;Yk; Mw;WePiug;Nghyg; ghlypd; nrhw;fs; Kd;gpd; khwhJ NeNu nrd;W nghUs;nfhs;tJ Mw;WePh;g; nghUs;NfhshFk;.

(v-L) nghwpthapy; Ie;jtpj;jhd; ngha;jPh; xOf;f newpepd;whh; ePLtho; thh;.

2. nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; : XubAs;s nrhw;fis> mijtUk; nghUSf;F Vw;g khw;wpf; $Wjy; nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd toq;fg;gLk;.

(v-L)mUsy;yJ ahnjdpy; nfhy;yhik Nfhwy; nghUsy;yJ mt;t+d; jpdy;.

mUs;ahnjdpy; nfhy;yhik@ mUsy;yJ ahnjdpy; caph;f;nfhiy vdg;nghUs; nfhs;tjhy; nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;. 3. epuy;epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs; : khwpkhwp ,Uf;fpd;w nrhw;fis thpirahf mikj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy;epiwg; nghUs;Nfhs;. (v-L) md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if gd;Gk; gaDk; mJ.

4. tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; (g+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs;) : tpy;ypd; ,UKidfisAk; ,izj;Jf; fl;Ljy;Nghyr; nra;Aspd; Kjypy; mike;Js;s nrhy;Yk;> ,Wjpapy; mike;Js;s nrhy;Yk; nghUs;glg; nghUj;JtJ tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;.

(v-L) neUey; csd;xUtd; ,d;wpy;iy vd;Dk; ngUik cilj;jpt; TyF.

cyF vd;Dk; ,Wjpr;nrhy; Kjy;nrhy;yhd; neUey; vd;gNjhL Nrh;j;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;tjhy; ,J g+l;Ltpy; nghUs;Nfhs;. 5. jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; : CQ;rypd; eLepd;w fapW Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; nrd;W tUtJNghyr; nra;Aspd; eLtpy; mike;jpUf;Fk; nrhy;> nra;Aspd; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; mike;jpUf;Fk; nrhw;fSld; nghUe;jpg; nghUisj; jUtJ jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs;.

jhk;G + ,ir = jhg;gpir – CQ;ry; fapW mirjy; Nghy.

(jhk;G = CQ;ry; fapW) (v-L),we;jhh; ,we;jhh; midah; rpdj;ijj;

Jwe;jhh; Jwe;jhh; Jiz.

,g;ghlypy; „rpdj;ij‟ vd;Dk; eLepd;w nrhy;iyr;> rpdj;ij cilath; (,we;jhh;) ,we;jhh; midah; vdTk;> rpdj;ijj; Jwe;jhh; (Jwe;jhh;) Qhdpah; Jiz vdTk; mikj;Jg; nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. 6. miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs; : ghk;G> Gw;wpy; jiyitj;J EioAk;NghJ> jiy NkyhfTk;> cly; mLj;Jk; nry;tJNghyr; nra;Aspd; ,WjpapypUe;J nrhw;fis vLj;J Kjypy; itj;Jf; $l;bg; nghUs; nfhs;tJ miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs;. (mis – Gw;W> ghg;G – ghk;G) 7. nfhz;L$l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; : nra;Aspd; gy mbfspYk; $wg;gl;Ls;s nrhw;fisg; nghUSf;F Vw;gf; $l;bg; nghUs;nfhs;tJ nfhz;L$l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;. (v-L)fl;bf; fUk;G frf;Fk; kpff;fdpe;j

vl;bf; fdpapdpf;Fk; vd;D}hpy; - gl;bAs fhis gbghy; fwf;FNk ey;ygR Ntis jtpuh JOk;.

Fwpg;G : nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;gJ mbNjhWk; cs;s nrhw;fis Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpf;nfhs;tJ. nfhz;L$l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs; vd;gJ mbfs; KOJk; cs;s nrhw;fis khw;wpg; nghUs;nfhs;tJ. 8. mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs; : nra;Aspd; vy;yh mbfisAk; Kd;gpd;dhf khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhz;lhYk; nghUSk; XirAk; rpijahky; tUtJ mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;.

(v-L)khwhf; fhjyh; kiykwe; jdNu Mwhf; fl;gdp tuyh dhNt Ntwh nkd;Njhs; tisnefp Ok;Nk $wha; Njhop ahd;thO khNw.

,g;ghlypy; cs;s mbfis Kd;gpd;dhf vg;gb khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhz;lhYk; nghUSk; XirAk; rpijahJ.

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


4.ahg;G ,yf;fzk;

nra;As; ,aw;Wk; Kiw gw;wpf; $Wk; ,yf;fzk;

(ahg;G – ahj;jy;> fl;Ljy;> nghUs; nghUe;jj; njhlUkhW nrhw;fis mikj;jy;> nra;Aisf; fl;Ljy;)

nra;As;> ghl;L> J}f;F> ftpij vd;gd xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fs;.

ahg;gpd; cWg;Gfs; MW 1. vOj;J 2. mir 3. rPh; 4. jis 5. mb 6. Njhil ,itfisr; nra;As; cWg;Gfs; vd;Wk; $Wth;.

“vOj;jir rPh;jis mbnjhil MWk;

nra;As; cWg;ngdr; nrg;gpdh; Gyth;”

vYk;G> jir> euk;G Kjypatw;why; fl;lg;ngw;wij ahf;if my;yJ clk;G vd;gj Nghy vOj;J> mir> rPh;> jis> mb> njhil Kjypatw;why; fl;lg;ngw;wJ ahg;G (nra;As;) vdg;ngw;wJ. ahg;G cWg;GfSf;fhd ngah;f;fhuzk;

vOjg;gLjypd; vOj;Nj@ mt;ntOj;J

mirj;jpir Nfhlypd; mirNa@ mirapiae;J

rPh;nfhs epw;wypw; rPNu@ rPhpuz;L

jl;L epw;wypd; jisNa@ mbapuz;L

njhLj;jy; Kjyhapd njhilNa@ mj;njhil

ghtp elj;jypw; ghNt@ ghnthj;J ,dkh elj;jypd; ,dnkdg; gLNk. (ahg;gUq;fyf; fhhpif – ciuNkw;nfhs; ghly;)

vOj;J

nra;Aspy; Fwpy;> neby;> nka;> Ma;jk; vd;Wk; vOj;Jf;fs; Kjd;ikahff; fUjg;gLk;.

Fwpypy; caph;f;FwpYk;> caph;nka;f;FwpYk; mlq;Fk;.

nebypy; caph;nebYk;> caph;nka; nebYk; mlq;Fk;.

nka; - xw;W vdTk; nrhy;yg;gLk;.

nra;Aspy; Ma;jk; nka;ahff; fUjg;gLk;. mir

xU nrhy; my;yJ rPiur; nrhy;Yk;NghJ (nrhy; vd;gJ ahg;gpyf;fzj;jpd; cWg;ghf tUk;nghOJ

„rPh;‟ vdg; ngah; ngWk;.) Fwpy;> neby;> xw;W vd;Dk; %tif vOj;Jfshy; mirf;fg;gLtJ mir vdg;gLk;.

mir rPUf;F cWg;ghf mikAk;.

„vOj;J ,irj;J mir Nfhlypd; mirNa‟ – fhf;ifg;ghbdpak;.

Neuir

Fwpy; jdpj;J tUjy; - f

FwpNyhL xw;nwOj;J (nka;naOj;J) Nrh;e;J tUjy; fy;

neby; jdpj;J tUjy; - fh

nebNyhL xw;W Nrh;e;J tUjy; - fhy;

Fwpy; jdpj;Jk;> FwpNyhL xw;wLj;Jk;> neby; jdpj;Jk; nebNyhL xw;wLj;Jk; te;jhy; NeuirahFk;.

epiu mir

,uz;L Fwpy;fs; ,ize;J tUjy; - gzp

,uz;L Fwpy;fSf;F mLj;J xw;nwLj;J tUjy; - mzpy;

FwpYk; nebYk; ,ize;J tUjy; - epyh

FwpYk; nebYk; xw;Wk; ,ize;J tUjy; - Gyhy;

,UFwpy;fs; ,ize;Jk;> xw;wLj;Jk;> Fwpy; neby; ,ize;Jk;> xw;wLj;Jk; te;jhy; epiuairahFk;.

mirfisg; gphpj;jgpd;> gphpf;fg;gl;l mirapy; xw;nwOj;Jfis ePf;fp vQ;rpa vOj;Jfis vz;zpg; ghh;f;f Ntz;Lk;. XnuOj;J ,Ue;jhy; Neuir vd;Wk;> ,uz;nlOj;J ,Ue;jhy; epiuair vd;Wk; Fwpj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.

rPh;

Xh; mir jdpahfNth> gy mirfs; Nrh;e;Njh Xh; xOq;Fglj; nra;As; mbfspy; miktJ rPh; vdg;gLk;. (rPh; - xOq;F) ,Utpj mirfSk;> jdpj;Jk;> ,ize;Jk; miktJ rPh; MFk;. rPh; nra;As; mbf;F cWg;ghf tUk;.

rPh; ehd;F tifg;gLk;

1. Xuirr;rPh; 2. <uirr;rPh; 3. %tirr; rPh; 4. ehyirr; rPh;

mir ,uz;L rPh;nfhs epw;wypd; rPNu – fhf;ifg; ghbdpak;

Xuirr;rPh;: ntz;ghtpd; <w;wpy; Neuir epiuairAs; VNjDk; xd;W jdpj;J epd;W rPuha; mikAk;. mit

„mirr;rPh;‟ vdg;gLk;. mtw;wpw;F tha;ghL ehs;. (Xuir – Neh;) kyh; (Xuir - epiu) vd;gdthk;.

nra;f nghUisr; nrWeh; nrUf;fWf;Fk; v/fjdpw; $hpaJ ,y;.

,y; - Neh; - ehs; (tha;ghL) mq;fzj;Js; cf;f mkpo;jw;why; jq;fzj;jh; my;yhh;Kd; Nfhl;b nfhsy;.

nfhsy; - epiu – kyh; (tha;g;ghL) ,t;thW ,yf;fz Kiwg;gb ntz;ghtpy; <w;wpy; xU NeuirNah> xU epiuairNah jdpj;J te;jhy; mtw;wpf;F KiwNa ehs;> kyh; vd tha;ghL Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;. ntz;ghtpd; <w;wpy; Neuir> epiuair jdpahf tUtj Nghd;W Neh;G> epiuG vd Fw;wpaYfu tha;ghl;Lr; rPh;fSk; miktJz;L.

fy;yhjhd; nrhw;fh KWjy; Kiyapuz;Lk; ,y;yhjhs; ngz;fhKw; ww;W

ww;/W – Neh; Neh; - Neh;G – fhR vd;W Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk; vz;Ztk; vd;gJ ,Of;F. ,Of;/F – epiu Neh; - epiuG – gpwg;G vd;W Fwpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Xuirr;rPhpy; epidtpw; nfhs;s Ntz;bait: Neh; - ehs; epiu - kyh; Neh; Neh; - Neh;G – fhR epiu Neh; - epiuG – gpwg;G

“ehs;kyh; fhR gpwg;ngDk; ehd;Fk; ntz;gh tPw;wpd; NktpLk;

rPNu” jpUf;Fwspy; <w;Wr;rPh; mikg;gpd; tpfpjk; ehs; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;by; 174 Fwl;ghf;fs; kyh; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;by; 665 Fwl;ghf;fs; fhR vd;Dk; tha;ghl;by; 200 Fwl;ghf;fs; gpwg;G vd;Dk; tha;ghl;by; 291 Fwl;ghf;fs;

<uirr;rPh; (4): Neh;> epiu vd;Dk; mirfs;> ,uz;buz;lhf ,ize;J tUk; rPh;fs; <uirr;rPh; MFk;.

mir tha;ghL Neh; Neh; Njkh - khr;rPh; epiu Neh; Gspkh - khr;rPh; Neh; epiu $tpsk; - tpsr;rPh; epiu epiu fUtpsk; - tpsr;rPh;

<uirr;rPh; ehd;Fk; Mrphpag;ghtpw;F chpad. ,it ,aw;rPh; vdTk;> Mrphpa chpr;rPh; vdTk; toq;fg;gLk;.

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


%tirr;rPh;: <uirr; rPh;fs; xt;nthd;wpd; ,WjpapYk; „Neh;‟

vd;Dk; miriar; Nrh;j;jhy; „Neh;‟<w;W %tifr; rPh;fs; ehd;F cz;lhFk;. <uir tha;ghLfspd; ,Wjpapy fha; vd;Dk; tha;ghL NrUk;.

v.fh.Neh; + Neh; + Neh; = Njkh+ fha; = Njkhq;fha; Neh; Neh; Neh; - Njkhq;fha; epiu Neh; Neh; - Gspkhq;fha; fha;r;rPh; - 4 Neh; epiu Neh; - $tpsq;fha; epiu epiu Neh; - fUtpsq;fha;

Nkw;$wpa ehd;Fk; „NehPw;W %tirr;rPh;‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;rPh;fs; ntz;ghTf;Fhpaitahjyhy;

„ntz;ghThpr;rPh;‟ vdTk; toq;fg;ngWk;.

<uirr;rPh;fs; xt;nthd;wpd; ,WjpapYk; „epiu‟ vd;Dk;

miriar; Nrh;j;jhy; „epiu‟<w;W %tirr; rPh;fs; ehd;F cz;lhFk;. <uir tha;ghLfspd; ,Wjpapy; fdp vd;Dk; tha;ghL NrUk;.

v.fh. Neh; + Neh;+ epiu – Njkh+ fdp = Njkhq;fdp Neh; Neh; epiu – Njkhq;fdp epiu Neh; epiu – Gspkhq;fdp Neh; epiu epiu - $tpsq;fdp fdpr;rPh; epiu epiu epiu – fUtpsq;fdp

,it ehd;Fk; „epiuaPw;W %tirr;rPh;‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. ,r;rPh;fs;

tQ;rpg;ghTf;Fhpajhy;>„tQ;rpAhpr;rPh;‟ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

“khtpd; Kd;dh; fha;fdp cz;lhapd;

ntz;gh tQ;rp Ahpr;rPh; MNk”

ehyirr;rPh;: %tirr;rPh; vl;Lld;> Neuir epiuairfisj; jdpj;jdpahf ,Wjpapy; Nrh;j;jhy; ehyirr;rPh; gjpdhW

fpilf;Fk;. ,jidg; „nghJr;rPh;‟ vd;Wk; toq;Fth;.

NehPw;Wg; nghJr;rPh;>„g+r;rPh;‟ vdTk;> epiuaPw;Wg; nghJr;rPh;

„epow;rPh;‟ vdTk; toq;fg;ngWk;. jis

rPh;fs; xd;Nwhnlhd;W fl;Lg;gl;L epw;Fk; epiy jis vdg;gLk;. (jis – fl;L)

epd;w rPhpd; <w;wirAk;> tUQ;rPhpd; KjyirAk; xd;wpAk; xd;whkYk; miktJ jis vdg;gLk;.

nra;As; mbfspy; xU rPhpd; ,Wjp mirAk; mLj;j rPhpd;

Kjy; mirAk; xd;wpAk; (Neh;+Neh;) (epiu+epiu)

xd;whkYk; (Neh;+epiu> epiu+Neh;) nra;ASf;F chpa Xir mikg;ghy; fl;lg;gLk;. ,t;thW ,uz;L rPh;fs; Xir mikg;ghy; fl;lg;gLtJ jis.

jis $Wk;nghOJ Kjy;rPh; ,Wjp mirapd; tha;ghl;NlhL mLj;j rPhpd; Kjy; miriar; Nrh;j;Jf; $w Ntz;Lk;.

VO tiffs; 1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis 2. epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis 3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis 4. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis 5. fypj;jis 6. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis 7. xd;wh tQ;rpj;jis 1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj; jis : (kh Kd; Neh; tUtJ)

epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL „kh‟ vd Kbe;J tUQ;rPhpd; Kjy; mir Neh; vdj; njhlq;FtJ Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis MFk;.

tq;/fk; jd;/ndhLk;

Neh; + Neh; Neh; + epiu (Njkh) kh Kd; Neh; te;j Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis

2. epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis(tps Kd; epiu tUtJ)

epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL „tpsk;‟ vd Kbe;J tUQ;rPhpd;

Kjy; mir „epiu‟ vdj; njhlq;Ftj epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis.

Jsp/nahsp tpsf;/fpd;

epiu+epiu epiu+Neh; (fUtpsk;) tps Kd; epiu te;j epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis. Nenuhd;whrphpaj; jisAk;> epiunahd;whrphpaj;jisAk; Mrphpag;ghTf;Fhpait.

“khKd; NeUk; tpsKd; epiuAk;

miktd Mrphp aj;jis ahNk”

3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis (kh Kd; epiuAk;> tps Kd; NeUk; tUtJ)

epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL „kh‟ vd Kbe;J tUQ;rPhpd; Kjy; mir epiu vdj; njhlq;FtJk;> epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp

tha;ghL „tpsk;‟ vd Kbe;J. tQ;rPhpd; Kjy; mir Neh; vdj; njhlq;FtJk; ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis MFk;.

C/idf; Fwpj;/j

Neh; + Neh; epiu + Neh; (Nj kh) kh Kd; epiu te;j ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis

ea/ndhL ed;/wp

epiu + epiu Neh; + Neh; (fUtpsk;) tps Kd; Neh; te;j ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis Mrphpaj;jisf;F khwhf ,Uf;Fk;.

“khKd; epiuAk; tpsKd; NeUk;

,iae;J tUtNj ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis”

4. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis

epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL „fha;‟ vd Kbe;J> tUQ;rPhpd;

Kjy; mir „Neh;‟ vdj; njhlq;FtJ ntz;rPh; ntz;lis MFk;.

mfo;/th/iuj; jhq;/Fk;

epiu + Neh; +Neh; Neh; + Neh; (Gspkhq;fha;) fha; Kd; Neh; te;j ntz;rPh; ntz;lis. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lisAk;> ntz;rPh; ntz;lisAk; ntz;ghtpw;Fhpait. ntz;ghtpy; ,itad;wp NtW jisfs; tuh. 5. fypj;jis (fha; Kd; epiu tUtJ)

epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL „fha;‟ vd Kbe;J tUQ;rPhpd; Kjy; mir epiu vdj; njhlq;FtJ fypj;jis MFk;.

th/dhh;e;/j nghjp/apd;/kpir

Neh; + Neh; + Neh; epiu + Neh; + epiu Njkhq;fha; - fha; Kd; epiu te;j fypj;jis. fypj;jis fypg;ghtpw;FhpajhFk; fypj;jis ntz;rPh; ntz;lisf;F khwhf mikAk;. 6. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis

epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL „fdp‟ vd Kbe;J tUQ;rPhpd;

Kjy; mir „epiu‟ vdj; njhlq;FtJ xd;wpa tQ;rpj; jis MFk;.

jz;/lh/kiuj; jdp/k\;h;

Neh; + Neh; + epiu epiu + epiu

Njkhq;fdp – epiu Kd; epiu – vdNt „xd;wpaJ‟ fdp Kd; epiu te;j xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis. 7. xd;wh tQ;rpj;jis

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


epd;w rPhpd; ,Wjp tha;ghL „fdp‟ vd Kbe;J tUQ;rPhpd;

Kjy; mir „Neh;‟ vdj; njhlq;FtJ xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis MFk;.

tz;/Nlh/ypLk; tz;/lkp/ofk;

Neh; + Neh; + epiu Neh; + epiu + epiu

Njkhq;fdp – „epiu Neh;‟ vdNt xd;whjJ. fdp Kd; Neh; te;j xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jisAk; xd;whj tQ;rpj;jisAk; tQ;rpg;ghTf;Fhpad.

epidtpw;nfhs;s Ntz;bait 1. kh Kd; Neh; - Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis 2. tps Kd; epiu - epiunahd;whrphpaj;jis 3. kh Kd; epiu>tps Kd; Neh;- ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis 4. fha; Kd; Neh; - ntz;rPh; ntz;lis 5. fha; Kd; epiu – fypj;jis 6. fdp Kd; epiu – xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis 7. fdp Kd; Neh; - xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis

ghTk; jisAk;

1. Mrphpag;gh– 1. Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis 2. Nenuhd;whrphpaj;jis 3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis 2. ntz;gh – 1. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis 2. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis 3. fypg;gh – 1. fypj;jis 2. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis 4. tQ;rpg;gh – 1. xd;wpa tQ;rpj;jis 2. xd;whj tQ;rpj;jis myfpLjy;: nra;As; mbfspy; cs;s rPh;fis Neuir> epiuairfshfg; gphpj;jYk;> tha;ghL $WjYk;> jis Fwpj;jYk; myfpLjy; vdg;gLk;. mir fzf;fpLjiy myfpLjy; vd;fpNwhk;. v.fh. gz;lwpNad; $w;nwd; gjid ,dpawpe;Njd; ngz;lifahy; Ngukh;f; fl;L.

gz;/lwp/Nad; - Neh; epiu Neh; - $tpsq;fha;

$w;/nwd; - Neh; Neh; - Njkh

gj/id - epiu Neh; - Gspkh

,dp/awpe/Njd; - epiu epiu Neh; – fUtpsq;fha;

Ngz;; /lif/ahy; - Neh; epiu Neh; - $tpsq;fha;

Ngu/kh;f; - Neh; epiu - $tpsk;

fl; /L - Neh; Neh; - Neh;G - fhR jis Fwpj;jy;

1. gz;lwpNad; - $w;/nwd; $tpsq;fha; - Neh;-fha; Kd; Neh; - ntz;rPh; ntz;lis 2. $w;nwd; - gjid Njkh – epiu-kh Kd; epiu-,aw;rPh; ntz;lis

3. gjid - ,dp/awpe;Njd; Gspkh – epiu-kh Kd epiu-,aw;rPh; ntz;lis 4. ,dpawpe;Njd; - ngz;/lifahy; fUtpsq;fha; - Neh;-fha; Kd; Neh;-ntz;rPh; ntz;lis

5. ngz;lifahy; - Ng/ud;h;f; $tpsq;fha; - Neh;-fha; Kd; Neh;-ntz;rPh; ntz;lis 6. Ngukh;f; - fl;L $tpsk; - Neh;-tps Kd; Neh; - ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis

Mb

rPh;fs; gy njhlh;e;J te;J Xh; mbahf mike;J nra;ASf;F cWg;ghtJ mb vdg;gLk;. v.fh. mUk;nghUs; ahnjhd;Wk; ,y;. (%d;W rPh;fshy; Md mb)

Ie;J tif 1. Fwsb: ,uz;L rPh;fshy; Md mb v.fh. xz;nrhy; fhe;js; 2. rpe;jb: %d;W rPh;fshy; Md mb

v.fh. ty;ywpjy; Nte;jd; njhopy;. ntz;ghtpd; <w;wb rpe;jbahf ,Uf;Fk;.

3. mstb: ehd;F rPh;fshy; Md mb mstb „Neub‟ vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLk;. v.fh. mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk;Nghyj; jk;ik ntz;gh> fypg;gh Mfpatw;wpy; mstb mike;J tUk;. 4. nebyb: Ie;J rPh;fshy; Md mb (nebyb – ePz;l mb) v.fh. itak; VOil kd;dtd; mt;Tiu toq;f 5. fopnebyb: Ie;Jf;Fk; Nkw;gl;l rPh;fshy; Md mb (fopneby; - kpf ePz;lJ) Xh; mbapy; MW rPh;fs; Kjy; gjpdhd;F rPh;fs; tiu mike;jpUf;Fk;.

v.fh. epd;wt+h;g;G g+r yd;gd; nebJehs; epide;J nra;j -mWrPh; fopnebyb

thDW kjpia mile;jJd; tjdk; kwpfly; GFe;jJd; fPh;j;jp

-vOrPh; fopnebyb ehl;NlhL Nruhj jdpNghf chpik elthjpq; fpdpnad;W ehkwpjy; ngUik

-vz;rPh; fopnebyb

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


‘gh’ tif

„gh‟ ehd;F tifg;gLk;

1. ntz;gh 2. Mrphpag;gh/mfty; gh 3. fypg;gh 4. tQ;rpg;gh

ntz;gh ntz;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;: 1. ntz;ghtpd; <w;wb Kr;rPh;fshfTk; > Vida mbfs; ehd;F rPh;fshfTk; ,Uf;Fk;. 2. ,aw;rPh; (khr;rPh;> tpsr;rPh;)> ntz;rPh; (fha;r;rPh;) fye;J tuk;. gpw rPh;fs; tuh. 3. ,aw;rPh; ntz;lis> ntz;rPh; ntz;lis fye;J tUk;. (NtW jisfs; tuhJ) 4. <w;wbapd; <w;Wr;rPh; ehs;> kyh;> fhR> gpwg;G vd;Dk; tha;ghLfspy; xd;iwg; ngw;W KbAk;. 5. nrg;gNyhir ngw;W tUk;. 6. ,uz;lb Kjy; gd;dpuz;L mbfs; tiu tUk;.

ntz;gh MW tifg;gLk;. 1. Fws; ntz;gh 2. Nehpir ntz;gh 3. ,d;dpir ntz;gh 4. Nehpir rpe;jpay; ntz;gh 5. ,d;dpir rpe;jpay; ntz;gh 6. g/nwhil ntz;gh

Mrphpag;gh Mrphpag;ghtpd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;. 1. mbNjhWk; ehd;F rPh;fisg; ngw;W tUk;. 2. ngUk;ghYk; <uirr; rPh;fshfpa khr;rPh;> tpsr;rPh; (Mrphpa chpr;rPw;fs;) ngw;W tUk;. 3. fUtpsq;fdp> $tpsq;fdp Mfpa ,U tQ;rpAhpr;rPh;fSk; tuhJ. 4. Nenuhd;whrphpaj; jisAk;> epiunahd;whrphpaj; jisAk; kpFe;J tUk;> gpw jisfSk; fye;J tUk;. 5. Fiwe;jJ %d;wbfs; nfhz;Lk;> vz;zg;gb kpFe;Jk; tUk;. 6. <w;wbapd; ,Wjpr; rPh; V>I>X><> Ma;> vd; - vd;Dk; mirfSk; xd;iwf; nfhz;L KbAk;. Vfhuj;jhy; KbtNj rpwg;ghFk;. 7. mfty; Xir ngw;W tUk; mfty; Xir ngw;W tUtjhy;

‘mftw;gh’ vdTk; ngah; ngWk;. Mrphpag;gh ehd;F tifg;gLk;

1. Nehpir Mrphpag;gh 2. ,izf;Fws; Mrphpag;gh 3. epiykz;by Mrphpag;gh 4. mbkwp kz;by Mrphpag;gh

fypg;gh nghJ ,yf;fzk;: 1. ehw;rPh; nfhz;l mstb cilajha; ,Uf;Fk;. 2. ntz;rPh; ntz;lis mjpfk; ngw;W> khr;rPUk;> tpsq;fdpr;rPUk; ngwhky; Vida rPh;fs; rpWghd;ikahff; nfhz;L tUk;. 3. fypj;jisAk;> gpw jisAk; ngw;W tUk;. 4. Js;sNyhir gapd;W tUk. 5. %d;wbr; rpWik cilaJ. 6. juT> jhopir> muhfk;> mk;Nghjuq;fk;> jdpr;nrhy;> Rhpjfk; vd;Dk; MW cWg;GfSs; Vw;gd nfhz;L Kbe;J tUk;.

tQ;rpg;gh nghJ ,yf;fzk;: 1. ,UrPh; mbfSk; Kr;rPh; mbfSk; fye;J tUk; 2. fha;r;rPUk;> fdpr;rPUk; kpFe;jpUf;Fk;. 3. tQ;rpj;jisfs; kpFe;Jk; Vida jisfs; Fiwe;Jk; tUk; 4. jdpr;nrhy; Mrphpar; Rhpjfk; tUk;. 5. %d;W mbfs; Kjy; gy mbfs; tiu tUk;. 6. J}q;fy; Xir gapd;W tUk;.

Nkhid> vJif> ,iaG

Nkhidj;njhil: Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Xh; vOj;Jf;F Nkhidahf mjd; ,d vOj;Jk; tuyhk;. ,d vOj;Jfs;:

m> M – xd;Wf;F Xd;W ,dk; ,><> v> V> c> C> x> X – xd;Wf;nfhd;W ,dk;.

tiffs;:

mbNkhid: nra;As; Kjy; mbapd; Kjy; vOj;J mLj;j mbfspd; Kjy; vOj;jhf tUtJ mbNkhid MFk;. ,d vOj;Jk; Nkhidahf mikAk;.

v.fh.: ehzhy; capiuj; Jwg;ghh; …….

ehz; Jwthh; …… rPh;Nkhid: 1.,iz Nkhid: mstbapy; 1>2 rPh;fs; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ ,d vOj;Jk; Nkhidahf mikAk;

v.fh: fkoj; fkoj; jkpopir ghbdhs;. 2. nghopg;G Nkhid: mstbapy; 1> 3 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ

v.fh.: ez;gw;wh uhfp eakpy; nra;jhh;f;Fk; 3. xUc Nkhid mstbapy; 1>4 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ. v.fh: mzpad;Nwh ehDilik rhd;Nwhh;f;F m/jpd;Nwy; 4. $io Nkhid mstbapy; 1> 2> 3 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ.

v.fh.: vz;gjj;jhy; va;jy; vspnjd;g ahh;khl;Lk; 5. Nkw;fJtha; Nkhid mstbapy; 1> 3> 4 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ. v.fh. ghit tpsf;Fk; gyTld; gug;Gkpd; 6. fPo;f;fJtha; Nkhid mstbapy; 1> 2> 4 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ v.fh.: mtph;kjp mida jpUEjy; mhpit 7. Kw;W Nkhid:

mstbapy; 1> 2> 3> 4 rPh;fspYk; Kjy; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ Kw;WNkhid vdg;gLk;. midj;Jr; rPh;fspYk; Nkhid ,Uf;Fk;. v.fh. fz;Zk; fUj;Jkha; fiyfisf; fw;whd;

vJifj; njhil ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ vJif. mb vJif: nra;As; mbfspd; Kjy; vOj;J msnthj;jpUf;f ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ mbvJif vdg;gLk;. v.fh.: xWj;jhiu xd;whf itahNu itg;gh;

nghWj;jhiu nghd; ………. rPh; vJif 1. ,iz vJif: mstbapy; 1> 2 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J msnthj;jpUf;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ.

v.fh.: fhw;whiuf; fw;wJ czuhh;…… 2. nghopg;G vJif:

mstbapy; 1> 3 rPh;fspy; Kjy; vOj;J msnthj;jpUf;f> ,uz;lhk; vOj;J xd;wp tUtJ.

v.fh.: NtWNtW rpwg;gpd; NtWNtW nra;tif

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


3. xUc vJif: (1> 4) v.fh.: xWj;jhh;f;F xUehis ,d;gk; nghWj;jhh;f;F 4. $io vJif: (1> 2> 3)

v.fh.: ed;dpw nkd;Kif kpd;dpil tUj;jp 5. Nkw;fJtha; vJif: (1> 3> 4)

v.fh.: vd;idAk; ,Lf;fz; Jd;Dtpj; jpd;dpir 6. fPo;f;fJtha; vJif: (1> 2> 4) v.fh.: ,d;ikAs; ,d;ik tpUe;njhuhy; td;ikAs; 7. Kw;W vJif: (1> 2> 3> 4)

(midj;Jr; rPh;fspYk; vJif ,Uf;Fk;) v.fh.: Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghh;f;F

,iaGj;njhil

nra;Aspd; mbfspYk;> rPh;fspYk ,Wjp vOj;Njh> mirNah> rPNuh xd;wp tUtJ ,iaGj;njhil vdg;gLk;. rPh; ,iaGj; njhil tiffs; fhZk;nghOJ mstbapy; ,Wjpr;rPNu Kjw;rPuhff; nfhz;L toq;fg;gLk;. v.fh.:

thopa Njt gpuhd; vq;Fk; epiwe;j gpuhd; - mb ,iaG

gokzy; khw;Wkpd; GJkzy; gug;Gkpd; - nghopg;G ,iaG md;Gf;Nfhh; ciuf;fy;yha; mUSf;Nfhh; epiyapy;yha; - nghopg;G ,iaG

5.mzp ,yf;fzk;

mzp vd;why; moF vd;gJ nghUs;. Gyth;fs; nra;Ais

moFgLj;Jtij>„mzp‟ vd;Nw toq;fpdh;. mt;thwhd mzpfs; ,ay;G etpw;rp> cah;T etpw;rp Kjypad.

,ay;G etpw;rpazp xU nghUspd; ,ay;ig cs;sJ cs;sthW $WtJ ,ay;G etpw;rpazp vdg;gLk;. NjhAk; ntz;laph; kj;njhyp Js;sTk; Ma nts;tis tha;tpl; luw;wTk; NjAk; Ez;zpil nrd;W tzq;fTk; Ma kq;ifah; mq;if tUe;Jthh;. ,g;ghlypy; japh; filAk; Ma kq;ifahpd; jd;ik cs;sthNw moFglr; nrhy;yg;gLtijf; fhzyhk;. cah;Tetpw;rpazp xUnghUspd; jd;ikia kpifg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ cah;T etpw;rpazp vdg;gLk;. caukhd kiyia

„tpz;izj; njhLk; kiy vd tUzpj;jy;‟ caukhd

itf;Nfhy; Nghiu „thid Kl;Lk; itf;Nfhy;Nghh;‟ vd cah;j;jpf; $Wjy;. ctikazp CUzp ePh;epiwe; jw;Nw cyfthk; Nguwp thsd; jpU.

