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EXPLORING ENGLISH PHONETICS TEACHING TECHNIQUES
A Graduate Research Project
by
LUIS ANTONIO BALERAS RU!"
Sub#$tted to the Co%%e&e o' Graduate Stud$esTe(as A)* U+$,ers$ty-.$+&s,$%%e
$+ /art$a% 'u%'$%%#e+t o' the re0u$re#e+t 'or the de&ree o'
*ASTER O1 EUCATION IN ENGLISH AS A SECON LANGUAGE
A/r$% 2332
*ajor Subject4 E+&%$sh as a Seco+d La+&ua&e
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EXPLORING ENGLISH PHONETICS TEACHING TECHNIQUES
A Graduate Research Project
by
LUIS ANTONIO BALERAS RU!"
A//ro,ed as to sty%e a+d co+te+t by4
5555555555555555555555555555555 55555555555555555555555555555Roberto Torres6 Ph77 Gusta,o Go+8a%e86 Ph77
9Research Project Su/er,$sor: 9Head o' e/art#e+t:
555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555 A%berto *7 O%$,ares6 Ph77
9ea+6 Co%%e&e o' Graduate Stud$es:
A/r$% 2332
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EICATION
Th$s $s ded$cated to #y be%o,ed a+d /rec$ous /are+ts
FRANSCISCO BALDERAS AND ALICIA RUÍZ DE BALDERAS
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AC.NO>LEGE*ENT
I <ou%d %$=e to ac=+o<%ed&e the e+or#ous he%/ &$,e+ to #e to co#/%ete th$s research
/roject7 1or h$s he%/ a+d su//ort6 I <$sh to tha+= r7 Torres7 >$thout h$s ass$sta+ce6 $t
<ou%d ha,e bee+ $#/oss$b%e 'or #e to '$+$sh #y stud$es7 Bes$des6 I a%so &$,e #y tha+=s
a+d res/ect to *r7 uarte 'or &$,$+& #e the o//ortu+$ty to study th$s #aster?s /ro&ra#6 to
*r7 Res@+d$8 a+d *rs7 Rube+o,a 'or #ot$,at$+& #e to study abroad7 1or e+coura&$+& #e
to +ot &$,e u/ a+d to e+dea,or to %ear+ as #uch as I ca+6 I e(te+d #y ,ery s/ec$a% tha+=s to
#y 'r$e+ds4 Arturo Garc;a6 os@ *a+ue% G#e86 a+d *ar;a G/e7 Rodr;&ue87 *y &rat$tude
to r7 >a%sh a+d h$s 'a#$%y6 to $a+a Go+8%e8 a+d her /are+ts6 a+d to *rs7 Torres6 'or
the$r hos/$ta%$ty a+d thou&ht'u%+ess <h$%e <e <ere study$+& $+ .$+&s,$%%e6 TX7
1$+a%%y6 I &$,e tha+=s to a%% o' #y /ro'essors <ho co+tr$buted to #y stud$es a+d 'or
<ho# I ha,e &reat estee#4 r7 Casste,e+s6 r7 Gree+6 a+d r7 Gos<a#$7
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TABLE O1 CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE77$
SIGNATURE PAGE777$$
EICATION $$$
AC.NO>LEG*ENT $,
ABSTRACT ,
TABLE O1 CONTENTS ,$
CHAPTER I7 INTROUCTION 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
State#e+t o' The Prob%e#77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
Pur/ose o' the Study77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
Research Quest$o+s7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
Theoret$ca% Pers/ect$,e7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
e'$+$t$o+ o' Ter#s777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
e%$#$tat$o+s o' the Study77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
L$#$tat$o+s o' the Study77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
S$&+$'$ca+ce o' the Study7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
CHAPTER II7 REDIE> O1 THE LITERATURE777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
Ce%ce-*urc$a7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
Chr$st$a++e a%to+ a+d Barbara Se$d%ho'er777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
Nash Rose777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
*aya Le+77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
CHAPTER III7 *ETHOS
The Assu#/t$o+s o' the Study77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
Research es$&+77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
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The Ro%e o' the Researcher7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
ata Co%%ect$o+ Procedures777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
Se%ect$o+77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
Procedure7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
CHAPTER ID7 ATA ANALFSIS 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
CHAPTER D7 CONCLUSION777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
Reco##e+dat$o+7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
RE1ERENCES7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
DITA77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
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LIST O1 1IGURES
Pa&e
1$&ure 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 2 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure J7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure K7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure M7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 377777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 277777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure J 7777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure K 777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure M77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 77777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 2377777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 277777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
1$&ure 2277777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777777
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1$&ure 2777
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CHAPTER I
INTROUCTION
It $s $#/orta+t to co+s$der the se&#e+ta%s 9/ro+u+c$at$o+:6 a+d su/rase&#e+ta%s
9stress a+d $+to+at$o+: as/ects o' %a+&ua&e $+ teach$+& E+&%$sh as a 'ore$&+ %a+&ua&e 9E1L:7
Th$s study 'ocused #a$+%y o+ de,e%o/$+& teach$+& tech+$0ues 'or E1L teachers <hose
stude+ts ha,e a S/a+$sh %a+&ua&e bac=&rou+d7 These as/ects re%ated to E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs
ha,e rece+t%y bee+ co+s$dered $+ %a+&ua&e teach$+&6 but so#e tech+$0ues st$%% +eeded to be
/ro,$ded to teachers so they cou%d he%/ the$r stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ a+y o' these
as/ects7
I+ %ear+$+& a 'ore$&+ %a+&ua&e6 stude+ts +eed to de,e%o/ e,ery s=$%% a+d sub-s=$%%
correct%y $+ order to /roduce the %a+&ua&e a//ro/r$ate%y 'or a+ e''ect$,e co##u+$cat$o+7 I
ha,e a%<ays thou&ht that /roduct$,e s=$%%s such as6 <r$t$+& a+d s/ea=$+& are the #ea+s
throu&h <h$ch <e e(/ress ourse%,es to tra+s#$t #essa&es $+ <r$tte+ a+d ora% 'or#
res/ect$,e%y7 *$sta=es $+ &ra##ar6 s/e%%$+& a+d /u+ctuat$o+ #ay d$sturb the <r$tte+
#essa&e7 *$sta=es $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ ca+ a%so cause /rob%e#s to be
u+derstood by others <he+ try$+& to s/ea= the tar&et %a+&ua&e7
Pro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+6 a#o+& other as/ects o' %a+&ua&e re%ated to
E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs ha,e to be &$,e+ s/ec$a% atte+t$o+ s$+ce the ,ery be&$++$+&7 I+ #y
e(/er$e+ce as a stude+t6 I rea%$8ed ho< $#/orta+t $t <as to %ear+ the correct /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+
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order to co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y $+ E+&%$sh7 No<6 as a teacher o' E+&%$sh6 I ha,e %ear+ed
that $t $s rea%%y +ecessary to ha,e a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+ so that stude+ts ca+ ha,e a &ood
#ode% to 'o%%o< <he+ they study the tar&et %a+&ua&e7
Ha,$+& a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+ #ay he%/ a &reat dea% <he+ teach$+& E+&%$sh6 but <hat
are the tech+$0ues teachers shou%d de,e%o/ $+ order to he%/ the$r stude+ts o,erco#e the$r
/rob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ Th$s $s <hat th$s /roject $+te+ded to do6 to e0u$/ teachers <$th
the +ecessary too%s to a+s<er stude+ts doubts a+d 0uest$o+s about E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 The
se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% as/ects o' %a+&ua&e /%ay a ,ery $#/orta+t ro%e $+
co##u+$cat$+& because errors /roduced $+ a+y o' the# #ay cause stude+ts &o throu&h
e#barrass$+& a+d 'rustrat$+& s$tuat$o+s <he+ try$+& to s/ea= E+&%$sh7
There ha,e bee+ d$''ere+t stud$es that dea% <$th E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d
$+to+at$o+ se/arate%y7 The %$terature a+a%y8ed 'or th$s /roject <as care'u%%y se%ected to
'u%'$%% the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s study that o' /ro,$d$+& tech+$0ues to he%/ teachers de,e%o/
the$r o<+ s=$%%s to he%/ the$r stude+ts7 The d$''ere+t /o$+ts o' ,$e< each author has <$th
res/ect to /ho+et$cs ha,e bee+ $+te&rated $+ such a <ay that teachers ca+ teach these
as/ects o' %a+&ua&e $+ a+ easy6 co#'ortab%e a+d #ot$,at$+& #a++er7
There are d$''ere+t se0ue+ces to teach each o+e o' these as/ects7 The 'o%%o<$+& <as
the o+e co+s$dered 'or th$s /roject4 Pro+u+c$at$o+ 9,o<e%s6 d$/htho+&s6 a+d co+so+a+ts:6
stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 A%% o' these as/ects <ere re%ated to o+e a+other6 they <ere treated
$+d$,$dua%%y a+d co#b$+ed <he+ +ecessary7 Both the E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh sou+d syste#s
<ere co#/ared a+d co+trasted 'or a better u+dersta+d$+& o' the <ay sou+ds6 stress6 a+d
$+to+at$o+ <or= $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7
The /ur/ose o' th$s study <as to '$+d <ays to /ro,$de teachers <$th tech+$0ues to
teach E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs to E+&%$sh %ear+ers <$th a S/a+$sh %a+&ua&e bac=&rou+d7 *ost o'
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the #ethods that ha,e bee+ used to teach E+&%$sh $+ our cou+try d$d +ot co+s$der
/ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ as $#/orta+t as/ects to co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y $+ the
tar&et %a+&ua&e7 So#e #ethods d$d +ot co+s$der the# at a%%7 It <as just ,ocabu%ary a+d
&ra##ar tra+s%at$o+7 I' the teacher had a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stude+ts cou%d ac0u$re $t by
try$+& to $#$tate6 but so#e cou%d +ot %ear+ $t th$s <ay7 Bad hab$ts <ere ac0u$red 'ro# the
,ery be&$++$+& a+d they <ere +e,er corrected by so#e o' the teachers $+ h$&her %e,e%s7
They cou%d +ot be corrected a//ro/r$ate%y because teachers d$d +ot ha,e the +ecessary
=+o<%ed&e o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs to e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts <here a+d ho< sou+ds are
actua%%y /roduced7 Th$s s$tuat$o+ <ou%d 'rustrate teachers as <e%% as stude+ts because they
cou%d +ot '$+d the r$&ht a+s<er to the$r /rob%e#s $+ a+y o' these as/ects7
As <e =+o<6 there are #a+y #ore d$''ere+t #ethods 'or %a+&ua&e teach$+&
+o<adays7 They ha,e be&u+ to co+s$der E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+7
They dea% <$th each o+e o' these as/ects se/arate%y7 But the 'o%%o<$+& 0uest$o+ st$%%
re#a$+s4 do E+&%$sh teachers ha,e the tech+$0ues to teach these as/ects o' %a+&ua&e
ade0uate%y to the$r stude+ts I+ #a+y schoo%s there are you+& a+d +ot so you+& teachers
a+d #ost o' the# do +ot ha,e a =+o<%ed&e o' /ho+et$cs7 Teachers $+ &e+era% +eed to be
/ro,$ded <$th so#e tech+$0ues to he%/ the$r stude+ts <$th the$r /ho+et$c /rob%e#s7 A%% o'
the #ater$a% /rese+ted $+ th$s research /roject $+te+ded to #a=e $t eas$er 'or teachers as <e%%
as stude+ts to u+dersta+d better ho< the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh <or=s6 a+d ho< $#/orta+t
$t $s $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+& to co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y7
THEORETICAL 1RA*E>OR.
A 0ua%$tat$,e /arad$&# <as used $+ the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s research /roject7 There
ha,e bee+ se,era% tech+$0ues to teach E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs to E1L stude+ts7 1or the
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acco#/%$sh#e+t o' th$s study6 #ost o' the $+'or#at$o+ <as obta$+ed 'ro# <or=s o'
d$''ere+t authors 9Ce%ce- *urc$a *ar$a++e6 o++a *7 Br$+to+ a+d a+et *7 Good<$+6
9 K : a+d a%to+ Chr$st$a++e ) Se$d%ho'er Barbara6 : <ho dea% <$th E+&%$sh
Pho+et$cs6 a+d #y e(/er$e+ce $+ atte+d$+& co+'ere+ces a+d teach$+& th$s subject7 The
Pho+et$cs tra$+$+& tech+$0ue <as co+s$dered to de,e%o/ use'u% a+d /ract$ca% h$+ts to teach
each o+e o' these as/ects7 Both E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh sou+d syste#s <ere co+trasted a+d
co#/ared 'or a better u+dersta+d$+& o' ho< the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh <or=s 9Nash6
Rose6 :7 Pro+u+c$at$o+ o' ,o<e% sou+ds6 d$/htho+&s a+d co+so+a+ts6 stress a+d
$+to+at$o+ <ere e(/%a$+ed $+ th$s order a%thou&h so#e #$(ture o' these as/ects occurred to
#a=e th$+&s c%ear7 So#e ad,$ce a+d su&&est$o+s <ere /ro,$ded to he%/ teachers #ot$,ate
the$r stude+ts to $#/ro,e the$r %ear+$+& o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 The #a$+ $dea o' th$s /roject
<as to sho< ho< &ett$+& so#e =+o<%ed&e o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs cou%d he%/ teachers as <e%%
as stude+ts to co##u+$cate $+ E+&%$sh <$thout be$+& a'ra$d to #a=e #$sta=es $+
/ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+dor $+to+at$o+7 The authors #e+t$o+ed abo,e a&reed that $+ order
to #a=e stude+ts co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y $+ E+&%$sh they shou%d be /ro,$ded <$th a &ood
=+o<%ed&e a+d /ract$ce o' %a+&ua&e s=$%%s a+d subs=$%%s6 es/ec$a%%y that o' /ro+u+c$at$o+6
stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 Th$s object$,e cou%d be 'u%'$%%ed by shar$+& <$th teachers so#e
tech+$0ues $+ teach$+& E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs to ESLE1L stude+ts7
RESEARCH PROBLE*
E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs has bee+ co+s$dered $#/orta+t $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+&7 A %ac= o'
=+o<%ed&e $+ teach$+& /ho+et$cs cou%d be re'%ected $+ stude+ts /er'or#a+ce <he+ try$+& to
co##u+$cate $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Th$s $s o+e o' the reaso+s <hy so#e tech+$0ues $+
teach$+& /ho+et$cs +eeded to be de,e%o/ed $+ order to /ro,$de teachers <$th the
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a//ro/r$ate too%s to he%/ stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ a+y o' the se&#e+ta% or
su/rase&#e+ta% 'eatures7 So#e stude+ts 'ou+d $t d$''$cu%t to succeed $+ rea% %$'e s$tuat$o+s
because o' /rob%e#s $+ try$+& to co##u+$cate $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 They <ere a'ra$d to
&o throu&h e#barrass$+& s$tuat$o+s <he+ try$+& to s/ea= E+&%$sh7 A%% th$s <as due to a
'au%ty /roduct$o+ o' sou+ds6 stress a+dor $+to+at$o+ $+ E+&%$sh7 There are se,era% stud$es
that ha,e bee+ <or=$+& o+ the de,e%o/#e+t o' teach$+& tech+$0ues $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress
a+d $+to+at$o+7 There'ore6 the research /rob%e# o' th$s study co+s$sted o' sho<$+& ho<
these as/ects o' %a+&ua&e /%ay a+ $#/orta+t ro%e to co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y $+ the tar&et
%a+&ua&e7
PURPOSE STATE*ENT
The /ur/ose o' th$s study <as to e(/%ore teach$+& tech+$0ues 'or E1L teachers
e#/has$8$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 S/ec$'$ca%%y6 /ho+et$cs tra$+$+& tech+$0ue
<as se%ected to de,e%o/ h$+ts to teach E1LESL stude+ts <$th a S/a+$sh bac=&rou+d7 Both
E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh <ere co+trasted to better u+dersta+d ho< the sou+d syste# o' the
tar&et %a+&ua&e <or=s7
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Th$s study <as about '$+d$+& /ract$ca% <ays to he%/ teachers to de,e%o/ s=$%%s to
$#/ro,e the$r de%$,ery o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 To acco#/%$sh th$s study the 'o%%o<$+&
research 0uest$o+s <ere addressed7
7 >hat tech+$0ues ca+ E1L teachers use to de,e%o/ the /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d
$+to+at$o+ o' the$r E1L stude+ts
27 >hat $s the correct se0ue+ce to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+
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7 Ho< ca+ E1L teachers #ot$,ate stude+ts to $#/ro,e the$r %ear+$+& o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs
SIGNI1ICANCE
The '$+d$+&s o' th$s research <ere use'u% 'or E1L teachers a+d stude+ts7 They a%so
had $#/%$cat$o+s 'or the schoo% ad#$+$strat$o+ 'or the 'o%%o<$+& reaso+s4
E1L TEACHERS
It <as $#/orta+t 'or teachers to ac0u$re so#e &ood =+o<%ed&e o' E+&%$sh Pho+et$cs7
Th$s study be+e'$ted teachers <ho +eeded to %ear+ tech+$0ues to teach a+d he%/ the$r
stude+ts to o,erco#e those /ho+et$c /rob%e#s $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Teachers the#se%,es
<ere ab%e to $#/ro,e the$r o<+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d th$s <as re'%ected $+ the$r stude+ts?
/ro+u+c$at$o+4 The better the teachers? /ro+u+c$at$o+6 the better the$r stude+ts?7 O+ce
teachers %ear+ed the tech+$0ues /ro,$ded $+ th$s research /roject6 they <ere ab%e to de,e%o/
the$r o<+ tech+$0ues to teach E+&%$sh Pho+et$cs to the$r stude+ts7
E1L STUENTS
1or the E1L stude+ts the '$+d$+&s o' th$s study <ere $#/orta+t because th$s he%/ed
the# u+dersta+d ho< the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh <or=s7 The /ract$ca% h$+ts $+ E+&%$sh
/ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ #ade $t eas$er 'or the# to /roduce a+d u+dersta+d
E+&%$sh s/o=e+ by +at$,e a+d +o+-+at$,e s/ea=ers $+ d$''ere+t co+te(ts a+d s$tuat$o+s o'
e,eryday %$'e7 O+ce stude+ts %ear+ed the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh us$+& the I+ter+at$o+a%
Pho+et$c A%/habet 9IPA:6 they <ere ab%e to tra+scr$be a+d read tra+scr$/t$o+s7 A%so6 they
cou%d u+dersta+d the /ro+u+c$at$o+ &u$des as used by so#e other authors $+ the &reat
,ar$ety o' d$ct$o+ar$es o+ the #ar=et7
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SCHOOL A*INISTRATION
Stud$es %$=e th$s <ere a%so $#/orta+t 'or the schoo% ad#$+$strat$o+ s$+ce the resu%ts
obta$+ed by the a//%$cat$o+ o' th$s study $+ the schoo% c%asses <as re'%ected $+ the +u#ber
o' stude+ts <ho '$+$shed the$r courses or #ajors a+d <ere ab%e to ha,e better o//ortu+$t$es
to succeed $+ %$'e7 The de#a+d o' teachers a+d stude+ts <ho <$shed to %ear+ E+&%$sh
/ho+et$cs $+creased7 Pho+et$c courses 'or /r$,ate a+d /ub%$c schoo%s <ere o''ered by the
$+st$tut$o+ so that E1L teachers a+d stude+ts $+ our co##u+$ty cou%d 'ee% co+'$de+t <he+
s/ea=$+& the E+&%$sh %a+&ua&e7
ELI*ITATIONS
O+e o' the %$#$tat$o+s o' th$s study <as the %$tt%e =+o<%ed&e a+d $+e(/er$e+ce $+
research #ethodo%o&y <h$ch %$#$ted the ,a%$d$ty a+d re%$ab$%$ty o' the '$+d$+&s7 A+other
de%$#$tat$o+ <as the %$#$ted t$#e to de,e%o/ th$s /roject7 There'ore6 th$s study #a$+%y
co+s$dered so#e o' the #ost re%e,a+t as/ects re%ated to E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 The e(te+t o'
the data <as based o+ just o+e d$a%ect o' E+&%$sh4 A#er$ca+ E+&%$sh7 S/ec$'$ca%%y6 th$s
/roject <as 'ocused o+ so#e other stud$es a+d /erso+a% e(/er$e+ce $+ teach$+& E+&%$sh
/ho+et$cs7 I' there had bee+ t$#e a+d '$+a+c$a% a$d to tra,e% to the d$''ere+t states a+dor
re&$o+s o' the U+$ted States6 a #ore $+-de/th study cou%d ha,e bee+ co+ducted7 S$+ce
resources <ere %$#$ted6 th$s study re'%ected these $+stru#e+ta% a+d cost $ssues7
E1INITIONS O1 TER*S
There +o< 'o%%o<s a %$st o' so#e o' the $#/orta+t ter#s used o+ th$s /roject7 The
de'$+$t$o+ 'or each ter# #ade $t eas$er 'or the reader to u+dersta+d the act$,$t$es6
e(erc$ses a+d so#e other #ater$a% $+c%uded here7 Source: 9 a%to+ ) Se$d%ho'er6 :
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Accent: 9 : ,ar$ety o' a %a+&ua&e <h$ch d$''ers 'ro# others $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ 9 2 : soc$a%
a+d or &eo&ra/h$ca% character$st$cs o' the /ro+u+c$at$o+ o' a+ $+d$,$dua% s/ea=er7
Affricate: see #a++er o' art$cu%at$o+7
Allophone: d$''ere+t /ho+et$c rea%$8at$o+s o' o+e /ho+e#e6 +o+-d$st$+ct$,e o'te+ de/e+ds
o+ sou+d e+,$ro+#e+t e7&7 the / $+ /ot? $s as/$rated but the b $+ s/ot? $s +ot7
Alveolar: see /%ace o' art$cu%at$o+7
Articulation: the /rocess o' 'or#$+& sou+ds <$th the s/eech or&a+s7
Apiration: /u'' o' a$r 'o%%o<$+& the re%ease o' a /%os$,e6 e7&7 / a t
Ai!ilation: /rocess o' s$#/%$'$cat$o+ by <h$ch a s/eech sou+d $s $+'%ue+ced by the
surrou+d$+& sou+ds 9 usua%%y the sou+d 'o%%o<$+& $t : to #a=e the# #ore s$#$%ar7
Bila"ial: see /%ace o' art$cu%at$o+7
Cononant: s/eech sou+d /roduced by creat$+& a+ obstruct$o+ to the a$rstrea# dur$+&
art$cu%at$o+7
Dental: see /%ace o' art$cu%at$o+7
Diphthon#: a ,o<e% sou+d <here a &%$de 'ro# o+e ,oca%$c /os$t$o+ to a+other ta=es /%ace6
e7&7 eI $+ /%ace?
Fricative: see #a++er o' art$cu%at$o+7
Intonation: s/eech #e%ody?6 the use o' /atter+ o' /$tch to co+,ey d$''ere+t #ea+$+& $+
d$scourse7
I$A: I+ter+at$o+a% Pho+et$cs Assoc$at$o+ a%so sta+ds 'or the $+ter+at$o+a% /ho+et$cs
a%/habet sta+dard$8ed by that assoc$at$o+7
%anner of articulation: o' co+so+a+ts4 <ay $+ <h$ch the obstruct$o+ o' the a$rstrea# $s
/roduced7 The 'o%%o<$+& are used 'or E+&%$sh co+so+a+t sou+ds4
h
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$loive 9 a%so ca%%ed Stop : the t<o art$cu%ators 'or# a co#/%ete c%osure <h$ch $s
sudde+%y re%eased 9 e7&7 /6 & :7
Fricative4--the t<o art$cu%ators co#e c%ose toðer6 'or#$+& a str$cture throu&h <h$ch the
a$r ca+ esca/e6 thereby /roduc$+& a h$ss$+& +o$se 9 e7&7 '6 ʃ :7
Affricate Va sou+d <here a sto/ art$cu%at$o+ $s co+t$+ued as a 'r$cat$,e $+ the sa#e /%ace
9 e7&7 t :7
Li&ui' Vas 'or 'r$cat$,e6 but the a$rstrea# has a '%u$d 0ua%$ty6 thus %ess +o$se 9 e7&7 r6%:7
Naal Vas 'or /%os$,e6 but the c%osure $s +ot re%eased6 the a$r esca/es throu&h the +ose
$+stead 9e7&7 +:7%ini!al pair: <ords $+ a %a+&ua&e <h$ch d$''er o+%y $+ o+e /ho+e#e6 e7&7 /$+-b$+6 %$c=-
%oc=6 %oc=-%ot 're0ue+t%y used 'or /ract$c$+& sou+d co+trasts $+ a seco+d %a+&ua&e7
Naal: see #a++er o' art$cu%at$o+7
$hone!e: s/eech sou+d <h$ch $s d$st$+ct$,e <$th$+ the syste# o' a /art$cu%ar %a+&ua&e see
#$+$#a% /a$r
$honetic: the study o' hu#a+ s/eech sou+ds descr$bes the <$de ra+&e o' sou+ds
hu#a+s ca+ /roduce7
$honolo#(: the study o' the use o' d$st$+ct$,e s/eech sou+ds 9 /ho+e#es : $+ /art$cu%ar
%a+&ua&es7
$itch: ,o$ce he$&ht de/e+ds o+ the 're0ue+cy o' ,$brat$o+s o' the ,oca% cords e,ery
/erso+ has a+ $+d$,$dua% /$tch ra+&e re%at$,e /$tch a+d /$tch #o,e#e+t 9 to+e : are #ade
use o' $+ $+to+at$o+7
$lace of articulation: the %ocat$o+ $+ the ,oca% tract <here a /art$cu%ar s/eech sou+d $s
/roduced th$s $s usua%%y stated $+ ter#s o' the act$,e art$cu%ator 9 the /art <h$ch $s touched
or a//roachedthe /art to<ards <h$ch the act$,e art$cu%ator #o,es:7
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act$,e art$c7 /ass$,e art$c7)"i*la"ial %o<er %$/ u//er %$/la"io+'ental %o<er teeth u//er teeth'ental to+&ue t$/ u//er teethalveolar to+&ue t$/ a%,eo%ar r$d&e
pot+alveolar to+&ue t$/ rear o' a%,eo%ar r$d&epalato+alveolar to+&ue b%ade a%,eo%ar/a%atepalatal to+&ue 'ro+t /a%atevelar to+&ue bac= ,e%u##lottal t<o ,oca% cords( Brown 1993: 155)
$loive: see #a++er o' art$cu%at$o+
$ro!inence: the /%ace#e+t o' stress $+ d$scourse by the s/ea=er9 o'te+ re'erred to as
se+te+ce stress? : see stress7 A%so =+o<+ as h$&h%$&ht$+&6 'ocus6 to+$c /ro#$+e+ce7
$roo'(: o'te+ used sy+o+y#ous%y <$th the ter# su/rase&#e+ta%s6 but #ay a%so $+c%ude
the study o' sy%%ab%e structure7
,ualit(: see ,o<e% /ara#eters7
Rh(th!: the se0ue+ce o' stro+& a+d <ea= e%e#e+ts $+ %a+&ua&e there are d$''ere+t ,$e<s4
so#e say rhyth# re'ers to the occurre+ce o' stress6 others say that $t de/e+ds o+ stro+& a+d
<ea= ,o<e%s7
Sch-a: short6 ce+tra% ,o<e%6 +eutra% $+ 0ua%$ty '$rst ,o<e% $+ the <ord a&a$+?6 tra+scr$bed
as ∂ occurs $+ u+stressed sy%%ab%es o+%y7
Se!i+vo-el: a%so ca%%ed a//ro($#a+t or &%$de e(tre#e%y c%ose ,o<e% art$cu%at$o+ <h$ch
a%#ost tur+s $+to a co+so+a+t6 e7&7 E+&%$sh j6 <7
Sentence+tre: see /ro#$+e+ce
Stre: a sy%%ab%e $s stressed $' $t $s /ro+ou+ced <$th o+e or #ore o' the 'o%%o<$+& 'eatures4
&reater e+er&y6 &reater %e+&th6 h$&her /$tch7 Uses o' stress4 9: %e($ca% stress or <ord stress
92: /ro#$+e+ce or se+te+ce stress?7
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Suprae#!ental: 'eatures o' s/eech stretch$+& o,er #ore tha+ o+e sou+d or se&#e+t u/
to <ho%e uttera+ces 9 e7&7 stress6 rhyth#6 /$tch6 te#/o6 ,o$ce 0ua%$ty : see a%so /rosody7
.one: see /$tch7
/ariet(: a soc$a%6 &eo&ra/h$ca% 9 or h$stor$ca% : ,ar$a+t o' a %a+&ua&e +eutra% $+ ter#s o'
co++otat$o+6 <h$ch the ter# d$a%ect $s +ot7
/elu!: s/eech sou+ds are acco#/a+$ed by a ,$brat$o+ o' the ,oca% cords6 ,o$ce%ess sou+ds
are +ot a%% are ,o$ced6 co+so+a+ts #ay be e$ther7
/o-el: s/eech sou+d <here the a$rstrea# esca/es the ,oca% tract u+obstructed7
/o-el para!eter: ,o<e%s are descr$bed $+ ter#s o' ho< the cha#ber o' reso+a+ce 9 the
#outh : $s #od$'$ed7 The t<o #a$+ 'eatures are4 ,o<e% 0ua+t$tyVthe %e+&th o' the ,o<e%6
e7&7 short I ,s7 %o+& $ 4 a+d ,o<e% 0ua%$ty6 de'$+ed by the #o,e#e+t o' to+&ue6 %$/s6 or
ja<7
Bac= ,s7 'ro+t ,o<e%s6 e7&7 u4 ,s7 $4
e&ree o' %$/ rou+d$+&6 e7&7 I4 ,s7 u4
C%ose ,s7 o/e+ ,o<e%s6 e7&7 I4 ,s7 W
0or'+tre: a '$(ed /atter+ o' stressed a+d u+stressed sy%%ab%es <$th$+ a <ord6 e7&7 the
d$''ere+ce bet<ee+ ?REcord? AN reCOR? see stress7
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REDIE>
CHRISTIANE ALTON AN BARABARA SEILHO1ER
Accord$+& to Chr$st$a+e a%to+ a+d Barbara Se$d%ho'er 9:6 /ro+u+c$at$o+ has
beco#e rece+t%y a to/$c o' $+terest $+ %a+&ua&e teach$+&6 +e< $deas o+ ho< to teach th$s
as/ect o' %a+&ua&e ha,e bee+ de,e%o/ed $+ order to /ro,$de teachers <$th the +ecessary
too%s to he%/ stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s they #$&ht ha,e <he+ try$+& to s/ea= E+&%$sh7
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Teachers +eeded to be e0u$//ed <$th the +ecessary bac=&rou+d a+d rat$o+a%e 'or a//%y$+&
th$s =+o<%ed&e to /r$+c$/%ed dec$s$o+s about the$r o<+ c%assroo# s$tuat$o+7
I+ teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+ the #a$+ object$,e shou%d be to he%/ stude+ts
co##u+$cate a//ro/r$ate%y7 Th$s $s o+e o' the &oa%s that a%to+ a+d Se$d%ho'er had $+
#$+d <he+ they '$rst started to create the$r <or=7 A%% o' the as/ects co,ered $+ the$r <or=
had as a+ a$# to a,o$d /rob%e#s $+ co##u+$cat$o+ as a resu%t o' a #$s/ro+u+c$at$o+7
Teachers +eeded to ha,e a 'ra#e o' re'ere+ce <here they cou%d '$+d $+'or#at$o+ about <hat
to teach <he+ teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d the <ay $t shou%d be tau&ht7 A%so6 teachers
+eeded to =+o< the reaso+ <hy $t $s $#/orta+t to co+s$der /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ %a+&ua&e
%ear+$+&7
As <e =+o<6 there are d$''ere+t %ear+$+& sty%es6 a+d the s$tuat$o+s a+d the reaso+s
'or study$+& the tar&et %a+&ua&e ,ary a %ot7 Teachers +eed to co+s$der a%% as/ects a+d
'actors that #ay he%/ stude+ts %ear+ the correct /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ the c%assroo# so that <he+
they use the %a+&ua&e $+ rea% %$'e s$tuat$o+s they ca+ ha,e a &ood /er'or#a+ce $+ the tar&et
%a+&ua&e7
Teachers shou%d ha,e =+o<%ed&e o' ho< the /ho+et$c syste# o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e
<or=s7 To acco#/%$sh th$s6 teachers shou%d '$+d <ays to ac0u$re so#e #ore $deas6
tech+$0ues6 a+d h$+ts o+ ho< to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+7 There are a %ot o' sources that dea%
<$th th$s as/ect o' %a+&ua&e a+d 'ro# <h$ch teachers ca+ &et the +ecessary =+o<%ed&e to
he%/ the$r stude+ts7
La+&ua&e teach$+& shou%d $+c%ude th$s as/ect o' %a+&ua&e7 a%to+ ) Se$d%ho'er?s
<or= #a$+%y co+s$dered the E+&%$sh %a+&ua&e to /ro,$de e(a#/%es a+d $%%ustrat$o+s s$+ce $t
$s the %a+&ua&e shared by a%% readers7 The #a$+ object$,e here <as to e0u$/ teachers <$th
re%e,a+t /o$+ts o' re'ere+ce7 I+ s/ea=$+& a %a+&ua&e the #ost $#/orta+t $s to be ab%e to