Ch; eLNt cs;s ePh;epiwe;j Fsk; epuk;gpdhw;Nghd;wNj cyf caph;fis nay;yhk; tpUk;gp cjtpnra;Ak; NguwpT cilahdplk; Nrh;e;j nry;tk;.

mjpy;> CUzp ePh;epiwjy; vd;gJ ctik. Cyfthk; Nguwpthsd; jpU vd;gj ctNkak;. mw;W vd;gJ ctkcUG.

,t;thW ctik> ctNkak; ,t;tpuz;ilAk; ,izf;Fk; ctkcUG ntspg;gLkhW tug; ghLtJ ctikazp MFk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp Gwe;J}a;ik ePuh dikAk; mfe;J}a;ik

tha;ikahw; fhzg; gLk;. xUtdJ cly; J}a;ik ePhpy; Fspg;gjhy; Gyg;gLk;. cz;ikiag; NgRtjhy;> cs;sj;jpd; J}a;ik Gyg;gLk;. ,g;ghlypy;> clk;gpd; J}a;ik ePuhy; mikAk; vd;gJ ctik. cs;sj;jpd; J}a;ik cz;ik NgRtjhy; cz;lhFk; vd;gJ ctNkak;. ,uz;ilAk; ,izf;Fk; ctk cUG ,y;iy. ,g;ghlypy; ctik> ctNkak; ,uz;Lk; jdpj;jdpahf vLj;Jf;fhl;b ,ilapy; ctk cUG kiwAkhW mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. vdNt> ,g;ghly; vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp. cUtd mzp ,d;nrhy; tpisepydh <jNy tpj;jhf td;nrhy; fisfl;L tha;ik vUtl;b md;GePh; gha;r;rp mwf;fjph; <dNthh; igq;$o; rpWfhiyr; nra;. ,g;ghlypy; ,d;nrhy;-tpisepyk;><jy;-tpij> td;nrhy;-fis> tha;ik-cuk;(vU)> md;G-ePh;> mwk;-fjph; vd cUtfpf;fg; ngw;Ws;sjhy;> ,g;ghly; cUtf mzpahFk;. ,t;thW ctkhdk; NtW> ctNkak; NtW vdj; Njhd;whj tifapy;> ctkhdj;jpd; ,ay;Gfis ctNkaj;jpd;Nky; Vw;wpf; $WtJ cUtf mzpahFk;. kjpKfk; - kjpNghd;w Kfk; -ctik Kfkjp – Kfk; Mfpa kjp – cUtfk; VfNjr cUtf mzp ftpQh;> jhk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l gy nghUs;fis cUtfg;gLj;jpf; $Wk;NghJ xd;iw kl;Lk; cUtfg;gLj;jp> mjNdhL njhlh;Gila kw;nwhd;iw cUtfg;gLj;jhky; tpLtJ VfNjr cUtf mzp vdg;gLk;. gpwtpg; ngUq;fly; ePe;Jth; ePe;jhh; ,iwtd; mbNruh jhh; - Fws;> 10 ,jpy; gpwtpiaf; flyhf cUtfg;gLj;jptpl;L> mijf; flf;f cjTk; ,iwtdbiaj; njg;gkhf cUtfg;gLj;jhikahy; ,/J VfNjr cUtf mzp Mapw;W. ,y;nghUStikazp cyfpy; ,y;yhj nghUis xd;wpw;F ctikahf;fpf; $WtJ ,y;nghUs; ctik mzp vdg;gLk;. md;gfj; jpy;yh caph;tho;f;if td;ghw;fz; tw;wy; kue;jsph;j; jw;W - Fws;> 78 ,f;Fwl;ghitg; gbj;Jg; ghUq;fs;. cs;sj;jpy; md;gpy;yhj xUth; FLk;g tho;f;if elj;JtJ vd;gJ. ghiy epyj;jpy;> gl;Lg;Nghd kuk; jsph;tpl;L tsh;tJ Nghd;wJ. jpUts;Sth;. ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; md;gpy;yhjtd; tho;f;if> ghiyepyj;jpy; gl;Lg;Nghd kuk; jsph;tpl;L tsh;tjw;F xg;ghdJ vd ,y;yhj nghUis ctkpj;Jf; $Wfpwhh;. ,t;thW Gyth; cyfpy; ,ay;ghf ,y;yhj nghUis ctikahf;fpf; $WtJ ,y;nghUStik mzp MFk;. gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp Gytd;> jhd; fUjpa nghUis Neubahfr; nrhy;yhky;> mjNdhL njhlh;G ciladtw;iwr; nrhy;yp tpsq;fitg;gJ gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp MFk;. gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk; rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd; - Fws;> 475 ,f;Fwl;ghtpy;> kapypwF kpfTk; nkd;ikahdjhf ,Ug;gpDk;> mjid msTf;F mjpfkhf Vw;wpdhy;

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


tz;bapd; typa mr;Rk; Khpe;JtpLk; vd;gJ ,f;Fwspd; nghUshFk;. gifth;fs;> vspath;fs; MapDk; kpFjpahf;fpf; nfhs;sy; $lhJ. vd;w fUj;ijg; ngw itf;fpwhh;. ,jd; %ykhf typik Fiwe;j murh; gyh ;$bg;

Nghhpl;lhy; „ngUk;gilAila NguurUk;> vspjpy;

nty;yg;gLth;‟ vd;Dk; fUj;ij cl;nghUs; Njhd;w tpsf;fpAs;shh;. vdNt> ,g;ghlypy; gpwpJnkhopjyzp mike;Js;sJ. Ntw;Wikazp nra;Aspy; ,UnghUSf;F ,ilNa cs;s xg;Gikiaf; $wpg; gpd;dh; mtw;iw NtWgLj;jpf; fhl;LtJ Ntw;Wikazp MFk;. jPapdhy; Rl;l Gz; cs;shWk; MwhNj ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL. - Fws;> 129 jPapdhy; RLtJk;> ehtpdhy; jPanrhw;fisf; nfhz;L RLtJk; vd;gJ xw;Wik> jPapdhy; Rl;lJ MWk;> ehtpdhy; nrhd;dJ MwhJ vd;gJ Ntw;WikahFk;. vdNt> ,g;ghlypy; Ntw;Wikazp ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. epuy;epiuazp nrhy;iyAk; nghUisAk; thpirahf (epuyhf) epWj;jp> NeNu nghUs; nfhs;tJ epuy;epiw mzp ahFk;. md;Gk; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;tho;f;if gz;Gk; gaDk; mJ. - Fws;> 45 ,f;Fwl;ghitg; gbj;Jg; ghUq;fs;.

„,y;tho;f;ifapd; gz;G vdg;gLtJ md;G fhl;LtJ. ,y;tho;f;ifapd; gad; vdg;gLtJ mwk;nra;jy;

vd;gjhFk;” vd;gJ ,f;Fwl;ghtpd; fUj;J. ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; md;Gk; mwDk; Kjybapy; mike;Js;sd. mLj;j mbapy; mr;nrhw;fNshL Kiwahfg; nghUe;Jk; thpirg;gb gz;G> gad; vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; mike;Js;sd. vdNt> ,J epuy; epiuazp. jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp ,ay;ghf epfOk; epfo;r;rpapd;kPJ ftpQh; jk;

Fwpg;gpid Vw;wpf; $WtJ jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp. (jd; + Fwpg;G

+ Vw;wk; + mzp) ijay; Jah;f;Fj; jhpahJ jk;rpwfhk; ifahy; tapwiyj;Jf; fhhpUs;tha; - nta;Nahid thTghpj; NjNuwp thntd; wiog;gdNghy; $tpdNt Nfhopf; Fyk;. Nfhopfs; tpbaw;fhiyapy; $Tjy; ,ay;ghd epfo;r;rp. Mdhy; ftpQh;> fhl;by; es;sputpy; fztidg; gphpe;J tUj;jKw;w jkae;jpapd; Jaiug; Nghf;f> ,Uis ePf;Ftjw;Fj; NjNuwp tpiue;J tUkhW Qhapw;iwf; Nfhopf; $l;lq;fs; $tp miog;gjhfj; jd; Fwpg;ig Vw;wpf; $wpAs;shh;. vdNt> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp. tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp Gfo;tJNghyg; gopg;gJk;> gopg;gJNghyg; Gfo;tJk; tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp vdg;gLk;. Njth; midah; fath; mtUe;jhk; Nktd nra;njhOf yhd;. ,g;ghlypy;> jPath;fisj; Njth;fSf;F ,izahfg; Gfo;e;J $WtJNghyf; $wpj; jPath;fs; jk; kdk;Nghd Nghf;fpy; jPa nray;fisr; nra;J mopthh;fs; vdg; gopj;Jf; $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. fy;yhy; mbj;jjw;Nfh fhyhy; cijj;jjw;Nfh tpy;yhy; mbj;jjw;Nfh ntl;fpdPh; - nrhy;tPuhy; kQ;Rjidr; #Ok; kjpyhidf; fhthNu eQ;Rjidj; jpd;wnjd; Kd;.

,g;ghlypy;> jpUg;ghw;fliyf; file;jNghJ cz;lhfpa eQ;rpidr; rptngUkhd; cz;L Njth;fisf; fhj;jhh; vd;gJ Guhzf; fij. ,jidf; fhsNkfg; Gyth; rpwpJ khw;wp xUtd; fy;yhy; mbj;jjw;fhfTk;> ,d;ndhUtd; fhyhy; cijj;jjw;fhfTk;> NtnwhUtd; tpy;yhy; mbj;jjw;fhfTk; ntl;fkile;J caph;tho tpUk;ghky; eQ;ir cz;lhh; vdg; gopg;gJNghy; rptngUkhidg; Gfo;e;Js;shh;. vdNt> ,J tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzp Mapw;W. ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; mzp xUnrhy; ,UnghUs;gl mike;J tUjy; ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; vdg;gLk;. ,jidr; rpNyil vdTk; toq;Fth;. ,J nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil> gphpnkhopr; rpNyil vd ,Utifg;gLk;. m) nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil xU nra;Aspy; xU nrhy; gphpTglhky; epd;W> xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l nghUisj; jUtJ nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil vdg;gLk;. Mbf; Flj;jilAk; MLk;Ngh NjapiuAk; %bj; jpwf;fpd; Kfq;fhl;Lk; - Xbkz;il gw;wpd; gugnuDk; ghhpy;gpz; zhf;FKz;lhk; cw;wpLghk; ngs;nsdNt NthJ. ,g;ghlypy; ghk;G> vs; Mfpa ,uz;bw;Fk; rpNyil $wg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mbf; Flj;jilAk; MLk;Ngh NjapiuAk; vDk; Kjyb> glnkLj;J Mbatpd; Flj;Js; nrd;wilAk;> glnkLj;jhLk;NghJ> ,iur;rypLk; vdg; ghk;gpw;Fk;> nrf;fhbagpd; vLj;j vz;nziaf; Flj;jpy; Cw;Wth;. nrf;fhLk;NghJ ,iur;ry; cz;lhFk; vd vs;spw;Fk; rpNyilahf te;Js;sJ. ,g;ghlypy; nrhw;fs; gphptpy;yhky; ,UnghUs;fs; je;jd. vdNt> ,J nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil Mapw;W. M)gphpnkhopr; rpNyil xU nrhy; jdpj;J epd;W xUnghUisAk;> mJNt gphpe;J epd;W NtnwhU nghUisAk; jUkhW mikj;Jg; ghLtJ> gphpnkhopr; rpNyil MFk;. Vw;Wkpd; tpsf;if ,UsfyNt vd;why; tpsf;if Vw;W vd;Wk;> Vw;W kpd; tpsf;if ,UsfyNt vdg; gphpj;Jg; gbj;jhy;> kpd;tpsf;if Vw;WtPh; vdTk; NtnwhU nghUSk; jUfpwJ. vdNt> ,J gphpnkhopr; rpNyil. gpd;tUepiyazp nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;j nrhy;Nyh> nghUNsh> nrhy;Yk; nghUNsh kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J moF Nrh;f;Fk;. mit> nrhy; gpd;tUepiyazp> nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp> nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp vd %tifg;gLk;. m) nrhy;gpd;tU epiyazp nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;j nrhy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J ntt;NtW nghUisj; jUtJ> nrhy;gpd;tUepiy mzp. Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha J}ck; kio. ,f;Fws;ghtpy; Jg;G vd;Dk; xNunrhy; cz;gth;> czT> cz;Zk; nghUs; vdg; gy;NtW nghUs;fspy; te;Js;sJ. vdNt> ,J nrhy;gpd;tUepiyazp. M)nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp nra;Aspy; xNu nghUs;jUk; gy nrhw;fs; tUtJ> nghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzp. mtpo;e;jd Njhd;wp myh;e;jd fhah nefpo;e;jd Neh;Kif Ky;iy – kfpo;e;jpjo;

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


tpz;ld nfhd;iw tphpe;j fUtpis nfhz;ld fhe;js; Fiy. ,g;ghlypy; kyh;jy; vd;Dk; xU nghUspy; mtpo;jy;> myh;jy;> nefpo;jy;> tps;sy;> tphpjy; Mfpa nrhw;fs; te;Js;sd. vdNt> ,J nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp. ,)nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp nra;Aspy; Kd;dh; te;j nrhy;> kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; te;J xNu nghUisj; jUtJ> nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzp. jPait jPa gaj;jyhy; jPait jPapDk; mQ;rg; gLk;. ,g;ghlypy;> jPa vd;Dk; nrhy; jPik vd;Dk; xNu nghUspy; gyKiw te;Js;sJ. vdNt> ,J nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp. gpwpJnkhopjyzp ctikiaf; $wpg; nghUisg; ngw itg;gJ gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp MFk;. gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk; rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd; nkd;ikahd kapy;NjhifNa MapDk> mjid msTf;F tpQ;rp tz;bapNyw;wpd; mr;R xbe;JtpLk; vd;gJ ctik. gifth;fs; jdpj;jdpNa Nehf;Fk;NghJ kpfr; rpwpauhapDk; xd;W$bd;> jdpg;gl;l gif kd;dd; vt;tsT typik cilatdhapDk; mtid vspjpy; ntd;WtpLth; vd;gJ ,jdhy; ngwg;gLk; nghUs;. vdNt> ,J gpwpJnkhopjyzp. ctik mzp xU nghUisr; rpwg;gpj;Jf; $w tpUk;Gk; Gyth; rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;L xd;iwf; $wp mjid tpsf;Ffpwhh;. mzpapyf;fzj;jpy;> ,t;thW rpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; nghUs; ctNkak; vdg;gLk;. mjidr; rpwg;gpf;fg; gad;gl;l vLj;Jf;fhl;L> ctkhdk; vdg;gLk;. xU ghlypy; vLj;Jf;fhl;lhd ctkhdk;> nghUshd ctNkak; ,tw;NwhL Nghy vd;Dk; nghUs; jUk; ctk cUG> ctkhdj;jpw;Fk; ctNkaj;jpw;Fk; ,ilNa fhzg;gLk; nghJj; jd;ik Mfpa ehd;Fk; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. mg;nghOJjhd; mg;ghly; ctik mzpapy; mike;jjhFk;. Mf ctik mzpapy;> 1. ctkhdk;> 2. ctNkak; 3. ctk cUG 4.nghJj;jd;ik vd ehd;F $Wfs; ,lk;ngw Ntz;Lk;. nghJj; jd;ik ,y;yhky; kw;w %d;W $Wfisg; ngw;wpUe;jhYk; mJ ctik mzpahfhJ. nghJj; jd;ik %d;W mikayhk; vd mzp ,yf;fz E}yhh; fz;lwpe;Js;sdh;. mit: 1.gz;G 2. njhopy; 3. gad; vd;gdthFk;. ,tw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; ctik mzp %d;whfg; gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mit 1. gz;G ctik mzp 2. njhopy; ctik mzp 3. gad; ctik mzp vd;gdthFk;. Ctik mzpapd; tifjhd; %d;Nw jtpu ,k;%d;Wk; xNu ghlypYk; ,lk; ngwyhk;. jdpj;jdpg; ghly;fspYk; ,lk;ngwyhk;.

(v-L) „ghy;NghYk; ,d;nrhy; gtsk; Nghy; nre;Jth;tha; Nry;Nghy; gpwOk; jpUneLq;fz; - Nkyhk Gay;Nghy; nfhilf;ifg; Gdy;ehld; nfhy;yp

may;NghYk; tho;t jth;‟ vd;Dk; ghlypy; ctik mzpapd; %d;W gphpTfisAk; fhzyhk;.

„gtsk; Nghy; nre;Jth; tha;‟ vd;gjpy;> gtsk; - ctkhdk;> tha; - ctNkak;> Nghy; - ctk cUG> rpte;j tz;zk; nghJj; jd;ik. tz;zk; gz;ghjypd; ,J gz;G ctik.

„Nry;Nghy; gpwOk; jpUneLq;fz;‟ vd;gjpy;> Nry;-ctkhdk;> fz; - ctNkak;> Nghy; - ctk cUG> gpwOjy; - nghJj; jd;ik. gpwOjy; njhopy; Mjypd; ,J njhopy; ctik.

„Gay; Nghy; nfhilf;ifg; Gdy; ehld;‟ vd;gjpy;> Gay; vd;Dk; Nkfk; ctkhdk;> ifg; Gdy; ehld; - ctNkak;> Nghy; - ctk cUG> nfhil – nghJj; jd;ik. kio> mjd; gad; Nehf;fp ,q;F ctkpf;fg;gLtjhy; ,J gad; ctik.

„gz;Ge; njhopYk; gaDnkd; wptw;wpd; xd;Wk; gyTk; nghUnshL nghUs;Gzh;e;

njhg;Gik Njhd;wr; nrg;GtJik‟ (jz;b) vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp ctkhdk; xU njhluhfTk;> ctNkak; xU njhluhfTk; mika ,ilapy; ctk cUG kiwe;J epd;W> nghJj; jd;ik Njhd;w tpsq;FtJ vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzp MFk;.

„mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp

Gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF‟ (Fws; 1)

vd;Dk; jpUf;Fwspd; nghUs;>„vOj;Jf;fs; vy;yhk; mfuj;ij Kjyhfg; ngw;Ws;sik Nghy cyfk;.

Mjpgftid Kjyhf cilaJ‟ vd;gjhFk;.

„vOj;njy;yhk; mfu Kjy‟ vd;Dk; njhlh; ctkhdk;.

„cyF Mjp gftd; Kjw;Nw‟ vd;Dk; njhlh; ctNkak;. Kjyhf tpsq;Fjy; vd;gJ nghJj; jd;ik ctk cUG Nghy vd;gJ ntspg;glj; Njhd;whky; mg;nghUs; Njhd;w ,lk; mspj;Js;sik fhz;f. mjdhy; ,g;ghly; vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpapd; ghw;gLk;. (ctkhdk;-ctik> ctNkak; - nghUs;) ,y;nghUs; ctik mzp cyfpy vq;Fk; fhzKbahj my;yJ ,y;yhj nghUis ctkhdkhff; nfhs;Sjy; ,y;nghUs; ctik mzp.

„fUKfpy; jhkiuf; fhL g+j;JePL ,URlh; ,UGwj; Nje;jp Ve;jyh;j; jpUnthLk; nghypaNthh; nrk;nghw; Fd;wpd;Nky;

tUtNghy; fYod;Nky; te;J Njhd;wpdhd;‟.

vd;Dk; fk;guhkhazg; ghlypd; nghUs;>„fhh;Nkfk; xd;W jhkiuf; fhL g+j;J> ,UGwKK; re;jpud; #hpaiug; Ve;jpf; Fd;wpd; NkNywp tUtijg; Nghyf; fUl thfdj;jpd; Nky; ,uhkd; te;J Njhd;wpdhd; vd;gJ MFk;. ,jpy; fhh;Nkfk; xd;W jhkiuf; fhL g+j;J ,UGwKk; re;jpud;> #hpaiu Ve;jpf; fhh;Nkfk; xd;W jhkiuf; fhL g+j;J ,UGwKk; re;jpud;> #hpaiu Ve;jpf; Fd;wpd; Nky; tUtJ vd;gJ vq;Fk; fhz ,ayhj> fhl;rp MFk;. vdNt ,J ,y;nghUs; ctik Mapw;W. ,jidj; jz;bayq;fhuk; mg+j ctik mzp vdf; $Wk;. Kw;WUtfk; ctkhdk; ctNkak; ,uz;Lk; jdpj;jdpahf epd;W nghUs; jUtJ ctik mzp vd;why;> ctkhdk; NtW ctNkak; NtW vd;Dk; epiy ,y;yhky; ,uz;Lk; xd;W vdf; fhl;LtJ cUtfk; MFk;. ,jpy; xU gFjpia cUtfg;gLj;JtJk; cz;L. xU gFjp vdg;nghus;gLk; tlnkhopr; nrhy;yhd VfNjrk; vd;Dk; nrhy;yhy; mjid

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


VfNjr cUtf mzp vd;gh;. mt;thW ,y;yhky; xU nghUspd; midj;Jg; gFjpfisAk; cUtfg;gLj;jpf; $WtJ Kw;WUtfk; MFk;.

„ew;FzK ehw;gilah Ik;GyDk; ey;yikr;rh Mh;f;Fk; rpyk;Ng mzpKurh – Ntw;gilAk; thSNk fz;zh tjd kjpf;Filf;fPo;

MSNk ngz;ik muR‟ vd;Dk; esntz;ghr; nra;As; xU ehl;bd; gil Kjypa cWg;Gfisj; jkae;jpapd; cWg;GfNshL KOikahf cUtfg;gLj;jpAs;sikahy; ,J Kw;WUtfk; MfpwJ. nrhy;gpd;tUepiy mzp xU nra;Aspy; te;j nrhy;Ny gy Kiw jpUk;gj; jpUk;g te;J ntt;NtW nghUs; jUkhapd; nrhy; gpd;tUepiy mzp vdg;gLk;.

„nghUsy; ytiug; nghUshfr; nra;Ak;

nghUsy;y jpy;iy nghUs;‟ (Fws; 751) vd;Dk; jpUf;Fwspy; nghUs; vd;Dk; nrhy; ehd;F Kiw te;Js;sJ. Kjy; ,uz;L ,lqfspy; jFjp my;yJ kjpg;G vd;Dk; fUj;jpYk; gpd; ,uz;L ,lq;fspy; nry;tk; vd;Dk; fUj;jpYk; mr;nrhy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sJ. nrhy; kl;Lk; gyKiw te;J mr;nrhy;ypw;fhd nghUs; ntt;Ntwhf

,Ug;gjhy; ,r;nra;Aspd; mzp „nrhy;gpd; tpUepiyazp‟ Mapw;W. nghUs;gpd;tUepiy mzp xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fs; xU nra;Aspy; ,lk; ngWtJ nghUs; gpd;tUepiymzp MFk;.

„MWgha; mutk;> ks;s uhiygha; mkiy> Miyr; rhWgha; xir> Ntiyr; rq;Ftha; nghq;Fk; Xij VWgha; jkuk;> ePhpnyUikgha; Jodp> ,d;d

khWkh whfpj; jk;kpd; kaq;Fkh kUj Ntyp‟ vd;Dk; fk;guhkhazg; ghlypy;> xyp vd;Dk; nghUs;gLk; nrhw;fshd mutk;> mkiy> Xir> Xij> jkuk;> Jodp Mfpad ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. ,jdhy; ,r;nra;Aspy;

,lk;ngw;Ws;s mzp „nghUs; gpd;tUepiy mzp‟ MFk;. nrhw;nghUs;gpd;tUepiy mzp nra;Aspy; ,lk; ngWk; xU nrhy; mNj nghUspy; gyKiw gapd;W tUjy; nrhw;nghUs; epiy mzp vdg;gLk;.

„Neha;ehb Neha;Kjy; ehb mJjzpf;Fk;

tha;ehb tha;g;gr; nray;‟ (Fws; 12) vd;Dk; jpUf;Fwspy; ehb vd;Dk; nrhy; mwpe;J vd;Dk; nghUspy; %d;W Kiw te;Js;sJ. ,jdhy; ,f;Fwspy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;s mzp nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiy MFk;. ,k;%d;W gpd;tUepiy mzpfisj; jz;bayq;fhuk; xNu E}w;ghtpy; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. gpwpJnkhopjyzp gpwpJ nkhopjyzpiaj; jz;bayq;fhuk; xl;lzp vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Etyh Etw;rp> RUq;fr; nrhy;yy;> njhifnkhop> ctkg;Nghyp vd;Dk; ngah;fshYk; ,jidf; Fwpg;gpLth;. Gyth; jhk; $wf; fUjpa nghUis Neubahff; $whky;> mjid Xh; vLj;Jf;fhl;bd; topf; Fwpg;ghf czh;j;JtJ gpwpJnkhopjy; mzp vdg;gLk;. ,jidr;

RUf;fkhf „ctkhdj;ijf; $wp ctNkaj;ij

tpsq;fitg;gJ‟ vdyhk;. gPypnga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mg;gz;lk;

rhy kpFj;Jg; ngapd;

„tz;bapy; Xh; msTf;FNky;> nkd;ikahd kapy; ,wif

Vw;wpdhy; mt;tz;bapd; mr;R Kwpe;J NghFk;‟ vd;gNj ,f;Fwspd; Neubahd fUj;J. tz;bapd; ghuk; Vw;Wtij

tpsf;Ftjw;fhf ,f;Fws; vOjg;gltpy;iy. „giltypik kpf;f murdhf ,Ue;jhYk; jd; jFjpf;F kPwpa nraypy; <Lgl;lhy; mope;J Nghthd; vd;gNj czh;j;j tpUk;gpa fUj;J. mjw;fhd vLj;Jf;fhl;Nl ghlyhf mike;Js;sJ. ,t;thW ctikia kl;Lk; $wpg; ghly; GidtJ gpwpJ nkhopjy; mzp vdg;gLk;.

„fUjpa nghUs; njhFj;J mJ Gyg;gLj;jw;F

xj;jnjhd;W ciug;gpd; m/J xl;nld nkhopg‟ jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp ,aw;ifapy;> vg;nghOJk; elf;Fk; epfo;r;rp xd;wpd;Nky;> Gyth; jhk; czh;j;j tpUk;gpa Fwpg;ig Vw;wpf; $Wjy;> jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp vdg;gLk;.

(v-L) „NghUoe; njLj;j Mnuapy; neLq;nfhb

„thuy;‟ vd; gdNghy; kWj;Jf;if fhl;l‟ ,t;tbfs; rpyg;gjpfhuj;jpy; ,lk; ngw;Ws;sd. fz;zfpAk; NfhtyDk; kJiukh efUf;Fs; nry;yj; njhlq;fpdh;. kJiuf;Fs; nrd;why; Nfhtyd; nfhiy nra;ag;gLthd; vd;gij mwpe;jdthk; Nfhl;il kPjpUe;j nfhbfs;. mth;fSf;F elf;f ,Ue;j Jd;gj;ij mwpe;j mf;nfhbfs; mth;fis khefUs; tu Ntz;lhk; vd;gJ Nghyf; if mirj;Jj; jLj;jdthk;. ,t;thW Gyth; $wpAs;shh;. Mdhy; fhw;W tPRtjhy; nfhbfs; mire;jd vd;gNj cz;ikapy; ele;j epfo;r;rp. mt;tpaw;if epfo;r;rpiaj; jk; fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;jg; Gyth; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhh;. ,t;thW ghLk; mzp jw;Fwpg;Ngw;w mzp vdg;gLk;.

„ngah;nghUs; my;nghUs; vdtpU nghUspDk; ,ay;gpd; tpisjpwd; md;wp manyhd;W

jhd;Fwpj;J Vw;Wjy; jw;Fwpg; Ngw;wk;‟ khWgL Gfo;epiy mzp

„Njth; midah; fath; mtUe;jhk;

Nktd nra;njhOf yhd;‟ jpUts;Sth; fath;fspd; nrayiyg; ghh;f;fpwhh;. mth;fs; ve;j tpjp Kiwf;Fk; mlq;fhky; jhk; tpUk;gpatw;iwnay;yhk; nra;fpd;wdh;. Njth; vd;Dk; nja;t cyfj;ijr; Nrh;e;jth;fs; jhk; mt;thW elg;ghh;fs; vdf; Nfs;tpg;gl;l ts;Sth; ,f;fath;fis epy cyfj; Njth;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Lg; Gfo;tJ Nghy; gopf;fpd;whh;. mjdhy; ,J Gfo;tJ Nghy; gopf;Fk; tQ;rg;Gfo;r;rp mzpahFk;. ,jid

„khWgL Gfo;epiy mzp‟ vdf; $Wk; jz;bayq;fhuk;.

„fUjpa nghUnlhFj; jhq;fJ gopj;jw;F

Ntnwhd;W Gfo;tJ khWgL Gfo;epiy‟ (jz;bE} .89) Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp mzp ghhp ghhp vd;W gy Vj;jp xUtw; Gfo;th; nre;ehg; Gyth; ghhp xUtDk; my;yd; khhpAk; cz;Bz;L cyFGug; gJNt gwk;G kiy kd;dd; ghhp. ts;sy; jd;ikapy; rpwe;jtd;. filnaO ts;sy;fspy; xUtd;. te;jth; Nfl;gjw;F Kd;Ng jhNd Kd;nrd;W nfhLj;J kfpo;gtd;. nfhLg;gjpy; mtDf;F ,izahUkpy;iy vd;w Gfo; vq;Fk; gutpw;W. fgpyh; ngUk; Gyth;. ,jidg; ghh;f;fpwhh; mg;Gyth;.

„kioAk; ,t;thW Ntz;bath; Ntz;lhjth; vy;NyhUf;Fk; nga;J jiof;fr; nra;fpwNj. Vd; vy;NyhUk; ghhpia kl;Lk;

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


ghuhl;Lfpwhh;fs;?‟> vd kioahfpa khhpia cah;j;jpg; ghhpiag; gopg;gJ Nghyg; ghLfpwhh;. Mdhy; cz;ikapy; ghhp kl;LNk gad;fUjhJ kioNghyg; gpwh;f;F cjTfpwhd; vdg; ghuhl;LtNj fgpyh; Nehf;fk;. mjidNa ,g;ghly; fhl;LfpwJ. mjdhy; ,g;ghly; gopg;gJ Nghy; GfOk; tQ;rg; Gfo;r;rp mzp MFk;. ,jidj; jz;bayq;fhuk; Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp mzp vdf; $Wk;.

„gopg;gJ NghYk; ghd;ikapd; Nkd;ik

Gyg;gl nkhoptJ Gfohg; Gfo;r;rp‟ rpNyil mzp rpNyil mzpia> ,ul;Lw nkhopjy; mzp vd;Wk; $Wth;. xU nra;Aspy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhw;fs; my;yJ njhlh;fs; ,UNtW nghUisf; Fwpg;gpLk; gbahfg; ghLtJ rpNyil mzp vdg;gLk;. ,j;jF ghlypy; ,lk; ngWk; nrhw;fs; xt;nthd;Wk; ,uz;L nghUs; jUtdthf mikj;Jg; ghltJk; cz;L. ,t;thW ghLtJ nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil vdg;gLk;.khwhf xU ghlypy; ,lk;ngWk; nrhy;iyg; gphpf;fhky; gbj;jhNyh my;yJ ntt;NtW tifahfg; gphpj;jhNyh xU nghUs; jUtjhfTk; NtWtifapy; gphpj;jhy; NtWnghUs; jUtjhfTk; mikj;Jg; ghLtJk; cz;L. ,t;thW ghLtJ gphpnkhopr; rpNyil vdg;gLk;. nrk;nkhopr; rpNyil

(v-L) „XL kpUf;Fkj Ds;tha; ntSj;jpUf;Fk; ehLq; Fiyjdf;F ehzhJ - NrbNa jPq;fhd jpy;yh jpUkiyuh ad;tiuapy;

Njq;fhA ehAnkdr; nrg;G‟ ,J ehiaAk; Njq;fhiaAk; Fwpj;Jg; ghbaJ.

„NjhopNa jPikahdJ vd;Wk; ,y;yhj jpUkiyuhad; kiykPJ Njq;fhadJ Xl;bidf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; mjd; cl;gf;fk; ntSg;gha; ,Uf;Fk;. mJ Fiyapy; ,Ug;gjw;Ff; NfhzhJ. ehahdJ tpiuthf Xbr;nry;Yk;. ,isj;jhy; Xhplj;jpNy ,Uf;Fk;. mjd; thapd; cl;gf;fk; ntSg;gha; ,Uf;Fk;. ,iuia tpUg;gj;Jld; ehbr; nry;Yk;. Fiug;gjw;F ntl;fg;glhJ. vdNt Njq;fhAk; ehAk; xg;ghFk;. ,g;ghlypy; ,lk; ngw;w nrhw;fisg; gphpf;fhkNyNa mit ,UNtW nghUs;gl;lik fhz;f. gphpnkhopr; rpNyil (v-L)

„kd;dPhpNy gpwf;Fk; kw;wiyap NyNkAk; gpd;dPr;rpw; Fj;Jk; ngUikahy; -nrhd;Ndd;Nfs; NjDe;J Nrhiyj; jpUkiyuh ad;tiuapy;

kPDk;Ng Dk;rhpah Nk‟. ,g;ghly; kPDf;Fk; NgDf;Fk; ghbaJ.