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co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y6 a &ood =+o<%ed&e o' %a+&ua&e a%o+& <$th a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+
#ay 'u%'$%% th$s &oa%7
Pro+u+c$at$o+ $s de'$+ed as the /roduct$o+ o' s$&+$'$ca+t sou+ds <h$ch $s used
as /art o' a code o' a /art$cu%ar %a+&ua&e7 I+ th$s se+se6 /ro+u+c$at$o+ $s the
/roduct$o+ a+d rece/t$o+ o' sou+ds o' s/eech7 A%so6 sou+d $s s$&+$'$ca+t
because $t $s used to ach$e,e #ea+$+& $+ co+te(ts o' use7 Here the code
co#b$+es <$th other 'actors to #a=e co##u+$cat$o+ /oss$b%e7 I+ th$s se+se
<e ca+ ta%= about /ro+u+c$at$o+ <$th re'ere+ce to acts o' s/ea=$+&7 Both
se+ses are co+s$dered $+ th$s boo=6 but s/ec$a% /ro#$+e+ce $s &$,e+ to
co##u+$cat$,e as/ects re'ere+ce to /hys$ca% 'eatures o' sou+d occurs o+%y $+
so 'ar as they are re%e,a+t to the u+dersta+d$+& o' ho< they '$&ure $+
d$scourse that $s to say $+ the ach$e,e#e+t o' #ea+$+& 9a%to+ a+d
Se$d%ho'er6 :7
The <or= o' a%to+ a+d Se$d%ho'er <as re%e,a+t to th$s /roject because $t dea%t <$th
/ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 It /ro,$ded a se/arate descr$/t$o+ o+ each o+e o' these
cr$ter$a7 There <ere so#e tas=s a+d act$,$t$es that cou%d he%/ teachers u+dersta+d better
ho< to a//%y these as/ects $+ rea% %$'e s$tuat$o+s a+d co+te(ts7 A%so6 $t to%d us ho< th$s
descr$/t$o+ o' sou+d <as re%e,a+t to subjects o' %a+&ua&e teach$+&6 a+d $+ /art$cu%ar o'
course6 to the /eda&o&y o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+&7 a%to+ a+d Se$d%ho'er 9:6
descr$bed <ays $+ <h$ch teachers ca+ e(/%ore a+d #a=e use o' theoret$ca% a+d /eda&o&$c
a//roaches to /ro+u+c$at$o+7 Su&&est$o+s <ere /ro,$ded as to ho< a teacher #$&ht test out
certa$+ $deas a&a$+st the rea%$ty o' h$sher o<+ c%assroo#7 I+ co+c%us$o+6 her <or= he%/ed
us re'%ect o+ our teach$+& act$,$ty6 es/ec$a%%y o+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+&7 But th$s $s +ot the
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o+%y source o' $+'or#at$o+ that <as co+s$dered $+ th$s /roject7 There $s a re'ere+ce 'or
teachers o' E+&%$sh to s/ea=ers o' other %a+&ua&es by *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a6 o++a *7
Br$+to+ a+d a+et *7 Good<$+ that <as a%so ta=e+ $+to accou+t 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s
study7
CELCE-*URCIA
*ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a?s <or= ser,ed as the core o' a co#/rehe+s$,e course $+
/ro+u+c$at$o+ /eda&o&y7 Ce%ce-*urc$a /ro,$ded a+ o,er,$e< o' the $ssues $+,o%,ed $+
teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+6 such as ho< /ro+u+c$at$o+ had bee+ ,$e<ed 'ro# ,ar$ous
#ethodo%o&$ca% /ers/ect$,es a+d <hat <as =+o<+ about the ac0u$s$t$o+ o' seco+d %a+&ua&e
/ho+o%o&y7 It dea%t #a$+%y <$th the sou+d syste# o' North A#er$ca+ E+&%$sh 9NAE:6
$+c%ud$+& both the se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% as/ects6 $+ other <ords6 $t a+a%y8ed
/ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 It descr$bed ho< the sou+d syste# <as re%ated <$th
other s=$%%s a+d areas o' %a+&ua&e6 such as %$ste+$+&6 $+'%ect$o+a% #or/ho%o&y6 a+d
ortho&ra/hy7 There <as a 'ra#e<or= 'or de,e%o/$+& teach$+& tech+$0ues6 structured
e(erc$ses6 $+c%ud$+& a%ter+at$,e teach$+& tech+$0ues6 a#o+& other th$+&s7
There <ere su&&est$o+s about ho< teachers cou%d dea% <$th both se&#e+ta% a+d
su/rase&#e+ta% as/ects 'ro# a co##u+$cat$,e /o$+t o' ,$e< that $+c%uded the accuracy-
'%ue+cy co+t$+uu#7 There <ere e(erc$ses a+d act$,$t$es to e+coura&e teachers to br$+& the$r
o<+ /erso+a% %a+&ua&e %ear+$+& a+d teach$+& e(/er$e+ces to bear o+ the to/$c at ha+d7 The
#ater$a% /ro,$ded /ract$ca% /ho+et$cs to teach E1LESL stude+ts a+d to tra$+ /ros/ect$,e
teachers7 Based o+ the tech+$0ues6 e(erc$ses a+d act$,$t$es o+ th$s <or=6 teachers cou%d
re'%ect o+ the$r o<+ teach$+& a+d the+ de,e%o/ the$r o<+ or$&$+a% e(erc$ses a+d act$,$t$es7
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Th$s source o' $+'or#at$o+ dea%t a%so <$th the h$story o' a+d research o+ teach$+&
/ro+u+c$at$o+7 It sho<ed the sou+d syste# o' North A#er$ca+ E+&%$sh a+d so#e bas$c
teach$+& tech+$0ues by 'ocus$+& o+ co+so+a+ts6 ,o<e%s6 rhyth#6 stress6 a+d adjust#e+ts $+
co++ected s/eech6 /ro#$+e+ce a+d $+to+at$o+ at the d$scourse %e,e%7
Th$s <or= <as des$&+ed to he%/ e(/er$e+ced a+d $+e(/er$e+ced teachers better
u+dersta+d the /ro+u+c$at$o+ ac0u$s$t$o+ /rocess $+ a better /os$t$o+ to set $+struct$o+a%
/r$or$t$es7 There <as use'u% a+d e+joyab%e #ater$a% 'or both teachers a+d stude+ts o'
E+&%$sh as a seco+d or 'ore$&+ %a+&ua&e7
The research o' Ce%ce-*urc$a <as s$&+$'$ca+t 'or th$s /roject 'or the 'o%%o<$+&
reaso+s4 $t /ro,$ded us <$th a h$story o' ho< /ro+u+c$at$o+ had bee+ ,$e<ed by %$+&u$sts
throu&hout the t$#e6 ho< $t <as re%ated to %a+&ua&e teach$+& a+d the &reat $#/orta+ce $t
had to co##u+$cate $+te%%$&$b%y a+d a//ro/r$ate%y $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7
The &reat ,ar$ety o' teach$+& tech+$0ues a+d s=$%%s that $s6 the #ethodo%o&$ca%
as/ect6 /%ayed a ,ery $#/orta+t ro%e $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+&7 The #ater$a% /rese+ted <as o'
&reat $#/orta+ce s$+ce the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s /roject <as that o' /ro,$d$+& teachers <$th
tech+$0ues to he%/ stude+ts o,erco#e the$r /ro+u+c$at$o+ /rob%e#s that $+ter'ere $+ the
co##u+$cat$,e /rocess7
S$+ce the #a$+ object$,e <as to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+ as /art o' the Co##u+$cat$,e
A//roach6 d$''ere+t =$+ds o' trad$t$o+a% tech+$0ues a+d /ract$ce #ater$a%s had to be
re,$e<ed $+ order to u+dersta+d better ho< to teach /ract$ca% /ho+et$cs accord$+& to th$s
a//roach7
The order $+ ho< the se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% as/ects o' %a+&ua&e had to be
treated <as a%so co+s$dered o+ th$s /roject7 Tech+$0ues6 s=$%%s6 act$,$t$es6 a+d /ract$ca%
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e(erc$ses <ere /ro,$ded here to su//ort th$s #ethodo%o&$ca% as/ect o' teach$+&
/ro+u+c$at$o+7
The d$a%ect o' E+&%$sh that <as a+a%y8ed dur$+& th$s /roject <as NAE7 It <as
$#/orta+t6 ho<e,er6 to #a=e stude+ts co+sc$ous that E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+ ,ar$es a %ot7
The act$,$t$es a+d h$+ts <ere based o+ the I+ter+at$o+a% Pho+et$c A%/habet 9IPA:7 Stude+ts
+at$,e %a+&ua&e sou+d syste# <as co#/ared a+d co+trasted 'or a better u+dersta+d$+& o'
the sou+d syste# o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e7
Pro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 se+te+ce stress6 rhyth#6 adjust#e+ts $+ corrected s/eech a+d
$+to+at$o+ ha,e bee+ co+s$dered ,ery $#/orta+t 'eatures to ach$e,e success'u%
co##u+$cat$o+ 'or seco+d %a+&ua&e %ear+ers7 These as/ects o' %a+&ua&e <ere co+s$dered
$+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+& s$+ce they <ere o' /r$#ary $#/orta+ce $+ the s/eech co##u+$cat$o+
/rocess7
Accord$+& to Ce%ce-*urc$a the E+&%$sh sou+d syste# $+teracts <$th other syste#s
o' %a+&ua&e <he+ +at$,e a+d +o+-+at$,e s/ea=ers use E+&%$sh 'or co##u+$cat$o+7 So#e o'
the #ost $#/orta+t co++ect$o+s that <ere e(/%ored $+ th$s /roject <ere the sou+d syste#
a+d %$ste+$+&6 the sou+d syste# a+d $+'%ect$o+a% #or/ho%o&y a+d the sou+d syste# a+d
ortho&ra/hy 9the %ast o+e <as h$&h%y used to de,e%o/ act$,$t$es a+d h$+ts to better e(/%a$+
ho< to teach the se&#e+ta%s a+d su/arse&#e+ta%s:7
Teachers +eeded to u+dersta+d that $+tersect$o+ o' the sou+d syste# <$th these areas
<as e(tre#e%y $#/orta+t7 I 'ou+d out that the sou+d syste# <as re%ated to e,ery other
as/ect o' the %a+&ua&e <he+ the %ear+er %$ste+ed6 s/o=e6 read6 a+d <rote7 These +atura%
co++ect$o+s +eed to be u+derstood by teachers $' they <$shed to he%/ %ear+ers de,e%o/ &ood
%$ste+$+& co#/rehe+s$o+ a+d $+te%%$&$b%e /ro+u+c$at$o+ as a +atura% /art o' the$r
co##u+$cat$,e %a+&ua&e /ro'$c$e+cy7
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>$th a%% th$s =+o<%ed&e $+ #$+d o+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+&6 teachers cou%d start
th$+=$+& a+d de,e%o/$+& the$r o<+ tech+$0ues a+d <ays to better #eet stude+ts? +eeds6
co+s$der$+& %ear+$+& sty%es6 /re'ere+ces6 a&e a+d other $#/orta+t as/ects a+d 'actors that
<$%% co+tr$bute to a &ood ac0u$s$t$o+ o' E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+ that cou%d %ead to a+ e''ect$,e
co##u+$cat$o+7 But $t <as +ot o+%y '$+d$+& tech+$0ues to teach E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs the #a$+
object$,e6 <e st$%% +eeded to <orry about #a=$+& $t e+joyab%e a+d 'u+ 'or our stude+ts7 I+ a
boo= <r$tte+ by *aya Le+6 a S/a+$sh +at$,e s/ea=er6 she dea%t <$th the teach$+& o'
/ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ ta=$+& a 'u+ a+d creat$,e a//roach7
*AFA LEN
The #ethod /ro#oted by *aya Leo+ <as e''ect$,e a+d e+joyab%e to teach these
as/ects o' %a+&ua&e to E1L stude+ts7 The #a$+ object$,e o' her <or= <as to correct or
#od$'y those bad hab$ts $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+7
The author o' th$s source o' $+'or#at$o+ to%d about her e(/er$e+ce %ear+$+& E+&%$sh
/ro+u+c$at$o+7 She stated that $t $s d$''$cu%t 'or so#e adu%t %ear+ers to try to %ear+ a seco+d
%a+&ua&e6 but +ot $#/oss$b%e7 Her <or= #a$+%y dea%t <$th d$''$cu%t$es $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+7 It
<as $+te+ded to correct those /ro+u+c$at$o+ /rob%e#s co+s$der$+& a hu#a+$st$c 'ocus7 The
e(/%a+at$o+ o' each o+e o' the sou+ds <as &$,e+ $+ S/a+$sh to #a=e $t eas$er 'or the %ea+er
to o,erco#e these d$''$cu%t$es $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+7
The #ethod <as des$&+ed to /ro,$de a+ $++o,at$,e a+d e(c$t$+& <ay to teach
Correct$,e Pho+et$cs7 It <as a+ a//roach that <as #uch #ore 'u+ 'or teachers a+d
stude+ts7 Accord$+& to th$s author6 $t <as $#/orta+t to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+ 'ro# the ,ery
be&$++$+& to a,o$d bad hab$ts that #$&ht be d$''$cu%t to correct at %ater sta&es #a=$+& use o'
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re#ed$a% /ro+u+c$at$o+ c%asses7 *aya Le+ a%so stated that $t <as #uch eas$er to %ear+
E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+ the correct <ay 'ro# the '$rst #o#e+ts o' e(/osure to the %a+&ua&e7
The author reco##e+ded to start teach$+& a ded$cated /ro+u+c$at$o+ c%ass to
be&$++$+& stude+ts7 The $+struct$o+s <ere <r$tte+ $+ S/a+$sh to ta=e the /ressure o'' the
stude+ts so they cou%d co+ce+trate #ore 'u%%y o+ the tas= at ha+d --%ear+$+& correct
/ro+u+c$at$o+7 I' the $+struct$o+s had bee+ <r$tte+ $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e6 both teachers a+d
stude+ts <ou%d ha,e &otte+ 'rustrated $+ try$+& to u+dersta+d6 a+d <ou%d a%so ha,e %ost
#ot$,at$o+ 'or the %ear+$+& /rocess7
The #ethod $+c%uded a+ e(/%a+at$o+ o' the /roduct$o+ o' E+&%$sh sou+ds so that
teachers cou%d s/e+d t$#e a+d e+er&y o+ other as/ects o' teach$+&7 Stude+ts e+joyed the
hu#or <h$%e #aster$+& the sou+ds o' the E+&%$sh %a+&ua&e7 A%so6 *aya Le+?s <or= <as
$+te+ded a+d des$&+ed to s/ec$'$ca%%y 'ocus o+ the E+&%$sh /ho+et$c syste# 'ro# the
/ers/ect$,e o' the %ear+er6 <ho <as a +at$,e s/ea=er o' S/a+$sh <$th certa$+ Y'$(edZ s/eech
hab$ts7
Th$s source o' $+'or#at$o+ <as de,e%o/ed to he%/ teachers <$th be&$++er6
$+ter#ed$ate a+d ad,a+ced stude+ts7 The stude+t te(tboo= $s $+ S/a+$sh6 but the c%ass ca+
be tau&ht $+ E+&%$sh to $+ter#ed$ate a+d ad,a+ced stude+ts7 There $s a Teacher?s Gu$de
that has the sa#e te(t $+ E+&%$sh6 as <e%% as deta$%s re&ard$+& the e(erc$ses a+d other
#ater$a%s7 There are a%so e(erc$ses a+d act$,$t$es o+ stress a+d $+to+at$o+ to /ro,$de
ad,a+ced stude+ts <$th the o//ortu+$t$es to /ract$ce at the$r %e,e%7
The author o' th$s #ethod reco##e+ded the use o' a $a&+ost$c Test to a+a%y8e the
stude+ts? %e,e% o' /ro'$c$e+cy a+d the area o' #ore d$''$cu%ty7 There $s a $a&+ost$c Test
that ca+ be &$,e+ /er$od$ca%%y $+ order to e,a%uate stude+ts? /ro&ress6 <h$ch ca+ be
e+coura&$+& 'or stude+ts a+d re<ard$+& 'or teachers7
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The #a$+ /ur/ose /ro/osed by *aya Le+ <as to #a=e teachers e+joy the
$++o,at$,e $deas a+d the #ater$a% <h$ch $s use'u%6 e''ect$,e a+d 'u+ to use7 1u+ teach$+&
<$%% %ead to #e#orab%e a+d e''ect$,e %ear+$+&7 The co+tr$but$o+s o' th$s author to th$s
/roject <ere s$&+$'$ca+t because her <or= dea%t /rec$se%y <$th the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s
/roject7
There ha,e bee+ so #a+y as/ects a+d 'actors that co+tr$bute to a &ood ac0u$s$t$o+ o'
E+&%$sh7 Prob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ #ay cause so#e stude+ts to re'use to s/ea= the tar&et
%a+&ua&e7 Th$s <as ,ery co##o+ $+ our stude+ts <he+ they <ere 'aced to rea% %$'e
s$tuat$o+s <here E+&%$sh <as +eeded to co##u+$cate7
I+ order to a,o$d /rob%e#s $+ co##u+$cat$o+6 $t <as $#/orta+t to #a=e use o' a
&ood +at$,e-%$=e /ro+u+c$at$o+7 Th$s /roject <as $+te+ded to $#/ro,e E+&%$sh
/ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ order to a,o$d #$su+dersta+d$+&s a+d e#barrass$+& s$tuat$o+s7
U+'ortu+ate%y6 $+ so#e cu%tures6 %$=e ours6 ha,$+& a bad /ro+u+c$at$o+ #ay #a=e us &o
throu&h +e&at$,e a+d e,e+ d$scr$#$+atory react$o+s just 'or ha,$+& a stro+& 'ore$&+ acce+t7
The %ear+$+& o' the /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d /ho+et$c syste# o' E+&%$sh <as %ear+ed
$+d$,$dua%%y6 the+ $t <as co#b$+ed to '$+a%%y /roduce the %a+&ua&e a%#ost %$=e a +at$,e
s/ea=er7 Pract$c$+& each sou+d o' E+&%$sh cou%d he%/ stude+ts to be ab%e to /art$c$/ate $+
co##o+ s$tuat$o+s <$th co+'$de+ce a+d secur$ty7 Stress a+d $+to+at$o+ <ere a%so
co+s$dered $+ order to &et to ac0u$re a &ood acce+t &radua%%y a+d +atura%%y7
The IPA <as used as a bas$s to e(/%a$+ each o+e o' the sou+ds o' E+&%$sh7 So#e
sy#bo%s <ere s$#$%ar to the %etters used $+ the +or#a% a%/habet7 Stude+ts had to %ear+ that
so#e o' those sy#bo%s ha,e a d$''ere+t sou+d7 A%so6 o+ce %ear+$+& the IPA stude+ts <ere
ab%e to u+dersta+d the /ro+u+c$at$o+ &u$de o' a+y other d$ct$o+ary <he+e,er they had a
doubt o+ ho< to /ro+ou+ce a <ord7
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The order $+ <h$ch *aya Le+ des$&+ed her <or= <as the o+e used $+ order to
teach the se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% as/ects o' %a+&ua&e7 The <ay $t <as or&a+$8ed
<as a//ro/r$ate 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s study7 A+d the 'act o' co+s$der$+& the +at$,e
%a+&ua&e o' stude+ts to teach the tar&et %a+&ua&e <as so#eth$+& <e ha,e to ta=e $+to
accou+t $' our #a$+ object$,e $s to he%/ our stude+ts ac0u$re a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+
E+&%$sh7 There <as a%so a source o' $+'or#at$o+ by Nash6 Rose6 9: <h$ch co#/ared
a+d co+trasted E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh #ore dee/%y6 a+d 'or th$s reaso+ $t <as se%ected to 'or#
/art o' th$s /roject7
NASH ROSE
Th$s sect$o+ de,e%o/s the /r$+c$/%es ad,a+ced by Nash 9:7 Accord$+& to her
there are #$%%$o+s o' S/a+$sh +at$,e s/ea=ers that study E+&%$sh as a seco+d or 'ore$&+
%a+&ua&e7 1or e(a#/%e6 $+ the U+$ted States there are #a+y S/a+$sh s/ea=ers that +eed to
%ear+ E+&%$sh as a seco+d %a+&ua&e7 There are soc$a%6 eco+o#$c a+d /o%$t$ca% co+cer+s to
%ear+ th$s %a+&ua&e $+ th$s cou+try7
Nash[s <or= <as $+te+ded to /ro,$de a &e+era% descr$/t$o+ o' the /ho+o%o&$ca% a+d
ortho&ra/h$c descr$/t$o+ o' the /ho+o%o&$ca% a+d ortho&ra/h$c corres/o+de+ces that create
d$''$cu%t$es 'or the S/a+$sh-s/ea=er %ear+er o' E+&%$sh7 It <as a use'u% #ethod that <as
des$&+ed 'or teacher tra$+ers6 but cou%d a%so be used by stude+ts <ho <$shed to $#/ro,e
the$r E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+7
The descr$/t$,e a//roach <as used here to teach the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh7
There <ere /ract$ca% act$,$t$es to %ear+ each sou+d $+d$,$dua%%y a+d $+ &rou/s7 A%so6 there
<as a+ a+a%ys$s o' the /ro+u+c$at$o+ errors6 a+d d$''er$+& /atter+s7 Both E+&%$sh a+d
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S/a+$sh sou+ds <ere co+trasted 'or a better u+dersta+d$+& o' the /roduct$o+ o' E+&%$sh
sou+ds7 The co+trast <as #ade by the use o' /ho+et$c sy#bo%s7
As <e =+o<6 there $s +o d$rect re%at$o+ bet<ee+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d s/e%%$+&7 1or th$s
reaso+6 the h$+ts o+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ /ro,$ded here <ere treated as Y/ure ru%esZ7 There <ere
so#e t$/s that cou%d be co+s$dered as ru%es6 but there <ere a%<ays <ords that d$d +ot '$t $+
a+y o' the t$/s /ro,$ded7 But e,e+ those e(ce/t$o+s cou%d be %ear+ed by the stude+t7
I+ her <or= the author a%so states that there are d$''ere+t d$a%ects o' E+&%$sh $+
d$''ere+t /arts o' the <or%d7 I+ the U+$ted States $tse%' /ro+u+c$at$o+ ,ar$es a %ot 'ro#
re&$o+ to re&$o+7 The /o%$cy ado/ted here $s to /rese+t the ,ar$ety that e#/has$8ed
s$#$%ar$ty $+ the sou+ds o' the t<o %a+&ua&es6 a+d to #e+t$o+ other ,ar$a+ts $+ the
d$scuss$o+ +otes at the e+d o' each sect$o+7
I+ the $+troduct$o+ o' her <or=6 she re'erred to the E+&%$sh /oet oh+ ryde+ <ho
<rote6 YErrors6 %$=e stra<s6 u/o+ the sur'ace '%o< He <ho <ou%d search 'or /ear%s #ust
d$,e be%o<Z 9 Nash6 Rose6 :7 >$th these /hrases he #ea+t that $+ ac0u$r$+& or %ear+$+&
a %a+&ua&e <e a%ready =+o< <hat to e(/ect o+ a+ abstract $+tu$t$,e %e,e%7
I+ add$t$o+6 the author #e+t$o+ed that there are three d$''ere+t ty/es o' errors that
#ay occur <he+ so#eo+e $s %ear+$+& a %a+&ua&e7 The '$rst =$+d $s the o+e due to #e#ory
%a/ses6 'at$&ue6 or s/eech de'ects 9/hys$o%o&$ca%:6 the seco+d ty/e o' error $s de,e%o/#e+ta%
a+d the th$rd o+e $s tra+s'er <h$ch <as the /r$#ary 'ocus o' her <or=7
YTra+s'er errors resu%t <he+ a +at$,e %a+&ua&e /atter+ $s carr$ed o,er $+to a +o+-
+at$,e %a+&ua&e7 Tra+s'er errors a''ect the $+te%%$&$b$%$ty <he+ the %$ste+er does
+ot $+ter/ret the /atter+ the <ay the s/ea=er $+te+ded7 A&a$+6 th$s $s due to the
$+a//ro/r$ate tra+s'er o' accou+t s$&+a%s 'ro# the sou+d syste# o' the s/ea=er?s
+at$,e %a+&ua&e <h$ch the %$ste+er $+ter/reted accord$+& to the sou+d syste# o'
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h$s or her o<+ +at$,e %a+&ua&e7 e/e+d$+& o+ the acoust$c s$&+a%s $s +ot the
o+%y <ay to co##u+$cate6 there $s /%e+ty o' %$+&u$st$c a+d soc$a% co+te(t to he%/
$+ $de+t$'y$+& <ords a+d reco&+$8e the s/ea=er?s #essa&e7Z 9Nash6 :
Pro+u+c$at$o+ errors are caused +ot o+%y by d$''ere+ces $+ sou+d syste#s6 <h$ch $s
ca%%ed YSou+d-to-Sou+dZ tra+s'er7 I+ add$t$o+ there $s YS/e%%$+&-to-S/e%%$+&Z tra+s'er7
These <ere the t<o =$+ds o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ errors that had to be d$st$+&u$shed a+d that
caused d$''$cu%t$es 'or the +o+-+at$,e %ear+er7 Stude+ts had to be e(/%a$+ed the reaso+ <hy
these %o&$ca% tra+s'er errors occur $+ %ear+$+& a %a+&ua&e7 YCross-%a+&ua&e d$''ere+ces $+
/ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d s/e%%$+& tra+s'ers ca+ be obser,ed #ost c%ear%y $+ co&+ate <ords that $s6
E+&%$sh S/a+$sh <ord /a$rs that ha,e the sa#e Lat$+ or Gree= root6 a%thou&h there #ay +ot
a%<ays ha,e e(act%y the sa#e #ea+$+& $+ the co+te#/orary %a+&ua&es 9Nash6 ,$ :7
There <ere a%so /rosod$c errors $+ stress6 rhyth#6 a+d $+to+at$o+7 S/a+$sh a+d
E+&%$sh ha,e d$''ere+t <ays o' s$&+a%$+& e#/has$s a+d co+trast6 a+d d$''ere+t o,era%%
/atter+s o' rhyth# a+d $+to+at$o+7 Nash su&&ested to co#/are /rosod$c as/ects o'
%a+&ua&e be'ore co#/ar$+& co+so+a+ts a+d ,o<e% sou+ds $+ order to %ear+ the correct
/ro+u+c$at$o+7
I+ th$s <or= there <ere just a 'e< /eda&o&$ca% h$+ts about teach$+& /rocedures $+
the c%assroo#7 It <as co+cer+ed <$th <hat to teach6 +ot ho< to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+7 Nash
stated that Y#ethods are best <or=ed out by the teacher6 <ho =+o<s the +eeds a+d
ca/ab$%$t$es o' the stude+tsZ7
The /ro+u+c$at$o+ that <as a+a%y8ed by the author o' th$s source <as the o+e
acce/ted as sta+dard $+ the >ester+ He#$s/here7 There <as a%so a sect$o+ o+ #ajor
d$a%ect$ca% ,ar$a+ts o' E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh7 The syste# o' tra+scr$/t$o+ used $+ th$s boo= $s
des$&+ed s/ec$'$ca%%y 'or cross-%a+&ua&e descr$/t$o+6 a+d #ay d$''er $+ so#e res/ects 'or
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those you ha,e 'ou+d $+ te(tboo=s dea%$+& <$th E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs6 or those used $+
/ro+ou+c$+& d$ct$o+ar$es7
Nash?s <or= dea%t <$th a &e+era% $+troduct$o+ to the bas$c co+ce/ts a+d
c%ass$'$cat$o+ that o+e +eeded to u+dersta+d6 a+d a sur,ey o' the sou+ds o' E+&%$sh a+d
S/a+$sh7 It a%so co#/ared the sou+d syste# $+ deta$%6 &rou/$+& toðer sou+ds that shared
/ho+et$c character$st$cs7 It to%d us ho< sou+ds <ere art$cu%ated a+d /erce$,ed a+d the <ay
they a''ected each other <he+ they <ere co#b$+ed $+ a <ord7
Ortho&ra/hy <as a%so co+s$dered to e(/%a$+ the ,ar$ous /ho+et$c ,a%ues 'or each
%etter a+d %etter co#b$+at$o+ $+ E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh7 S$#$%ar$t$es a+d d$''ere+ces <ere
co#/ared 'or a better u+dersta+d$+& o' the t<o sou+d syste#s6 es/ec$a%%y that o' E+&%$sh7
The #ode% /ro/osed by Nash co+tr$buted to the /rese+t study because o' the &reat
a#ou+t o' $+'or#at$o+ re%ated to the sou+d syste#s o' E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh7 Th$s study
$+te+ded to '$+d better <ays a+d tech+$0ues to teach E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+ to S/a+$sh
s/ea=ers7 Nash #e+t$o+ed a 'e< tech+$0ues that <ere co+s$dered 'or th$s /roject6 but the
co#/ar$so+ a+d co+trast o' the t<o %a+&ua&es /ro,$ded e(ce%%e+t $deas to '$+d better t$/s to
teach /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+7
The 'act o' a+a%y8$+& the d$a%ect o' E+&%$sh s/o=e+ $+ the >ester+ He#$s/here <as
use'u% 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s /roject7 A#er$ca+ E+&%$sh <as co+s$dered as the
sta+dard to co#/are a+d co+trast $t <$th S/a+$sh $+ order to better u+dersta+d <here a+d
ho< sou+ds are /roduced6 $+c%ud$+& stress a+d $+to+at$o+ o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e7
The d$''ere+t ty/es o' errors the author descr$bed $+ her <or=6 /ro,$ded better $deas
o+ they <ay th$s study <as co+ducted to 'u%'$%% the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s /roject6 that o'
/ro,$d$+& teachers <$th tech+$0ues to teach E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+ to E1L stude+ts $+ a