„Njidr; nrhhpAk; g+Q;NrhiyAila jpUkiyuhad; kiyapy; .

kPdhdJ (kd; + ePhpNy) epiyngw;w ePh;epiyfspNy

gpwf;Fk;. (kw;W + miyapNy) ePh; miyapd; kPJ mq;Fk;

,q;Fk; nry;Yk;. (gpd; + ePr;rpy;) ePe;Jk; ,lj;Jg; gpd;dhf te;J nfhj;Jk; ngUikia cilaJ.

NgdhdJ (kd;+<hpNy) jiyapNy epiyj;j Ngd;

Kl;ilapNy ,Ue;J gpwf;Fk;. (ky;+jiyapNy) typa

jiykaphpNy jphpe;J nry;Yk; (gpd;+<r;rpy;) gpwF kf;fshy; vLj;J <r;R vd;Dk; xypnaof; Fj;jg;gLk; ,ay;GilaJ.

,t;thW kPDk; NgDk; rkk; vd;W ehd;

nrhd;dijf; Nfl;ghahf‟. ,g;ghlypy; kd;dPh;> kw;wiy> gpd;dPr;R vd;Dk; nrhw;fs; ntt;NtW tifahfg; gphpf;fg;gl;likahy; nghUs;NtWgl;lik fhz;f. mjdhy; ,g;ghliyg; ghpnkhopr; rpNyil vd;gh;.

„xUtifr; nrhw;nwhlh; gynghUl; ngw;wp

njhpju tUtJ rpNyil ahFk;‟ (jz;b. E}.76)

„mJNt

nrk;nkhop gphpnkhop vd,U jpwg;gLk;‟ (jz;b. E}. 77) Ntw;Wik mzp Gyth; xU nra;Aspy; ,uz;L nghUs;fisf; $wp Kjypy; mtw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s xw;WikiaAk; gpd;dh; xU fhuzk; gw;wp mt;tpuz;bw;Fk; ,ilNa cs;s Ntw;WikiaAk; Rl;bf;fhl;bg; ghLtJ Ntw;Wik mzp vdg;gLk;.

(v-L) „jPapdhy; Rl;lGz; cs;shWk; MwhNj

ehtpdhy; Rl;l tL‟ jpUts;Sth; neUg;G> ehf;F vd;Dk; ,UnghUs;fis ,g;ghlypy; Fwpg;gpLfpwhh;. neUg;G ntk;ikahy; RLfpwJ. ehf;Ff; fLQ;nrhw;fshy; RLfpwJ vd ,uz;bw;Fk; cs;s xw;Wikia Kjypy; Fwpg;gpl;lhh;. gpd;dh;j; jPahy; Rl;lJ MWk; vd;Wk; ehthy; Rl;lJ MwhJ vd;Wk; mtw;wpw;F ,ilNa cs;s Ntw;WikiaAk; Rl;bf; fhl;bAs;shh;. ,t;thW mikag; ghLtJ Ntw;Wik mzp vdg;gLk;.

„$w;wpDk; Fwpg;gpDk; xg;Gil ,UnghUs;

Ntw;Wikg; glthpd; Ntw;Wik aJNt‟ (jz;b –E}.46) Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G mzp Gyth; xU rpwg;ghd nghUisf; $w epidj;J mjw;F cyfwpe;j jf;fnjhU nghUisr; rhd;whff; fhl;bg; ghLtJ Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G mzp vdg;gLk;.

(v-L) „fd;wp Kjph;e;j fopag;gd; dhs; nrapDk; xd;Wk; rpwpahh;fz; vd;whDk; - Njhd;whjhk; xd;wha; tpbDk; cah;e;jhh;g; gLq;Fw;wk;.

Fd;wpd;Nky; ,l;l tpsf;F‟. Kd;Wiuaiuadhh;> jkJ gonkhop ehD}W vd;Dk; E}ypy;

„nghpNahh; jtW nra;jhy; mJ clNd cyfj;jhh;f;Fj;

njhpe;J ngUk; gopf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;‟ vd;Dk; fUj;ijf;

„Fd;wpd;Nky; ,l;l tpsf;F‟ vd;Dk; kf;fs; tof;fpy; cs;s gonkhopia vLj;Jf;fhl;b tpsf;fpAs;shh;.vdNt ,J Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;G mzpahFk;.

„Kd;ndhd;W njhlq;fp kw;wJ Kbj;jw;Fg; gpd;ndhU nghUis cyfwp ngw;wp

Vw;wp itj;J ciug;gJ Ntw;Wg;nghUs; itg;Ng‟ (jz;b.

E}. 47)

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


nghUj;Jf – (i) nghUj;jkhd nghUisj; Njh;T nra;jy; 1. thd; - kio 2. Jg;ghh;f;F - cz;gth;f;F

3. tpz; - kio / Mfhak; 4. tphpePh; - fly; 5. tpad; cyfk; - mfd;w cyfk; 6. clw;Wk; - tUe;Jk; 7. thhp - tUtha; 8. nfLg;gJ - mopg;gJ 9. rhh;tha; - Jizaha; 10. tpRk;G - Nkfk; 11. Jsp - kio 12. gRk;Gy; - ,sk;Gy; 13. jiy - Kis 14. fhz;G mhpJ - fhz KbahJ 15. ePh;ik - ,ay;G 16. Fd;Wk; - FiwAk; 17. jbe;J - Fiwj;J 18. vopyp - Nkfk; 19. g+rid - topghL 20. nry;yhJ - eilngwhJ 21. twf;FNky; - (ngha;ahJ) twSkhdhy; 22. thNdhh;f;F - Njth;fSf;F 23. jhdk; - <if 24. jq;fh - epw;f khl;lhJ 25. toq;fhJ - nfhLf;fhJ 26. mikahJ - nghUe;jhJ 27. thdpd;W - kio ,y;yhky; 28. xOf;F - xOf;fk; 29. tha;ik - cz;ik 30. ahnjhd;Wk; - xU rpwpJk; 31. nrhyy; - nrhy;Yjy; 32. Giu - Fw;wk; 33. jPh;e;j - ePq;fpa 34. gaf;Fk; - nfhLf;Fk; 35. RLk; - Jd;GWj;Jk; 36. ngha;ahJ - ngha; $whJ 37. cyfj;jhh; - cah;e;Njhh; 38. nkhopapd; - nrhy;thdhapd; 39. jiy - rpwg;Gilatd; 40. md;d - Nghy 41. va;ahik - Kayhik 42. Mw;wpd; - nra;jhy; 43. ed;W - ed;ik 44. Gwk; - cly; 45. mfk; - cs;sk; 46. rd;Nwhh; - Nkyhdth; 47. ngha;ah tpsf;Nf - ngha;ahik ahfpa tpsf;Nf 48. nka;ah - nka;E}y; 49. vidj;njhd;Wk; - ahnjhU jd;ikapYk; 50. ey;y - rpwe;jd 51. gpw - NtW 52. Jiz - el;G : Rw;wk; 53. eyk; - ed;ik 54. tpid - njhopy; 55. xUTjy; - ePf;Fjy; nr G tp nt r Qh jp Neh 56. ed;wp - ed;ik 57. gath - juhj 58. Xxjy; - jtph;j;jy; 59. kho;Fk; - mopf;Fk; 60. ,Lf;fz; - Jd;gk; 61. ,spte;j - ,opthd 62. ,lq;fh; kh - Kjiy

63. vw;nwd;W - vj;jd;ikj;J vd;W 64. ,uq;Ft - tUe;Jtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd 65. <d;whs; - jha; 66. gopkiye;J - gopiar; Rke;J 67. Mf;fk; - nry;tk; 68. fop - kpFe;j 69. ffk; - gwit 70. fbe;J Xuhh; - jhKk; ePq;fplhJ nra;gth; 71. gPio - gop 72. mof;nfhz;l - gpwiuj; Jd;GWj;jpg; ngw;wJ 73. gpw;gaf;Fk; - gpd;dh; ey;y gaidj; jUk; 74. ryk; - tQ;rid 75. Vkhh;j;jy; - ghJfhg;Gr; nra;jy; 76. gRkz; - gr;ir kz; 77. fyk; - Flk; 78. mzpnad;g - moF vd;W $Wth; 79. ngz;ik eyk; - fw;G 80. ehzk; - ehZk; ,ay;G (ntl;fg; gz;G) 81. jhd; nry; cyF - kWik cyfk; 82. fs;shik - jpUlhik 83. fba - nfhLe;Jd;gq;fs; 84. js;shik - jtph;f;fhik 85. es;shik - el;Gf; nfhs;shik 86. rpwpah; - fPohd nray;fs; nra;gth; 87. ngUf;Ff - cah;jJf 88. el;lhiu - giftiu 89. jUf;Ff - nty;f 90. xl;lhiu - giftiu 91. mUf;Ff - RUf;fpf; nfhs;f 92. RUf;Ff - jzpj;Jf; nfhs;f 93. tskpyh - tUtha; ,y;yhj 94. Ngho;jj;J - fhyj;jpy; 95. ts;sd;ik - <ifg;gz;G 96. fpisQh; - cwtpdh; 97. jkuy;yhh; - cs;sd;G ,y;yhjth; 98. Cz; - czT 99. jfT - ed;dlj;ij 100. ifj;J}z; - jPnahOf;fj;jhy; te;j czT 101. tl;L - #jhL fUtp 102. thd;nghUs; - kpf;f nghUs; 103. fzpif - guj;ij 104. fhzk; - nghd; 105. tq;fk; - kuf;fyk; 106. jq;fh Ntl;if- Xhplj;jpy; jq;ftplhj Ntl;if 107. Ke;ePh; - fly; 108. tsp - fhw;W 109. xbkuk; - xbe;j kuj;Jz;L 110. jpiu - miy 111. cijg;g - ce;j 112. ef;f rhuzh; - cilapy;yhky; jphpgth; 113. ehfh; - Xh; ,dj;jth; 114. ehtha; - fg;gy; 115. kuk; - gha;kuk; 116. Nghe;jhh; - te;jhh; 117. ahkk; - ,uT 118. ChPNuNah - Chpy; cs;s rhd;Nwhh;fNs 119. <kk; - gpzQ;Rl mLf;fpa tpwF 120. jhhPh; - jUtPh; 121. rhw;wpds; - nrhy;ypds; 122. Rliy - kahdk;> RLfhL 123. Kliy tpwF - fha;e;j KWf;Fz;l tpwF 124. Kspnahp - kpf;f neUg;G 125. vhpnghj;jp - vhp%l;b 126. gs;sp - ,lk;

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


127. $iw - Glit 128. Mlfk; - nghd;> Jtiu 129. rhe;jk; - re;jdk; 130. mire;j $e;jy;- mtpo;e;J gue;J mire;J

nfhz;bUe;j $e;jy; 131. tPuhzk; - ngUk;ghiw 132. nra;Nahs; - jpUkfs; 133. jPtpidahl;b - jPtpid nra;jts; 134. ca;g;g - nrYj;j 135. mrhPhp - cly; ,y;yhjJ (thd;Fuy;) 136. Iahp Az;fz; - mofpa nrt;thp glh;e;j ikAz;l

fz; 137. kidafk; GFe;J - tPl;bw;Wr; nrd;W 138. fz;kzpaidahd; - fz;zpYs;s kzpnahg;gtdhd fztd; 139. Gz;zpa Kl;lhs; - mwk; Ghpjy; tOthjtdha; 140. mUk;ngwy; kuG - ngWjw;fhpa Kiwik (fw;G) 141. tpag;gpds; - jFjpAilats; 142. Gidah Xtpak; - tz;zk; jPl;lg;ngwhj Xtpak; 143. ghufk; - epyTyfk; 144. xOf;fk; - ey;nyhOf;fk; 145. ehd;kiw - ehy;Ntjq;fs; 146. %J}h; - gioa Ch; 147. nfhs;if - caphpd; Nkk;ghL gw;wpa

Fwpf;Nfhs; 148. rPyk; - xOf;fk; 149. nry;tk; ky;fp epfo; - nry;tk; epiwe;J jpfo;fpd;w 150. rpe;ij jUk; czh;T - cs;sj;jpy; Njhd;Wfpd;w

vz;zq;fs; 151. jk;gpuhd; - rptngUkhd; 152. mLg;gJ - nra;aj;jf;fJ 153. Ntzp - ril 154. nfhLg;gJ - mbahh;f;F nfhLf;Fk; nghUs; 155. kL - Mokhfpa nghpa ePh;epiy 156. vLg;gJ - mikj;jy;> fl;Ljy; 157. ,U epjpapd;ik - nghUspy;yhik 158. vidj;Jk; - vt;tifapYk; 159. nghUl;NgW - nghUs; ngWk; epiy 160. iethh; - kdk; kpf tUe;Jjy; 161. epjpak; - nghUl;jpud; 162. Neh;e;J - JzpT g+z;L 163. jpizj;Jiz - rpwpa msthf 164. nra; - tay; 165. mbepiy - mj;jpthuk; 166. ghhpj;jy; - gug;Gjy;> fhy; nfhs;Sjy; 167. fklk; - Mik 168. fhjypy; - Md;ghy;> Mirahy; 169. fz;glhJ - cwq;fhJ 170. Mfkk; - Ntfj;jpd; rhukhf cs;s E}y; 171. Kd;dpa - fUjpa 172. gil - mLf;F 173. rpfuk; - cr;rp 174. khdk; - tpkhdk; 175. Kd;dpa Kok; - tpjpj;j KO msT 176. nebJ ehs; $l - gy ehs; nry;y 177. J}gp - tpkhdj;Jr;rpapy; mikf;Fk; $hpa rpfuk; 178. Rij ey;tpid - Rz;zr;rhe;J 179. $ty; - fpzW 180. khL - nry;tk; 181. #o;kjpy; - Gwr;Rw;W 182. thtp - jpUf;Fsk; 183. njhl;L - mfo;e;J mikj;J 184. tpjpj;j - Fwpj;j

185. jhgdk; - gpujpl;il 186. fhlth; - gy;yt muruhfpa ,uhrrpq;fh; 187. fw;wsp - fw;Nfhapy; 188. Mgk; - ePh; 189. khy; - jpUkhy; 190. Vlyh; - ,jo;kyh;e;j 191. Nta;e;jhh; - nfhd;iw khiyia mzpe;j

rptngUkhd; 192. ed;WePL - ed;ik ePba 193. ePlhyak; - nghpa Nfhapy; 194. xd;wpa nraiy - nghUe;jpa nra;ifia 195. njhz;lh; Nfhapy; - g+ryhuJ kdf;Nfhapy; 196. Nghe;jhh; - kiwe;jUspdhh; 197. Vj;j - Jjpf;f 198. mz;lh; ehafd; - Njth; jiytd; 199. jhgpj;J - epiyepWj;jp 200. Ejy; - new;wp 201. kUz;L - kUl;rpaile;J 202. vLj;J - tphpj;J 203. mjprak; - ngUkpjkhf mwpe;J kfpo;e;j

kdepiy 204. GiuaW - Fw;wkw;w 205. tpiu - thrid 206. jhid - Nrid 207. Gf;fhd; - mile;jhd; 208. md;gUk; - g+ryhUk; 209. rpe;ijahyak; - kdj;jpdhy; mikj;j Nfhapy; 210. g+rid - g+ir 211. nghd;Gidkd;W - nghd;dk;gyk; 212. #jh; - #jhLgth; 213. kid - ,y;yk; 214. njhz;Lkfsph; - gzpg;ngz;bh; 215. gzak; - gpizj;njhif 216. njhz;lr;rp - mbahs; 217. JUgjd; - ghQ;rhy ehl;L murd; 218. jpl;lj;Ja;ed; - jpnusgjpapd; rNfhjud; 219. gfil - #J jhaq;fspy; xd;W 220. vhpjoy; - jPg;ge;jk; 221. rfhNjtd; - jUkdpd; ,sty; 222. tprad; - mUr;Rdd; 223. jphpNyhfk; - %d;W cyfk; 224. jphpNyhf ehafd; - jUkd; 225. kUkk; - ,ufrpak; 226. fUkk; - flik 227. jD - tpy; 228. fhz;Btk; - mUr;Rdd; tpy; 229. Ntjnewp - Ntjfhy ePjp 230. tO - Fw;wk; 231. jhuk; - kidtp 232. jhjd; - mbik 233. cilik - nry;tk; 234. ,iur;ry; - $r;ry; 235. Ve;jpio - ngz; 236. fspg;gJ - kfpo;tJ 237. mitf;fsk; - epahak; ciuf;Fk; rhd;Nwhh;

$bAs;s murit 238. nrUf;fsk; - Nghh;f;fsk; 239. gpb - ngz;ahid 240. ah - xU tif kuk; 241. gb - epyk; 242. KUfpak; - FwpQ;rpg;giw 243. nghd; - moF 244. rpid - fpis 245. Mh;g;g - xypg;g

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


246. rpiw - ,yF 247. g+it - ehfztha; 248. nghyk; - moF 249. flW - fhL 250. Kf;Foy; - nfhd;iw> Mk;gy;> Nta;q;Foy; 251. nghJth; - Ky;iyepy kf;fs; 252. nghyp - jhdpaf; Ftpay; 253. cio - xUtif khd; 254. vy;yp - QhapW 255. gy;ytk; - jsph; 256. epiu - Mtpdk; 257. nfhLthp - Gyp 258. glh; - Jah; 259. ntQ;Ruk; - ghiyepyk; 260. fy; - kiy 261. KUF - mof> kzk; 262. fhd;ahW - fhl;lhW 263. ky;yy; - tsk; 264. nrW - tay; 265. fhQ;rp> kUjk; - ku tiffs; 266. tQ;rp - nfhbtif 267. ePuhh; - ey;ypay; Gilath; 268. Czpd; rPuf ,ayhh; - rikay; njhopypy; ty;y kfsph; 269. itfiw - tpbaw;fhyk; 270. fhdy; - flw;fiu 271. fop - cg;gq;fop 272. kfd;wpy; - md;wpy; gwit ,izgphpahJ

thOk; xU ePh;gwit 273. nfhz;fd; - jiytd; 274. ky;f - epiwa 275. eiuapjo; - ntSj;j ,jo; 276. me;jp - khiy 277. rhy; - cOjy; 278. jz; - Fsph; 279. njha;aps %q;fpy; - tise;j %q;fpy; 280. tdk; - fhL 281. J}q;fp - mire;J 282. fsp - kfpo;r;rp 283. tPW - Ntfk; 284. tpQ;rp - Nkk;gl;L 285. fq;Fy; - ,uT 286. fhh; - fUik 287. kW - Fw;wk; 288. kiof;fhy; nta;apy; - kioia mLj;J mbf;Fk;

ntapy; 289. fspf;Fk; - kfpOk; 290. tPW - xsp, ngUik 291. nrw;wk; - fWT 292. nraph;j;jy; - ntspg;gilahf ntFSjy; 293. cWjy; - nka;jPz;Ljy; 294. ,ue;jd;W - ahrpj;J nfhz;lJ 295. mkh; flj;jy; - Neh; epd;W Nghhpl;L nty;tJ 296. fio - %q;fpy; 297. tpir - tpiuT (m) Ntfk; 298. njwpg;g - ntbf;f 299. GOq;fp - tUe;jp 300. nghbj;j - njhd;wpa 301. Gs;spfs; - tpah;itj; Jspfs; 302. ghlNgjk; - nka;k;Nky; 303. Ks; - Kl;fisAila 304. MW - top 305. fy; - gUf;iff;fy; 306. njd;dh; - ghz;bah; 307. Kdpjy; - ntFsy;

308. nts;shW> Nfhl;lhW - ,it ejpiar; rhh;e;j Ch;g;ngah;fs;

309. jpj;jpf;Fk; - ,dpf;Fk; 310. njs;sKJ - njspe;j mKjk; 311. Kj;jkpo; - ,ay;> ,ir> ehlfk; 312. Gj;jp - mwpT 313. cte;J - kfpo;e;J 314. ciuf;Fk; - $Wk; 315. tpz;zg;gk; - Ntz;LNfhs; 316. tpsk;g - nrhy;y 317. Fwk; - FwtQ;rp 318. gs; - gs;S 319. %d;wpdk; - jhopir> Jiw> tpUj;jk; vd;w

%tif ghtpdq;fs; 320. rpe;J - xU gh tif 321. rpe;jhkzp - nflhj kzp 322. rpe;Jk; - nfLk; 323. me;juk; - thdk; 324. Kf;Fzk; - ,uhrjk;> jhkjk;> rhj;Jtpfk; 325. gj;J Fzk; - RUq;fr; nrhy;yy;

tpsq;fitj;jy; Kjypa ed;D}y; $Wk; gj;J moFfs;

326. tz;zq;fs; (gQ;rth;zk;) - Ie;J ntz;ik> nrk;ik> fUik> nghd;ik> gRik (gr;ir)

327. nfhz;ly; - Nkfk; 328. thdk; - Nkfk; 329. jz;liy - Nrhiy 330. Nguz;lk; - thdg; ngUntspg; gug;G 331. ehLk; - tpUk;Gk; 332. fdfk; - nghd; 333. %d;wpy; - Kw;wk; (tPl;bd; Kd; Gwk;) 334. mdk; - md;dg;gwit 335. nta;Nahd; - fjputd; 336. vapy;top - mk;Gfs; va;a mike;Js;s

Jistop 337. kJ - Njd; 338. mz;lh; - Njth; 339. nrz;L - jpUkhypd; xUtpjg; gilf;fUtp 340. fj;Jk; - Koq;Fk; 341. juq;fk; - flyiy 342. #y; - fUg;gk; 343. cise;J - tUe;jp 344. thYfk; - ntz;kzy; 345. fhd;wkzp - nrhhpe;j Kj;J 346. fulk; - kjk; 347. tpflk; - tpflf; $j;J> cd;kj;jKkhk; 348. jlk; - kiy 349. je;jpg; gpiwf;$d; - ahidapd; gpiwr;re;jpud; Nghy; kUg;G tise;Js;s nfhk;G (je;jk;) 350. epj;jpyk; - Kj;J 351. rhyp - xU tif ney; 352. nfhz;ly; - Nkfk; 353. tyk;Ghpfs; - tyg;Gwkhf thpfs; mike;j

xUtif rq;Ffs; 354. mutk; - ghk;G> Xir 355. mf;fuk; - vOj;J 356. ml;lhl;ruk; - vl;L vOj;Jf;fisAila Xk;

eNkh ehuhazh 357. vl;L - vl;L vd;Dk; vz;> vl;Lfpd;w

njhiyT 358. iff;nfhs; - iff;$g;gpj; njhOjy;> ifapy;

fl;bf; nfhs;Sjy; 359. mfz;lk; - KOik

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


360. tprhy ghh;it - tphpe;j ghh;it 361. rq;fkk; - fyj;jy; 362. Ngjk; - NtWghL 363. Gfo;Ntd; - nrhy;Ntd; 364. cilik - nry;tk; 365. Gtp - g+kp 366. jPapid tPl;b - jPapid %sr;nra;J 367. klik - mwpahik 368. kkij - nrUf;F 369. Giy - ,opt 370. itak; - cyfk; 371. Jh;ePh; - nfl;l ePh; 372. Rz;b - tw;wp 373. fUiz - mUs; 374. gOjpyh - Fw;wkpy;yhj 375. cUtk; - tbtk; 376. cth;epyk; - cg;Gkz; 377. ciufy; - nghd;id curpg; ghh;f;Fk; fy; 378. Mw;wy; - rf;jp 379. xg;gw;w - epfuw;wd 380. ,ay;G - ew;Fzk; (gz;G) 381. jpyk; - vs;S 382. cLf;fs; - tpz;kPd;fs; 383. mah;j;jy; - cioj;Jf; fisj;jth; 384. faik - fPo;ikf; Fzk; 385. fq;if - ,kadiyapy; cw;gj;jpahFk;

tw;whj MW 386. eh;kij - jf;fhz gPlg+kpapy; cw;gj;jpahfp

Nkw;FNehf;fp ghAk; MW 387. nghd;dp - fhtphpahW FlF kiyapy;

cw;gj;jpahfpwJ 388. khDlk; - kdpjk; (kdpjNeak;) 389. rq;fkpj;jy; - fyj;jy; 390. jisfs; - jilfs; 391. ,lh; - Jd;gk; 392. nghUie - jhkpuguzpahW> njd;nghjpif

kiyapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ 393. khDlh; - kdpjh; 394. Fdpj;j - tise;j 395. Fkpz;rphpg;G - Gd;rphpg;G 396. gdpj;j - Fsph;e;j 397. vLj;j nghw;ghjk; - J}f;fpa jpUtb 398. epye;juQ; nra;Ak; - mopj;JtpLk; 399. tpRk;G mUSk; - tpz;ZyF mspf;Fk; 400. tyk; - ntw;wp 401. ehkk; - ngah; 402. fUtp - ths; 403. nghUeh; - giltPuh; 404. Nerp - md;G fhl;L 405. thdth; - Nky; cyfj;jhh; 406. kiw - Ntjk; 407. Cd; - jir 408. Qhdk; - mwpT 409. eL - eLTepiy 410. Cdk; - Fw;wk; 411. ciwAk; - thOk; 412. Nfh - ,iwtd; 413. Mhpak; - tlnkhop 414. jpq;fs; - khjk; 415. cWJiz - nghUe;Jiz 416. khf;fs; - tpyq;Ffs; 417. itak; - cyfk; 418. ehl;lk; - tpUg;gk; 419. Mrp - tho;j;J

420. cgNjrk; - mwpTiu 421. miuapy; - ,Lg;gpy; 422. Qhdp - Nguwpt cilatd; 423. jilfs; - ,ila+Wfs; 424. kjpahky; - nghUl;gLj;jhky; 425. kjhrhhpahh; - kjFU 426. Nfhyk; - xg;gid 427. coYk; - Jd;gg;gLk; 428. khJhpak; - ,dpik 429. gfh;e;jhd; - $wpdhd; 430. GUlh;fs; - tPuh;fs;> Mz;fSkhk; 431. ];jPhpfs; - tPuhq;fidfs;> ngz;fSkhk; 432. gpurq;fk; - nrhw;nghopT 433. rhkhdpa - vspa 434. rpU\;bj;J - gilj;J> cUthf;fp 435. mjph;\;lk; - vjph;ghuhj gad;/ey;Y}o; 436. thpir - khpahij 437. Nrhkd; - re;jpud; 438. Gtp - cyfk; 439. cw;Wop - Jd;Gw;wNghJ 440. fpoik - cwT 441. Gue;J - fhj;J 442. ntw;G - kiy 443. gzpahs; - Ntiyahs; 444. eypT - NfL 445. NehT - Neha; 446. neha;ik - fdkpd;ik> nkd;ik 447. njha;T - ,isg;G 448. FUjp - ,uj;jk; 449. td;kk; - jPuhg;gif 450. mOf;fhW - nghwhik 451. nrt;tp - jd;ik> moF 452. fhpg;G - mr;rk; 453. klik - Ngijik 454. gyfzp - rhsuk;> jpl;bthapy; 455. fhyjh; - fhw;W tUk; top> rhsuk; 456. QhapW - fjputd; 457. mth - Mir 458. Iak; - re;Njfk; 459. fzprk; - kpfjpahd 460. ghuk;ghpak; - kuG top 461. ghku kf;fs; - tphpe;j mwptpyhh; 462. thjk; - jUf;fk; 463. fhyhtjp - fhytiuaiw 464. ghpkhzk; - msT 465. gpur;rpid - Nfs;tp 466. epkpj;jk; - fhuzkhf 467. muzha; - ghJfhtydha; 468. fyf;fhky; - MNyhrpf;fhky; 469. rh;tfyhrhiy - gy;fiyf;fofk; 470. re;jh;g;gk; - Neuk; 471. glhNlhgk; - Mlk;guk; 472. Kf];Jjp - ngha;ahd Gfo;r;rp 473. ntFz;lhh; - rpdq; nfhz;lhh;. 474. g+hpj;jhh; - kpfTk; kfpo;e;jhh; 475. mky; nra;ag;gl;lJ - eilKiw gLj;jg;gl;lJ 476. ,y;yhz;ik - Fbapid MSk; jd;ik 477. ed;wp - ed;ik 478. Vrhik - gopr;nrhy; nrhy;yhik 479. Giu - Fw;wk; 480. tL - gop> Fw;wk; 481. Nrhfhg;gh; - Jd;gg;gLgth; (tUj;jkilth;) 482. KJnkhop - gonkhop 483. khhp - kio

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


484. khR - mOf;F 485. gpize;j - Nrh;e;j 486. khR - Fw;wk; 487. mq;if ney;ypf;fdpNghy – cs;sq;ifapy;

ney;ypf;fdp itj;jhy; mJ njspthf njhptJ Nghy 488. muz;fs; - ghJfhg;Gfs; 489. xf;Fk; - epfuhFk;> rkkhFk; 490. xt;th - epfh; Mfh> rkkhfh 491. rhd;whz;ik - fy;tp> Nfs;tp> mwpT

xOf;fj;jhy; rpwe;jjd;ik 492. xg;GuT - (cyfj;NjhL ,aq;Fjy;) jk;

epiyf;F Vw;g nfhLj;J cjtp tho;jy;

493. fz;Nzhl;lk; - midthplj;Jk; xU rPuhf fhl;Lk; md;G

494. rhy;G - rpwg;G jd;ik 495. flYs; kha;e;j - kd;ddhFk; Kd;Ng fyj;jpy;

,sk;ngUtOjp flypy; nrd;wNghJ fyk; ftpo;e;J kha;e;jhd;.