/ract$ca% a+d e+joyab%e <ay7
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SU**ARF STATE*ENT
There are d$''ere+t s=$%%s a+d sub-s=$%%s that ha,e to be co+s$dered $+ %a+&ua&e%ear+$+&7 Th$s study #a$+%y dea%t <$th the E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs co+s$der$+& the se&#e+ta%s
a+d su/rase&#e+ta%s7 These as/ects ha,e rece+t%y bee+ a &reat co+cer+ s$+ce $t has bee+
/ro,ed that they are a%so $#/orta+t $+ the co##u+$cat$o+ /rocess7
The d$''ere+t sources co+su%ted 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s %$terature re,$e< had
e(ce%%e+t co+tr$but$o+s to ta=e $+to accou+t $+ order to 'u%'$%% <$th the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s
study7 Each author dea%t <$th E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs 'ro# a d$''ere+t /o$+t o' ,$e<6 th$s $s <hat
#ade th$s study #ore 'ru$t'u% a+d $+terest$+& 'or the &reat a#ou+t o' $deas shared $+ each
<or=7
So#e /eo/%e had a%<ays thou&ht that /ho+et$cs <as a b$& bore7 The $dea o'
<or=$+& o+ th$s /roject <as to sho< teachers a+d stude+ts that %ear+$+& E+&%$sh
/ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ cou%d be eas$er a+d #ore 'u+ tha+ they ha,e $#a&$+ed7
Th$s <as <hat I had $+ #$+d <he+ I dec$ded to carry out th$s study7
CHAPTER III
*ETHOS
I+ th$s cha/ter I <$%% descr$be the /rocedures used to co%%ect data re%ated to each o+e o'
the three research 0uest$o+s $+ <h$ch th$s /roject <as #a$+%y 'ocused7 The $+'or#at$o+
&athered to a+s<er each o+e o' the $ssues <$%% be do+e co+s$der$+& the assu#/t$o+s o' th$s
study7 The #a$+ /ur/ose <$%% be to '$+d the a//ro/r$ate $+'or#at$o+ that <ou%d res/o+d
e''ect$,e%y each o+e o' the $ssues7 A br$e' descr$/t$o+ o' the sources o' $+'or#at$o+ that
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#a=$+& use o' ,$sua% a$ds such as6 d$a&ra#s6 tab%es6 a+d charts7 Qua%$tat$,e research $s a%so
e(/%oratory6 th$s $s o+e o' the 'eatures o' th$s ty/e o' research that <as co+s$dered 'or the
de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s study <h$ch <as #a$+%y des$&+ed to e(/%ore /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+&
tech+$0ues 'or ESLE1L teachers7
THE ROLE O1 THE RESEARCHER
I+$t$a%%y I had to 'ocus #y $+,est$&at$o+ o+ stud$es #ade by so#e other researchers
a+d sources o' $+'or#at$o+ re%ated to /ho+et$cs a+d /ho+et$cs teach$+& tech+$0ues7 Th$s $s
study <as bas$ca%%y based o+ the 'our d$''ere+t <or=s a%ready a+a%y8ed abo,e that
co+ta$+ed $+'or#at$o+ +eeded to acco#/%$sh th$s /roject7 I had to dec$de <hat data
$+'or#at$o+ to co+s$der or +ot7 The e(/er$e+ce I had as a+ E1L stude+t a+d as a teacher
sha/ed6 to certa$+ e(te+t6 the $+ter/retat$o+ o' the $+'or#at$o+ /ro,$ded $+ th$s $+,est$&at$o+7
*y #a$+ co+cer+ <as to de,e%o/ a /roject <here teachers cou%d see ho< $#/orta+t a+d
+ecessary $t <as to ha,e a &ood =+o<%ed&e o' the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh $+ order to =+o<
ho< to res/o+d to those /rob%e#s or doubts stude+ts cou%d ha,e about E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7
A%so6 based o+ the '$+d$+&s o' th$s study6 teachers cou%d %ear+ <hat the ade0uate <ay to
teach E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs <as7 >hat I a%so co+s$dered $#/orta+t <as to %oo= 'or so#e
/ract$ca% #ot$,at$+& $deas o+ ho< to #a=e stude+ts be $+terested $+ %ear+$+& the /ho+et$cs
o' E+&%$sh7
ATA COLLECTION PROCEURES
A descr$/t$o+ o' the &ather$+& tech+$0ues e#/%oyed throu&hout th$s research <as
#e+t$o+ed $+ th$s sect$o+7 The sources o' $+'or#at$o+ 'or #y /roject <ere the 'o%%o<$+&
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s/ec$a%$8ed te(ts <h$ch I se%ected because they /ro,$de us <$th theoret$ca% a+d /ract$ca%
h$+ts re%ated to the teach$+& o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs4
TEACHING PRONUNCIATION A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers
of ther !anguages as <r$tte+ by *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a6 o++a *7 Br$+to+ a+d a+et *7
Good<$+7 Th$s source <as re%e,a+t to th$s /roject because $t co+ta$+ed a &reat dea% o'
&e+era% $+'or#at$o+ re%ated to the h$story o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs teach$+& throu&hout the
t$#e7 *ore s/ec$'$ca%%y the #ater$a% /rese+ted $+ cha/ters o+e a+d t<o <ere use'u% s$+ce
they ta%=ed about the d$''ere+t tech+$0ues that each a//roach co+s$dered to teach
/ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+7 A%so6 o+ cha/ter t<o Ce%ce-*urc$a e(/%a$+ed <$th
#uch deta$% the research o+ the teach$+& a+d ac0u$s$t$o+ o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ s=$%%s7 She
#e+t$o+ed as/ects such as6 a&e6 att$tude6 a/t$tud a+d #ot$,at$o+ that ha,e to be ta=e+ $+to
accou+t <he+ teach$+& E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7
PRONUNCIATION by Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er7 The source o'
$+'or#at$o+ <as /rese+ted $+ three d$''ere+t sect$o+s4 Sect$o+ o+e /ro,$ded us <$th a+
e(/%a+at$o+ o+ the s$&+$'$ca+ce o' $+te%%$&$b%e /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ order to co##u+$cate
e''ect$,e%y $+ E+&%$sh7 a%to+ a+d Se$d%ho'er a%so e(/%a$+ed ho< +ecessary $t <as to &et
so#e =+o<%ed&e o' the E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs e#/has$8$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d
$+to+at$o+7 Th$s <as the se0ue+ce the authors used to e(/%a$+ each o+e o' these as/ects7
Sect$o+ t<o de#o+strated ho< each o+ o' these as/ects <ere actua%%y a//%$ed $+ the
c%assroo#6 but s/ec$'$ca%%y /a&es K throu&h /ro,$ded the +ecessary $+'or#at$o+ that
<as +eeded to '$+d a /ro,ed se0ue+ce to teach the se&#e+ta%s a+d su/rase&#e+ta%s $+ the
order that <as $+te+ded to teach the# $+ th$s /roject7 Sect$o+ three <as a%so use'u% s$+ce $t
dea%t <$th so#e other tech+$0ues a+d tas=s to teach E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 Each tas= co+s$dered
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the a$#6 resources6 /rocedure a+d e,a%uat$o+ o' each tech+$0ue used to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+6
stress6 a+dor $+to+at$o+7
CO*PARING ENGLISH AN SPANISH by Rose Nash <as o+e #ore source o'
$+'or#at$o+ that s/ec$'$ca%%y had to do <$th co+trast$+& the sou+d syste#s o' both E+&%$sh
a+d S/a+$sh7 Parts t<o 9Pho+o%o&y: a+d three 9Ortho&ra/hy: <ere o' &reat he%/ to '$+d t$/s
to better e(/%a$+ the re%at$o+ bet<ee+ s/e%%$+& a+d /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d <here a+d ho<
sou+ds <ere actua%%y /roduced $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e #a$+%y7
.ISS FOUR ACCENT Goodbye\ By *aya Le+ *e$s <$th .$tty o+es <as a%so
co+s$dered $+ &e+era% s$+ce $t dea%t s/ec$'$ca%%y <$th those sou+ds that caused #ore troub%e
to S/a+$sh s/ea=ers o' E+&%$sh7 The $%%ustrat$,e a+d #ot$,at$+& ,$sua%s $+ her <or= <ere
&$,e+ s/ec$a% atte+t$o+ s$+ce $t <as o+e #ore o' the character$st$cs co+s$dered $+ the
de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s /roject4 to #a=e the %ear+$+& o' /ho+et$cs 'u+ 'or the %ear+er a+d
teacher as <e%%7
These sources o' $+'or#at$o+ <ere bas$ca%%y co+s$dered $+ the order they <ere
/rese+ted because the$r %$+=s he%/ed to de,e%o/ th$s study the <ay $t <as $+te+ded <he+ I
'$rst dec$ded to se%ect th$s to/$c 'or #y /roject7 Bes$des that6 so#e <eb s$tes <ere a%so
co+su%ted s$+ce they o''ered use'u% #ater$a% to su//%e#e+t a+d co#/%e#e+t the $+'or#at$o+
/ro,$ded7
SELECTION
TECHNIQUES E1L TEACHERS CAN USE TO EDELOP THE PRONUNCIATION6
STRESS6 AN INTONATION O1 THEIR E1L STUENTS7
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I+ order to co%%ect data re%ated to th$s $ssue6 I se%ected t<o o' the 'our sources
#e+t$o+ed abo,e4 TEACHING PRONUNCIATION A Reference for Teachers of English
to Speakers of ther !anguages as <r$tte+ by *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a6 o++a *7 Br$+to+
a+d a+et *7 Good<$+6 a+d PRONUNCIATION by Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara
Se$d%ho'er7 Ce%ce-*urc$a /ro,$ded us <$th the h$story a+d sco/e o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+&6
the d$''ere+t a//roaches $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+& $+ the /ast a+d today6 a+d the d$''ere+t
tech+$0ues6 too%s a+d /ract$ce #ater$a%s that ha,e trad$t$o+a%%y bee+ used a+d are st$%% be$+&
used to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+7
Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er dea%t <$th so#e o' the #ost re%e,a+t
tech+$0ues re%ated to /ho+et$cs teach$+&6 $+ the$r <or= they #e+t$o+ed so#e o' the <ays $+
<h$ch teachers ca+ e(/%ore a+d #a=e use o' the theoret$ca% a+d /eda&o&$c a//roaches to
/ro+u+c$at$o+7 They su&&ested to re'%ect o+ our teach$+&6 es/ec$a%%y o+ /ro+u+c$at$o+
teach$+& a+d '$+d better <ays to he%/ our stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6
stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+7
1INING THE CORRECT SEQUENCE TO TEACH PRONUNCIATION6 STRESS6AN INTONATION7
I+ order to &ather data co++ected to th$s $ssue I se%ected the sa#e sources o'
$+'or#at$o+ used to a+s<er 0uest$o+ 4 *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a #e+t$o+ed the use o' the
a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach <h$ch #a=es use o' descr$/t$,e #ater$a%s such as charts6 'ace
d$a&ra#s6 a+d co+trast$,e $+'or#at$o+7 Th$s a//roach #a$+%y 'ocused atte+t$o+ o+ the
/ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+ o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e6 E+&%$sh7
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The other source o' $+'or#at$o+ <as the o+e <r$tte+ by Chr$st$a++e a%to+ )
Barbara Se$d%ho'er <here $+ the$r <or= they #e+t$o+ed the use o' t<o a//roaches to the
teach$+& o' /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+4 the botto#-u/ a//roach <h$ch be&$+s
<$th the art$cu%at$o+ o' ,o<e% a+d co+so+a+t sou+ds a+d <or=$+& u/ to<ards $+to+at$o+6
a+d $+ the other case <e had the to/-do<+ a//roach <h$ch be&$+s <$th /atter+s o'
$+to+at$o+ a+d br$+&s se/arate sou+ds $+to sha/er 'ocus as a+d <he+ re0u$red7 The 'or#er
$s the a//roach that <as co+s$dered to dea% <$th those as/ects o' %a+&ua&e $+ 0uest$o+7 I+
short6 these t<o sources d$d /ro,$de the +ecessary $+'or#at$o+ to a+s<er th$s 0uest$o+7
1INING >AFS TO HELP E1L TEACHERS *OTIDATE THEIR STUENTS TOI*PRODE THEIR LEARNING O1 ENGLISH PHONETICS7
To ac0u$re data 'or th$s $ssue6 I se%ected the source o' $+'or#at$o+ <r$tte+ by *ar$a++e
Ce%ce-*urc$a <here she ta%=ed about the d$''ere+t ty/es o' #ot$,at$o+ that shou%d be
co+s$dered to he%/ stude+ts $#/ro,e the$r /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+7 Three s$tes
<ere a%so ta=e+ $+to accou+t to co#/%e#e+t th$s /art o' the study7
The t$#e s/e+t $+ %oo=$+& 'or s$tes that <ou%d co#/%e#e+t the #ater$a% /rese+ted o+ th$s
/art o' the /roject <as about '$,e hours7 The $dea <as just to %oo= 'or so#e s$tes that
teachers cou%d a%so reco##e+d to the$r stude+ts $+ order to /ract$ce %$ste+$+& to E+&%$sh
sou+ds a+d so#e other aud$o act$,$t$es7 Perso+a% co+tr$but$o+s <ere a%so ta=e+ $+to accou+t
to co#/%e#e+t th$s /art o' the study7 *ater$a%s such as &a#es a+d $deas 'ro# so#e other
sources o' $+'or#at$o+ <ere a%so co+s$dered7
Procedure
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Co+s$der$+& that $t $s $#/orta+t 'or teachers to ac0u$re so#e &ood =+o<%ed&e $+
/ro+u+c$at$o+ /eda&o&y6 I dec$ded to start to co%%ect data re%ated to E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 To
acco#/%$sh th$s6 I co+su%ted #ater$a% such as6 te(tboo=s a+d <ebs$tes7 The 'our sources o'
$+'or#at$o+ that <ere bas$ca%%y used 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' th$s study <ere se%ected 'ro#
the &reat ,ar$ety o' boo=s o+ the #ar=et7
The $dea <as to '$+d <or=s that <ou%d he%/ #e 'u%'$%% <$th the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s
/roject7 Each source co+su%ted dea%t <$th the sou+d syste# o' E+&%$sh 'ro# d$''ere+t /o$+ts
o' ,$e<7 So <hat I d$d <as to '$+d a te(tboo= that <ou%d /ro,$de #e <$th &e+era%
$+'or#at$o+ about E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs o+e that <ou%d co+trast E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh a+d o+e
that <ou%d &$,e #e so#e t$/s or $deas o+ ho< to #a=e the %ear+$+& o' /ho+et$cs attract$,e6
e+joyab%e a+d 'u+ 'or the teachers a+d the stude+ts as <e%%7
A%so6 so#e <ebs$tes <ere ,$s$ted $+ order to &et so#e h$+ts a+d act$,$t$es that cou%d
su//%e#e+t a+d co#/%e#e+t the t$/s /ro,$ded o+ the /ho+et$c tra$+$+& tech+$0ue sect$o+
'ou+d o+ cha/ter 'our o' th$s research /roject7
CHAPTER ID
ATA ANALFSIS
1or th$s /art o' the study the $+'or#at$o+ &athered 'or each o+e o' the three research
0uest$o+s <as a+a%y8ed res/ect$+& the order $+ <h$ch they <ere /rese+ted o+ the Research
Quest$o+s sect$o+7
PRONUNCIATION6 STRESS AN INTONATION EDELOP*ENT
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To address the $ssues o' /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+ de,e%o/#e+t $t <as
+ecessary to tur+ to the <or=s o' *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a6 o++a *7 Br$+to+ a+d a+et *7
Good<$+ a+d Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er7
Accord$+& to Ce%ce-*urc$a $+ the /ast /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+& had bee+ tau&ht
accord$+& to the #ethod o' $+struct$o+ used $+ the c%assroo# to teach a 'ore$&+ %a+&ua&e7
1or so#e o' those #ethods such as the Gra##ar Tra+s%at$o+6 Read$+&-based a//roaches6
a+d the Co&+$t$,e a//roach the teach$+& o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ <as %ar&e%y $rre%e,a+t7
S$+ce the M33s a+d ear%y 33s6 $+ the $rect #ethod /ro+u+c$at$o+ <as tau&ht
throu&h $+tu$t$o+ a+d $#$tat$o+7 Y L$ste+ a+d $#$tateZ <as the tech+$0ue used $+ th$s
#ethod6 stude+ts %$ste+ed to a #ode% a+d re/eated or $#$tated $t7 Ta/e recorders6 %a+&ua&e
%abs6 a+d ,$deo recorders <ere h$&h%y used to teach th$s as/ect o' %a+&ua&e 9Ce%ce-*urc$a6
K :7
There <as a /er$od $+ %a+&ua&e teach$+& that ha//e+ed $+ the M3s6 the Re'or#
*o,e#e+t 'or# <h$ch the '$rst %$+&u$st$c or a+a%yt$c co+tr$but$o+ to /ro+u+c$at$o+ teach$+&
e#er&ed7 Th$s #o,e#e+t <as $+'%ue+ced by /ho+et$c$a+s such as He+ry Sheet6 >$%%$a#
D$]tor6 a+d Pau% Passy <ho '$rst 'or#ed the I+ter+at$o+a% Pho+et$c Assoc$at$o+ $+ MMK a+d
de,e%o/ed the I+ter+at$o+a% Pho+et$c A%/habet 9IPA:7
1o%%o<$+& are the +ot$o+s a+d /ract$ces that6 accord$+& to th$s author6 $+'%ue+ced
#oder+ %a+&ua&e teach$+&4
- The s/o=e+ 'or# o' a %a+&ua&e $s /r$#ary a+d shou%d be tau&ht '$rst7
- The '$+d$+&s o' /ho+et$cs shou%d be a//%$ed to %a+&ua&e teach$+&
- Teachers #ust ha,e so%$d tra$+$+& $+ /ho+et$cs
- Lear+ers shou%d be &$,e+ /ho+et$c tra$+$+& to estab%$sh &ood s/eech
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Pho+et$c tra$+$+& tech+$0ue <as the +a#e &$,e+ by the /ho+et$c$a+s #e+t$o+ed abo,e7
Th$s tech+$0ue #ade use o' art$cu%atory descr$/t$o+s6 art$cu%ators d$a&ra#6 a+d /ho+et$c
a%/habet7 Stude+ts <ere $+,o%,ed $+ /ho+et$c tra+scr$/t$o+s as <e%% as read$+& /ho+et$ca%%y
tra+scr$bed te(t7 Th$s $s the tech+$0ue that <as #a$+%y co+s$dered to /ro,$de teachers <$th
so#e too%s to he%/ the$r stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d
$+to+at$o+7
Y*a+y h$stor$es o' %a+&ua&e teach$+& 9e7&76 Ho<att M: be%$e,e that the Re'or#
*o,e#e+t /%ayed a ro%e $+ the de,e%o/#e+t o' Aud$o%$+&ua%$s# $+ the U+$ted States a+d o'
the Ora% A//roach $+ Br$ta$+ dur$+& the 3s a+d J3sZ 9Ce%ce-*urc$a6 K :7Z
Pro+u+c$at$o+ <as ,ery $#/orta+t $+ the t<o Aud$o%$+&ua% a+d Ora% P/roaches6 $t <as
tau&ht 'ro# the be&$++$+&7 The teacher or a record$+& #ode%ed a s/eech sou+d6 a <ord6 or
certa$+ uttera+ce a+d the stude+ts had to $#$tate or re/eat7 Teachers <ho #ade use o' the
Aud$o%$+&ua% A//roach a%so #ade use o' $+'or#at$o+ 'ro# /ho+et$cs6 such as charts6 'ace
d$a&ra#s a+d so#e other ,$sua% #ater$a% to teach th$s as/ect o' %a+&ua&e7
*$+$#a% /a$r <as a tech+$0ue used by the Aud$o%$+&ua% A//roach $+ <h$ch stude+ts
had to d$st$+&u$sh bet<ee+ s$#$%ar a+d /rob%e#at$c sou+ds $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Both
%$ste+$+& d$scr$#$+at$o+ a+d &u$ded ora% /ract$ce <ere h$&h%y reco##e+ded to teach
/ro+u+c$at$o+ ,$a th$s tech+$0ue 9Ce%ce-*urc$a6 K :7
The re'erred author a%so stated that there <as o+e #ore tech+$0ue used by #a$+%y
the S$%e+t >ay 9a #ethod that a//eared to ha,e a s/ec$a% 'ocus o+ teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+:
<as the so-ca%%ed ,$sua% a$ds tech+$0ue that ut$%$8ed ,$sua%s6 such as sou+d co%or charts
<h$ch <ere created by Gatte&+o $+ MJ to by/ass the ear7 It co+ta$+ed a%% the ,o<e%s a+d
co+so+a+t sou+ds o' a tar&et %a+&ua&e $+ se,era% co%ored recta+&%es7 A%so6 th$s #ethod
#ade use o' 1$de% <a%% charts <h$ch co+ta$+ed a%% /oss$b%e s/e%%$+& /atter+s 'or each sou+d
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$+ the %a+&ua&e7 These %ast charts <ere a%#ost the sa#e s$8e as the co%or charts 1$de% <a%%
charts re'%ected a+d re$+'orced the syste# used $+ the sou+d co%or chart7
The author a%so #e+t$o+ed so#e other tech+$0ues that <ere trad$t$o+a%%y used a+d
are st$%% be$+& used to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+4
a: Co+te(tua%$8ed #$+$#a% /a$rs4 $t <as a tech+$0ue <here the sett$+& <as
estab%$shed a+d =ey ,ocabu%ary <as /rese+ted stude+ts <ere tra$+ed to
res/o+d to a se+te+ce ste# <$th the a//ro/r$ate #ea+$+&'u% res/o+se7
b: To+&ue t<$sters4 $t <as a tech+$0ue used 'or# s/eech correct$o+ strate&$es
'or +at$,e s/ea=ers7 It had a%so bee+ co+s$dered to teach sou+ds o' the tar&et
%a+&ua&e7 It resu%ted 'u+ 'or stude+ts <ho tr$ed to say the to+&ue t<$ster7
c: e,e%o/#e+ta% a//ro($#at$o+ dr$%%s4 $t <as a tech+$0ue su&&ested by '$rst-
%a+&ua&e ac0u$s$t$o+ stud$es $+ <h$ch seco+d %a+&ua&e %ear+ers <ere tau&ht
to retrace to ste/s that #a+y E+&%$sh s/ea=$+& ch$%dre+ 'o%%o<ed as they
ac0u$red certa$+ sou+ds $+ the$r '$rst %a+&ua&e7 Th$s tech+$0ue 'ocused
#a$+%y o+ those sou+ds adu%t %ear+ers had d$''$cu%ty <$th7 1$rst6 they <ere
tau&ht easy sou+ds that a//ro($#ated to those sou+ds that <ere d$''$cu%t to
/roduce by +o+-+at$,e s/ea=ers7
d: Pract$ce o' ,o<e% sh$'ts a+d stress re%ated by a''$(at$o+4 Th$s <as a
tech+$0ue that <as based o+ ru%es o' &e+erat$,e /ho+o%o&y a+d $t <as used
<$th $+ter#ed$ate or ad,a+ced %ear+ers7 YThe teacher /o$+ts out the ru%e-
based +ature o' ,o<e% a+d stress sh$'ts $+ ety#o%o&$ca%%y re%ated <ords to
ra$se a<are+ess se+te+ces a+d short te(ts that co+ta$+ed both #e#bers o' a
/a$r #ay be /ro,$ded as ora% /ract$ce #ater$a%7
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e: Read$+& a%oudrec$tat$o+4 Th$s <as a tech+$0ue that #ade use o' /assa&es or
scr$/ts 'or %ear+ers to /ract$ce a+d the+ read a%oud6 'ocus$+& o+ stress6
t$#$+&6 a+d $+to+at$o+7 *e#or$8at$o+ o' the te(t cou%d or cou%d +ot be
$+,o%,ed6 a+d $t usua%%y occurred <$th &e+res that <ere $+te+ded to be
s/o=e+6 such as s/eeches6 /oe#s6 /%ays6 a+d d$a%o&ues7
': Record$+& o' %ear+ers? /roduct$o+4 Rehearsed a+d s/o+ta+eous s/eeches6
'ree co+,ersat$o+6 a+d ro%e /%ays <ere aud$ota/ed a+d ,$deota/ed7 Stude+ts
<ere &$,e+ 'eedbac= 'ro# teachers a+d other stude+ts as <e%% as 'or
teachers6 /eer6 a+d se%'-e,a%uat$o+7
1INING THE CORRECT S^QUENCE TO TEACH PRONUNCIATION6
STRESS6 AN INTONATION
To co%%ect data re&ard$+& th$s $ssue6 the /r$+c$/%es de,e%o/ed by *ar$a++e Ce%ce-
*urc$a6 o++a *7 Br$+to+ a+d a+et *7 Good<$+ a+d Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara
Se$d%ho'er <ere a%so co+su%ted7
I+ her <or= Ce%ce-*urc$a stated that /ro+u+c$at$o+ be&a+ to be stud$ed
syste#at$ca%%y short%y be'ore the be&$++$+& o' the t<e+t$eth ce+tury7 The author a%so
#e+t$o+ed that there <ere t<o &e+era% a//roaches to the teach$+& o' /ro+u+c$at$o+4 The
$+tu$t$,e-$#$tat$,e a//roach a+d the a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach7 I+ &e+era% ter#s6 the
'or#er a//roach de/e+ded o+ the %ear+ers? ab$%$ty to %$ste+ to a+d $#$tate the rhyth#s a+d
sou+d o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e <$thout the $+ter,e+t$o+ o' a+y e(/%$c$t $+'or#at$o+7 Th$s sa#e
a//roach /resu//osed the a,a$%ab$%$ty o' &ood #ode%s to %$ste+ to6 they #ade use o'
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To 'u%'$%% <$th the #a$+ object$,e o' th$s study6 Pho+et$c tra$+$+& <as se%ected 'ro#
the d$''ere+t =$+ds o' tech+$0ues used throu&hout the t$#e7 O+e o' the reaso+s <hy $t <as
se%ected <as that $t <as re%ated to <hat the a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach /ro/osed7 A+d
because Yo+%y throu&h a thorou&h =+o<%ed&e o' the E+&%$sh sou+d syste# a+d throu&h
'a#$%$ar$ty <$th a ,ar$ety o' /eda&o&$ca% tech+$0ues6 #a+y o' <h$ch shou%d be
co##u+$cat$,e%y or$e+ted6 ca+ teachers e''ect$,e%y address the /ro+u+c$at$o+ +eeds o' the$r
stude+ts 9Ce%ce-*urc$a6 K :7
A%so the author $+ her <or= stated that $+ the /ast there <as a debate bet<ee+ the
teach$+& o' se&#e+ta% a+d the su/rase&#e+ta% 'eatures o' %a+&ua&e7 *ater$a% de,e%o/ers
a+d teachers dec$ded that the correct se0ue+ce to teach the tar&et %a+&ua&e
co##u+$cat$,e%y to +o+-+at$,e s/ea=ers <as by '$rst teach$+& the su/rase&#e+ta%s 9$7e76
rhyth#6 stress a+d $+to+at$o+:7 But so#e other #ater$a% de,e%o/ers a+d teachers a&reed that
a ba%a+ce $+ the teach$+& o' se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% 'eatures o' %a+&ua&e cou%d br$+&
e(ce%%e+t resu%ts a+d a /os$t$,e $#/act o+ the ora% co##u+$cat$o+ a+d the %$ste+$+&
co#/rehe+s$o+ ab$%$t$es o' +o++at$,e s/ea=ers o' E+&%$sh6 our #a$+ co+cer+ here S/a+$sh
s/ea=ers 9Ce%ce-*urc$a6 K6 / 3:7
Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er #e+t$o+ed the +a#es o' t<o a//roaches to
teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+4 The botto#-u/ a//roach a+d the to/-do<+ a//roach the 'or#er
be&a+ by teach$+& the art$cu%at$o+ o' $+d$,$dua% ,o<e%s a+d co+so+a+ts a+d <or=ed u/
to<ards $+to+at$o+7 A+d the %atter a//roach be&a+ <$th /atter+s o' $+to+at$o+ a+d brou&ht
se/arate sou+ds $+to sha/er 'ocus as a+d <he+ re0u$red 9a%to+6 6 // K-3:7
I+ th$s /roject the botto#-u/ a//roach <as co+s$dered to sho< teachers ho<
/ho+et$cs tra$+$+& ca+ be dea%t <$th $+ a rea% c%assroo# sett$+& by #a=$+& use o' the