496. vz;Nguhak; - vz;ngUe;Jizth; (fuzj;jpayth;)> fUktpjpfs; fdfr; Rw;wk;> filf;fhg;ghsh;> efukhe;jh;> gilj;jiyth;> ahidtPuh;> ,Tspkwth;

497. glkhlf; Nfhapy; - NfhapYs;s ,iwtd; jpUTUtk;

498. elkhlf;Nfhapy; ek;gh; - kf;fs; 499. tlY}h; ts;syhh; - ,uhkypq;f mbfs; 500. gPL eil - ngUik kpf;f eil 501. nfhw;wk; - ntw;wp 502. tPL - Nkhl;rk; 503. Ik;ngUq;FO - murh;f;F MNyhrid $Wk;

Ith;. (mikr;rh;> me;jzh;> gilj;jiyth;> J}Jth;> rhuzh;) 504. ew;NgW - rpwe;j nry;tk; 505. mWjpapl;L - cWjpahf 506. mah;tpyh; - Nrhk;gp ,uhh; 507. epiyf;fsq;fs; - ,Ug;gplqfs; 508. Nfhl;ghL - nfhs;if 509. ,irT - cld;ghL 510. jpiw - fg;gk; 511. ghh; - cyfk; 512. jis - tpyq;F 513. tpioT - tpUg;gk; 514. mtyk; - Jd;gk;> ftiy 515. mit - rgh kz;lgk; 516. ifk;khW - gjpYjtp 517. ey;FuT - tWik 518. Giz - njg;gk; gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xUnrhy; ghh; - cyfk;> fhz; ,ir - Gfo;> ghl;L> ,dpa xyp ehz; - ntl;fg;gL> faW nka; - cly;> nka;naOj;J jpiu - miy> jpiur;rPiy kiw - Ntjk;> kiwj;J it gpb - ngz;ahid> gpbj;Jf;nfhs; gb - ghlk; gb> gbf;fl;L jpq;fs; - re;jpud;> khjk; typ - typik> NehT MW - fhtphp MW Nghd;wit> xh; vz;zpd; ngah;> top

khiy - G+khiy> nghOJ eif - Gd;rphpg;G> mzpfyd; kjp - mwpT> epyT> kjpj;jy; Ntok; - ahid> %q;fpy;> fUk;G nghwp - cWg;G> ,ae;jpuk; kh - khkuk;> Fjpiu> tpyq;F cLf;if - Mil> ,irf;fUtp md;dk; - gwit> czT kb - ,wj;jy;> Nrhk;gy; khL - nry;tk;> tpyq;F Ntq;if - tpyq;F> xUtif kuk;

xU nghUs; Fwpf;Fk; gynrhw;fs; (xU nghUs; gd;nkhop)

#hpad; - QhapW> fjputd;> gfNyhd; ghpjp tay; - fodp> godk;> nra; neUg;G - jP> mdy;> fdy; jtW - khR> Fw;wk;> gpio fpsp - jj;ij> Rfk;> fps;is ngz; - eq;if> tdpij> kq;if fly; - guit> Ke;ePh; nrhy; - gjk;> gonkhop> fpstp Foe;ij - kfT> Fotp> Nra; nra;As; - gh> ftpij> ahg;G kdk; - cs;sk;> neQ;rk; epj;jpiu - cwf;fk;> J}f;fk;; itak; - G+kp> kz;Zyfk;> ghh;> Gtp ,lh; - Jd;gk;> CW> Jauk; tpl - kid> ,y;yk; ,uf;fk; - ghpT> fUiz> mUs; kd;dd; - Nte;jd;> murd;> nfhw;wtd; gR - ngw;wk;> M> Nfh czT - Cz;> cz;b ahid - Ntok;> fhp mth - Mir> tpUg;gk;> tpioT moF - nghypT> vopy;> tdg;G Gtp - epyk;> cyfk; Xk;gy; - fhj;jy;> NgZjy; md;id - jha;> mk;kh> ngw;wts; guit - Mop> fly; mwpT - kjp> Qhdk; Gfo; - ,ir> rPh; epyT - kjp> re;jpud;> jpq;fs; khR - Fw;wk;> jPJ> mOf;F tir - gop> Fw;wk;

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


(ii) E}y;fSk;Mrphpah;fSk;

mfj;jpak; - mfj;jpah;

njhy;fhg;gpak; - njhy;fhg;gpah;

Iq;FWE}W FwpQ;rpj; jpiz ghbath; - fgpyh; Ky;iyj; jpiz ghbath; - Ngadhh; kUjj; jpiz ghbath; - Xuk;Nghfpahh; nea;jw; jpiz ghbath; - mk;%tdhh; ghiyj; jpiz ghbath; - Xjyhe;ijahh;

fypj;njhif

FwpQ;rpf;fyp ghbath; – fgpyh;

Ky;iyf;fyp ghbath; – Nrhod; ey;YUj;jpud;

kUjf;fyp ghbath; – kUjdpy; ehfdhh;

nea;jw;fyp ghbath; – ey;ye;Jtdhh;

ghiyf;fyp ghbath; – ngUq;fLq;Nfhd;

vl;Lj;njhif vl;Lj;njhif njhFj;jth; njhFg;gpj;jth; ew;wpiz (mfk;)

cg;g+hp Fbf;fpohh; gd;dhL je;j khwd; tOjp

FWe;njhif (mfk;)

cg;g+hp Fbf;fpohh; G+hpf;Nfh

Iq;FWE}W (mfk;)

Gyj;Jiw Kw;wpa $lY}h; fpohh;

ahidf;fl;Nra; khe;juQ; NruypUk; nghiw

gjpw;Wg;gj;J (Gwk;)

- -

ghpghly; (mfk;> Gwk; ,uz;Lk;)

fUk;gps;isg; g+jdhh;

-

fypj;njhif (mfk;)

ey;ye;Jtdhh; -

mfehD}W (mfk;)

kJiu cg;GhpFbfpohh; kfdhh; cUj;jpu rd;kdhh;

ghz;bad; cf;fpug; ngUtOjp

GwehD}W (Gwk;)

xy;iya+h; je;j g+jg;ghz;bad;

-

gj;Jg;ghl;L E}w;ngah; ghbath; ghl;Lilj;

jiytd; jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil (Gytuhw;Wg;)

ef;fPuh; KUfNtd;

rpWghzhw;Wg;gil (Mw;Wg;gil)

,ilf;fopehl;L ey;Y}h; ej;jj;jdhh;

Xa;kh ehl;L ey;ypaf;Nfhld;

ngUk;ghzhw;Wg;gil (Mw;Wg;gil)

fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq; fz;zhh;

njhz;ilkhd ,se;jpiuad;

nghUeuhw;Wg;gil (Mw;Wg;gil)

Klj;jhkf; fz;zpahh;

fhpfhw; ngUtsj;jhd;

$j;juhw;Wg;gil (kiygLflhk;) (Mw;Wg;gil)

,uzpa Kl;lj;Jg; ngUq;Fd;W}h; ngUq;nfsrpfdhh;

ed;dd; Nra; ed;dd;

FwpQ;rpg;ghl;L (mfk;)

fgpyh; -

Ky;iyg;ghl;L (mfk;)

eg;g+jdhh; -

kJiuf;fhQ;rp (Gwk;) khq;Fb kUjdhh; ghz;bad; jiyahyq; fhdj;Jr; nrUntd;w neLQ;nropad;

gl;bdg;ghiy (mfk;)

fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq; fz;zhh;

fhpfhw; ngUtsj;jhd;

neLey;thil (mfkh? Gwkh? Iak;)

ef;fPuh; ghz;bad; jiyahyq; fhdj;Jr;

nrUntd;w neLQ;nropad;

gjpndz;fPo;f;fzf;F E}y;fSk; ghbNahUk;

E}y; nghUs; Mrphpah; jpUf;Fws; mwk; (ePjp) jpUts;Sth; ehybahh; mwk; (ePjp) rkz Kdpth;fs; gonkhop ehD}W mwk; (ePjp) Kd;Wiuaiuadhh; ehd;kzpf;fbif mwk; tpsk;gpehfdhh; jphpfLfk; mwk; ey;yhjdhh; rpWgQ;r%yk; mwk; fhhpahrhd; Mrhuf;Nfhit mwk; ngUthapd; Ks;spahh; Vyhjp mwk; fzpNkjhtpahh; ,d;dhehw;gJ mwk; fgpyh; ,dpait ehw;gJ mwk; G+jQ;Nre;jdhh; KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp mwk; $lY}h;fpohh; jpizkhiy E}w;iwk;gJ

mwk; fzpNkjhtpahh;

Ie;jpiz vOgJ mfk; %thjpahh; Ie;jpiz Ik;gJ mfk; khwd; nghiwadhh; jpiznkhop Ik;gJ mfk; fz;zd; Nre;jdhh; m) ife;epiy mfk; Gy;yq;fhldhh; M) ,d;dpiy mfk; ngha;ifahh; fhh; ehw;gJ mfk; kJiu fz;zq;$j;jdhh; fstop ehw;gJ Gwk; ngha;ifahh;

Mj;jpr;#b> Qhdf;Fws;> nfhd;iwNte;jd;>ey;top> %Jiu(thf;Fz;lhk;) - xsitahh;

ntw;wpNtw;if> ieljk; - mjptPu uhkghz;bah;

mwnewpr;rhuk; - Kidg;ghbahh;

ed;ndwp - rptg;gpufhrh;

gpuGypq;f yPiy> cyf ePjp - cyfehjh;

esntz;gh> eNshghf;fpahdk; - GfNoe;jpg; Gyth; ghly;njhFg;G - njhFj;jth; ehyhapuj;jpt;tpa gpuge;jk; - ehjKdpfs; Mo;thh;fs; - 12

1. ngha;ifaho;thh; 2. G+jj;jho;thh; 3. Ngaho;thh; 4. kJuftpaho;thh; 5. nghpaho;thh; 6. Mz;lhs; 7. jpUg;ghzho;thh; 8. jpUkq;ifaho;thh; 9. jpUkopiraho;thh; 10.njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh; 11. ek;kho;thh; 12. FyNrfu Mo;thh;

E}w;ngah; ghbath;

Kjy; jpUte;jhjp ngha;ifaho;thh; (fhQ;rp)

,uz;lhk; jpUte;jhjp G+jj;jho;thh; (khky;yGuk;)

%d;whk; jpUte;jhjp Ngaho;thh; (kapyhg;G+h;) ehd;fhk; jpUte;jhjp jpUkopiraho;thh; jpUr;re;j tpUj;jk; jpUkopiraho;thh; jpUtpUj;jk; ek;kho;thh; jpUthrphpak; ek;kho;thh; nghpa jpUte;jhjp ek;kho;thh; jpUtha;nkhop ek;kho;thh; fz;zpEd; rpWjhk;G vd;w gjpfk;

kJuftpaho;thh;

jpUg;gy;yhz;L nghpaho;thh; nghpaho;thh; jpUnkhop nghpaho;thh; jpUg;ghit(30ghlyf;s) Mz;lhs; ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop Mz;lhs; nghpa jpUnkhop jpUkq;ifaho;thh; jpUf;FWe;jhz;lfk; jpUkq;ifaho;thh;

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


jpUneLe;jhz;lfk; jpUkq;ifaho;thh; jpUntO$w;wpUf;if jpUkq;ifaho;thh; rpwpa jpUkly; jpUkq;ifaho;thh; nghpa jpUkly; jpUkq;ifaho;thh; jpUkhiy njhz;lubg;nghbaho;thh; jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp njhz;lubg;nghbaho;thh; jpUg;gjpfk; (mkydhjpgpuhd;) jpUg;ghzho;thh; ngUkhs; jpUnkhop FyNrfu Mo;thh;

Ik;ngUq;fhg;gpaq;fs; 1. rpyg;gjpfhuk; - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;

2. kzpNkfiy (ngsj;j rka E}y;) – rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; 3. rPtf rpe;jhkzp - jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; 4. tisahgjp (rkz rka E}y;) - Mrphpah; njhpatpy;iy

5. Fz;lyNfrp (ngsj;j rka E}y;) – ehjFj;jdhh; IQ;rpWq;fhg;gpaq;fs; 1. aNrhju fhtpak; - ntz;zhtYilahh; (caph;f; nfhiy jPJ vd;gij typAWj;j vOe;j E}y;) 2. cjazFkhu fhtpak; - Mrphpah; njhpatpy;iy 3. ehfFkhu fhtpak; - Mrhpah; njhpatpy;iy

4. #shkzp (ftpijeaj;jpy; rpe;jhkzp Nghd;wJ) –Njhyhnkhopj; Njth;

5. ePyNfrp (rkz rka E}y;) – thkd Kdpth;

rPtfrpe;jhkzp> ehptpUj;jk; - jpUj;jf;fj; Njth;

ngUq;fij - nfhq;FNtsph;

fk;guhkhazk;> VnuOgJ> rpiy vOgJ. jpUf;if tof;fk;> ruRtjp me;jhjp> rlNfhgue;jhjp> ,yf;Fkp me;jhjp> Kk;kzpf; Nfhit - fk;gh;

nghpa Guhzk; - Nrf;fpohh;

rk;ge;jh; - jpUf;filf;fhg;G

mg;gh; - Njthuk;

Re;juh; - jpUg;ghl;L

khzpf;fthrfh; - jpUthrfk;

jpU%yh; - jpUke;jpuk;

Kj;njhs;shapuk; - Mrphpah; njhpatpy;iy

ee;jpf;fyk;gfk; - Mrphpah; njhpatpy;iy

ghuj ntz;gh - ngUe;Njtdhh;

NkUke;ju Guhzk; - thkd Kdpth;

tpy;yp ghujk; - tpy;ypGj;J}uho;thh;

,iwadhh; fstpay; ciu –ef;fPuh;

Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy –Iadhhpjdhh;

fe;jGuhzk; - fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhhpahh;

tPuNrhopak; - Gj;jkpj;jpuh;

Nre;jd; jpthfuk;> jpthfu epfz;L –jpthfu Kdpth;

gpq;fy epfz;L –gpq;fy Kdpth;

chpr;nrhy; epfz;L –fhq;Nfah;.

#lhkzp epfz;L - kz;ly GUlh;

fahju epfz;L –fahjh;

rpe;jhkzp epfz;L –itj;jpaypq;fh;

xU nrhw;fy nghUs; epfz;L –fdfrigg; Gyth;

nghjpif epfz;L –rhkpehj ftp

ghujp epfz;L –gukhde;j ghujp

mUk;nghUs; tpsf;f epfz;L –mUkUe;J Njrpfh;

jpthfu epfz;L –jpthfu Kdpth;

tlkiy epfz;L - <Rtuftp

Mrphpa epfz;L –Mz;bg;Gyth;

gplt epfz;L –xsitahh;

%tUyh –xl;lf;$j;jh;

fypq;fj;Jg;guzp –nraq;nfhz;lhd;

,u\;atijg; guzp –K. uhfitaq;fhh;

mQ;Qtijg; guzp –jj;Jtuha Rthkpfs;

mfj;jpak; - mfj;jpah;

njhy;fhg;gpak; - njhy;fhg;gpah;

tPuNrhopak; - Gj;jgpj;jpuh;

Nekpehjk;> tr;rze;jpkhiy> gd;dpU ghl;bay; (ntz;ghg; ghl;bay;) - FztPugz;bjh;

jz;bayq;fhuk; - jz;bd;

ahg;gUq;fyk;> ahg;gUq;fy tpUj;jp> ahg;gUq;fyf;fhhpif - mkph;jrhfuh;

ed;D}y; - gtde;jp Kdpth;

ek;gpafg;nghUs; - ehw;ftpuhr ek;gp

jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp

re;jputhzd; Nfhit> Nra+h; KUfd; gps;isj; jkpo; - me;jf;ftp tPuuhfth;

jpUTe;jpahh;> jpUf;fspw;Wg; ghbahh; - ca;ate;jj; Njth;

rptQhd Nghjk; - nka;fz;lhh;

jpy;iyf;fyk;gfk; - ,ul;ilg; Gyth;fs; (,sQ;#hpah;> KJ#hpah;)

tpdh ntz;gh> Nghw;wpg; g/nwhil> nfhbf;ftp> neQ;R

tpL J}J –ckhgjp rpthr;rhhpahh;

mhpr;re;jpu Guhzk; - tPuftpuhah;

kr;r Guhzk; - tlkiyag;gh;

,ul;rzpa ahj;jphpfk;> ,ul;rzpa rka eph;zak;> ,ul;rzpa kNdhfuk;> ,ul;rzpa Fws; - vr;. V. fpUl;bzg;gps;is.

jpUkhiy> jpUg;gs;spnaOr;rp –njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh;.

jpUtz;zhkiy> jpUntz;fhL Guhzk; - irt vy;yg;g ehtyh;.

njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;> QhNdhgNjrk;> gukhh;j;j FU fij>

rJufuhjp> jpUf;fhtY}h; fyk;gfk;> Njk;ghtzp –

tPukhKdpth;.

rPwhg;Guhzk;> KJnkhopkhiy> rPjf;fhjp nehz;b ehlfk; - ckWg;Gyth;.

ee;jdhh; rhpj;jpuk; - NfhghyfpUl;bz ghujpahh;

lk;ghr;rhp tpyhrk; - fhrp tp];tehjh;. ehad;khh;fs; - 63

jpUKiw vz;

E}w;ngah; Mrphpah;

1>2>3 Njthuk; jpUQhd rk;ge;j%h;j;jp ehadhh;

4>5>6 Njthuk; jpUehTf;furh; 7 Njthuk; Re;juh; 8 jpUthrfk; khzpf;fthrfh; jpUntk;ghi

t khzpf;fthrfh;

9 xd;gjhk; jpUKiw

jpUkhspifj;Njth; Nre;jdhh; Nrjpuhah; fz;luhjpj;jh; g+e;JUj;jp ek;gp fhlt ek;gp jpUthyp mKjdhh; GUN\hj;jk ek;gp fUt+h;j;Njth; Ntzhl;lbfs;

10 jpUke;jpuk; (gj;jhk; jpUKiw)

jpU%yh;

11 gjpNdhwhk; jpUthyTilahh;

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


jpUKiw fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh; Iabfs; fhlth;Nfhd; Nrukhd; ngUkhs; ehadhh; ef;fPuh;> fgpyh;> guzh; fy;yhldhh; ,sk;ngUkhdbfs; ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp

12 nghpaGuhzk; Nrf;fpohh;

jpUtUl;gh> [PtfhUz;a xOf;fk;> kDKiw fz;l thrfk;> xoptpnyhLf;fk;> njhz;lkz;ly rjfk;> rpd;ka

jPgpif –ts;syhh; ,uhkypq;f mbfshh;.

khwd; mfg;nghUs;> khwdyq;fhuk; - jpUf;FUifg; ngUkhs;.

Ntjhuzpag; Guhzk;> jpUtpisahlw; Nghw;wp fypntz;gh> rpjk;gug;ghl;bay;> jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk;> kJiu

gjpw;Wg;gj;je;jhjp –guQ;Nrhjp Kdpth;.

,yf;fz tpsf;fg; ghl;bay; - itj;jpaehj Njrpfh;

,yf;fz nfhj;J –Rthkpehj Njrpfh;

etePjg; ghl;bay; - etePjd;

Kj;J tPhpak; - Kj;JtPu cghj;jpahah;

rhkpehjk; - rhkpf;ftpuhrh;

Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy –Iadhhpjdhh;

gpuge;j jPgpif –Kj;J Ntq;fl Rg;igah;

mfg;nghUs; tpsf;fk; - ehw;ftpuhr ek;gp

khwdyq;fhuk; - jpUf;FUifg; ngUkhs; ftpuhah;

gpuNahf tpNtfk; - Rg;gpukzpa jPl;rpjh;

kPdhl;rpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> kPdhl;rpak;ik Fwk;> ,ul;il kzpkhiy> Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpo;> fhrpf;fyk;gfk;> ePjpnewp tpsf;fk;> jpUth&h; ehd;kzpkhiy> rpjk;gu Kk;kzpf;Nfhit> rpjk;gu nra;Al;Nfhit- Fku FUgu Rthkpfs;

fe;jGuhzk; - fr;rpag;g rpthr;rhhpahh;

jpUr;nre;J}h; gps;isj;jkpo; - gfopf;$j;jh;

Nrf;fpohh; gps;isj;jkpo;> mfpyhz;l gps;isj; jkpo; - kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is

,uz;lhk; FNyhj;jJq;fd; gps;isj;jkpo;> jf;fahfg;

guzp. %tUyh –xl;lf;$j;jh;.

fypq;fj;Jg;guzp> ,irahapuk;> cyh> kly; - nraq;nfhz;lhh;.

jpUthyq;fhl;L %j;j jpUg;gjpfq;fs; - fhiuf;fhyk;ikahh;

jpUf;Fw;whyehj cyh> Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp> jpUf;Fw;why

khiy> jpUf;Fw;whyg; gps;isj; jkpo; –jphp$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhah;.

mofh; fps;istpL J}J> njd;wy; tpL J}J –

gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjg; Gyth;

jpUntq;iff; fyk;gfk;> jpUntq;if cyh –rptg;gpufhrh;

jpUtuq;ff; fyk;gfk;> jpUNtq;flj;je;jhjp> m\;lg;gpuge;jk; - gps;isg; ngUkhs; Iaq;fhh;.

ehiu tpL J}J –rj;jp Kj;jg; Gyth;

fhe;jpak;ik gps;isj;jkpo;> fhe;jpak;ik me;jhjp –mofpa nrhf;fehjh;.

RFz Re;jhp –Kd;rPg; Ntjehafk; gps;is

mKjhk;gpif gps;isj; jkpo;> ,yf;fz tpsf;fr; #whtsp - rptQhd Kdpth;

fiyirf; Nfhit> fiyirr; rpjk;gNurh; guzp> fiyirr; rpNyil ntz;gh> jpUthLJiwf; Nfhit>

rptQhd Kdpth; Jjp –njhl;bf;fiy Rg;gpukzpa Kdpth;.

FNrNyhghf;fpahdk;>jpUf;Nfhitahh; - ty;Y}h; Njtuhrg;gps;is

jQ;irthzd; Nfhit –ngha;ahnkhopg; Gyth;

Kf;$lw;gs;S –vd;ndapdhg; Gytuhf ,Uf;fyhk;

NrJ Guhzk; - epuk;gtofpa Njrpfh;

,uhk ehlff; fPh;j;jid –mUzhr;ryf; ftpuhah;

kNdhd;kzpak; - ng. Re;juk;gps;is

jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; - fhy;Lnty;

ngz;kjp khiy> rh;t rkaf; fPh;j;jidfs;> gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk;> ePjpE}y; jpul;L> RFz Re;jhp rhpj;jpuk; - kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is

fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuk; - uh[k; Iah;

&ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak;> ehlftpay; - ghpjpkhw;fiyQh;.

ts;spj; jpUkzk;> Nfhtyd; rhpj;jpuk;> rjp RNyhr;rdh> ,ytFrh> gf;j gpufyhjh> ey;yj;jq;fhs;> tPu mgpkd;a+> gtsf;nfhb - rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;

kNdhfuh> aahjp> rpWnjhz;ld;> fh;zd;> rghgjp> nghd; tpyq;F - gk;ky; rk;ke;jdhh;.

,ul;il kdpjd;> Gdh; n[d;kk;> fdfhk;guk;> tpbAkh? –

F.g. uh[Nfhghyd;.

flTSk; fe;jrhkpg; gps;isAk;> fhQ;rid> nghd;dfuk;> mfy;ia> rhg tpNkhrdk; - GJikg;gpj;jd;.

kPdhl;rp Re;juk;gps;is rhpj;jpuk;> GjpaJk; gioaJk;. fz;lJk; Nfl;lJk;> epidt kQ;rhp> vd; rhpjk; - c.Nt. rhkpehj ma;ah;.

fUzhkph;j rhfuk; - jQ;ir Mgpufhk; gz;bjh;

ngj;Nyfk; FwpQ;rp –Ntjehaf rh];jphp

ehf ehl;lurp> Nfhfpyk;ghs; fbjq;fs; - kiwkiyabfs;.

NkhfKs;s> md;Ng MuKNj> mk;kh te;jhr;R> kug;gR> esg;ghfk; - jp. [hdfpuhkd;

,uhtz fhtpak;> jPud; rpd;dkiy> RukQ;rhp> neUQ;rpg;gok; - Gyth; Foe;ij

xU ebif ehlfk; ghh;f;fpwhs;> rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy kdpjh;fs;> xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU cyfk;> Gjpa thh;g;Gfs;> xUgpbr; NrhW> ghhPRf;Fg; Ngh> FUgPlk;> rpdpkhTf;Fg; Nghd rpj;jhS> Afre;jp> GJ nrUg;G fbf;Fk;> mf;dpg; gpuNtrk;> cd;idg;Nghy; xUtd; - n[afhe;jd;.

ngha;j;NjT> xUehs;> tho;e;jth; nfl;lhy; - f.eh. Rg;ukzpak;

rptfhkpapd; rgjk;> nghd;dpapd; nry;td;> miy Xir> fs;tdpd; fhjyp> jpahfg+kp> kFlgjp> mkujhuh> jpUld; kfd; jpUld; - fy;fp

mfy; tpsf;F> ngw;w kdk;> fs;Nsh fhtpaNkh> fhpj;Jz;L> neQ;rpy; xU Ks;> jk;gpf;F> jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhW> faik> ghit> thlh kyh;> nre;jhkiu>

kz;Fbir> Fwl;il xyp –K. tujuhrdhh;.

Gj;u> mgpjh –yh.r. uhkhkph;jk;.

FwpQ;rp kyh;> rKjha tPjp> Jsrp khlk;> nghd; tpyq;F>

ghz;bkhNjtp> kzp gy;ytk;> tyk;Ghpr;rq;F –eh. ghh;j;jrhujp

mz;zhkiy tPiuae;jhjp> rq;fud; Nfhapy; jphpge;jhjp>

fUit Kk;kzpf;Nfhit –mz;zhkiy nul;bahh;.

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


ghit tpsf;F> rpj;jpug;ghit> vq;Nf NghfpNwhk;? Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd;> ntw;wpj; jpUefh;> GJnts;sk;> nghd;kyh;> ngz; - mfpyd;

neQ;rpd; miyfs;> kp];lh; Ntjhe;jk;> fhpry;> Gjpa jhprdq;fs; - nghd;dPyd;

fpU\;z gUe;J –M. khjtd;

gj;khtjp rhpj;jpuk;> tp[akhh;j;jhz;lk; - khjt ma;ah;

cjare;jpud;> ee;jpnghUj;j ehafp> fhQ;rp Re;jhp –

tpf;fpukd;

jtg;gad;> GJ cyfk;> md;gspg;G> rphpf;ftpy;iy>

fhyfz;b –F. mofphprhkp.

xU> Gspakuj;jpd; fij> N[.N[. rpy Fwpg;Gfs;> Foe;ijfs; ngz;fs; Mz;fs; - Re;ju uhkrhkp (gRta;ah)

FwpQ;rpj; Njd;> NtUf;F ePh;> fhpg;G kzpfs; - uh[k; fpU\;zd; ePy gj;kehgd;.

FUjpg;Gdy;> Rje;jpu g+kp> je;jpu g+kp> NtjGuj;J tpahghhpfs; - ,e;jpuh ghh;j;jrhujp

GaypNy xU Njhzp> flYf;F mg;ghy; - g. rpq;fhuk;

ehis kw;WnkhU ehNs> Fwj;jp KLf;F –[p. ehfuh[d;.

eha;fs; - eFyd;

Njrgf;jd; fe;jd;> KUfd; Xh; cotd; - Ntq;flukzp

gjpndl;lhtJ ml;rf;NfhL> ,Ul;bypUe;J ntspr;rk;>

fiue;j epoy;fs;> ez;gdpd; je;ij –mNfhkpj;jpud;.

rhahtdk;> njhiye;J Nghdth;fs; - rh. fe;jrhkp. ]PNuh bfphp –rhU epNtjpjh

uq;Nfhd; uhjh> ghh;tjp gp.V> epiyAk; epidg;Gk;> V! jho;e;j jkpofNk> Xh; ,uT> Mhpa khia> Ntiyf;fhhp> jrhtjhuk;> ePjp Njtd; kaf;fk;> nrt;thio> gpuhh;j;jid>

Fw;wthspNah –mwpQh; mz;zh

FwNshtpak;> guhrf;jp> njhy;fhg;gpag; g+q;fh> nghd;dh; rq;fh;> njd;ghz;br; rpq;fk;> ,uj;jk; xNu epwk;> nts;spf;fpoik>

rq;fj;jkpo;> NuhkhGhpg; ghz;bad;> g+k;Gfhh;> ke;jphpFkhhp – fiyQh; fUzhepjp

mh;j;jKs;s ,e;Jkjk;> fy;yf;Fb khfhtpak;> ,uhrjz;lid> Mapuk;jPT> mq;ifaw;fd;dp> Ntyq;Fbj; jpUtpoh> Ml;ldj;jp Mjpke;jp> khq;fdp> ,NaR fhtpak;> Nrukhd; fhjyp> tdthrk; kdthrk; - fz;zjhrd;.

Ks;Sk; kyUk; - ckhre;jpud;

capNuhtpak; - ehuz. Jiuf;fz;zd;

fy;Yf;Fs; <uk; - uh.R. ey;yngUkhs;

th\pq;ldpy; jpUkzk; - rhtp

=uq;fj;J Njtijfs;> fiunay;yhk; nrz;gfg;g+> atdpfh> ,uj;jk; xNu epwk; - R[hjh

nkh;f;Fhpg; g+f;fs;> ,Uk;Gf;Fjpiu> cilahh; - ghyFkhud;.

khDlk; nty;Yk;> kfhejp> re;jpah – gpugQ;rd;

ee;jpth;kd; fhjyp> kJuaho; kq;if> Mytha; mofd; - n[fr;rpw;gpad;

tPughz;bad; kidtp –mU. uhkehjd;

,d;ndhU Njrpa fPjk;> ftpuhrd; fij> fs;spf;fhl;L ,jpfhrk;> jz;zPh; Njrk;> fUthr;rp fhtpak;. tpy;NyhL th epyNt> itfiw Nkfq;fs;> jpUj;jp vOjpa jPh;g;Gfs;> vd; gioa Xiyfs; - ftpQh; ituKj;J

ghy;tPjp> Myhgid> Rl;L tpuy;> Neah; tpUg;gk;> gpj;jd; - mg;Jy; uFkhd;.

fz;zPh;g;g+f;fs;> Nrhoepyh> Ch;tyk; - K. Nkj;jh

fUg;G kyh;fs;> rfhuhitj; jhz;lhj xl;lfq;fs;> fy;yiwj; njhl;by;> #hpa fhe;jp - eh. fhkuhrd;

Crpfs; + fdTfs; + fw;gidfs; = fhfpjq;fs; kPuh(kP. uhN[e;jpud;)

Qhd ujk;> re;jphpifapd; fij> juhR> fz;zd; ghl;L> Fapy; ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk; - ghujpahh;.

fz;zfp Gul;rp fhg;gpak;> gprpuhe;ijahh;> jkpo; ,af;fk;> FLk;g tpsf;F> ,Uz;l tPL> mofpd; rphpg;G> vjph;ghuhj Kj;jk;> fjh; ,uhl;bdg; ghl;L> rQ;rPtp gh;tjj;jpd; rhuy;> ghz;bad; ghpR> ,uhl;bdg; ghl;L> rQ;rPtp gh;tjj;jpd; rhuy;> ghz;bad; ghpR> KjpNahh; fhjy;> FwpQ;rpj; jpul;L>gbj;j ngz;fs;> ,iraKJ> kzpNkfiy ntz;gh> ,isQh; ,yf;fpak; - ghujpjhrd;.

Njd;kio> JiwKfk;> RtUk; Rz;zhk;Gk;> cjl;by; cjL> rhtpd; Kj;jk; - Rujh

CUk; NgUk; - uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is

Njtpapd; fPh;j;jidfs;> kyUk; khiyAk;> kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;> Mrpa N[hjp> Foe;ijr; nry;tk;> ckh; fa;ahk; ghly;fs; - ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is

NfhNtW fOijfs; - ,kak;

kiyf;fs;sd;> jkpod; ,jak;> rq;nfhyp> mtDk; mtSk;> vd; fij> ftpjhQ;ryp> fhe;jp mQ;ryp> jkpo;Nte;jd;> md;Gnra;j mw;Gjk;> ftpjhQ;ryp> fhe;jp mQ;ryp> jkpo; Nte;jd; - ehkf;fy; ftpQh;. nt. uhkypq;fk;gps;is.

KUfd; my;yJ moF> ngz;zpd; ngUik> rPh;jpUj;jk;> fpwpj;Jtpd; mUs; Ntl;ly;> kdpj tho;f;ifAk; fhe;jpabfSk>; tho;f;ifj; Jiz eyk;> jkpo;j; njd;wy;> Njrgf;jd; (ehspjo;) > etrf;jp(fpoikapjo;) - jpU.tp. fypahzRe;judhh;.

atduhzp> fly;Gwh> kiythry;> ,uhrepyk;> [yjPgk;>

,uh[Nghpif – rhz;by;ad;

fhe;jSh;r;rhiy> nfhy;ypkiyr; nry;tp – g+tz;zd;

kjq;f #shkzp> aho;E}y; - Rthkp tpGyhee;jh;

tpahrh; tpUe;J> rf;futh;j;jp jpUkfs;> rNgrd; fhgp - ,uh[h[p ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp

vopNyhtpak;> Foe;ij ,yf;fpak;> jkpor;rp> njhL thdk;> nfhbKy;iy> ,d;g ,yf;fpak;> jPh;j;j ahj;jpiu - thzpjhrd;

kyUk; cs;sk;> rphpf;Fk; g+f;fs;> NeUTk; Foe;ijfSk; - mo. ts;spag;gh

fuKz;lhh; tPL –jQ;ir gpufh\;

fhL> gpd;njhlUk; epoypd; Fuy;> fd;dpahFkhp> VohtJ

cyfk;> kz;> tp\;ZGuk;> nfhw;wit – n[aNkhfd;

neLq;FUjp> cg ghz;ltk; - v];. uhkfpU\;zd;

Gjpa tpbay;fs;> ,J vq;fs; fpof;F – jhuh ghujp

G+j;jJ khDlk;> Gul;rp Kof;fk;> ciu tPr;R – rhiy ,se;jpiuad;

thOk; ts;Stk;. Ghujpapd; mwptpay; ghh;it –th.nr. Foe;ijrhkp.

ruRtjp me;jhjp> rlNfhgh; me;jhjp> jpUf;if tof;fk;> rpiy vOgJ> Vh; vOgJ> fk;guhkhazk; - fk;gh;

rPwhg;Guhzk;> KJnkhopkhiy> jpUkz tho;j;J> rPjf;fhjp nehz;b ehlfk; - ckWg;Gyth;

fe;jGuhzk; - fr;rpag;gh;

esntz;gh –GfNoe;jp

tpy;ypghujk; - tpy;ypg;Gj;jpuh;

jpUg;ghit –Mz;lhs;

jpUthrfk; - khzpf;fthrfh;

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


jpUg;Gfo; - mUzfphpehjh;

cyf ePjp –cyfehjh;

ntw;wpNtw;if> ieljk; - mjptPuuhkg; ghz;bahh;

ciueil E}y;fs;> QhdgNjrk;> thkd; fij> gh;tj fhz;lk;> gukhh;j;j FUfij> nra;As; E}y;fs;> jpUf;fhtY}h;f; fyk;gfk;> fypntz;gh> milf;fy khiy> ,yf;fz E}y;fs;> njhd;D}y; tpsf;fk;. nfhLe;jkpo;

,yf;fzk;> mfuhjp> rJh; mfuhjp – tPukhKdpth;

fz;zd; ghl;L> Fapy; ghl;L> ghQ;rhyp rgjk;> ghg;gh ghl;L> tpehafh; ehd;kzpkhiy> Ntjhe;j ghly;fs;>Qhdujk;> re;jphpifapd; fij> juhR> jpz;ba

rh];jphp> nrhh;z Fkhhp – Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh;

kNdhd;kzpak; - Re;juk; gps;is

,uhtz fhtpak;> fhkQ;rhp –Gyth; Foe;ij

kyUk; khiyAk;> ,se;njd;wy;> gRTk; fd;Wk;> Foe;ijr; nry;tk;> kUkf;fs; top khd;kpak;> ckhh; fa;ahk;

ghly;fs;> Mrpa N[hjp –ftpkzp Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is

g+q;nfhb> tPufhtpak;> kdpjid NjfpNwd;> fhtphpg; ghit> neQ;R nghWf;Fjpy;iyNa> Cd;W Nfhy;> Kbaurd; ftpijfs; - ftpQh; Kbaurd;

mk;kh te;jhs;> NkhfKs;> kug;gR> rptg;G hpf;\h> nfhl;L Nksk;> rpyph;g;G rhj;jpakh> rf;jp itj;jpak;> ehYNtyp epyk;> tbNtY thj;jpahh; - jp. [hdfpuhkd;

FKjts;sp> Nfhfpyhk;ghs; fbjq;fs; - kiwkiy mbfs;

gQ;Rk; grpAk; - ,uFehjd;

fkyhk;ghs; rhpj;jpuk; - ,uh[k; Iah;

FwpQ;rpj;Njd;> tisfuk;> NtUf;F ePh;> fhpg;G kzpfs; - ,uh[k; fpU\;zd;.

tPughz;ba kidtp> mNrhfd; fhjyp> ,uhruhr Nrhod; – mU. ,uhkehjd;

kiythry;> fly;Gwh> atd uhzp> ,uhr jpyfk;> fd;dp khlk; - rhz;by;ad;

gj;jpdpf; Nfhl;lk;> ee;jpth;kd; fhjyp> kJuaho; kq;if> jpUr;rpw;wk;gyk; - n[fr;rpw;gp

fay;tpop> ghit tpsf;F> GJnts;sk;> ngz;> ngz;kyh;> tho;T vq;Nf? neQ;rpd; miyfs;> rpj;jpug;ghit> Ntq;ifapd; ike;jd;> ,jar; rpiwapy;> epytpdpNy> Fw;jp>

Foe;ij rphpj;jJ> fq;fh ];ehdk;> vhpkiy – mfpyd;

rptfhkpapd; rgjk;> nghd;dpapd; nry;td;> ghh;j;jpgd; fdT> ngha;khd; fhL> fs;tdpd; fhjyp> miyNahir> kFlgjp> fhjhuf; fs;td;> iky;tpop khd;> xw;iw Nuhrh> jpUld;

kfd; jpUld;> Nfjhhpapd; jhahh; – fy;fp

;jkpo;r; nry;tk; - fp.M.ng. tp];tehjd;

kz;zpay;> rpWNjh; - gz;bjkzp K. fjpNurd;

mfy;tpsf;F> ngw;w kdk;> lhf;lh; my;yp> gr;irag;gh;. kdr;rhd;W> fhjy; vq;Nf? fhpj;Jz;L> nre;jhkiu> fy;Nyh

fhtpaNkh? Fwl;il xyp – lhf;lh; K. tujuhrdhh;

Kf;$lw;gs;S –vd;dhapdhg; Gyth;

&ghtjp> fyhtjp> khdtp[ak;> ehlftpay; - #hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp

kNdhfuh –gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh;

mgpkd;A> Re;jhp> gtsf;nfhb> rjp mD#ah> gpufyhjd;> rpWnjhz;lh; Guhzk;> ts;sp jpUkzk; - rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs;.

lhf;lUf;F kUe;J> NjNuhl;b kfd;> jOk;G> kyUk; kzKk;> ghh;fly; - gp.v];. ,uhikah

ePh;f;Fkpop> nkOFth;j;jp> ehzy;> vjph; ePr;ry;> rh;th; Re;juk;> Nk[h; re;jpu fhe;j;> etfpufk; - Nf. ghyr;re;jh;.

ahUf;Fk; ntl;fkpy;iy> cz;ikNa cd; tpiy vd;d?> ,utpy; nrd;id> KfkJgpd; Jf;sf;> kdk; xU Fuq;F

–Nrh. ,uhkrhkp.

fhfpjg;g+> ke;jphpf;Fkhhp> guhrf;jp> g+k;Gfhh;> Gijay;> nts;spf;fpoik> NuhkhGhp ghz;bad;> FwNshtpak;> njd;ghz;br; rpq;fk;> rq;fj;jkpo;> neQ;Rf;F ePjp.

tpal;ehk; tPL –Nf. Re;juk;

tyk;Ghpr; rq;F> neUg;Gf; fdpfs;> FwpQ;rp kyh;> ghz;bad; Njtp> rKjha tPjp> rj;jpa nts;sk;> Jsrp khlk; - eh. ghh;j;jrhujp

jpUthrfk;> jpUr;rpw;wk;gyf; Nfhit> jpUf;Nfhitahh; - khzpf;fthrfh;.

ehy;th; ehd;kzpkhiy> Nrhdirt khiy> ed;ndwp> jpUntq;iff; fyk;gfk;> jpUntq;iff; Nfhit> gpuGypq;f

yPiy> fhsj;jpg; Guhzk;> jpUntq;if cyh –rptg;gpufhr Rthkpfs;

tpahrh; tpUe;J> rf;futh;j;jp jpUkzk; - ,uh[h[p

fhzhkNy fhjy;> Gdh; n[d;kk;> fdfhk;guk;> tpbAkh? – F.gh. ,uh[Nfhghyd;.

md;W ,uT> flTSk; fe;jrhkp gps;isAk;> rhg tpNkhrdk;> fhyDk; fpotpAk;> fapw;wpuT> top> epidTg;ghij> nghd;dfuk;> nry;yk;khs; - GJikg;gpj;jd;.

gts ky;ypif –fp.th. [fe;ehjd;

kuj;jbf; flTs;> re;jhdf; fhtb –jp.I.u.

jpuhtpl ehl;Lf; fijfs; - gz;bj eNlr rh];jphp

mw;g [Ptpfs; - kyh;kd;dd;

mfjp –khahtp

,yf;fpa kyh;fs;> rKj;jpuk;> Nthpy; gOj;j gyh –K.K. ,];khapy;

Fsj;jq;fiu> murkuk; - c.Nt. rhkpehijah;

Khjtp fhtpak;> Gj;jh; fhtpak; - jkpo; xsp (tp[auq;fk;)

fhjy; xj;jpif> %d;whk; if –gl;Lf;Nfhl;il gpughfh;

K. Nkj;jh– Nrhoepyh> fz;zPh; g+f;fs;

rphpf;Fk; g+f;fs;> ntw;wpf;F top> NeUTk; Foe;ijfSk; - mo. ts;spag;gh

n[fr;rpw;gp– nrhh;f;fj;jpd; epoy;> Qhdf;Fapy;

nrhy;yj;jhd; epidf;fpNwd; - kzpad;

Ky;iyf; nfhbad; - tpe;jd;

nts;is ,Ul;L - ,d;Fyhg;

CUq;fhyk;> cs;thq;Fk; cyfk; - tpf;ukhjpj;ad;

gpujhg Kjypahh; rhpj;jpuk; (jkpopd;) Kjy; ehty; 1879>

RFz Re;jhp –khA+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is

xU Nfhl;Lf;F ntspNa> Nrhw;Wg; gl;lhsk;> CUf;Fs;

xU Gul;rp –R. rKj;jpuk;

NjNuhLk; tPjp> kpd; cyfk;> cwTfs;> gs;sp nfhz;lGuk;> jiyKiwfs; - ePy. Gj;kehgd;

Nfhgy;yGuj;J kf;fs;> Nfhgy;y fpuhkk; - fp. ,uh[ ehuhazd;

fhpry;> Gjpa jhprdq;fs;> Njly; - nghd;dPyd;

N[.N[. rpy Fwpg;Gfs;> Njhl;bapd; kfd;> xU Gspakuj;jpd; fij> nrk;kPd; - Re;ju uhkrhkp

$dd; Njhg;G> xU flNyhu fpuhkj;jpd; fij> JiwKfk;>

rha;T ehw;fhyp – Njhg;gpy; KfkJ kPuhd;

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


ghujpapd; mwptpay; ghh;it> FNyhj;Jq;fd; ftpijfs; - th.nr. Foe;ij rhkp.

Kl;il> mfy;ah –gpugQ;rd;

jz;zPh; jz;zPh;> Xh; ,e;jpaf; fdT – Nfhky; Rthkpehjd;.

njhlUk; njhlh;Gk; mwpjy; ,j;njhluhy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; rhd;Nwhh;

jpUts;Sth; - nja;tg;Gyth;> ehd;Kfdhh;> khjhDgq;fp> nre;ehg;Nghjfh;> ngUehtyh;> ngha;apy; Gyth; ehadhh;> Njth;>

,uhkypq;f mbfs; - ts;syhh;>mbfshh;

jpUehTf;fuR - MSilauR kUs; ePf;fpahh;> mg;gh;> jz;lfNte;jh;

jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; - MSilag;gps;is> jpuhtpl rpR

Re;juh; - MSila ek;gp

fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh; - Ngahh;

fgpyh; - FwpQ;rpf; Nfhkhd;

fk;gd; - ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp>fy;tpapy; nghpath;> fk;gh; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj; jwpAk; ftpghLk;> tpUj;jnkDk; xz;ghtpy; cah;fk;gd;.

Nrf;fpohh; - njhz;lh; rPh; guTth;> cj;jkr; Nrhog; gy;ytuhad;> gf;jpr; Rit edp nrhl;lr; nrhl;l ghba ftp tyt

Mz;lhs; - #bf;nfhbj;j Rlh;nfhb>itztk; je;j nry;tp

gz;bif mryhk;gpif– 20-k; E}w;whz;bd; mt;itahh;

er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; - cr;rpNkw;nfhs; Gyth;

ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; - ghtyh; VW

NjtNeag; ghtzh; - nkhopQhapW> nre;jkpo;r; nry;th;> nre;jkpo; QhapW> jkpo; ngUq;fhtyh;> gz;bjh;> Gyth;> tpj;Jthd;

tPuftpuhah; - MRftp

jpU.tp.f. - jkpo;j;njd;wy;>jkpo; Kdpth;> jkpo; nghpahh;> njhopyhsh;fspd; je;ij

rp.Rg;gpukzpa ghujpahh; -Njrpa ftp> kf;fs; ftp> tpLjiyf; ftp> kfhftp> ePLJapy; ePf;fg; ghbte;j epyh> ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd;> GJf;ftpij je;ij> jw;fhyf; jkpopyf;fpaj;jpd; tpbnts;sp

Rg;G ,uj;jpd ghujpjhrd; - ghNte;jh;> ghujpjhrdhh;> Gul;rpf; ftpQh;> ,aw;iff; ftpQh;> GJikf; ftpQh;

c.Nt. rhkpehijah; - *jkpo; jhj;jh

kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is - kfhtpj;Jthd;> etPdf; fk;gh;

GJikg;gpj;jd; - rpWfij kd;dd;

fy;fp ,uh. fpU\;z%h;j;jp– rpWfij je;ij>tuyhw;W ehtypd; je;ij> jkpo;ehl;bd; thy;l;lh; ];fhl;

NrhkRe;ju ghujpahh; - ehtyh;

K. fjpNur nrl;bahh; - gz;bjkzp

mwpQh; mz;zh – NguwpQh;> njd;dhl;L ngh;dhl;\h> njd;dhl;L fhe;jp> mz;zhJiu

K. tujuhrd; - jkpo;ehl;L ngh;dhl;\h

gk;ky; rk;ge;j Kjypahh; - ehlf je;ij

rq;fujh]; Rthkpfs; - ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah;

,uhr mz;zhkiyr; nrl;bahh; - jdpj;jkpo; ,irf;fhtyh;

thzpjhrd; - jkpo;ehl;bd; Nth;l;];nth;j;> ftpQNuW> ghtyh; kzp

mo. ts;spag;gh– Foe;ij ftpQh;

n[afhe;jd; - jkpo;ehl;bd; khg;g]hd;

thy;l;lh; ];fhl; - cyfr; rpWfijapd; je;ij

Nltpl; tph;j; fpubj; - cyf rpdpkhtpd; je;ij

jhNj rhfpg; ghy;Nf - ,e;jpa rpdpkhtpd; je;ij

fp.M.ng. tp];tehjd; - Kj;jkpo;f; fhtyh;

,uhkypq;fdhh; - Ml;rp nkhopf;fhtyh;

mz;zhkiy nul;bahh; - rpe;JTf;F je;ij

H.A. fpUl;bzg;gps;is– fpwpj;Jtf; fk;gh;

ehkf;fy; ftpQh; - M];jhd ftpQh;

ntq;flhryk; gps;is– fhe;jpaf; ftpQh;

kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is– kfhtpj;Jthd;

,uh.gp. NrJgps;is– nrhy;ypd; nry;th; (,yf;fpak;)

<.nt.fp. rk;gj; - nrhy;ypd; nry;th; (murpay;)

<.nt. uhkrhkp – nghpahh;>gFj;jwpT gfytd;> Rakhpahijr; Rlh;

,uh[h[p - %jwpQh;

t.c. rpjk;gudhh; - nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky;> fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;> njd;dhl;Lj; jpyfh;

f. Rg;gpukzpag; gps;is– f.R. gps;is

ntq;flhryk; gps;is– fue;ij ftpauR

M.S. Rg;Gyl;Rkp - ,irf;Fapy;

Ntj ,uj;jpdg;gps;is– rh;jhh;

tp. KDrhkp– jpUf;Fwshh;

nra;Fj; jk;gpahh; - jrhtjhdp

mg;Jy; ,uFkhd; - ftpf;Nfh

rpq;fhu Ntydhh; - Nk jpdk; fz;lth;

k.ngh.rptQhdk; - rpyk;Gr; nry;th;

Re;juk; gps;is– Nguhrphpah;

nj.ngh. kPdhl;rp Re;judhh; - gd;nkhopj; Gyth;

Rujh– ctikf;ftpQh;

Njrpa tpehafk; gps;is– ftpkzp> Foe;ijf; ftpQh;

,uhkr;re;jpuf; ftpuhah; - rpj;jpuf;ftp

jphpf;$luhrg;g ftpuhah; - jpUf;Fw;why ehjh; Nfhapy; tpj;thd;

gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;juk; - kf;fs; ftpQh;

cLkiy ehuhazf;ftp– gFj;jwpTf; ftpuhah;

kUjfhrp– jpiuf;ftpj; jpyfk;

Rthkpehj Njrpfh; - <rhd Njrpfh;

Kbaurd; - ftpauR

khzpf;fthrfh; - mKJ mbaile;j md;gh;

ey;yhjdhh; - nrUTLNjhs; ey;yhjd;> nry;tj;jpypUe;J cshh; nrk;ky;

rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; - $ythzpfd; rPj;jiy rhj;jd;> jz;lkpo; Mrhd;> rhj;jd; ed;D}w; Gytd;

er;rpdhh;fpdpahh; - cr;rpNkw; Gyth;nfhs; er;rpdhh;fpdpah;

e.K. Ntq;flrhkp– gz;bjkzp.

jhuhghujp– vOr;rp ftpQh;

rhiy ,se;jpiuad; - vOr;rp rhd;Nwhh;> jpUg;GKidr; rpe;jidahsh;.

mfehD}W– neLe;njhif jpUj;jf;fNjth; - jpUj;jF Kdpth;> jpUj;jF kfh Kdpth;>

jpUj;jf;f kfhKdpfs; ek;kho;thh; - guhq;Frjhh;> rlNfhgh;> Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j

khwd;. jpUg;ghzho;thh; - ek;ghLthd; tPukhKdpth; - jw;fhyj;jkpo; ciueilapd; Kd;Ndhb

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


neLQ;nropad; - ehtyh; fhkuh[h; - gbf;fhj Nkij> fWg;G fhe;jp> fh;k tPuh;> fy;tp

fz; jpwe;jth;> fpq; Nkf;fh; ,uh[Nfhghyhr;rhhp - ,uh[h[p> %jwpQh;

,uhgh;l;-b–nehgpyp - jj;JtNghjfh;> jkpo; ciueilapd; je;ij

mfj;jpah; - FWKdp

,sk;g+uzh; - ciuahrphpah;> ciuahrphpar; rf;futh;j;jp> ciuahrphpah;fspd; jiyikahrphpah;

er;rpdhh;f;fpdpah; - cr;rpNkw;nfhs; Gyth;> ciufspy; ciu fz;lth

fgpyh; - GydOf;fw;w me;jzhsd;> ey;ypirf; fgpyd;> ngha;ah ehtpd; fgpyh;

jpUQhdrk;ge;jh; - NjhLila nrtpad;> fhop ts;sy;> NjhzpGuj; NjhzpGuj; njd;wy;> jpuhtpl rpR> MSila gps;is

jpUehTf;furh; - mg;gh;> jhz;lf Nte;jh;> thfPrh;> kUs; ePf;fpahh;> Njrk; ca;a te;jth;.

Re;juh; - td;njhz;lh;> jk;gpuhd; Njhoh;> ehtY}uhh;

khzpf;fthrfh; - mKJ mbaile;j md;gh;

Nrf;fpohh; - mUz;nkhopj;Njth;> cj;jkNrho gy;ytuhad;> nja;tr; Nrf;fpohh;> njhz;lh; rPh; guTthh;

nghpaho;thh; - gl;lh; gpuhd;> Ntah;Nfhd;> tp\;Zrpj;jh;

Mz;lhs; - #bf;nfhLj;j ehr;rpahh>; itztk; je;j nry;tp> Nfhij

ek;kho;thh; - rlNfhgd;> fhhpkhwd;> jkpo;khwd;> guhq;Frd;> tFsg+\zd;

FyNrfuho;thh; - $lyh;Nfhd;> nfhy;yp$tyd;

jpUkq;ifaho;thh; - gufhyd;> fypah;> kq;if Nte;jh;> jpUkq;if kd;dh;> ehYftpg; ngUkhs;> Ntjk; jkpo; nra;j khwd;> Mypehld;

jpUkopiraho;thh; - jpuhtpl Mr;rhhpahh;

njhz;lubg; nghbaho;thh; - tpg;gpehuhazd;

ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp– jkpo; tpahrh;

xsitahh; - jkpo; %jhl;b

jpU%yh; - Kjy; rpj;jh;

fk;gh; - ftpr;rf;futh;j;jp> fy;tpapy; nghpath;

rPj;jiyr; rhj;jdhh; - jz;lkpohrhd;> rhj;jd; ed;D}w; Gytd;

jpUj;jf;fj; Njth; - jkpo;g; Gyth;fSs; ,sturh;

GfNoe;jp– ntz;ghtpw; GfNoe;jp

kPdhl;rp Re;juk; gps;is– kfhtpj;thd;

jphp$l uhrg;gf; ftpuhah; - jpUf;Fw;why ehjh;> Nfhapy; tpj;thd;

kha+uk; Ntjehafk; gps;is– ePjpaurh;

gps;isg; ngUkhs; Iaq;fhh; - mofpa kzthsjhrh;> jpt;tpaf;ftp> nja;tf;ftpQh;

,uhkypq;f mbfshh; - ts;syhh;> mUl;gpufhrh;> XjhJ czh;e;j ngUkhs;> rd;khh;f;ftp> tlY}uhh;> ,iwaUs; ngw;w jpUf;Foe;ij

ghujpjhrd; - Gul;rpf; ftpQh;> ghNte;jh;> GJikf;ftpQh;

,ul;ilg;Gyth;fs; - ,sQ;#hph;> KJ#hpah;

c.Nt.rhkpehja;ah; - jkpo;j;jhj;jh> kfhkNfhghj;jpaha

ghujpahh; - kfhftp Njrpa ftp> ghl;Lf;nfhU Gytd;> rpe;Jf;Fj; je;ij> tpLjiyr; ftp> kf;fs; ftp> n\y;yp jhrd;> jkpopyf;fpaj;jpd; tpbnts;sp> ePLJapy; ePf;fg;ghbte;j epyh> vl;laGuj;Jf; ftp> GJf;ftpijapd; je;ij

rptg;gpufhrh; - fw;gidf; fsQ;rpak;

nt. uhkypq;fk; gps;is– ehkf;fy; ftpQh;

mo. ts;spag;gh– Foe;ijf; ftpQh;

jpU. tp. fypahzRe;judhh; - jpU.tp.f jkpo;j;njd;wy;

GJikg;gpj;jd; - rpWfij kd;dd;

NrhkRe;ju ghujpahh; - ehtyh;

,uhgh;l; - b – nehgpyp– jj;Jt Nghjfh;

tp.Nfh. #hpa ehuhaz rh];jphp– ghpjpkhw; fiyQh;

thy;lh; ];fhl; - cyfr; rpWfijapd; je;ij

,uhrh. mz;zhkiyr; nrl;bahh; - jdpj;jkpo; ,irf; fhtyh;

b.Nf.rp– urpfkzp

NjtNeag; ghthzh; - nkhop> QhapW> nre;jkpo;r; nry;th;> nre;jkpo; QhapW> jkpo;g; ngUq;fhtyh; vd 174 rpwg;Gg; ngah;fs;.

cLkiy ehuhaz ftp– gFj;jwpTf; ftpuhah;

mQ;riyak;khs; - njd;ehl;bd; [hd;rpuhzp

mk;G[j;jk;khs; - fhe;jpabfshy; jj;njLf;fg;gl;l kfs;

fe;jrhkp– etPd jkpo;ehlf kWkyh;r;rpj; je;ij

rq;fujhR Rthkpfs; - ehlfj; jkpo; cyfpd; ,kakiy> jkpo; ehlfj; jiyikahrphpah;

it.K. NfhghyfpU\;zkhr;rhhpahh; - gpw;fhy ciuahrphpah;r; rf;futh;j;jp.

ghpjpkhw;fiyQh; - jpuhtpl rh];jphp> jkpo; ehlfg; Nguhrphpah;

gk;ky; rk;ke;jdhh; - jkpo; ehlfj; je;ij

thzpjhrd; - jkpo;ehl;bd; Nth;l;];nthh;j;> ftpQNuW> ghtyh; kzp

mEj;jkh– jkpo;ehl;bd; N[d; M];bd;

b.Nf. rz;Kfk; rNfhjuh;fs; - jkpo;ehlf kWkyh;r;rpapd; je;ij

,uh.gp. NrJg;gps;is– nrhy;ypd; nry;th;

t.c.rpjk;gudhh; - fg;gNyhl;ba jkpod;> nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky;

<. Nt. uhkrhkp –nghpahh;> gFj;jwpTg; gfytd;> Rakhpahijr; Rlh;> ntz;jhb Nte;jh;

,uh[h[p - %jwpQh;

ehkf;fy; ftpQh; ,uhkypq;fdhh;- fhe;jpaf;ftpQh;

fhkuh[h; - ngUe;jiyth;> fy;tpf; fz; jpwe;jth;

mUzfphpehjh; - re;jf;ftp

ngh.Nt. NrhkRe;judhh; - ngUkiog;Gyth;

K. fjpNurr; nrl;bahh; - kNfhkNfhghj;jpaha> gz;bjkzp

fUKj;J jpahfuhrr; nrl;bahh; - fiyj;je;ij

MWKf ehtyh; - gjpg;Gr; nrk;ky;

rp.gh. Mjpj;jdhh; - jkpoh; je;ij

fh. mg;ghj;Jiuahh; - gd;nkhopg;Gyth;

gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fypahz Re;juk; - nghJTilikf; ftpQh;> kf;fs; ftpQh;

k.ngh. rptQhdk; - rpyk;Gr; nry;th;

Re;ju uhkrhkp– gRta;ah

khjta;ah; - Nfhzf; Nfhghyd;

Ntq;flukzp– njd;dhl;Lj; jh$h;

Rujh– ctikf; ftpQh;

fz;zjhrd; - fhiuKj;Jg; Gyth;> tzq;fhKb> ghh;tjp ehjd;> MNuhf;fparhkp> fkfg;gphpad;

fy;fp– jkpo;ehl;bd; thy;lh; ];fhl;

R[hjh– jkpo;ehl;bd; `hl;yp Nr];

fp.th. n[fe;ehjd; - jkpowpQh;

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


mz;zhJiu– NguwpQh;> mz;zh> njd;dhl;L ngh;dhl;\h

tp. KDrhkp– jpUf;Fwshh;

ghyRg;ukzpad; - rpw;gp

eh. fhkuhrd; - thdk;ghbf; ftpQh;

=NtZNfhghyd; - G\;gh jq;fJiu

Mj;khehk; - v];.Nf. kJ#jd;

vd;. v]; fpU\;zd; - fiythzh;

vk;.[p. uhkr;re;jpud; - kf;fs; jpyfk;> vk;.[p.Mh;> Gul;rp ebfh;> ,jaf;fdp

vk;.Mh;. uhjh– ebfNts;

vk;. v];. Rg;Gyl;Rkp - ,irf;Fapy;

nra;Fj;jk;gp ghtyh; - fw;gidf; fsQ;rpak;

Ntjuj;jpdk; gps;is– rh;jhh;

mz;zhkiy nul;bahh; - mz;zhkiy ftpuh[d;

jpU.tp.f. – jkpo; ciueilapd; je;ij

ituKj;J– ftpg;NguuR

th.nr. Foe;ijrhkp– FNyhj;Jq;fd;

mg;Jy; uFkhd; - ftpf;Nfh

,aw;ngah; mwpe;jngah;

Ry;jhd; mg;Jy; fhjh; - Fzq;Fb k];jhd;

fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; - ghujpjhrd;

kUzPf;fpahh; - jpUehTf;furh;

,uhikah - Nguhrphpah; f. md;gofd;

fhd;];lhd;bd; N[hrg;ng];fp - tPukhKdpth;

(ii) milnkhopahy; Fwpf;fg;ngWk; E}y;fs;

,aw;if Xtpak; - gj;Jg;ghl;L

,aw;if ,d;gf;fyk; - fypj;njhif

,aw;if tho;tpy;yk; - jpUf;Fws;

,aw;if ,d;g tho;T epiyaq;fs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy

,aw;if jtk; - rPtfrpe;jhkzp

,aw;if ghpzhkk; - fk;guhkhazk;

,aw;if md;G - nghpa Guhzk;

,aw;if ,iwaUs- Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;> jpUtha;nkhopfs;.

fypj;njhif - fw;wwpe;Njhh; Vj;Jk; njhif> E}w;iwk;gJ fyp

GwehD}W - jkpo;f; fUt+yk;

gl;bdg;ghiy - tQ;rp neLk;ghl;L

ghpghly; - ghpg;ghl;L

kiygLflhk; - $j;juhw;Wg;gil

jpUKUfhw;Wg;gil - KUF> Gytuhw;Wg;gil

Ky;iyg;ghl;L - neQ;rhw;Wg;gil

jpUf;Fws; - Kg;ghy;> Kg;ghD}y;> nja;t E}y;> jkpo; kiw> ngha;ahnkhop> thAiu tho;jJ> nghJkiw> cj;jpuNtjk;> jpUts;Stg; gad;><ub ntz;gh

ehybahh; - ehyb ehD}W> Ntshz; Ntjk;

KJnkhopf; fhQ;rp – mwTiuf; Nfhit

ife;epiy - Ie;jpiz mWgJ

jpUg;ghit - ghitg;ghl;L

jpUtha;nkhop - jpuhtpl Ntjk;

nghpa Guhzk; - jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;

ehyhapuj; jpt;ag; gpuge;jk; - jpuhtpl Ntjk;> itzth;fspd; jkpo; Ntjk;.

jpUke;jpuk; - jkpo; %thapuk;

fUzhkph;j rhfuk; -,irg; Nghpyf;fzk;

%Jiu – thf;Fz;lhk;

ntw;wp Ntw;if – eWe;njhif

Nekpehjk; - rpd;D}y;

Vyhjp - Fl;bj; jpUf;Fws;

jpUf;fapyha Qhd cyh – MjpAyh> Qhdcyh

gonkhop - %Jiu> KJnkhop> cyf trdk;> gonkhop> ehD}W

gd;dpU ghl;bay; - ntz;ghg; gl;bay;

rptQhd Nghjk; NgUiu - rptQhd khghbak;

,yf;fz tpsf;fk; - Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak;

jpUf;fUitg; gjpw;Wg; gj;je;jhjp – Fl;bj; jpUthrfk;

ngUq;fij – nfhq;F Ntsph; khf;fij

fk;guhkhazk; - topE}y;> ,uhkhtjhuk;

rpyg;gjpfhuk; - jkpopd; Kjy; fhg;gpak;> Kjy; E}y;> Kj;jkpo;f; fhg;gpak;> tuyhw;Wf; fhg;gpak;> rKjhaf; fhg;gpak;> jkpohpd; Njrpaf;fhg;gpak;> Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak;> ehlff; fhg;gpak;> topE}y; vd;Dk; E}y; tifAs; Kjy; E}y;

kzpNkfiy – kzpNkfiyj; JwT

rPtfrpe;jhkzp – kz E}y;

ePyNfrp – ePyk;> ePyNfrpj; njUl;L

fypq;fj;Jg;guzp – njd;jkpo; nja;tg;guzp

jpUf;Nfhitahh; - ,uhrhf; Nfhit

jpUf;Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp – Fwk;> FwtQ;rp ehlfk;> FwtQ;rp ehl;bak;

cyh – cyhg;Gwk;

jhAkhdth; ghly;fs; - jkpo;nkhopapd; cgepljk;

ew;wpiz – ey;

Njthuk; - nja;tj;jpw;Fr; #l;lg;ngw;w ghkhiy

Njk;ghtzp – thlhj khiy

mfehD}W – neLe;njhif

gonkhop – gonkhop ehD}W

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


Nkw;Nfhs;fs; - ,lk;ngw;Ws;s E}y;

ew;wpiz Ke;ij apUe;J el;Nlhh; nfhLg;gpd;

eQ;Rk; cz;gh; edpehfhp fh;

FWe;njhif ahAk; QhAk; ahuh fpaNuh

ve;ijAk; Ee;ijAk; vk;Kiwf; Nfsph; nrk;Gyg; ngay; ePh; Nghy

md;Gil neQ;Rk; jhk;fye; jdNt tpidNa Mlth;f;F capNu thZjy;

kidAiw kfsph;f;F Mlth; caph; Kspjaph; gpire;j fhe;js; nky;tpuy;

fypj;njhif

kj;jk; gpzpj;j fapWNghy; epd;epyk; Rw;wpr; RoYk; vd; neQ;R

Mw;Wjy; vd;gJ xd;W myhe;jhh;f;F cjTjy; Nghw;Wjy; vd;gJ Gzh;e;jhiug; Ghpahik gz;G vdg;gLtJ ghlwpe;J xOfy; md;G vdg;gLtJ jd; fpis nrwh mik mwpT vdg;gLtJ Ngijahh;nrhy; Nehd;wy; nghiw vdg;gLtJ Nghw;whiug; nghWj;jy;

GwehD}W ahJk; CNu ahtUk; Nfsph; Gfnodpd; capUk; nfhLf;Fth; gopnadpd;

cyFld; ngwpDk; nfhs;syh; nghpNahiu tpaj;jYkpyNk> rpwpNahiu

,fo;jy; mjdpD kpyNk <d;W Gwe;jUjy; vd; jiyf;flNd

rhd;Nwhd; Mf;Fjy; je;ijf;Ff; flNd khdk; mope;jgpd; thohik Kd; ,dpNj tytd; Vth thdt+h;jp jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh;jut huh jkf;nfd Kayh Nehd;whs;

gpwh;f;nfd KaYeh; cz;ikahNd ney;Yk; capud;Nw ePUk; capud;Nw

kd;dd; caph;j;Nj kyh;jiy cyfk; (Nkhrp fPudhh;)

ey;yJ nra;jy; Mw;wPuhapDk; my;yJ nra;jy; xk;Gkpd; (ehpnt&Tj; jiyahh;)

cz;gJ ehop cLg;git ,uz;Nl gpwTk; vy;yhk; Xh; xf;Fk;Nk nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy; (kJiuf; fzf;fhadhh; kfdhh; ef;fPudhh;)

jPk;gpop ve;jpuk; - gjpw;Wg;gj;J nfhq;FNjh; tho;f;if mQ;rpiw Jk;gp

fhkk; nrg;ghJ fz;lJ nkhopNkh – jpUtpisahlw;Guhzk;

tlNtq;flk; njd;Fkhp Mapilj; jkpo; $Wk; ey;Yyfk; - ed;D}y; (gtze;jp Kdpth;)

xUtPh; Njhw;gpDk; Njhw;gJ Ek;FbNa ,UtPh; Ntwy; ,aw;ifAk; md;Nw –Nfht+h;fpohh;

fz;tdg;G fz;Nzhl;lk; fhy;tdg;G nry;yhik –rpWgQ;r%yk;

Mj;jpr;#b jd;neQ;Nr jd;idr; RLk; mwk; nra tpUk;G ijay; nrhy; NfNsy; vz; vOj;J ,fNoy; xstpak; NgNry;

ey;top

rhjpapuz;nlhopa Ntwpy;iy

ghYk; njspNjDk; ghFk; gUg;Gkpit ehd;Fk; fye;Jdf;F ehd; jUNtd; -

Mz;lhz;LNjhWk; mOJ Guz;lhYk; khz;Nlhh; tUtNuh

ntw;wp Ntw;if vOj;jwptpj;jtd; ,iwtd; MFk; NfSk; fpisAk; nfl;lhh;f;F ,y;iy fw;if ed;Nw fw;if ed;Nw

gpr;ir GfpDk; fw;if ed;Nw (eWe;njhif) Xjhky; xU ehSk; ,Uf;f Ntz;lhk;

xUtiuAk; nghy;yhq;F nrhy;y Ntz;lhk; - cyf ePjp

jpUg;ghit nts;sp vOe;J tpahod; cwq;fpw;W khh;fopj; jpq;fs; kjpepiwe;j ed;dhshk; mz;lg;gFjpapd; cz;ilg; gpwf;fk; - jpUthrfk;

nfhd;iw Nte;jd;:

md;idAk; gpjhTk; Kd;dwp nja;tk; <ahh; Nfl;ilj; jPahh; nfhs;thh; vz;Zk; vOj;Jk; fz;nzdj; jFk; jhapw; rpwe;j NfhapYk; ,y;iy

je;ij nrhy; kpf;f ke;jpukpy;iy jpiufly; XbAk; jputpak; NjL Kw;gfy; nra;apd; gpw;gfy; tpisAk;

Mh;fyp cyfj;J kf;fl; nfy;yhk;

Xjypy; rpwe;jd;(W) xOf;fk; cilik fhjypy; rpwe;jd;W fz;zQ;rpg; gLjy; - KJnkhopf;fhQ;rp

kidf;F tpsf;fk; klths; klths; jdf;Fj; jifrhy; Gjy;th; - ehd;kzpf;fbif

Fotp gpzpapd;wp tho;jy; ,dpNj Rythiur; rhuh tpLjy; ,dpNj - ,dpait ehw;gJ

gonkhop Qhapw;iwf; if kiwg;ghh; ,y; tpid tpijj;jtd; tpid mWg;ghd; Mw;wTk; fw;whh; mwpTilahh; m/Jilahh;

ehw;wpirAk; nry;yhj ehby;iy Mw;Wzh Ntz;LtJ ,y;

rpyg;gjpfhuk; thapw; filkzp eLeh eLq;f

Mtpd; filkzp cFePh; neQ;R Rlj;jhd;jd; mUk;ngwy; Gjy;tid Mopapd; kbj;Njhd;

kd;gij fhf;Fe; njd;Gyq; fhty; vd;Kjw; gpioj;jj nfLfntd; MAs;

g/Wsp Mw;Wld; gd;kiy mLf;fj;Jf; Fkhpf; NfhLk; nfhLq;fly; nfhy;y

cynfyhk; czh;e;J Xjw;fhpatd; - nghpa Guhzk; xlf; fhz;gJ g+k;Gdy; nts;sk;

thlf; fhz;gJ kpd;dhh; kUq;F Nghlf; fhz;gJ g+kpapy; tpj;J Njlf; fhz;gJ ey;ywk; fPh;j;jp – jpUf;Fw;whyf; FwtQ;rp

nts;sj;Nj NghfhJ> nte;jzypy; NtfhJ Nte;juhYk; nfhs;sj;jhd; KbahjJ. nfhLj;jhYk; epiwtpd;wpf; FiwahJ - tpNtf rpe;jhkzp

fy;Njhd;wp kz;Njhd;whf; fhyj;Nj Kd;Njhd;wpa %j;jf; Fb - Gwg;nghUs; ntz;gh khiy

Mid Mapuk; mkhpil ntd;w khdtDf;F tFg;gJ guzp - ,yf;fz tpsf;fg;ghl;bay;.

mz;zYk; Nehf;fpdhd; mtSk; Nehf;fpdhs; ,UtUk; khwpg;Gf;F ,jak; va;jpdh; - rPij uhkd; re;jpg;G

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


kzpNkfiy

kz;jpdp Qhyj;J tho;Nthh;f; nry;yhk; cz;b nfhLj;Njhh; caph; nfhLj;NjhNu

,sikAk; epy;yh ahf;ifAk; epy;yh tstpa thd;nghUs; nry;tKk; epy;yh

grpg;gpzp vd;Dk; ghtp

mhpah rdKdf;Nf ahdhy; cdf;Fr; rhpahFk; cz;Nlh jkpNo jpj;jpf;Fe; njs;sKjkha;j; njs;sKjpd; Nkyhd Kj;jpf; fdpNa vd; Kj;jkpNo – jkpo;tpL J}J

thDW kjpia mile;jJd; tjdk; kwpfly; GFe;jJd; fPh;j;jp –ee;jpf; fyk;gfk;

$w;W – ahh; $wpaJ?