$+'or#at$o+ a+d too%s /ro/osed by the a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach7 So#e o' the $deas
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/ro/osed by the $+tu$t$,e a//roach a+d the tech+$0ues a+d /ract$ce #ater$a%s used
trad$t$o+a%%y by teachers <ho <ere $+ 'a,or o' other #ethods a+d a//roaches <ere ta=e+
$+to accou+t to su//%e#e+t a+d co#/%e#e+t the tech+$0ue $+ <h$ch th$s study <as #a$+%y
'ocused6 /ho+et$c tra$+$+& tech+$0ue7
$1ONE.IC .RAININ2 .EC1NI,UE
1o%%o<$+& are se,e+ su&&ested ste/s $+ order to teach E+&%$sh /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress a+d
$+to+at$o+ to S/a+$sh +at$,e s/ea=ers7 The se0ue+ce /rese+ted to teach these as/ects o'
%a+&ua&e <as based o+ the botto#-u/ a//roach co+s$der$+& the $deas &$,e+ by the a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach7 The $+'or#at$o+ /ro,$ded here #ay be #od$'$ed a+d ada/ted accord$+&
to the a&e6 %e,e% o' E+&%$sh a+d c%assroo# s$tuat$o+7
FACE DIA2RA%
Step 3: Teachers start by sho<$+& the$r stude+ts the 1ace $a&ra#7
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Fi#ure 3: Dia#ra! of Or#an of Speech
Source: S/eech Or&a+s4 htt/4<<<edu7+=+u7edu7t<_e+&%$shso7ht#
INSTRUCTIONS4 It $s $#/orta+t to e#/has$8e <here a+d ho< sou+ds are actua%%y
/roduced7 Teachers sho< the$r stude+ts a chart o' the ,oca% a//aratus a+d e(/%a$+ to the#
the d$''ere+t art$cu%ators used $+ the /roduct$o+ o' sou+ds7 It $s +ot reco##e+ded to o+%y
teach stude+ts tech+$ca% ter#s to descr$be each art$cu%ator6 but a%so to &$,e the# a+ e(a#/%e
o' a sou+d so they ca+ ,$sua%$8e <here a+d ho< $t $s be$+& /roduced7 1or e(a#/%e teachers
ca+ te%% the stude+ts that the t sou+d $+ S/a+$sh $s /roduced by /%ac$+& the t$/ o' the
to+&ue beh$+d the u//er teeth6 a+d that $+ E+&%$sh the t sou+d $s /roduced by /%ac$+& the
t$/ o' the to+&ue o+ the a%,eo%ar r$d&e7 Teachers +eed to re#e#ber that %ater $t $s
reco##e+ded to co+trast the <ay sou+ds are /roduced $+ the t<o %a+&ua&es 'or a better
u+dersta+d$+& o' ho< sou+ds are actua%%y /roduced $+ E+&%$sh s/ec$a%%y7
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S.E$ 4: Teachers sho< the$r stude+ts the ,o<e% charts o' E+&%$sh a+dS/a+$sh
Fi#ure 4: Contrative vo-el chart of En#lih an' Spanih
S$ANIS1 front central "ac5 front central "ac5
hi#h 6 i 6 6 u 6 hi#h
!i' 6 e 6 6 o 6 6 eu6 6ei6 6oi6 !i'
lo- 6 a 6 6au6 6ai6 lo-
unroun'e' e!i roun'e' unroun'e' e!i roun'e' roun'e' roun'e'
EN2LIS1
front central "ac5 front central "ac5
unroun'e' e!i roun'e' unroun'e' e!i roun'e' roun'e' roun'e'
Source: 9 Nash6 Rose6 :
hi#h 6 I 6 6 U 6 6 i 6 6 u 6 hi#h
!i' 6 6 6 ∂ 6 6 e 6 6o6 6oI6 !i'
lo- 6 7 6 6 a 6 6 Ɔ 6 6aU6 6aI6 lo-
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INS.RUC.IONS: By #a=$+& use ,o<e% charts a+d a 'ace d$a&ra#6 teachers e(/%a$+ to
the$r stude+ts the ,o<e% sou+ds o' the +at$,e %a+&ua&e a+d the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Co+trast the
t<o charts $+ order to %oo= at the d$''ere+ces bet<ee+ the#7 Based o+ the ,o<e% charts
teachers te%% or as= stude+ts ho< #a+y sy#bo%s there are $+ S/a+$sh a+d ho< #a+y $+
E+&%$sh7 Teachers as= stude+ts to descr$be each ,o<e% sou+d o' S/a+$sh a+d E+&%$sh
#a=$+& use o' the 'o%%o<$+& cr$ter$a4
CRI.ERIA FOR /O0EL SOUNDS
a* A'vance!ent of the ton#ue
1ro+tCe+tra%Bac=
"* 1ei#ht of the ton#ue
H$&h*$dLo<
c* Lip roun'in#
Rou+dedSe#$rou+dedU+rou+ded
'* .enene ) For En#lih vo-el oun' *
Te+seLa(
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38 Spanih vo-el oun' 'ecription:
6 i 6 'ro+t h$&h u+rou+ded6 e 6 'ro+t #$d u+rou+ded6 a 6 ce+tra% %o< u+rou+ded
6 u 6 bac= h$&h rou+ded6 o 6 bac= #$d rou+ded
48 En#lih vo-el oun' 'ecription
6 i 6 'ro+t h$&h u+rou+ded te+se
6 I 6 'ro+t h$&h u+rou+ded %a(
6 e 6 'ro+t #$d u+rou+ded te+se
6 6 'ro+t #$d u+rou+ded %a(
6 7 6 'ro+t %o< u+rou+ded %a(
6 a 6 ce+tra% %o< se#$rou+ded %a(
6 ∂ 6 ce+tra% #$d se#$rou+ded te+se%a(
6 u 6 bac= h$&h rou+ded te+se
6 U 6 bac= h$&h rou+ded %a(
6 o 6 bac= #$d rou+ded te+se
6 Ɔ 6 bac= %o< rou+ded %a(
O+ce the teachers ha,e a%ready e(/%a$+ed <here a+d ho< each ,o<e% sou+d $s /roduced
$+ S/a+$sh as <e%% as $+ E+&%$sh7 They +eed to /ro,$de the$r stude+ts <$th so#e t$/s to
#a=e $t eas$er 'or the# to $de+t$'y <he+ each sou+d occurs $+ a <ord7 Teachers #a=e use o'
the 'o%%o<$+& charts that $+c%ude so#e o' the #ost ty/$ca% s/e%%$+&s 'or each ,o<e% sou+d $+
E+&%$sh7 So#e e(a#/%es ha,e bee+ /ro,$ded to &$,e teachers a+ $dea o+ ho< to a//%y th$s
$+ the c%assroo#7 The arro< $+ each o' the 'o%%o<$+& charts #ea+s that there $s a cha+&e $+
the 0ua%$ty o' the or$&$+a% sou+d7
Source: The $dea 'or the de,e%o/#e+t o' these charts <as &otte+ 'ro# a co+'ere+ce o+
E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs &$,e+ by *aya Le+ *e$s $+ *e($co $+ K7
/ O 0 E L S O U N D S
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The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the I sou+d $+ E+&%$sh $s <he+ %etter i occurs bet<ee+ t<o
co+so+a+t sou+ds7 The I sou+d beco#es ɚ <he+ the co+so+a+t to the r$&ht $s
the r sou+d 7 There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s7
Fi#ure >: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 e 6 oun' in En#lih8
6 e 6 6 ɚ 6 ECE$.IONS
+a( +ai +air
a( 0ait chair fair !ountain
pa( Bait tair airport fountain
-a( trai#ht pair certain
"a( hair a( + ai'
to'a( air a#ain
The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the e sou+d $+ E+&%$sh $s a( a+d ai7 The e sou+d
beco#es ɚ / <he+ s/ec$'$ca%%y the ai co#b$+at$o+ $s /receded by the r sou+d7
There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s7
Fi#ure ?: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 6 oun' in En#lih8
6 6Letter e "et-een
cononant: C<<<<<C
6 ɚ 6
C<<<<<R
ECE$.IONS
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#et ev@nt her rec@ive
"et r@cipe per "ehn'
et rep@at
-et
let
The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the /roduct$o+ o' the sou+d $s <he+ the %etter e occurs
bet<ee+ t<o co+so+a+ts <$th$+ a stressed sy%%ab%e7 The sou+d beco#es ɚ <he+the co+so+a+t to the r$&ht $s the r sou+d7 There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s7
Fi#urte : .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 7 6 oun' in En#lih8
6 7 6Letter a "et-een
cononant:
C<<<<<C
6 a 6
C<<<<<R
ECE$.IONS
cat la" car care
rat "a# "ar "are
"at lat tar late
"ac5 "a' far !ate
ac5 that crpenter rate
The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the æ sou+d $s <he+ the %etter a occurs bet<ee+ to co+so+a+ts <$th$+ a stressed sy%%ab%e7 The æ sou+d beco#es a <he+ the co+so+a+tto
the r$&ht $s the r sou+d7 There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s7
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Fi#ure : .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 a 6 oun' in En#lih
6 a 6Letter o "et-eencononant:
C<<<<<C
6 Ɔ 6
C<<<<< R
ECE$.IONS
hot 'o'#e for 'o#
not lot nor lot
2o' ro' Lor' lon#
#ot loc5 corn on#
pot pot !ore !ot
The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the /roduct$o+ o' the a sou+d $s <he+ the %etter o occurs bet<ee+
t<o co+so+a+ts <$th$+ a stressed sy%%ab%e7 The a sou+d beco#es Ɔ <he+ the
co+so+a+t to the r$&ht $s the r sou+d7 There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s7
Fi#ure : .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 ∂ 6 oun' in En#lih8
6 ∂ 6Letter u"et-een
Cononant: C<<<<<C
6 ɚ 6
C<<<<<R
ECE$.IONS
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"u 'ut fur cute
"ut !ut !ute + clue
cut ru# put + puh
hut hu# "ull + "uh
'ull #un full
The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the /roduct$o+ o' the ∂ sou+d $s <he+ the %etter u occurs bet<ee+
t<o co+so+a+ts <$th$+ a stressed sy%%ab%e7 The ∂ sou+d beco#es ɚ / when the
co+so+a+t to the r$&ht $s the r sou+d7
Fi#ure 3: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 u 6 oun' in En#lih8
6 u 6 6 U 6 ECE$.IONS
+oo + oor
!oon poor "oo5
oon !oor floor
Goo! 'oor
poon Hput floo'
loop Hpull "loo'
The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the /roduct$o+ o' the u sou+d $s oo7 The u sou+d beco#es
U <he+ the oo co#b$+at$o+ $s /receded by the r sou+d7 There #$&ht be e(ce/t$o+s7
H $''ere+t s/e%%$+& 'or the sou+d7
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Fi#ure 33: .(pical pellin# for the pro'uction of the 6 o 6 oun' in En#lih8
6 o 6 6 Ɔ 6 ECE$.IONS
+oa +oar
coat oap "oar' coalition
toat roa' roar coa#ulate
#oal Hho!e oar
#oat Hlo- hoare
"oat Hho- oar
The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the /roduct$o+ o' the o sou+d $s <he+ the %etters oa occur
bet<ee+ t<o co+so+a+ts <$th$+ the sa#e stressed sy%%ab%e7 The o sou+d beco#es Ɔ /
<he+ the oa co#b$+at$o+ $s /receded by the r sou+d7
H $''ere+t s/e%%$+& 'or the sou+d7
.1E SC10A r J 6 ɚ 6 SOUND
The sch<a ` r ɚ sou+d $s a ,ery usua% sou+d $+ E+&%$sh6 a%#ost a%% <ords o' t<oor
#ore sy%%ab%es ha,e the sch<a sou+d7 There $s +o s$#$%ar sou+d $+ S/a+$sh a+d 'or th$s
reaso+6 $t re0u$res s/ec$a% atte+t$o+ so that stude+ts %ear+ to $de+t$'y a+d /roduce th$s sou+d
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- - +
arm card dollar
army large collar
art dark regular
architect March particular
argue pardon perpendicular
EXCEPTIONS EXCEPTIONS EXCEPTIONS
a'roma marry - carry ar - are
a'roundnarro! -
paragraph "ar - "are
a'rri#e carrot - married car - care
arid !ar-- compare
arro! !ar - !ard - !arm !are
Antonio Balderas
Th$s chart sho<s that ar $s o+%y /ro+ou+ced as ɚ at the e+d o' t<o or #ore sy%%ab%e
<ords7 The e(ce/t$o+s 'or the '$rst co%u#+ a%so sho< that ar $s /ro+ou+ced as ɚ at the
be&$++$+& o' a <ord <he+ the '$rst sy%%ab%e $s u+stressed7 The rest o' the e(a#/%es are
/ro+ou+ced <$th a sou+d other tha+ that 6 ɚ 68
Fi#ure 39: $oition for er pronounce' a 6 ɚ 68
er
+ + +
Erne$t #er" $i$ter
Ernie term "rother
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err perm ather
% + & ear + con$ merchant mother
earn permit (inger
early )utter
earth Per
EXCEPTIONS EXCEPTIONS EXCEPTIONS
ear %andderi#ation$& merry adhere
*rror merit Mere
*rrand me'ridian ere
er,$er peri$h
err,tic
Antonio Balderas
Th$s chart sho<s er #ay /ro+ou+ced as ɚ at the be&$++$+&6 $+ the #$dd%e6 a+d at the
e+d o' a <ord7 O+ the '$rst co%u#+ the ear co#b$+at$o+ $s a%so /ro+ou+ced as ɚ 7 Th$s
chart sho<s that there are e(ce/t$o+s 'or e,ery co%u#+ <here the sou+d #$&ht be other tha+that 6 ɚ 67
Fi#ure 3;: $oition for ir pronounce' a 6 ɚ 68
ir
+ + +
irk girl Sir
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oral dorm Translator
EXCEPTIONS EXCEPTIONS
% + & O.- wore
orange word adore
orifice work for
original world before
Antonio Balderas
Th$s chart sho<s that or $s o+%y /roduced as ɚ at the e+d o' t<o or #ore sy%%ab%e
<ords7 The e(ce/t$o+s 'or the '$rst co%u#+ a%so sho< that so#et$#es or $s /ro+ou+ced
as ɚ at the be&$++$+& o' a <ord <he+ the '$rst sy%%ab%e $s u+stressed 'or e(a#/%e "
original 7 O+ the e(ce/t$o+s 'or the seco+d co%u#+ <e ca+ see that the wor co#b$+at$o+ $s
/ro+ou+ced <$th the ɚ 7 The rest o' the e(a#/%es o+ the other co%u#+s are /ro+ou+ced
<$th a sou+d other tha+ that ɚ 7
Fi#ure 3?: $oition for ur pronounce' a 6 ɚ /.