MirNa Jd;gj;jpw;Ff; fhuzk; - Gj;jh;

jpUehTf;furh;

fw;Wiz g+l;b Xh; flypy; gha;r;rpDk; ew;Wiz ahtJ ekr;rpthaNt

vd; fld; gzp nra;J fplg;gNj ehkhh;f;Fk; Fbay;Nyhk; ekid mQ;Nrhk;

Vkhg;Nghk; gpzpawpNthk; gzpNthk; my;Nyhk; Fdpj;j GUtKk; nfht;itr; nrt;thapw; Fkpz;

rphpg;Gk;

tho;jy; Ntz;bg; ngha; $Nwd; : nka; $Wty; - kUjdpy ehfdhh;

nry;tj;Jg;gaNd <jy; - ef;fPuh; <nad ,uj;jy; ,ope;jd;W mjndjph;

<Nandd;wy; mjdpDk; ,ope;jd;W nfhs;nsdf; nfhLj;jy; cah;e;jd;W mjndjph; nfhs;Nsd; vd;wy; mjdpDk; cah;e;jd;W –fiojpd; ahidahh; (GwehD}W)

Nfhy;Nehf;fp thOk; FbNghy; ,Ue;Njd; - FyNrfu Mo;thh;

xsitahh; nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy; E}y; gy fy; ,sikapy; fy; E}ysNt MFkhk; Ez;zwpT Kw;gfy; nra;apd; gpw;gfy; tpisAk; mZitj; Jisj;Njo; fliyAk; FWfj; jwpj;jf;

Fws; jpiufly; XbAk; jputpak; NjL kPJ}z; tpUk;Ngy; - ,ay;tJ fuNty; ehlhF xd;Nwh fhlhf xd;Nwhh

vt;top ey;yth; Mlth; mt;top ey;iy thopa epyNd

<tJ tpyf;Nfy; vWk;Gk; jd; ifahy; vz;rhz; fw;wJ ifkz; msT fy;yhjJ cyfsT kjpahjhh; Kw;wk; kjpj;njhUfhw; nrd;W kpjpahik

NfhbAWk; cz;zPh; cz;zPh; vd;W Cl;lhjhh; jk;kidapy; cz;zhik NfhbAWk; Nfhb nfhLj;Jk; Fbg;gpwe;jhh; jk;NkhL $LtNj NfhbAWk; NfhlhD Nfhb nfhLg;gpDk; jd;Dila ehf;Nfhlhik NfhbAWk;

fhAil ney;nyhL fUk;G mikj;Jf; fl;b mhprp mts; mikj;J thAil kiwath; ke;jpuj;jhy; - Mz;lhs;

jpUts;Sth;

cOJz;L tho;thNu ke;jpuj;jhy; ,ay;gpdhd; ,y;tho;f;if tho;gtd; md;gpd; topaJ caph;epiy mwptw;wq; fhf;Fk; fUtp vz;zpj; Jzpf fUkk; ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyF gpwg;nghf;Fk; vy;yh caph;f;Fk;

jpU%yh;

ehd; ngw;w ,d;gk; ngUf ,t;itafk; clk;ig tsh;j;Njd; caph; tsh;j;Njd; clk;ghh; mopapd; capuhh; mopth; xd;Nw Fyk; xUtNd Njtd; cs;sk; ngUq;Nfhapy; CDlk;G Myak; vd;id ed;whf ,iwtd; gilj;jdd;> jd;id

ed;whfj; jkpo; nra;AkhW itNjhiuf; $l itahNj - ,e;j

itak; KOJk; ngha;j;jhYk; ngha;ahNj –fLntspr;rpj;jh;

Kg;ghy; mwpe;j Kjw;gh tpyh; xg;ghh; vg;gh gyhpDk; ,y; - ey;ye;Jtdhh;

fw;if ed;Nw fw;if ed;Nw gpr;ir GfpDk; fw;if ed;Nw – mjptPuuhk ghz;bad;

jpq;fisg; Nghw;WJk; jpq;fisg; Nghw;WJk; QhapW Nghw;WJk; QhapW Nghw;WJk; khkiy Nghw;WJk; khkiy Nghw;WJk; - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;

cw;Wop cjtpAk; cWnghUs; nfhLj;Jk; gpw;iwepiy KdpahJ fw;wy; ed;Nw xU Fbg; gpwe;j gy;NyhUs;Sk; %j;Njhd; tUf vd;dhJ mtUs; mwpTil Nahdh wuRk; nry;Yk; vd;W ghbath; - ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad;

guzpf;Nfhh; n[aq;nfhz;lhd; - gygl;lilr; nrhf;fehjg; Gyth;

njd;wkpo; nja;tg; guzp – xl;lf;$j;jh; jPJk; ed;Wk; gpwh; jut huh – fzpad; g+q;Fd;wdhh; nghd;De; JfpUk; Kj;Jk; kd;dpa

khkiyg; gae;j fhkUkzpAk; - fz;zfdhh; (GwehD}W)

,uhkypq;f mbfshh; - ts;syhh;

grpj;jpU> jdpj;jpU> tpopj;jpU

mUl;ngUQ;Nrhjp jdpg;ngUq;fUiz

thba gapiuf; fz;l Nghnjy;yhk; thbNdd;

fz;%bg; gof;fnky;yhk; kz;%bg;Nghf Ntz;Lk;

xj;jhUk; cah;e;jhUk; jho;e;jhUk; vtUk; xUikAsh; Mfp cyfpay; elj;jy; Ntz;Lk;

caphpuf;fNk Nghpd;g tPl;bd; jpwTNfhy;

rq;flk; tpistpf;Fkj; rhjpiaAk; kjj;ijAk; jtph;j;Njd; ,itnay;yhk; rpWgps;is tpisahl;L

vj;JizAk; NgjKwhJ vt;TapUk; jk;Kaph; Nghy; vz;zp cs;Ns

fz;zpy; fye;jhd; fUj;jpy; fye;jhd;vd; vz;zpy; fye;Nj ,Uf;fpd;whd;

ngz;zpDs; MZk;> MzpDs; ngz;Zk; vz;Zw tFj;j mUl;ngUQ;Nrhjp

kz;Zyfj;jpNy caph;fs; jhk; tUe;Jk; tUj;jj;ij xU rpwpnjdpDk; fz;Zw ghh;j;Jk; nrtpAw Nfl;Lk; fzKk; ehd; rfpj;jpl khl;Nld;

fiyAzh;e;j fw;gidNa epiynadf; nfhz;lhLk; tof;fnky;yhk; kz;%bg; Nghf

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


cs;nshd;W itj;Jg; Gwnkhd;W NgRNthh; cwT fsthik Ntz;Lk;

vy;NyhUk; ,d;Gw;wpUf;f epidg;gJNt ay;yhky; Ntnwhd; wwpNad; guhguNk

jhAkhdth;

md;igg; ngUf;fp vdJ MUapiuf; fhf;f te;j ,d;gg; ngUf;Nf! ,iwNa! guhguNk!

fk;gh;

Xh; mZtpidr; rjf;$wpl;l NfhzpDk; csd;

clk;gpilj; Njhd;wpw; nwhd;iw mwpe;jJd; cjpu%w;wp mly;cwr; Rl;L Ntnwhh; kUe;jpdhy; Jauk; jPh;th;

fz;lth; tpz;byh;> tpz;lth; fz;byh; - uhkfpU\;z guk`k;rh;

jpUe;jpa gz;Gk; rPh;j;j ehfhPfKk; nghUe;jpa j}a;nkhop jkpo; nrk;nkhopahk; - ghpjpkhw;fiyQh;.

thnyq;Nf ePz;L vOe;j ty;Yfp nuq;Nf? ehY fhnyq;Nf? Cd; tbe;j fz;nzq;Nf? - ftpfhsNkfk;

ghujpahh;

ekf;Fj; njhopy; ftpij ehl;bw;F cioj;jy;

fhf;if FUtp vq;fs; [hjp

fhf;ifr; rpwfpdpNy ee;jyhyh

rhjpfs; ,y;iyab ghg;gh

ngz; tpLjiy Ntz;Lk;

vd;W jzpAk; ,e;j Rje;jpu jhfk;

vy;NyhUk; ,e;ehl;L kd;dh;

mr;rkpy;iy mr;rkpy;iy mr;rnkd;gjpy;iyNa

Xb tpisahL ghg;gh eP Xa;e;jpUf;fyhfhJ ghg;gh

MAjk; nra;Nthk; ey;y fhfpjk; nra;Nthk; Miyfs; itg;Nghk; fy;tpr; rhiyfs; itg;Nghk;

ngw;w jhAk; gpwe;j nghd;dhLk; ew;wt thdpDk; edprpwe;jdNt

xd;Wgl;lhy; cz;L tho;T

ekf;Fj; njhopy; ftpij ehl;bw;F cioj;jy;

jz;zPh; tpl;lh tsh;j;Njhk; fz;zPuhy; fhj;Njhk;

nrg;Gnkhop gjpndl;Lilahs; vdpy; rpe;jid xd;Wilahs;

coTf;Fk; njhopYf;Fk; te;jid nra;Nthk;

ghuj ehL gok; ngUk; ehL ePh; mjd; Gjy;th; ,e;epidT mfw;whjPh;

ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo;nkhop Nghy; ,dpjht njq;Fk; fhNzhk;

nrd;wpLtPh; vl;Lj; jpf;Fk; fiyr; nry;tq;fs; ahTk; nfhzh;e;jpq;F Nrh;g;gPh;

fhtphp njd;ngz;iz ghyhW fz;lNjhh; itia nghUie ejp

fy;tp rpwe;j jkpo;ehL Gfo;f; fk;gd; gpwe;j jkpo;ehL

neQ;iras;Sk; rpyg;gjpfhuk; vd;Nwhh; kzp Muk; gilj;j jkpo;ehL

ahkwpe;j GythpNy fk;gidg;Nghy;> ts;Std;Nghy; ,sq;Nfhtidg;Nghy; g+kpjdpy; ahq;fZNk gpwe;jjpy;iy

ts;Std; jd;id cyfpDf;Nf je;J thd;Gfo; nfhz;l jkpo;ehL

jdpnahUtDf;F cztpiy vdpy; [fj;jpid mopj;jpLNthk;

fk;g ehld; ftpijapw; Nghy; fw;Nwhh;f;F ,jak; fspahNj

Mapuk; cz;bq;F rhjp vdpy; md;dpah; te;J Gfnyd;d ePjp

ghUf;Fs;Ns ey;y ehL ek; ghuj ehL ehkpUf;Fk; ehL ekJ vd;gjwpe;Njhk;

fhrpefh;g; Gytd; ghLk; ciujhd; fhQ;rpapy; Nfl;gjw;Nfhh; fUtp nra;Nthk;

tq;fj;jpy; XbtUk; ePhpd; kpifahy; ikaj;J ehLfspy; gaph; nra;FNthk;

MLNthNk gs;S ghLNthNk Mde;j Rje;jpuk; mile;J tpl;Nlhk; vd;W

thopa nre;jkpo;! thopa ew;wkpoh;!

nre;jkpo; ehnlDk; NghjpdpNy ,d;gj; Njd; te;JghAJ fhjpdpNy

gpwehl;L ey;ywpQh; rhj;jpuq;fs; jkpo;nkhopapw; ngah;j;jy; Ntz;Lk;

,wthj GfOila GJ E}y;fs; jkpo; nkhopapy; ,aw;wy; Ntz;Lk;

ghiyg; nghope;J jUk; ghg;gh – me;jg; gRkpf ey;yjb ghg;gh! taypy; cOJ tUk; khL – mjid Mjhpf;f NtZkb ghg;gh!

nts;spg; gdpkiyapd;kPJ cyhTNthk; Nkiyf; fly KOJk; fg;gy; tpLNthk;

Kg;gJ Nfhb KfKilahs;

epfnud;W nfhl;L KuNr ,e;j ePzpyk; tho;g tnuy;yhk; jfnud;W nfhl;L KuNr ngha;k;ikr; rhjptFg;gpid vy;yhk;

Nkiyf; fly; KOJk fg;gy; tpLNthk;

tl;lkpl;Lg; ngz;fs; tisf;fuq;fs; jhnkhypf;ff; nfhl;b ,irj;jpLNkhh; $l;lKjg; ghl;L – Fk;kpahl;lk; gw;wp ghujpahh;

,je;jU kidapd; ePq;fp> ,lh;kpF rpiwg;gl;lhYk; Rje;jpu Njtp> epd;id njhOjply; kwf;fp NyNd

,d;gf; fijfnsy;yhk; - cd;idg;Nghy; VLfs; nrhy;tJz;Nlh md;G jUtjpNy cid Neh; MFNkhh; nja;tKz;Nlh

Njbr;NrhW epje;jpd;W gy rpd;dQ;rpW fijfs; Ngrp… ehd; tPo;Ntndd;W epidj;jhNah

mwk; ngUFk; jkpo; gbj;jhy;> mfj;jpy; xsp ngUFk; jpwk; ngUFk; cuk; ngUFk; jPikf; nfjph; epw;Fk; - ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;.

fy;iyj;jhd; kz;izj;jhd; fha;r;rpj;jhd; Fbf;fj;jhd; fw;gpj; jhdh? - ,uhkr;re;jpuf; ftpuhah;

ghujpjhrd;

jkpOf;Fk; mKnjd;W Ngh;

GjpaNjhh; cyfk; nra;Nthk;

vq;nfq;F fhzpDk; rf;jpalh

ts;Stidg; ngw;wjhy; ngw;wNj Gfo; itaNk

nfhiy thspid vLlh

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


ntF nfhbNahh; nray; mwNt

,Ul;liwapy; cs;sjlh cyfk; rhjp ,Uf;fpwJ vd;gtDk; ,Uf;fpd;whNd

fy;tp ,y;yhj ngz; fsh; epyk; Nghd;wts;

vq;fs; gifth; vq;Nfh kiwe;jhh; ,q;Fs;s jkpoh;fs; xd;whjy; fz;Nl

jpq;fNshLk; nrOk;ghpjp jd;NdhLk; tpz;NzhLk; cLf;fNshLk; kq;Fd;fly; ,tw;NwhLk; gpwe;j jkpOld; gpwe;Njhk; ehq;fs;

tho;tpdpy; nrk;ikiar; nra;gts; ePNa

mfu Kjyp xd;iw ehSk; gbj;J tUtha; epfhpyhj nrhw;fs; epidtpy; ed;F ngWtha;

kioNa kioNa th th – ey;y thdpy; kioNa th th – ,t; itaj; jKNj th th

njs;S jkpo;eil rpd;dQ;rpwpa ,uz;lbfs; ,izapy;iy Kg;ghYf;F ,e;epyj;Nj – Fwspd; ngUik

njhz;L nra;J gOj;jgok; J}ajhb khh;gpy; tpOk; kz;ilr; Rug;ig cyF njhOk; kdf; Fifapy; rpWj;ij vOk; - nghpahh; gw;wp

nrj;Jk; nfhLj;j rPjf;fhjp –gbf;fhRg; Gyth; ftpkzp Njrpf tpehafk;gps;is

cs;sj; Js;sJ ftpij ,d;gk; cUntLg;gJ ftpij

nta;apw;Nfw;w epoYz;L tPRnjd;wy; fhw;Wz;L ifapy; fk;gd; ftpAz;L fyrk; epiwa kJTz;L

kq;ifa uhfg; gpwg;gjw;Nf ey;y khjtQ; nra;jpl Ntz;L kk;kh

Njhl;lj;jpy; NkAJ nts;isg;gR mq;Nf Js;spf; Fjpf;FJ fd;Wf;Fl;b

NjdpNy Cwpa nre;jkpopd; RitNjWk; rpyg;gjpfhuk;

rhiyfspy; gy njhopy;fs; ngUf Ntz;Lk; rhiyfspNy jkpo; vOe;J Koq;f Ntz;Lk;.

fy;iyg; gpire;J fdpahf;Fk; nre;jkpopd; nrhy;iy kzpahfj; njhLj;jtDk; ePjhNdh

fhiy khiy cyhtp epjk; fhw;W thq;fp tUNthhpd; fhiyj; njhl;Lf; Fk;gpl;L fhyd; Xbg;NghthNd

ehlf rhiynahj;j ew;fyhrhiy xd;W ePLyfpy; cz;Nlh epfo;j;J

ehkf;fy; ftpQh; nt. ,uhkypq;fk;gps;is

jkpod; vd;Nwhh; ,dKz;L jdpNa mth;f;Nfhh; FzKz;L

jkpondd;W nrhy;ylh jiyepkph;e;J epy;ylh

fj;jpapd;wp ,uj;jkpd;wp Aj;jnkhd;W tUFJ

ifj;njhopy; xd;iwf; fw;Wf;nfhs; ftiy cdf;fpy;iy xj;Jf; nfhs;

mkpo;jk; mtSila nkhopahFk; md;Ng mtSila topahFk;

khdk; nghpnjd caph; tpLthh;

jkpod; vd;Nwhh; ,dKz;L jdpNa mth;f;Nfhh; FzKz;L

ghl;lhsp kf;fsJ grp jPu Ntz;Lk; gznkd;w Nkhfj;jpd; tpir jPu Ntz;Lk;

#jpDk; #jhdJ ahnjdpd; #jpDk; #Nj #jh dJ –gk;ky; rk;ke;jdhh;

mwpQh; mz;zh

vijAk; jhq;Fk; ,jak; Ntz;Lk;

flik> fz;zpak;> fl;Lg;ghL

khw;whd; Njhl;lj;J ky;ypiff;Fk; kzKz;L

gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fypahzRe;judhh;

cr;rpkiyapNy CWk; mUtpfs; xNu topapy; fyf;FJ xw;Wikapy;yh kdpj Fyk; cah;T jho;T tsf;FJ

nra;Ak; njhopNy nja;tk; - me;jj; jpwikjhd; ekJ nry;tk;

tPWil nrk;nkhop jkpo;nkhop cyfk; Nt&d;wpa ehs; Kjy; caph; nkhop –ghtyNuW ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;.

fz;zjhrd;

nre;jkpo;r; nrhy;nyLj;J ,ir njhLg;Ngd; tz;zr; re;jj;jpNy ftpijr; ruk; njhLg;Ngd;

vy;NyhUk; vy;yhKk; ngw Ntz;Lk; ,q;f ,y;yhik ,y;yhj epiy Ntz;Lk;

ehd; epue;jukhdtd; moptjpy;iy ve;j epiyapYk; vdf;F kuzkpy;iy

Nghw;WNthh; Nghw;wl;Lk; GOjpthhp J}w;WNthh; J}w;wl;Lk; njhlh;e;J nrhy;Ntd; Vw;wnjhU fUj;ij vdJs;sk; vd;why; vth;thpDk; epy;Nyd; mQ;Nrd;

Mq;fpyNkh gpwnkhopNah gapd;Wtpl;lhy; md;idnkhop NgRjw;F ehZfpd;w jPq;Fil kdg;Nghf;fh; thOk; ehl;by; njd;gLNkh nkhopAzh;r;rp! – Kbaurd;

ehd; jdpahf thotpy;iy. jkpNohL tho;fpNwd; - jpU.tp. fypahzRe;judhh;

gid kuj;jpypUe;J tpOe;J gpioj;jtDk; cz;L. tay; tug;G tOf;fp ,we;jtDk; cz;L –gRk;nghd; Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth;

Vh;Kidf;F epfhpq;Nf vJTkpy;iy –kUjfhrp

Ntypf;F ntspNa jiyia ePl;ba vd; fpisfis ntl;ba Njhl;lf;fhuNd! Ntypf;F mbapy; eOTk; vd; Nth;fis vd;d nra;tha;? mg;Jy; uFkhd; (ghy; tPjp ftpijj; njhFg;G)

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


vjph;r;nrhy; md;G x gif ,dpa x ,d;dhj ,opT x cah;T ,lk; x tyk; ,k;ik x kWik ,d;dh x ,dpa cwq;F x tpop Vw;wk; x ,wf;fk; goik x GJik ngUik x rpWik ntd;W x Njhw;W FO x jdp njhd;ik x mz;ik jd; x gpw vspa x mhpa vl;ba x vl;lh nrk;ik x fUik jPJ x ed;W $b x gphpe;J ek;gp x eq;if jpz;kk; x ePh;kk; jz;ik x ntk;ik fhL x ehL ePz;L x FWfp thq;fy; x tpw;wy; jiy x fil Nghw;wp x J}w;wp fha; x fdp vd;dplk; x ck;kplk; njU x nfhy;iy jd;dyk; x gpwh;eyk; Nja;e;J x tsh;e;J jdpahf x $l;lhf NghL x vL Nrkpj;jhh; x nrytopj;jhh; fdT x edT tWik x tsik GJik x goik ,aw;if x nraw;if mfk; x Gwk; tho;T x jho;T tho;j;jy; x J}w;wy; epid x kw NfL x eyk; gpio x jpUj;jk; J}a;ik x khR Gfo; x ,fo; ed;ik x jPik ,dpa x ,d;dh ntz;ik x fUik mikjp x Fog;gk; ,ir x tir Gfo; x ,fo; Nkij x Ngij

jz;ik x ntk;ik ngUik x rpWik vspJ – mhpJ Xa;T – ciog;G Nehjy; - jzpjy; jl;gk; - ntg;gk; fdT x edT kyh;jy; x $k;Gjy; mUF x ngUF goik x GJik tPud; x Nfhio ,fo;e;J x Gfo;e;J mhpaJ x vspaJ milg;G x jpwg;G mUik x vspik mUs; x kUs; ntw;wp x Njhy;tp el;G x gif vl;lh x vl;ba Kjd;ik x ,Wjp Jd;gk; x ,d;gk; kwg;gJ x epidg;gJ njhd;ik x GJik Njhd;w x kiwa tsh;r;rp x Njf;fk; mfefh; x Gwefh; mfg;nghUs; x Gwg;nghUs; mfk; x Gwk; mq;F x ,q;F mfYjy; x fpl;Ljy; me;jk; x Mjp mb x Kb mz;ik x Nra;ik mhpJ x vspJ mU x kUs; mt;tplk; x ,t;tplk; mwk; x kwk; Mf;fk; x NfL Mz;lhd; x mbik Mq;F x<q;F Mir x epuhir Mz;L x<z;L ,fo;r;rp x Gfo;r;rp ,ir x tir ,ize;J x jdpj;J ,uT x gfy; ,Us; x xsp ,yhgk; x e\;lk; ,sik x Kjik ,d;nrhy; x td;nrhy; ,dpaJ x ,d;dhjJ cr;re;jiy x cs;sq;fhy; cz;L x ,y;iy cah;T x jho;T

ctj;jy; x fha;jy; cs;ehL x ntspehL cs;Sh; x ntspA+h; Cly; x $ly; vjph;j;jhh; x tuNtw;whh; vspJ x mhpJ Vw;wk; x jho;T VW x ,wq;F xUik x gd;ik xw;Wik x Ntw;Wik Xq;fpaJ x jho;e;jJ Xq;Fjy; x xLq;Fjy; fQ;rk; x jhuhsk; fl;Ljy; x mtpo;jy; ftdk; x kwjp fspg;G x Jauk; fw;wy; x fy;yhik fdT x edT fUik x ntz;ik fhf;f x tpLf fhyk; x mfhyk; fho;g;G x eag;G Fzk; x Fw;wk; FiwT x epiwT $ly; x gphpjy; nfhL x thq;F nfhLik x nrk;ik nfhs;tpid x nfhLg;gpid rQ;ryk; x JzpT> njspT rj;J x mrj;J rhe;jk; x cf;fpuk; rhd;Nwhd; x %ld; rpwg;G x ,opT nra;ahh; x nra;thh; Rfk; x Jf;fk; Rgk; x mRgk; RUf;fk; x ngUf;fk; nrq;Nfhy; x nfhLq;Nfhy; nry;tk; x tWik nryT x tuT Nra;ik x mz;ik Nrh;j;jy; x gphpj;jy; nrsf;fpak; x mnrsf;fpak; jf;ftd; x jfhjtd; jl;gk; x ntg;gk; je;eyk; x gpwh;eyk; jtk; x mtk; jOT x js;S js;Sjy; x js;shik jz;ik x neha;ik jPik x ed;ik Jf;fk; x Rfk; J}a;ik x fyg;G njhif x tphp

jkpo; ,yf;fzk;


Njhy;tp x ntw;wp Njhd;Wf x kiwf ez;gfy; x es;spuT ey;yJ x nfl;lJ ey;top x my;top ew;Fzk; x jPf;Fzk; ed;ik x jPik ehw;wk; x J}h;ehw;wk; epahak; x mepahak; epidT x kwjp ePz;l x Fwfpa ePjp x mePjp Ez;ik x gUik Nerk; x gif gUj;jy; x rpWj;jy; gs;sk; x NkL ghyh; x tpUj;jh; ghtk; x Gz;zpak; gpbj;jy; x tpLjy; gpzf;fk; x ,zf;fk; Gfo;r;rp x ,fo;r;rp GjpaJ x gioaJ G+hpj;jy; x thLjy; nghpaJ x rphpaJ ngUk;ghd;ik x rpWghd;ik Ngjk; x mNgjk; ngha; x nka; (nka;ik) ngha;ik x ngha;ahik Nghyp x mry; kq;fyk; x mkq;fyk; kbjy; x tphpjy; khpahij x mtkhpahij kUs; x njUs; kiwjy; x ntspg;gly; Kd;G x gpd;G Kw;gfy; x gpw;gfy; %L x jpw %Njtp x rPNjtp nkd;ik x td;ik Nkij x Ngij NkNyhh; x fPNohh; Nkw;nfhs;f x iftpLf tuT x nryT tyg;Gwk; x ,lg;Gwk;

tisjy; x epkph;jy; tw;wpa x jsph;j;j tho;T x jho;T tho;f x tPo;f tpUg;G x ntWg;G tpNtfp x mtpNtfp tPud; x Nfhio ntk;ik x jz;ik Ntz;Ljy; x Ntz;lhik mirfpwhd; x mirfpd;wpyd; mirthd; x mirahd; milAk; x milah mizfpwhs; x mizf;fpd;wys; mizths; x mizahs; mOthh; x mohh; mWk; x mwhJ Mbd; x Mlh Mo;thh; x Mohh; ,bj;jJ x ,bj;jpyJ ,bf;Fk; x ,bahJ ,ak;gpdhs; x ,ak;gpyd; ,ak;Gthh; x ,ak;ghh; <e;jhh; x<e;jpyh; <tha; x<aha; cz;lha; x cz;biy CJfpd;wJ x CJfpd;wpyJ CJf x Cjhj vOe;Njd; x vOe;jpNyd; vONtd; x vNod; Vw;wha; x Vw;wpiy Vw;gha; x Vyha; xope;jha; x xope;jpiy xoptha; x xopaha; Xbd x Xbw;wpy; XLk; x Xlh fw;whd; x fw;wpyd; fw;ghd; x fy;yhd; fhz;gha; x fhzha; fhg;gha; x fhtha; Fbj;jd x Fbj;jpy Fbah x Fbf;Fk; $tpaJ x $tpw;wpyJ $Tk; x $thJ Nfl;fpwha; x Nfl;fpd;wpiy

nfhLj;jhh; x nfhLj;jpyh; rphpj;jJ x rphpj;jpyJ rphpf;Fk; x rphpahJ nrd;wd x nrd;wpy nry;Yk; x nry;yh Nrh;e;jha; x Nrh;e;jpiy Nrh;tha; x Nruha; jpd;whd; x jpd;wpyd; jpd;ghd; x jpd;dhd; Nja;e;jd x Nja;e;jpy NjAk; x Njah njhl;lhd; x njhl;byd; njhLths; x njhlhs; Njhz;byh; x Njhz;bw;wpyh; Njhz;Lthh; x Njhz;lhh; ele;jha; x ele;jpiy eLq;fpd x eLq;fpw;wpy eLq;Fk; x eLq;fh epd;whd; x epd;wpyd; epw;ghs; x epy;yhs; epw;fpd;wd x epw;fpd;wpy ePe;Jfpd;wdh; x ePe;Jfpd;wpyh; nehe;jid x nehe;jpiy NehT x Nehfha; ghLfpwha; x ghLfpd;wpiy ghh;j;jhd; x ghh;j;jpyd; ghh;g;ghd; x ghuhd; kbe;jhh; x kbe;jpyh; kbthh; x kbahh; te;jhd; x te;jpyhd; tUfpwhd; x tUfpd;wpyd; tUthd; x thuhd; tUk; x thuh tUfpd;wd x tUfpd;wpy tho;tha; x thoha; tpl;ld x tpl;by tpLk; x tplh tPo;e;Njd; x tPo;e;jpNyd; tPo;Ntd; x tPNod; nte;jhh; x nte;jpyh; itf;fpwhh; x itf;fpd;wpyh; ,Lk;ig x,d;gk;


mfg;nghUs; ,yf;fz ml;ltiz

I. Kjw;nghUs; ml;ltiz: Kjw;nghUs; FwpQ;rp Ky;iy kUjk; nea;jy; ghiy ,lk; kiy & kiy rhh;e;j ,lk; fhL & fhL

rhh;e;j ,lk; tay; & tay; rhh;e;j ,lk;

fly; & fly; rhh;e;j ,lk;

kzy; & kzy; rhh;e;j ,lk;

ngUk;nghOJ $jph; fhyk; & Kd;gdpf;fhyk;

fhh; fhyk; MW ngUk; nghOJfs;

MW ngUk; nghOJfs;

,sNtdpy;> KJNtdpy; gpd;gdp

rpWnghOJ ahkk; khiy itfiw vw;ghL ez;gfy; ngUk; nghOJfs;: 1. fhh;fhyk; - Mtzp> Gul;lhrp 2. $jph; (Fsph;) fhyk; - Ig;grp> fhh;j;jpif 3. Kd;gdp – khh;fop> ij 4. gpd;gdp – khrp> gq;Fdp 5. ,sNtdpy; - rpj;jpiu> itfhrp 6. KJNtdpy; - Mdp> Mb.

II. fUg;nghUs; ml;ltiz: fUg;nghUs; FwpQ;rp Ky;iy kUjk; nea;jy; ghiy nja;tk; KUfd; jpUkhy; ,e;jpud; tUzd; nfhw;wit kf;fs; ntw;gd;>

Fwtd;> Fwj;jpah;

Njhd;wy;> Mah;> Ma;r;rpah;

Cud;>coth;> coj;jpah;

Nrh;g;gd;> gujh;> guj;jpah;

vapdh;> vapw;wpah;

czT kiyney;> jpid

tuF> rhik nre;ney; kPDk;> kPd;-cg;G tpw;gjhy; tUk; nghUSk;

#iwahlyhy; tUk; nghUs;

tpyq;F Gyp> fub> rpq;fk; Kay;> khd; vUik> ePh;eha; Kjiy> Rwh typapoe;j ahid> Gyp

G+ FwpQ;rp> fhe;js; Ky;iy> Njhd;wp nrq;fSePh;> jhkiu jhiy> nea;jy; Futk;> ghjphp kuk; mfpy;> Ntq;if nfhd;iw> fhah fhQ;rp> kUjk; Gd;id ghiy> ,Ug;ig gwit fpsp> kapy; fhl;Lf;Nfhop>

kapy; ehiu> ePh;f;Nfhop ePh;f;fhf;if>

md;dk; Gwh> gUe;J

Ch; rpW Fb ghb> Nrhp Ng&h;> %J}h; gl;bdk;> ghf;fk; FWk;G ePh; mUtp> RidePh; fhl;lhW kidf;fpzW>

ngha;if kzw;fpzW> cth;f;fop

tw;wpa Rid> fpzW

Giw njhz;lfk; VWNfhl;giw kzKoh> ney;yhpfpiz

kPd;Nfhl;giw Jb

aho; FwpQ;rp aho; Ky;iy aho; kUj aho; tpshp aho; ghiy aho; gz; FwpQ;rpg; gz; rhjhhpg; gz; kUjg; gz; nrt;topg; gz; gQ;Rug; gz; njhopy; NjNdLj;jy;>

fpoq;F mfo;jy;

VW jOTjy;> epiu Nka;j;jy;

ney;yhpjy;> fis gwpj;jy;

kPd; gpbj;jy;> cg;G tpisj;jy;

topg;gwp> epiu fth;jy;

III. chpg;nghUs; ml;ltiz: FwpQ;rp Ky;iy kUjk; nea;jy; ghiy $lYk; $ly; epkpj;jKk;

,Uj;jYk; ,Uj;jy; epkpj;jKk;

ClYk; Cly; epkpj;jKk;

,uq;fYk; ,uq;fy; epkpj;jKk;

gphpjYk; gphpjy; epkpj;jKk;

kuGg; gpiofs;> t*cr; nrhw;fs; ePf;Fjy; gwit tpyq;Ffspd; ,sikg; ngah;fs;

mzpw;gps;is vypf;Fl;b gd;wpf;Fl;b eha;f;Fl;b FUtpf;FQ;R Nfhopf;FQ;R g+idf;Fl;b rpq;ff;FUis gRq;fd;W khd;fd;W gd;wpf;Fl;b fPhpg;gps;is ahidf;fd;W Ml;Lf;Fl;b vUikf;fd;W Fuq;Ff;Fl;b fOijf;Fl;b Fjpiuf;Fl;b Gypg;gwo;

tpyq;Ffspd; thoplq;fs;

Ml;Lg;gl;b Fjpiuf;nfhl;by; Nfhopg;gz;iz khl;Lj;njhOtk; ahidf;$lk; thj;Jg;gz;iz jhtuq;fspd; cWg;Gg; ngah;fs;

Nrhsj;jl;L jhiokly; thioapiy Ntg;ge;jio %q;fpy; ,iy fKfq;$e;jy; njd;idNahiy gidNahiy khtpiy new;whs; (ney;jhs;) KUq;iff;fPiu gyh ,iy <r;r Xiy mtiug;gpQ;R njd;dq;FUk;ig KUq;ifg;gpQ;R fj;jphpg;gpQ;R thiof;fr;ry; nfha;ahgpQ;R gyh%R khtL nts;shpg;gpQ;R

nrb> nfhb> kuq;fspd; njhFg;Gg; ngah;fs;

g+Q;Nrhiy rTf;Fj;Njhg;G thioj;Njhl;lk; khe;Njhg;G fUg;gq;nfhy;iy Nrhsf;nfhy;iy gde;Njhg;G Ntyq;fhL


Njapiyj;Njhl;lk; Myq;fhL njd;de;Njhg;G gyhj;Njhg;G nghUs;fspd; njhFg;Gg; ngah;fs;

Ml;Lke;ij gRepiu tPuh;gil jpuhl;irf;Fiy vWk;Gr;rhiu ahidf;$l;lk; fw;Ftpay; itf;Nfhy;Nghh; khl;L ke;ij

gwit vOg;Gk; xyp

Me;ij myWk; Nfhop nfhf;fhpf;Fk; Fapy; $Tk; fhfk; fiuAk; fpsp nfhQ;Rk;/NgRk; Nfhl;lhd; FoWk; thj;J fj;Jk; FUtp fPr;RLk; kapy; mfTk; $if FoWk; tz;L KuYk; Gwh FDFk; Nrty; $Tk; thdk;ghb ghLk;

tpyq;Ffs; vOg;Gk; xyp

eha; Fiuf;Fk; ehp CisapLk; ahid gpspWk; Gyp cWKk; Fjpiu fidf;Fk; vUJ vf;fhskpLk; gd;wp cWKk; vyp fPr;rpLk; rpq;fk; Koq;Fk;/fh;rpf;Fk; Fuq;F myg;Gk; ML fj;Jk; g+id fPYk; fOij fj;Jk;

ngaUf;Nfw;w tpidr; nrhw;fs;

mg;gk; jpd; Vh; cO ntw;wpiy jpd; tpijia tpij jphpiaf; nfhSj;J ehh; fpop tpil $W re;jdk; g+R fis gwp ,iy gwp NrhW rik Nfhyk; ,L ney; J}w;W fy; cil mk;ig va; tpijia tpij fjph; mW ePh; gha;r;R NrhW cz; ehw;W eL fha;fwp mhp ghl;Lg;ghL fpisia xb kyh;nfha; gok; jpd; Nfhyk; ,L kuk;ntl;L ePh; Fb $iug; Nta; japh;fil czT cz; tpsf;if Vw;W Flk; tid tpsf;Nfw;W fl;Liu vOJ gha;gpd;D ghy; gUF ftpij ,aw;W jP Kl;L glk; tiu czT ghpkhW

tpid kuG

NrhW cz;lhd; KWf;Fj; jpd;whd; ghy; gUfpdhd; jz;zPh; Fbj;jhd; g+ gwpj;jhd; khiy njhLj;jhs; Xtpak; Gide;jhs; $il Kile;jhh; gha; gpd;dpdhh; Mil nea;jhh; Rth; vOg;gpdhd; kuk; ntl;bdhd; ckp fUf;fpdhd; mk;G va;jhh; khj;jpiu tpOq;fpdhd; nra;As; ,aw;wpdhd;

t*cr; nrhw;fis ePf;Fjy;

nfhr;irr; nrhy; - rhpahd nrhy; mz;zhf;fapW - miuQhz;fapW ml kio - mil kio jhthuk; - jho;thuk; KOq;F - tpOq;F mitfs; - mit vlQ;ry; - ,ilQ;ry; vypkpr;rk; gok; - vYkpr;ir gok; flg;ghiw - flg;ghiu fj;jphpf;fha; - fj;jhpf;fha; ifkhW - ifk;khW ntz;zPh; - nte;ePh; ,d;dpf;F - ,d;iwf;F vz;iz - vz;nza; fol;L - fow;W Jif - njhif rpfg;G - rptg;G gz;lfrhiy - gz;lrhiy Gz;zhf;F - gpz;zhf;F nuhk;g - epuk;g tj;jy; - tw;wy; ntz;iz - ntz;nza; gRk;ghy; - gRg;ghy; tyJgf;fk; - tyg;gf;fk; Ngud; - ngaud; Ngj;jp - ngah;j;jp Nth;it - tpah;it

jpUthzp - jpUfhzp Nth;it - tpah;it Kad;whd; - Kad;whh; Rtw;wpy; - Rthpy; Jd;D}W - jpUePW rPaf;fha; - rpiff;fha;

nfhr;irr; nrhw;fSk; jpUj;jpar; nrhw;fSk;

mUfhikapy; epy; - mUfpy; epy; ,lJ if typf;FJ - ,lf;if typf;fpwJ

ehfhPfk; - ehfhpfk; rpyT - nryT rhzp - rhzk; ghtf;fha; - ghfw;fha; crph; - caph; Cuzp - CUzp flfhy; - filf;fhy; tz;zhj;jpg;g+r;rp - tz;zj;Jg;g+r;rp Nfhh;it - Nfhit

Ngr;R tof;F vOj;J tof;F Nfhh;j;J Nfhj;J Rtw;wpy; Rthpy; ehl;fs; ehs;fs; kdjpy; kdj;jpy; gjl;lk; gjw;wk; rpyT nryT mUfhikapy; mUfpy;


nfhlf;$yp FL - Fbf;$yp nfhL Nej;J tTj;J typ - New;W tapw;W typ

mjpfkhr; rpyT nra;ahNj - mjpfkhr;nryT nra;ahNj

gpwnkhopr; nrhw;fis ePf;Fjy;

maw;nrhy; jkpo;r;nrhy; mry; Kjy; mghak; Nghplh; mDgtk; gl;lwpT mDkjp ,irT Mjtd; QhapW Muk;gk; njhlf;fk; M];jp nrhj;J MAs; tho;ehs; ,k;ir Jd;gk; ,Ujak; neQ;rk; <rd; ,iwtd; cgrhpj;jy; tpUe;Njhk;gy; cgak; jpUg;gzpahsh;-

nfhil c\hh; vr;rhpf;if cghj;jpahah; Mrphpah; vjhh;j;jk; ,ay;G IjPfk; cyf tof;F fhfpjk; jhs; fh;tk; nrUf;F fpuhkk; rpw;W}h; Ifjp rpiwahsp Rig Mit rhjk; NrhW rpghhpR ghpe;Jiu Nrit njhz;L [hf;fpuij tpopg;G jfty; nra;jp jpdk; ehs; epGzh; ty;Yeh; gj;jphpif nra;jpj;jhs; G+i[ topghL Ngl;b Neh;fhdy; Tpg+jp jpUePW tpthjk; ciuahly; itj;jpah; kUj;Jth; mq;fj;jpdh; cWg;gpdh; mjpfhhp mYtyh; mjpgh; jiyth; me;epah; mayhh; mgpN\fk; FlKOf;F mg+h;tk; GJik mh;j;jk; nghUs; myq;fhuk; xg;gid mtruk; tpiuT mDkjp ,irT Mgj;J ,lh; Muk;gk; njhlf;fk; Muhjid topghL ,Ujak; neQ;R cj;juT fl;lis cgNahfk; gad; cw;rhfk; Cf;fk; ftdk; fUj;J fphPlk; kzpKb Fkud; Gjy;td; FNgud; ngUQ;nry;td; Nfhgk; rpdk;

tpQ;Qhdk; tpujk; rhtp re;jh gjpy; [hjp fhfpjk; rq;fk; re;Njfk; rgjk; rhpj;jpuk; rpfpr;ir rpj;jpuk; rpd;dk; jpdrhp jPgk; e\;lk; ehafd; gak; ghPl;ir gpur;rpid Gj;jp Nghjid ke;jphp Kf;fpak; tpehb Ntjk; fhfpjk; ikjhdk; [hkPd; FNgud; kh%y; eh\;lh uj;J igry; nra; [dq;fs; [py;yh f[hdh rh;f;fhh; mky; cge;epahrk; ge;Jkpj;jpuh; MrPh;tjpj;jy; fkyk; tp\k; G\;gk; g[id ek];fhuk; Nfh\;b Fkh];jh rk;gpujhak; jhYfh MgPR g[hh; cj;jpNahfk; gz;bif nts;sk; tpahghuk; mry; mr;rd; [kf;fhyk; Ntbf;if

mwptpay; Nehd;G jpwTNfhy; fl;lzk; tpil ,dk; jhs; kd;wk; Iak; #Siu tuyhW kUj;Jtk; Xtpak; milahsk; ehs;NjhWk; tpsf;F ,og;G jiytd; mr;rk; Njh;T rpf;fy; mwpT fw;gpj;jy; mikr;rh; Kjd;ik Nehb kiw jhs; jply; gpiz ngUQ;nry;td; tof;fk; fhiy czT ePf;fk; jPh;j;J it kf;fs; khtl;lk; fUt+yk; muR eilKiw rkar; nrhw;nghopT Rw;wk;> el;G tho;j;Jjy; jhkiu eQ;R kyh; $l;L topghL tzf;fk; $l;lk; vOj;jh; kuG tl;lhl;rpah;mYtyfk; filj;njU mYty; jpUtpoh ePh;g;ngUf;F tzpfk; %yk; je;ij tphpg;G fhl;rp

36

XnuOj;J xU nkhop m - moF> kdpjd;> KjnyOj;J M - gR> ,uf;fk;> tpag;G> Md;kh> Mr;rupak; < - g+r;rp tif> tz;L> nfhL> NjdP> mk;G c - rptd;> Rl;nlOj;J C - ,iwr;rp> jir V - mk;G> caHr;rp I - moF> jiytd;> tpag;G> mir x - caHT X - tpag;G> tpdh> kjF (ePH jq;Fk; gyif) fh - Nrhiy fP - fpspf;Fuy; $ - g+kp if - cly; cWg;G Nfh - murd;> jiytd; rh - rhjy;> ,wg;G> Nga; rP - ntWg;Gr; nrhy;> rPo;> rsp> jpUkfs; Nr - vUJ> ntWg;Gr; nrhy;> rptg;G Nrh - kjpy;> muz; jh - nfhL> jUjy; jP - neUg;G> mwpT> jPik J - cz;> Jd;gk; J} - J}a;ik> ntz;ik Nj - flTs;> nfhs;Sjy; ij - khjk; eh - ehf;F> eL> nrhy;> juhR eP - eP> ePq;Fjy; E - mzpfyd;> ahid> vs; Ne - md;G> Neak; ie - tUe;J> Jd;gk;> iejy; neh - tUe;J> Jd;gk;> Neha; Neh - Jd;gk;> Neha;> Nehjy; gh - ghl;L> epoy;> moF g+ - kyH Ng - mr;rk;> Eiu> Nkfk;> moF ig - ifg;ig> gr;irg; ghk;gpd; glk;> gRik> ,sik>

moF>ed;F gapYjy; Ngh - nry;> Nghjy; k - ,e;jpud; kh - ku tif> ngupa> tpyq;F kP - NkNy> Nkyplk;> Mfhak; % - %g;G(KJik) Nk - Nky;> md;G> Nkk;ghL> NkT> Nkd;ik ik - fz;ik> fUik> ghtk;> Fw;wk; Nkh - KfHjy;> nkhs;Sjy;> Nkhj;jy; ah - ku tif> Iak;> ahj;jy;> mfyk;> gpzpj;jy;>

fl;Ljy;> nra;As; ,aw;Wjy; th - tUif> tuT tP - kyH> g+> mopjy;> cjpUk; g+ Nt - xw;W> Ntjy;> vupjy; it - itj;jy;> $Hik> itafk;> itf;Nfhy; nts - tt;Tjy;> ft;Tjy;> ftHjy;

xyp NtWghlwpe;J rupahd nghUs; $Wjy;

z> d NtWghL

mz;zk; - Nky;tha; md;dk; - gwit Miz - fl;lis Mid - ahid cz; - rhg;gpL cd; - cd;Dila fhz; - ghH fhd; - fhL jz;ik - FspHe;j jd;ik - ,ay;G ehz; - fapW ehd; - ahd; gzp - Ntiy gdp - FspH kzk; - eWkzk; kdk; - cs;sk; Cz; - NrhW Cd; - ,iwr;rp fzp - vz;Zjy; fdp - gok; fz;zp - mUk;G> g+khiy fd;dp - Fkup jpz;ik - typik jpd;ik - jPik tz;ik - <if>nfhil td;ik - Mw;wy;/cWjp Gid - myq;fup Giz - njg;gk;

u> w NtWghL

muk; - xU fUtp mwk; - jHkk; mup - ntl;L mwp - njupe;J nfhs; Mu - epiwa Mw - jzpa ,u - ,ug;G> ahrpj;jy; ,w - ,wg;G ,iu - jPdp> czT ,iw - flTs; nghup - tW nghwp - ,ae;jpuk; nghUg;G - kiy nghWg;G - flik kUF - moF kWF - KjpHjy; gup - Fjpiu gwp - gpLq;Fjy; kUg;G - je;jpuk; kWg;G - vjpHg;G cuT - typik cwT - Rw;wk; cU - tbtk; cW - kpFjp ciu - nrhy; ciw - %b Cu - efu Cw - Ruf;f vup - jP> neUg;G vwp - tPR fiu - Xuk; fiw - mOf;F guit - fly; gwit - gwg;gJ miu - ghjp>gFjp miw - tPl;by; xU gFjp cup - fow;W cwp - japH NkhH itg;gJ khup - kio khwp - NtWghL tUj;jy; - Jd;gg;gLjy; tWj;jy; - Ntfitj;jy; Guk; - tupir Gwk; - ntsp epiu - tupir epiw - epiwT nrhup - nghopjy; nrhwp - mupg;G>rpuq;F cuy; - ,bf;Fk; cuy; cwy; - nghUj;Jjy; Vup - ePH epiy Vwp - NkNy Vwp fup - mLg;Gf; fup fwp - fha;fwp Fiuj;jy; -eha;Fiuj;jy; Fiwj;jy; - RUq;Fjy; nrupj;jy; - rPuzkhjy; nrwpj;jy; - jpzpj;jy; jup - mzpe;J nfhs; jwp - ntl;L jpiu – miy jpiw - fg;gk; kuk; - jU kwk; - tPuk; rPupa - Nkyhd rPwpa - Nfhgpj;j kup - ,w kwp - khd; Fl;b> ,il kwpj;jy; kU - kzk; kW - jL> Fw;wkhd tpuy; - if tpuy; tpwy; - ntw;wp ,Uk;G - xU cNyhfk; ,Wk;G - FWq;fhL xUj;jy; -ahid xWj;jy; - Nfhgpj;jy;

37

yfuk; sfuk; ofuk;

miy - fly; miy mis - Fif mio - $g;gpLjy; myF - gwit %f;F msF - fhl;Lf;Nfhop> ngz;khy; moF - tdg;G> mzp> ftpd; myp - jpU eq;if msp - nfhL> fUiz mop - mopj;jy; myk; - fyg;ig msk; - cg;gsk; ------------------ My; - Mykuk; Ms; - egH> MSjy; Mo; - %o;F Myp - kioj;Jsp Msp - tpyq;F Mop - fly; ,iy - Kw;wpa jspH ,is - nkypjy; ,io - E}y; cyT - jpupjy;> elkhL csT - NtT coT - gapHj;njhopy; ciy - NrhW ciy cis - NrW> gplup kapH cio - khd;> cioj;jy; ------------------- csp - fUtp cop - ,lk; cy;F - Rq;fk; cs;F - epid ------------------ vy; - fjputd;> #upad;> gfy; vs; - vz;nza; tpj;J> jhdpak; ------------------ xyp - rj;jk; xsp - ntspr;rk; xop - ePf;F fiy - Ez; fiy> Mz;khd; fis - Ntz;lj gapH fio - %q;fpy; thy; - tpyq;fpd; cWg;G ths; - fUtp tho; - tho;jy; fy; - nrq;fy; fs; - kJ ------------------- fyk; - fg;gy; fsk; - ,lk; ------------------- fyq;F - fyf;fk; ---------------------- foq;F - kfspH tpisahl;Lg;nghUs; fyp - Xir fsp - kfpo;r;rp fop - jb/ Nfhy;> cg;gq;fop fhiy - ehspd; Kw;gFjp fhis - vUJ ------------------- fhyp - gRf;$l;lk; fhsp - nja;tk; fhop - kyk; nfhiy - nfhy;Yjy; nfhis - ghl;L ------------------- Fyk; - Fb Fsk; - ePH epiy ------------------- ----------------- Fsk;G - tpyq;F cWg;G Fok;G - NkhHf; Fok;G Fytp Fstp - tz;L Fotp - Foe;ij ----------------- Fsp - ePuhL Fop - gs;sk; nfhy; - nfhy;Yjy; nfhs; - ngw;Wf; nfhs; ------------------- $yp - rk;gsk; $sp - Nga; ------------------- Nfhy; - Cd;W Nfhy; Nfhs; - Gwq;$wy; ------------------- #iy - Neha; #is - nrq;fy; #is ------------------- #y; - fUg;gk; #s; - rgjk; #o; - Rw;W jtiy - ghj;jpuk; jtis - tpyq;F ------------------ jiy - cly; cWg;G jis - fl;L jio - ,iy jhy; - ehf;F jhs; - ghjk;> jpUtb jho; - gzpe;J Ngh> jho;g;gho; Jiy - juhR Jis - Jthuk; ----------------- Njhy; - rUkk; Njhs; - Gak; ----------------- griy - kfspH epw NtWghL gris - xU nfhb ----------------- ghy; - gRk;ghy; ghs; - jho;g;ghs; gho; - ghohjy; nghyp - moF nghsp - nfhj;J ------------------- eyp - tUe;J esp - eLf;fk; ----------------- ey;yhH - ey;ytH es;shH - giftH ----------------- ------------------ nghsp - nfhj;J nghop - Cw;W nty;yk; - ,dpg;Gf;fl;b nts;sk; - ePHg;ngUf;F -------------------- Ntiy - gzp Ntis - nghOJ -------------------- tY - gyk; ------------------------- tO - Fw;wk; typ - Jd;gk;> typik tsp - fhw;W top - ghij thiy - ,sik this - kPd; tif thio - jhtu tif ----------------------- tpsp - mio tpop - fz;> fz; jpw

38

Mq;fpyr; nrhy;Yf;F jkpo;r; nrhy; jUjy;

Mq;fpy vOj;J jkpo; vOj;J Abstract RUf;fk;

Academy fiyf;fofk;

Accountancy fzf;fpay;

Accountant fzf;fh;

Acknowledgement xg;Gif

Appendix gpd; ,izg;G

Applause Muthug; ghuhl;L

Appliances Jizf; fUtpfs;

Biodiversity gy;Yaph; ngUf;fk;/gy;Yaph; tifik Biotechnology caphp njhopy;El;gk;

Bill rl;l Kd; tiuT / kNrhjh

Casting vote mWjp thf;F

Cease-fire Nghh; epWj;jk;

Censor board jzpf;iff; FO

Censure fz;ldk;

Census kf;fs; njhif fzf;F

Centenary E}W> E}whz;L

Certificate rhd;wpjo;

Cess Nky;thp> tPjthp

Chalk Rz;izf;fl;b

Charts tpsf;fg;glq;fs;

Cheque fhNrhiy

Choice tpUg;Ngw;G> cfg;G

Circular Rw;wwpf;if

Circulation Note Rw;W Fwpg;G

Citation Nkw;Nfhs;> jFjpAiu

Citizen Fbkfd;

Civic amenities efu trjpfs;

Civic consciousness

Fbik ey czh;T

Civil engineer fl;llg; nghwpahsh;

Civilization ehfhpfk; (ehfhPfk; vd;gJ jtW)

Civil service FbKiw muRg;gzp> Fbikg; gzp

Civil suit chpikapay; tof;F

Civil war cs;ehl;Lg; Nghh;> cs;ehl;Lf; fyfk;

Clamour Mh;g;ghp> cuf;ff; Nfs;> mksp

Clash NkhJjy;> iffyg;G> rr;ruT

Class tFg;G> tif

Clearance certificate

jil ePf;fr; rhd;wpjo;

Client fl;rpf;fhuh;> rhh;e;jpUf;fpwth;

Climate jl;gntg;g epiy> fhy epiy

Cognizable offence

gpbahizapd;wp ifJ nra;tjw;Fhpa tof;F

Cognizance mwpjy;>njhpjy;> nrayhl;rp tuk;G

Coherent Xj;jpirthd> Kd;gpd; nghUj;jkhd

Collision NkhJjy;

Collusion tQ;rf;$l;L cld;gbf;if

Colossal kpfg;nghpa> khngUk;

Commission Mizak;> nray;gly;> juF

Committee FO

Commodity gz;lk;

Common sense ,ay;gwpT> nghJ czh;T

Common wealth nghJ tsik

Communiqué muR mwptpg;G

Communist nghJTilikf; nfhs;isah;

Community Development Block

rKjha tsh;r;rp tl;lhuk;

Community Hall rKjhaf; $lk;

Commute khw;wpg;ngW> jz;lidiaf; Fiw

Complex vspjw;w> rpf;fyhd> gy;$l;lhd> kdg;ghd;ik> tshfk;

Compound tshfk;> kUe;J fyit> ,ire;J jPh;> Nrh;khdk;

Condemn gopj;Jiu> fz;b> gadw;wnjd;W fop> vjpuhff; Fw;wj;jPh;g;G msp

Condonation gpiog; nghWj;jy;> kd;dpg;G> nghUl;gLj;jhJ ,Uj;jy;

Confidential Report

ke;jz mwpf;if

Confiscation gwpKjy;

Confront vjph;j;J epy;> Kuz;> re;jp

Confusion Fog;gk;> fyf;fk;

Conjecture Cfk;> ca;j;Jzh;T

Conscience kdrhl;rp> csr;rhd;W

Conservation NgZif> ghJfhj;jy;

Conservator fhg;ghsh;

Consignee ruf;Fg; ngWgth;> gz;lk; ngWgth;

Convene $l;L> mio

Convenience tha;g;G eyk;

Convention tof;fhW> kuG> mit

Conversant gofp mwpe;j fw;Wzh;e;j> mwpKfkhd

Conveyance Ch;jp> nry;fyk;> tz;b

copy gb efy;

Copy right gjpg;Ghpik

Corridor eilf;$lk;> ,iltop

Cost tpiy> nryT

Counterfoil mbr;rPl;L> kWghjp

Counter part epfuhdg; gFjp

Counter petition vjph; kD

Coupon ifr;rPl;L> milahsr; rPl;L

Courier J}J mQ;ry;

Editing gjpg;gpj;jy;> jpUj;jp mikj;jy;> njhFj;J mijj;jy;

Edition gjpg;G

editor gjpg;ghrphpah;> ,johrphpah;

Fine jz;lk;> jz;lg;gzk;> Neh;j;jpahd> nrg;gKila

Fire Brigade jPaizg;G gil

Fire engine jPaizg;G Ch;jp

Fire extinguisher jPaizg;ghd;

Fire insurance jP <l;LWjp

Firka FW tl;lk;> cs; tl;lk;

Firm epWtdk;> cWjpahd> epiyahd

fixation mWjpaply;

Gain Mjhak;> Cjpak;

Gallery gbaLf;F Nkil> $lk;> Ruq;f epytiw top

Garage tz;bf;nfhl;by;> tz;b gOJ ghh;f;Fk; Fr;rpy;

Gazette murpjo;

Gazetted officer murpjo;g; gjpTngw;w mYtyh;

Gazetteer tptur; Rtb

General body nghJf; FO

General knowledge

nghJ mwpT

General review nghJ Ma;T

General survey nghJ Nehl;lk;

Generation jiyKiw

genius Nkij

Gentleman ngUkfd;> gz;ghsh;> ew;Fbahsh;

Genuine nka;ahd

Germs Neha; Ez;kq;fs;

Glance NkNyhl;lg; ghh;it

Godown fplq;F

Governor MSeh;

39

Grammar ,yf;fzk;

Grant khdpak;

Grants-in-Aid cjtp khdpak;

Gratuity gzpf;nfhil

Grave allegation fLQ; rhl;Liu

Grave charges fLq; Fw;wr;rhl;L

Grazing Nka;r;ry;> Nka;jy;

Grease krF

Grievance kdf;Fiw

Gross income nkhj;j tUkhdk;

Ground water epyj;jb ePh;

Group discussion FOf; fye;jha;T

Gulf tisFlh

Mischief FWk;Gj;jdk;

Nominal ngaustpy;

Nominal rent chpa thlif

Nominal price chpa tpiy

Nomination epakdk;> ngah; Fwpg;gpL> Ntl;G kD

Nomination paper Ntl;G kD

Optimistic ek;gpf;ifAila> njUs; Nehf;Fila

Patent fhg;Ghpik

Patriotism ehl;Lg;gw;W

Patron Gutyh;> fhg;ghsh;

personation Ms; khwhl;lk; nra;jy;

personnel gzpahsh;

Perspective plan njhiyNehf;Fj; jpl;lk;

Perspiration tpah;it> tpah;j;jy;

Perusal ghh;itaply;

Pessimist Njhy;tp kdg;ghd;ikah;> ek;gpf;ifaw;wth;> kUs; Nehf;fpdh;

Poster tpsk;guj; jl;b (Njhuiz)

Proof xg;gr;R> ghh;itg; gb> vz;gpg;G> rhd;W

Proof reader xg;gr;rh;

Proposal fUj;JU> nraw;Fwpg;G

proposition $w;W> fUj;J

Prorogation (rl;l kd;wf;) $l;lj;njhlh; KbT

Parliament ehlhSkd;wk; (ghuhSkd;wk; vd;gJ nghUl;gpio)

Prudence Kd;kjp> cyfpay; mwpT

Public Accounts Committee

nghJf; fzf;Ff; FO

Publications ntspapLfs;

Ragging gfb tij

Session court Fw;wtpay; mkh;T ePjp kd;wk;> Fw;wtpay; njhlh; tprhuiz kd;wk;

Session judge Fw;wtpay; mkh;T ePjpgjp> Fw;wtpay; njhlh; tprhuiz eLth;

Shrinkage RUq;fsT> fhpg;G

Since ,Ue;j> gpd;dhf vd;w fhuzj;jhy;> mjd; gadhf

Sine-die ehs; Fwpg;gplhky;

Slum clearance board

Fbirg; gFjp khw;W thhpak;

Skill Njh;r;rp jpwk;> nray; jpwk;

Slang nfhr;ir tof;F

Smart kpLf;fhd> tpidj;jpwkpf;f> RWRWg;ghd

Smash jfh;T> Nkhjp nehWf;F

Smith nfhy;yh;

Sneeze Jk;ky;> Jk;K

Socialism rkjh;kk;

Social justice r%f ePjp

Soil conservation kz; tsg; ghJfhg;G

Soil erosion kz; mhpg;G

Special allowance rpwg;Gg; gb

Special case jdp Neh;T

Special drive jdp Kaw;rp

Special duty jdpg;gzp

Special jail jdpr;rpiw

Special leave rpwg;G tpLg;G

Special officer rpwg;G mYtyh;

Special pay rpwg;G Cjpak;

Stationary ,lk; ngauhj> epiyapUg;ghd

Stationery vOJ nghUl;fs;

Statue cUtr;rpiy> gbfk;

Status jFjp epiy> jF epiy> rKjahg;gb epiy

Status quo eilKiw epiy

Statutory powers rl;lg;gbahd mjpfhuq;fs;

Steamer ePuhtpf; fg;gy;

Steering committee

topg;gLj;Jk; FO> ,af;ff; FO

Step mother khw;whe;jha;

Stereo Ngnuhypf; fUtp

Sterilization kylhf;fk;> Neha; Ez;k xopg;G

Stipend gapw;rpf;fhy cjtpj;njhif

Tally xj;jpirthf;F> Neh; nra;jy;> rhp nra;jy;

Taluk tl;lk;

Tapal mQ;ry;

Target ,yf;F> FwpaPL

Task ,Lgzp> fLk; ciog;G> flikg; nghWg;G

Taxation thp tjpg;G

Tax collection thpj; jz;ly;

Tax collector thpj; jz;lyh;

Taxi thlif rPUe;J

Taxidermy Njhw;ghitf; fiy

Tea party NjePh; tpUe;J

Teapoy rpW Nkir

Tele communication

njhiyj;njhlh;G

Telegram je;jp> je;jpr; nra;jp

Telegraphy je;jp mDg;G> je;jp Kiw

Telephone njhiyNgrp

Telephone booth njhiyNgrpr; rhtb

Teleprinter njhiy jl;lr;Rg; nghwp

Telex njhiyar;R

Teller fhrhsh;

Temple trustee mwq;fhtyh;

Tenancy act Fbthur; rl;lk;

Tendency Nghf;F> rhh;G

Tender xg;ge;jg; Gs;sp

Tension tpiwg;G> mksp> neUf;fb> kd cisr;ry;

Tentative Ma;epiyahd> jw;fhypfkhd

Tenure gjtpf;fhyk;

Toddy fs;

Toll gate Rq;fr;rhtb

Torture rpj;utij

Toss Rz;b vwp> miyf;fop

Vendor tpw;gth;

Venereal disease ghy;tpid Neha;

Verge Xuk;> tpspk;G> vy;iy

Veto jil chpik / kWg;Ghpik

Vicious circle nfL #oy;

Victim Gyp

Video fhnzhyp/xspf;fhl;rp

Video tape xsp ehlh

Vindicate nfhs;if epiy ehl;L> nka;g;gpj;Jf;

40

fhl;L Vindictive gopthq;Fk; ,ay;Gila

Violence td;Kiw

Viva voce tha;nkhopj; Njh;T

Void nry;yh epiyaJ> ,y;yh epiyaJ

Voluntary retirement

tpUg;g Xa;T

Volunteer njhz;lh;> jd;dhh;th;

Voucher nryTr; rPl;L

Vow #Siu

Wages $yp

Wakf board ,];yhkpa mwf;fl;lis thhpak;

Ward njhFjp> gphpT> FLk;G

Warden rpiwf;fhtyh;

Warehouse gz;lrhiyf; fofk;

Waste land jhpR epyk;

Water-logged ePh; Njq;fpa

Water shed ePh;g; gphp KfL

Water tight compartments

Kw;wpYk; jdpNtwhd gphpTfs;

Wear and tear Nja;Tk; ieTk;

Weather report thdpiy mwpf;if

Weedicide fisf;nfhy;yp

Wheel barrow js;S tz;b

Whenever necessary

NjitahdNghnjy;yhk;

When necessary NjitahdNghJ

whereas Mifahy;> mg;gbapUf;f

Whirl wind #whtsp

Wicked nfhba

Witch craft gpy;yp #dpak;

Wrestling kw;Nghh;

Writ ePjpg; Nghuhiz

Yacht cyhg; glF> ge;jag; glF

Yard stick msT Nfhy;

Yearn MtYs;s> kpF tpUg;gk;

Yeoman service ngUk;gzp> Nghw;ww;Fhpa gzp> jd; tpUg;ghh;tg; nghJj;njhz;L

Yoke Efj;jb

Zeal tpUg;ghh;tk;

Zenith kPKfL

Zero-base njhlf;f epiy

Zest Mh;tk;

Zig zag path FWf;F neLf;fhd eilghij

Zip gy;ypizTg; gl;bif

zone kz;lyk;

tzpfj;Jiw nrhw;fs; Mq;fpyr; nrhy; jkpo;r; nrhy; agency Kfthz;ik> Kfth;fs;> Kfik>

Kfthz;ikafk;> Kftuikg;G Agent Kfth;

Air-conditioner tspr;rPh;ik> fhw;Wg;gjdp> Fsph;gjdp> rPh;tsp

Antenna fth;f;fk;gp

Arcade eilthdg; ge;jy;

Asbestos fy;ehh;

Auditorium fiy muq;fk;

Audio centre Nfl;nghyp mfk;> Nfl;nghyp eLtk;> xypafk;> xypehlh ikak;

Automobiles jhdpaq;fpfs;> tpidafk;

Auto rickshaw jhdpaq;fp ,Oit> jhdp> jhdpaq;fp

Avenue epow;rhiy> ftpd;ghij> kuk; gapy; rhiy> mfy; ftpd;ghij

Bakery mLkid

Biscuit <ul;b> khr;rpy;Y

Buzzer ,kphp

Cassette Ngio

Compact disc FWe;jfL

Emporium tpw;gidg; ngU epiyak;

Enterprises Kidtfk; / tzpf eLtk; Lorry ruf;Fe;J

Plumber Foha;g; gzpahsh;

Polythene <fehh;

Polythene bag <fehh;g; ig

Power loom tpirj;jwp

Quarry fw;Ruq;fk;> fw;FilT

scooter FjpAe;J> Js;Se;J

41

,yf;fzf;Fwpg;G jd;ik gd;ik tpidKw;W - Ja;g;Ngk; fpsj;jpNdd; jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W - tpNld;> te;jdd;> jPh;fpNyd;> nra;Ftd;

chpr;nrhw;nwhlh; - khefh;> jle;Njhs;> ky;yy;> neLkjpy;> ,Uepyk;> jlf;if> khjth;> edpfbJ> khkiy> cWNtdpy;> ky;yyk; FUj;J edpkzk;

gyh;ghy; tpidKw;W – va;Jth; vd;g nra;Ak; vDk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidKw;W – gLk;> nfLk; Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W - mioj;jp> ,Uj;jp> Nehf;fhy; xd;wy;ghy; tpidKw;W– rPh;j;j> jPz;bw;W

nganur;rk; - fho;g;g ,aw;wpahh;> mize;j thrPfh;> glh;e;j njz;biu> ,Ue;j ts;sy;> mike;j fhjy;> kyh;e;jfz;zd;> nrd;d tl;b> cw;W Neha;> te;jnghUs;> nghjpe;j nka;> Kjph;e;j Nkdp> Ma;e;j nghw;fpop> Md;w ngUik> gbj;j tpufd;> jPh;j;j nropad;> tpah;j;j tpah;td;Nwh> ghh;j;j fz;iz> thOk; Fb> Nja;e;j> Ma;e;j> fha;e;j> gha;e;j

vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; - ghlhj> gpwthj> #lhj> jho;e;j> fsh;e;j

<Wnfl;l vjph;kiwg; nganur;rk; - myfpyh tpisahl;L> ,d;dhr;nrhy;> Njuhf;fPud;> Nfshj;jifaNt> gopapy;yh kd;dd;> fy;yh xUtUf;Fk;> vjphpyhf; ftp> Fiwahtd;fz;> Jt;thtplk;> nghy;yhf;fhl;rp> va;jhg;gop> nfhy;yheyj;jJ> nrhy;yheyj;jJ> ,ope;j gpwg;G> jPuhf;fhjyd;> nrynthopahtop> nghy;yhtpsf;fk;> thuhg; nghUshf;fk;> kPsh Ms;> jlf;fhp> glhug;gQ;rt> mlq;fhg;gRe;Jiw> Njuhkd;dd;> Vfhr;rpwg;gpd;$lth.

tpidnar;rk; - nrd;W> cwq;fpdhd;> Gf;F> rPj;J> gbd;> Mw;wp> Mw;wpd;> Nfhyp> ehbd;> rhd;W> jphpjhpd;> thhp> gwpj;J> ey;f> Ve;jp> Nfl;g> Nghw;wp> nghjpe;J> nehe;J> cz;zhJ> fle;J> gha;e;J> nrwpe;J> tiuj;J> FWfp> Nrtpf;f> mwpe;J> mile;J> nghope;jpopa> vdh> $u> xb> ,isj;J> flf;f> nrhy;yp> ,iwQ;rp Njh;e;J nfhsy;> te;J va;jpdhd;> njhOF miwFtd;

vjph;kiw tpidnar;rk; - fypq;fhJ

nra;ah vDk; tha;g;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; - Nfsh

my;<w;W tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W– tply;> nfhsy;

2-k; Ntw;Wikj; njhif – E}y;Nehf;fp> ngUikawpe;J> g+jprhj;jh> nrtpaWj;J> mwdwpe;J> jpwdwpe;J> gifnfhsy;> ,WsWf;Fk;> mwdPDk;> fhy;kbj;J> thy;Fioj;J> cah;r;nrUj;J 6-k; Ntw;Wikj; njhif – khwd;fspW> vd;fhy;> vd;ngah;> epd;ifh;> vd;gjp> fhh;Fyhk;> vd;Daph;> topf;fiu> gzptplk;> jd;xd;dhh;> Nte;jd;nghUs;> nrUeh; nrUf;F> eypg;gug;G. 7-k; Ntw;Wikj; njhif – jw;gpwh;> Kd;Nwwp> nrtpGf

2-k; cUGk;> gaDk;> cld;njhf;f njhif – Ma;nfhb> fdtabf; Nfoy;> ts;Sfph;g; Gyp> nfhiyg;Gyp> jhh;Nte;jd;> ey;yha;> Nghh;f;Ffd;> ePh;Kfpy;> jpiuf;fq;if> ePh;j;jlk;

ctikj;njhif - ,iyNty;> kjpKfk;> jhkiueadk;> Njd;nkhop> jhkiu Kfk;> mKj nkhop> gtstha;>Kj;Jg;gy;> faw;fz;> fdp,jo;> kyub> Njd;jkpo;> g+tpus;> fhh;js;tpuy;> fay;tpop> kjpKfk;> tpw;GUtk;> fdptha;> fy;jpus;Njhs;> kyh;g;ghjk;> kyh;r;Nrtb> g+jug;Gak;.

cUtfk; - ghjkyh;> kUg;g+rp> khh;Nghiy> Kfkjp> Kfj;jhkiu> nkhopj;Njd;> tha;g;gtsk;> gy;Kj;J> jkpoKJ> fz;kyh;> fhkj;jP> ,d;gnrh&gk;> kdf;Fuq;F> fufkyk;> nkhopaKJ> fz;fay;> jkpo;j;Njd;> tpuy;g+> mbkyh;> GUttpy;> nry;tr;nrtpyp> jpiuf;if> jkpo;j;jha;> ePh;Ntyp.

ck;ikj;njhif: mltpkiyahW> ehLefh;> jha;je;ij> rpuKfk;

gz;Gj;njhif: ePyKb> ed;nra;> Gd;nra;> nfhy;YyF> ntz;Fil> fUq;Nfhs;> ngUe;Njd;> nre;eP> ntk;ik> neLkjpy;> nre;eha;> fUKfpy;> ntz;kjp> mUe;jth;> ey;tpid> ngUk;NgW> gpy;Yaph;> jPtpid> Nghpd;gk;> fLQ;nrhy;> ey;ywk;> nrk;nghd;> nrq;if> Nrtb> ntt;tpUg;G> td;kwNthh;> ey;nyhOf;fk;> jPnlOf;fk;> mUtpid> Gd;fz;> ngUk;ngah;> mUk;ngwy;> ngUq;Fb> fLq;Nfhy;> nrq;Nfhyd;> ed;nkhop> nre;jkpo;> neLehtha; neLePh;> ed;Djy;> Gz;fz;> nkd;fz;> mUtpis ey;fyk;> ew;fwpfs;> ,d;dKjk;> xz;nghUs;> vz;nghUs;> ew;rq;F> ntz;Fio> neLePh;> nts;isahW> ngUq;fphp> nrq;fjph;> ngUtU> ngUQ;rpuk;> jz;lhhp> jpz;bss;> td;ik

tpidj;njhif: Gidkyh;> thq;Ftpy;> cah;Jis> nra;jtk;> tPo;fjph;> Mo;euF> gad;njhpGyth;> cUePh;> #o;foy;> nra;nfhy;yd;> nra;tpid> nghq;Ffly;><d;Fotp> nghopjUkzp> gidjUgUkzp> tUGdy;> epjpjUftpif RLNrhW> gha;Gdy;> Nja;nrUg;G> tphpePh;> tho;kdy;> vwpjpiu> jUnghUs;> mjph;ril> mjph;fly;> xbkuk;> Ch;jpiu> mjph;Fws;> gLJah;.

tpidahyizAk; ngah; - mfo;thh;> ,fo;thh;> xWj;jhh;> nghWj;jhh;> mQ;rhd;> khw;whh;> cuNthh;> nra;jhiu> ,we;jhh;> Jwe;jhh;> Nehw;fpw;gth;> Nkw;nfhs;gth;> rhd;wth;> czh;j;Jthd;> Nfl;lhh;> thl;lhd;> rhh;e;jth;> gw;Wthd;> Mw;Wthh;> cilahd;> te;jth;> nrw;whh;> Jizahh;> Ms;thh;> ngw;wpahh;> #o;thh;> jf;fhh;

msngil 1. nra;Aspir/,irepiw – cohmh;> glhmh;>

cwhmik 2. ,d;dpir - nfLg;gJ}ck;> vLg;gJ}ck;>

cs;sJ}ck; 3. xw;wsngil - muq;q;fk;> rq;q;F> neQ;Q;R 4. nrhy;ypir - epir,> epwp,> jop,a

cah;T rpwg;Gk;ik – epyj;jpDk;> thdpDk;> ePhpDk; ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik – nra;apDk;> tapw;Wf;Fk; ,yf;fzg;Nghyp

miurd; - ,ilg;Nghyp

<w;Wg;Nghypfs; - mwd;> jpwd;

ge;jh; - ge;jy; vd;gjd; filg;Nghyp

42

njhFj;jy; tpfhuk; - Qhynkyhk; kf;fnsyhk; typj;jy; tpfhuk; - Cw;Wf;Nfhy; ,Ug;G – Cd;WNfhy; kUc – Ee;ij (Ek;je;ij vd;gjd; k&c) X - mirr;nrhw;fs; mt;t+h; - Nra;ikr;Rl;L C (CuNd)– tpspj;njhlh;

xUnrhy; gd;nkhop – kPkpir> Xq;Faph;> tpy;tpiwe;J> njhOJ tzq;fpdhd;> tpopehl;lk;> fhj;J Xk;gpdhd;> $d; gpiw re;jpud;

md;nkhopj;njhif – Ma;nfhb te;jhs;> fay;tpop te;jhs;> Mapio te;jhs;> nghw;nfhb te;jhs;

gz;Gg;ngah;:- ntz;ik – epwg;gz;Gg;ngah; ,dpg;Gr;Rit – Ritg;gz;Gg;ngah; tl;ltbtk; - tbtg;gz;Gg;ngah; Kj;jkpo; - mstg;gz;Gg;ngah;

gz;Gg;ngah; tpFjpfs; ed;ik ik njhy;iy I khl;rp rp khz;G G koT c ed;F F ed;wp wp ed;W W eyk; mk; ed;dh; mh; (m) eh; jpl;gk; gk;

(ik – tpFjp ngUk;ghd;ikahf tUk;) vLj;Jf;fhl;L: nrk;ikNfhy;> %Nte;jh;> Kk;khhp> rJutay;> fUq;fy;> tl;lf;fpzW> Nfhgk;> frg;G> Jth;g;G> Kf;Nfhzk;> rJuk;> Fl;il> nrt;tfk;> cauk;> cUz;il> nrk;ik> tl;lepyh> ePs;efh;> Kf;Fzk;.

njhopw;ngah;:- njhopw;ngah; tpFjpfs; elj;jy; jy; ghly;> Mly; my; Ml;lk;> tl;lk; mk; nfhiy I njhOif> nraw;if I ghh;it it elg;G G tuT T>c kwjp jp tsh;r;rp>czh;r;rp rp cjtp> Gytp tp flTs;> tpf;Fs; cs; rhf;fhL fhL Nfhl;ghL ghL njhw;wuT muT thuhid Mid nfhy;yhik> elthik ik gha;e;J J Nghf;F F jhohy; My;

v-fh: ghh;j;jy;> ePq;fy;> miwjy;> Nehw;wy;> ehl;ly;> tho;f;if> eypjy;> fhl;rp> tho;f;if> Nrh;f;if> ,d;nrhy;> ,wf;Fkjp> nfhiy> Mw;wy;> kwjp> tuT> elg;G> tpisahl;L> Xuhy;> nghiw> fz;Nzhl;lk;> nry;yhik> vd;wy;> kfpo;r;rp> Fw;wk;> ,Of;fk;> xOf;fk;> tply;> njspj;jy;> gzpjy;

vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah; - ePq;fhik

njhopw;ngah; Kjdpiyj; njhopw;ngah; Kjdpiyj; jphpe;j njhopw;ngah; gLjy; gL ghL ngWjy; ngW NgW tpLjy; tpL tPL RLjy; RL #L nfLjy; nfL NfL nghJg;ngah; (jhd;> jhk;> vy;yhk;):

ehd; jhd; NgrpNdd; - jhd; eP jhd; mioj;jha; - jd;ik> Kd;dpiy

mtd; jhd; mbj;jhd;- glh;f;if Mfpa 3 ,lq;fs; kapy; jhd; MbaJ - ,UjpizapYk; nghJthf nry;td; jhd; vOjpdhd - xUikapy; te;jJ kf;fs; jhk; Nghuhbdh; -Fjpiufs; vy;yhk; Xbd (jhk;> vy;yhk; vd;gd ,Ujpiz %tplq;fspYk; gd;ik czh;j;jpd)

MFngah;

nghUshF ngah; - jhkiu Kfk; KjyhF ngah; - ky;ypif khiy (kyh;) ,lthF ngah; - Njrk;> Ch; jpuz;lJ> cyfk; tpopj;Jf;

nfhz;lJ fhythF ngah; - fhh; mWj;jhh; rpidahF ngah; - ntw;wpiy el;lhd; gz;ghF ngah; - tpUe;J nts;is mbj;jhd; njhopyhF ngah; - nghq;fy; cz;Nld; jhdpahF ngah; - ghiy ,wf;F> ehop foy; gzpe;Njd; fUtpahF ngah; - aho;Nfl;L> Foy;Nfl;L ctikahF ngah; - fhis te;jhd;> ehujh; tUfpwhh; fhhpathFngah; - ehd; rikay; fw;Nwd;> ePhpd;wpg;

igq;$o; thbaJ> fstpay; gbj;jhd; fUj;jh MFngah; - jpUts;Stiug;gbj;Jg;ghh;>

jpUts;Sth; fw;whd; nrhy;yhFngah; - ts;Sth; nrhy;> E}Yf;F ciu

fz;lhd;> ghl;Lf;F ciu vOJf vz;zy; msit MFngah; -xd;W ngw;why; xspkak;> gok; xd;W nfhL vLj;jy; msit MFngah; - fpNyh vd;d tpiy? Kfj;jy; msit MFngah; - ehd;F ypl;lh; Njit> ,uz;l ypl;lh; nfhL ePl;ly; msit MFngah; - cLg;gJ ehd;F Kok;> ,uz;L kPl;lh; Ntz;Lk;

ngah;r;nrhy;

,LFwpg;ngah; - kz;> kiy> kL> fy; fhuzg;ngah; - tapW> Rth;(rty;> Njhs;)> kuk;(jiuapy; kUtp ,Ug;gJ)> Fk;kp(FOkpabj;jy;)> FwpQ;rp(kiyg;gFjp Ch;) fhuz ,LFwpg;ngah; - fhw;whb> gl;lk;> ehw;fhyp nghUl;ngah;- cah;jpiz m/wpiz

murd; gR njhz;ld; Fuq;F fz;zd; Nrty; uhjh ehp Fkud; Nkir

43

,lg;ngah; - gs;sp> Nryk;> kJiu> fy;Y}hp> Ch;> jpUr;rp fhyg;ngah; - gfy;> ij> ,uT> nrt;tha;fpoik> ahkk;> es;spuT rpidg;ngah; - if> jz;L> gok;> fhy;> Nth;> gy; Fbg;ngah; - Fwtd;> Mad;> kwtd;> gujtd;> me;jzd;> cotd;> thzpgd; fpisg;ngah; - mz;zd;> khap> ehj;jdhh;> kidtp msitg;ngah; - gj;J> Mohf;F> tPir> foQ;R> gb> fpuhk;> fpNyhfpuhk;> kPl;lh; Rl;Lg;ngah; - mtd;> mJ> ,td;> mq;Nf> mts;> ctd;> ,J tpdhg;ngah; - vtd;> ahJ> ahh;> vJ> vit> ahts;> vth;> ahth; njhFjpg;ngah; -

Nrid – gy tPuh; mlq;fpaJ FO - gy kf;fs; mlq;fpaJ khiy – gy kyh;fs; mlq;fpaJ mbrpy; - cz;gd jpd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;gJ

nrhy;Yjy; - njhopw;ngah; Mz;ik - gz;Gg;ngah; tho;f;if – njhopw;ngah; rpwF - rpidg;ngah; cz;Zjy; - njhopw;ngah; cyfk; kfpo;e;jJ - ,lthFngah; rpq;fk; - nghUl;ngah;

Nth;r;nrhy;iyf; fz;lwpjy;

nfhLf;fg;gl;l nrhy;ypd; nghUs; khwhj „gFjp‟

fl;lisg; nghUspYk; mika Ntz;Lk;.

gFgjk;> gfhgjk;

nrhw;fs;> gFgjk;> gfhgjk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. gfhgjk; vd;gJ gphpf;f Kbahj jdpr; nrhy;

- fy;> gb> kz; nry; gFgjk; vd;gJ gphpf;ff;$ba $l;Lr; nrhy;

- ele;jhd;> ghh;j;jy;> fz;Nld;

gFgjj;jpd; cWg;Gfs;

1. gFjp: nrhy;ypd; Kjy; epiyahf ,Ug;gJ. tpidr;nrhy;ypy; fUj;jhtpd; nraiyf; Fwpg;gJ. 2. tpFjp: nrhy;ypd; filrpahf ,Ug;gJ. tpidr;nrhy;ypd; tpFjpfs; jpiz> ghy;> vz;> ,lk; Mfpatw;iwf; fhl;Lk;. 3. ,ilepiy: gFjpf;Fk;> tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilapy; epw;gJ ,ilepiy vdg;gLk;. mJ ngahpilepiy> tpidapilepiy vd ,Utifg;gLk;. tpidapilepiyfs; fhyj;ijf; fhl;Lk;. 4. rhhpia: tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilepiyf;Fk; ,ilNa tUk; ,izg;Gr;nrhy;Ny rhhpia. tpFjpiar; rhh;e;J tUtjhy; rhhpia vd ngah; ngw;wJ. 5. re;jp: gFjpAk;> ,ilepiyAk; NrUk;NghJ Njhd;wy;> jphpjy;> nfLjy; vd;w tpjpg;gb tUk; vOj;JfNs re;jp. 6. tpfhuk;: gFjpAk;> ,ilepiyAk; re;jpf;Fk;NghJ Vw;gLk; khw;wk; tpfhuk; vdg;gLk;. (tpfhuk; - khw;wk;) gFjpapYk;> ,ilepiyapYk;> re;jpapYk; Vw;gLk;. rpy nrhw;fspd; gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;

1. ele;jdd; - el+j; + j; + md;+ md;

el – gFjp> j; - re;jp (mJ „e;‟ Mf khwpaJ tpfhuk;) j; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy md; - rhhpia> md; - tpFjp

2. je;Njd; - jh+j;+ j; + Vd;

jh – gFjp> j; - re;jp> (mJ „e;‟ Mf khwpaJ tpfhuk;) j; - ,we;jfhy - ,ilepiy> Vd; - jd;id xUik tpidKw;W tpFjp.

3. njhNld; - njhL+ M+ Vd; njhL – gFjp> M – vjph;kiw ,ilepiy> (,ilepiy Gzh;e;J nfl;lJ) Vd; - jd;ik tpidKw;W tpFjp

4. ey;fpa – ey;F+a; + ,d; + m ey;F – gFjp> a; - re;jp>

,d; - ,ilepiy („d;‟>„a;‟ MdJ tpfhuk;) m – nganur;r tpFjp

5. ,iwQ;rpa - ,iwQ;R+ ,d; +a; + m ,iwQ;R – gFjp> ,d; - ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy

a; - clk;gLnka; („d;‟>„a;‟ MdJ tpfhuk;) m – nganur;r tpFjp.

6. epd;Nk – epy; + k; + V epy; - gFjp> k; - vOj;Jg;NgW> V – Kd;dpiy tpFjp Fwpg;G: vOj;Jg;NgW vd;gJ MW gFgj cWg;Gfspy; mlq;fhj cghp vOj;J.

44

7. ntstpdhd; - nts+ t;+ ,d; + Md; nts-gFjp> t; - re;jp> ,d; - ,ilepiy> Md; - tpFjp.

8. tho;fpNyd; - tho; + f; + ,y; +Vd; tho; - gFjp> f; - re;jp> ,y; - vjph;kiw ,ilepiy> Vd; - tpFjp.

ctikahy; tpsf;fg;ngWk; nghUj;jkhd nghUs;

mfo;thiuj; jhq;Fk; epyk; Nghy - nghWik ed;ghy; fye;jPikahy;jphpjy; Nghy - nfLjy; kug;ghit ehzhy; caph;kUl;ly; Nghy- kaq;Fjy; mLj;jJ fhl;Lk; gspq;FNghy; - ntspg;gLj;jy; mj;jp g+j;jhw;Nghy - mhpa nray; mbaw;w kuk;Nghy - tPo;jy; ,yT fhj;j fpspNghy - Vkhw;wk; clYk; capUk;Nghy - xw;Wik> neUf;fk; fly;kil jpwe;jhw;Nghy - ntspNaWjy; gfytidf; fz;l gdpNghy - ePq;Fjy; cs;sq;if ney;ypf;fdp Nghy; - njspT jhkiuapiyj; jz;zPh; Nghy - gw;wpd;ik Ngbif thshz;ik Nghyf;nfLk; - Kaw;rpapd;ik xw;fj;jpd; Cw;whk; Jiz Nghy - Cd;WNfhy; nghUGyp GypNahL rpiyj;jNghy; - vjpnujpNu epd;WNghhply; flypy; fiuj;j fhak; Nghy - gadw;wJ nfhLf;Fj; Njsha;f; nfhl;LtNjd; - tUj;jk; ,bNahir Nfl;l ehfk; Nghy - eLf;fk; nre;jkpOk; RitAk; Nghy - xw;Wik jhiaf; fz;l Nriag; Nghy - ,d;gk;> mjpf kfpo;r;rp efKk; rijAk; Nghy - ,iz gphpahik kio fhzhg; gaph;Nghy - thLjy; NtypNa gapiu Nka;e;jJ Nghy - eatQ;rfk; md;wyh;e;j kyh; Nghy - Gj;Jzh;T moypy; tpOe;j GOg;Nghy - Ntjid fz;fl;L tpj;ij Nghy - khaj;Njiu gj;jiu khw;Wj;jq;fk; Nghy - ngUik ehAk; g+idAk; Nghy - gif miy Xa;e;j fly; Nghy - mikjp gRkuj;jhzp Nghy - vspjhfg; gjpjy; Fd;wpd; Nkypl;l tpsf;FNghy - gaDilik> gad; fdpapUg;gf; fha; fth;e;jJ Nghy -mwpahik>Njitaw;w nray; ,iykiwf; fha; Nghy - ntspg;gLjy; Miyapy; mfg;gl;l JUk;GNghy - Jd;gk; Fuq;F ifapy mfg;gl;l G+khiy Nghy - ehrk; nrtpld; fhjpy; Cjpa rq;F Nghy - gadpd;ik nre;jkpOk; RitAk; Nghy - xw;Wik QhapW fz;l jhkiu Nghy - kfpo;r;rp ePh;Nky; vOj;JNghy - epiyaw;wJ gok; eOtpg; ghypy; tpOe;jJ Nghy - ,d;gkpFjp

nte;j Gz;zpy; Nty; gha;r;RtJ Nghy – tUj;jk; mdypw; gl;l nkOFNghy - Jd;gk; fz;L cUFjy; Fspf;fg;Ngha; Nrw;iwg; g+rpf;nfhz;L tUtJ Nghy; -

FWk;Gfspy; <LgLtJ. nghd;kyh; kzk; ngw;wJ Nghy; - nghUl;nry;th; mwpTr;

nry;tj;jhy; Njbf;nfhs;tJ ckp Fw;wpf; if rypj;jJ Nghy - tUj;jk; fz;zpyhjhd; fz; ngw;W,oe;jJ Nghy - Ftpg;G fiwahd; Gw;nwLf;ff; fUehfk; Fb GFe;jJ Nghy - mj;JkPwy; mr;rpy; thh;j;jhw;Nghy - xNu rPuhf mtiy epidj;J cuiy ,bj;jhw;Nghy - ftdk; Mg;giwe;j kuk;Nghy - cWjp mOj gps;isf;F thiog;gok; Nghy - Vkhw;Wjy; miu fpzW jhz;batd; Nghy - Mgj;J Mg;girj;j Fuq;FNghy - Ntjidapy; Mok; njhpahky; fhiytpl;lJNghy - jpl;lkplhik ,Q;rp jpd;w Fuq;FNghy - tpopj;jy; ,b tpOe;j kuk;Nghy - Ntjid ,Uk;igf; fz;l fhe;jk; Nghy - fth;r;rp cLk;Gg; gpb Nghy - gpbg;G cikAk; rptDk; Nghy - el;G> neUf;fk;

cr;re;jiyapy; Mzp miwe;jJNghy - cWjp Cik fz;l fdT Nghy - jtpg;G> $w ,ayhik vs;spy; vz;nza; Nghy - xspe;jpUj;jy;> kiwT vl;lhg;gok; Gspj;jJ Nghy - Vkhw;wk; Vio ngw;w nry;tk; Nghy - kfpo;r;rp xz;l te;j gplhhp Ch;g;gplhhpia xl;bdhw;Nghy - tpul;Ljy; ek];fhuk; Nghy - fhyk; jhkjpj;J czh;jy;> tUKd; fhthik fapww;w gl;lk; Nghy - jtpj;jy;> Ntjid filj;Njq;fhia vLj;J topg;gps;isahUf;F cilj;jJ Nghy

- gpwiu Vkhw;Wjy; fz;izf; fl;b fhl;by; tpl;lJ Nghy - Jd;gk;> Ntjid fld;gl;lhh; neQ;rk; Nghy - fyf;fk;> tUj;jk; fhd kapyhl mJ fz;L MLk;thd;Nfhop Nghy -

jho;T> cah;tpd;ik Flj;jpy; ,l;l tpsf;F Nghy - ,fo;r;rp rpjwpa Kj;J Nghy - gadpd;ik fha;e;j khL fk;gq;nfhy;iyapy;Nka;e;jhw;Nghy - Ntfk; rPhpa ehfk; Nghy - Nfhgk; nry;yhpj;j Xiy Nghy - gadpd;ik ePUk; neUg;Gk; Nghy - tpyFjy; ghk;gpd; tha;j; Njiu Nghy - kPshik Kf;fhyk; czh;e;j Kdpth; Nghy - mwpjy; gha;kuk; rha;e;jJ Nghy - tpOjy; kuNkw;wpd tz;b Nghy - Rik ghy; kzk; Mwhj Foe;ij Nghy - ntFsp Gspak; goKk; NjhLk; Nghy - xw;Wik Gw;wPry; Nghy - ngUFjy; kyUk; kzKk; Nghy - xw;Wik Ntk;Gk; muRk Nghy - xw;Wik Nkfk; fz;l kapy; Nghy - kfpo;r;rp> Mde;jk; fhl;Lj;jP Nghy - Ntfk; guTjy; gw;W kukpy;yhf; nfhb Nghy - Mjutpd;ik> Jd;gk; Nfhiy vLj;jhy; Fuq;F MLtJ Nghy - gak; rh;f;fiug; ge;jypy; Njd;khhp nghope;jhw;Nghy - ,d;gk;> mjpf

,d;gk; rhak; Nghd Nriy Nghy - kjpg;gpd;ik rpj;jpug; gJik Nghy - moF rpt g+i[apy; fub Nghy - tpUg;gkpd;ik> Njitaw;w

tuT Rk;kh fple;j rq;if Cjpf;nfLj;jy; Nghy - Ntz;lhj

Ntiy NfL nra;jy; Nrw;wpy; gpwe;j nre;jhkiu Nghy - cah;T> Nkd;ik nrhd;dJ nrhy;Yk; fpsg;gps;is Nghy-jpUk;gr; nra;jy;

mwptpd;ik jpUlidj; Njs; nfhl;baJ Nghy - nrhy;y Kbahj Ntjid Njhd;wp kiwAk; thdtpy;iyg; Nghy- epiyaw;w> epiyahik ej;ijf;Fs; Kj;Jg;Nghy - cah;T> Nkd;ik ehz; mWe;j tpy; Nghy - gadw;wJ njhl;lidj; J}Wk;kzw;Nfzp Nghy; - mwpT ePUf;Fs; ghrp Nghy - el;G gRe;Njhy; Nghh;j;jpa Gyp Nghy - eatQ;rfk;> Vkhw;Wjy; jhiag;Nghy gps;is - njhlh;G

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