ur
+ + +
Urge turn fur
urgent hurt sulfur
urgency curly % ture & ending
Urban surf nature
urbinize surface structure
Urn future
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creature
EXCEPTIONS EXCEPTIONS EXCEPTIONS
uranium endurable endure
Urine cure
urinal sure
urinate assure
Antonio Balderas
Th$s chart sho<s ur #ay /ro+ou+ced as ɚ at the be&$++$+&6 $+ the #$dd%e6 a+d at the
e+d o' a <ord7 O+ the th$rd co%u#+ the ture e+d$+& $s /ro+ou+ced <$th the ɚ 7 Th$s
chart a%so sho<s that there are e(ce/t$o+s 'or e,ery co%u#+ <here the sou+d #$&ht be other
tha+ that ɚ 7
S.E$ 9: By #a=$+& use o' charts teachers e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts the 'or#at$o+ o'
d$/htho+&s o' the t<o %a+&ua&es7
Teachers e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts that $+ S/a+$sh a d$/htho+& $s the /ro+u+c$at$o+ o'
t<o ,o<e%s <$th$+ the sa#e sy%%ab%e7 They te%% the$r stude+ts that d$/htho+&s are 'or#ed by
the co#b$+at$o+ o' a stro+& a+d a <ea= ,o<e% a+d t<o <ea= ,o<e% 9 *art;+e86 A#/aro6
M :7
S$ANIS1 DI$1.1ON2S FOR%A.ION
a $e uo
By co#b$+$+& these ,o<e%s $+ S/a+$sh <e &et 'ourtee+ d$/htho+&s4
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DI$1.1ON2 EA%$LEai /a$sa+oia Patr$aau Au%aua Cua+to
ei Pe$+eie P$eeu Euro/a
DI$1.1ON2 EA%$LEue /ue+teoi "o$%aio rad$oou bou
uo #utuoiu d$ur+oui cu$dado
Accord$+& to the IPA $+ E+&%$sh there are three d$/htho+&s7 It $s $#/orta+t to te%%
stude+ts that $+ S/a+$sh ,o<e% sou+ds are ,ery te+se6 stab%e a+d that they ha,e the sa#e
durat$o+7 I+ E+&%$sh the d$/htho+&s are /roduced by a co#b$+at$o+ o' t<o %a( sou+ds aI
a+d aU <$th the e(ce/t$o+ o' ƆI <here the / Ɔ sou+d $s te+se a+d I %a(7
O+ce teachers ha,e a%ready e(/%a$+ed to the$r stude+ts ho< d$/htho+&s are 'or#ed $+
S/a+$sh a+d $+ E+&%$sh6 they ca+ start 'ocus$+& $+ the /roduct$o+ o' E+&%$sh d$/htho+&s by
#a=$+& use o' the 'o%%o<$+& charts <h$ch co+ta$+ so#e t$/s 'or each d$/htho+& $+ the tar&et
%a+&ua&e7 It $s reco##e+ded to co+trast E+&%$sh d$/htho+&s <$th the o+es $+ S/a+$sh 'or a
better u+dersta+d$+& o' ho< d$/htho+&s are actua%%y /roduced $+ the tar&et %a+&ua&e7
Fi#ure 3: .(pical pellin# for the 6 aI 6 'iphthon#8
6 a 6 6 a ɚ 6 ECE$.IONS
fine fire hire hi'
li5e tire it
ite a'!ire "it
-rite -ire hit
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hi'e u!pire ic5
!ine tire' #an$ others
Th$s chart sho<s that <he+ %etter i $s bet<ee+ t<o co+so+a+ts a+d at the e+d there $s a
s$%e+t e6 such a %etter $s /ro+ou+ced as a 7 But <he+ the co+so+a+t to the r$&ht $s the
%etter - r there $s a ɚ +e(t to the a d$/htho+&7 The aI d$/htho+& #ay be
re/rese+ted by so#e other d$''ere+t s/e%%$+&s7 The %ast co%u#+ sho<s so#e e(ce/t$o+s to
the t$/ abo,e <here the sou+d $s other tha+ that a or a ɚ 7
Fi#ure 3: .(pical pellin# for the 6 ƆI 6 'iphthon#8
6 ƆI 6 6 ƆI ɚ 6 ECE$.IONS
+ o( + oi
"o( coin e!plo(er choir
to( Moin la-(er
Mo( voice Sa-(er
enMo( choice
o( oil
The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the /roduct$o+ o' the ƆI d$/htho+& $s o( a+d oi8 The th$rd
co%u#+ sho<s that ƆI ɚ #ay occur <he+ <e ha,e the 'o%%o<$+& s/e%%$+&s4 -o(er a+d
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a-(er7 The e(ce/t$o+s co%u#+ sho<s a+ e(a#/%e o' the oir co#b$+at$o+ <here oi
does +ot sou+d ƆI but aU 7
Fi#ure 3: .(pical pellin# for the 6 aU 6 'iphthon#8
6 aU 6 6 aUɚ 6 ECE$.IONS
+ ou + o- + our
foul to-n our ho-er (our
out cro-' hour flo-er four
foun' no- flour to-er tour
!ountain co- our pour
fountain "o- trou"le
The ty/$ca% s/e%%$+& 'or the 6 aU 6 d$/htho+& $s ou a+d o-7 The th$rd co%u#+ sho<s
so#e e(a#/%es o' <ords that co+ta$+ the ou r pellin# +our <he+ th$s occurs a sch<a $s
$+serted bet<ee+ the d$/htho+& a+d the r sou+d7 The 'ourth co%u#+ sho<s so#e e(a#/%es
o' <ords <here the o-er $s /ro+ou+ced as aUɚ 6 too7 The %ast co%u#+ sho<s so#e
e(ce/t$o+s to the t$/s /ro,$ded o+ th$s chart7 The sou+d 'or those <ords #ay be other tha+
that 6 aU 6 or aUɚ 7
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$8A88
%8A
BILABIAL
LABIODEN.AL
IN.ERDEN.AL
A$ICODEN.AL
A$ICOAL/EOLAR
AL/EO$ALA.AL
$ALA.AL /ELAR 2LO..AL
S.O$S p " p " t '
t ' 5 g
5 g
FRICA.I/ES f v
f
θ G
P
Q
h
AFFRICA.ES M
NASALS !
!
n
n
ŋ
LA.ERALS l
l/IBRAN.S r
r ř
2LIDES ( (
- -
Source: 9 Nash6 Rose6 :
,
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INSTRUCTIONS4 By #a=$+& use o' a co+so+a+t chart a+d a 'ace d$a&ra#6 teachers
e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts the co+so+a+t sou+ds o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e by co+trast$+& each
sou+d <$th the that o' the +at$,e %a+&ua&e o+e at a t$#e7 Teachers the+ as= stude+ts to cou+t
ho< #a+y sy#bo%s there are $+ S/a+$sh a+d ho< #a+y $+ E+&%$sh7 1$+a%%y teachers as=
the$r stude+ts to descr$be each co+so+a+t o' S/a+$sh a+d E+&%$sh #a=$+& use o' the
'o%%o<$+& cr$ter$a4
CRI.ERIA FOR CONSONAN. SOUNDS:
a* $oint of articulation ) ee ter! on chart a"ove *
"* %anner of articulation ) ee ter! on chart a"ove*
c* /oicin#
38 /oicele oun'
48 /oice' oun'
S$ANIS1 CONSONAN. SOUND DESCRI$.ION:
p b$%ab$a%-sto/-,o$ce%ess
" b$%ab$a%-sto/-,o$ced
t a/$code+ta%-sto/-,o$ce%ess
' a/$code+ta%-sto/-,o$ced
5 ,e%ar-sto/-,o$ce%ess
# ,e%ar-sto/-,o$ced
f %ab$ode+ta%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess
a/$coa%,eo%ar-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess
Q ,e%ar-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess
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a%,eo/a%ata%-a''r$cate-,o$ce%ess
! b$%ab$a%-+asa%-,o$ced
n a/$coa%,eoa%r-+asa%-,o$ced
a%,eo/a%ata%-+asa%-,o$ced
l a/$coa%,eoa%r-%atera%-,o$ced
r a/$coa%,eoa%r-,$bra+t-,o$ced-'%a/
ř a/c$oa%,eoa%ar-,$bra+t-,o$ced-tr$%%
( /a%ata%-&%$de-,o$ced
- ,e%ar-&%$de-,o$ced
EN2LIS1 CONSONAN. SOUND DESCRI$.ION:
p b$%ab$a%-sto/-,o$ce%ess
" b$%ab$a%-sto/-,o$ced
t a/$coa%,eo%ar-sto/-,o$ce%ess
' a/$coa%,eo%ar-sto/-,o$ced
5 ,e%ar-sto/-,o$ce%ess
# ,e%ar-sto/-,o$ced
f %ab$ode+ta%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess
v %ab$ode+ta%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess
θ $+terde+ta%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess
$+terde+ta%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ced
a/$coa%,eo%ar-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess
G a/$coa%,eo%ar-'r$cat$,e-,o$ced
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a%,eo/a%ata%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess
P a%,eo/a%ata%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ced
h &%otta%-'r$cat$,e-,o$ce%ess
a%,eo/a%ata%-a''r$cate-,o$ce%ess
M a%,eo/a%ta%-a''r$cate-,o$ced
! b$%ab$a%-+asa%-,o$ced
n a/$coa%,eoa%r-+asa%-,o$ced
ŋ a%,eo/a%ata%-+asa%-,o$ced
l a/$coa%,eoa%r-%atera%-,o$ced r a/$coa%,eoa%r-,$bra+t-,o$ced-'%a/
( /a%ata%-&%$de-,o$ced
- ,e%ar-&%$de-,o$ced
O+ce teachers ha,e a%ready e(/%a$+ed <here a+d ho< each sou+d $s /roduced $+
E+&%$sh ha,$+& co+trasted $t <$th S/a+$sh6 they +eed to /ro,$de the$r stude+ts <$th
so#e ty/$ca% s/e%%$+&s 'or each sou+d to #a=e $t eas$er 'or the# to $de+t$'y <here e,ery
sou+d occurs $+ a <ord or &rou/ o' <ords7 9 1or e(a#/%es6 see Nash6 Rose6 :
S.E$ >4 Teachers sho< the$r stude+ts the Pho+et$c Chart o' Co+so+a+ts o' E+&%$sh
a+d S/a+$sh7
Fi#ure 43: Contrative $honetic Chart of Cononant of En#lih an' Spanih
v
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$8A88
%8A
BILABIAL
LABIODEN.AL
IN.ERDEN.AL
A$ICODEN.AL
A$ICOAL/EOLAR
%EDIO$ALA.AL
$ALA.AL /ELAR 2LO..AL
S.O$S p p p "
p " t '
t t t ' D
5 g
5 5 5 g 5 g
FRICA.I/ES
"
f v v f
f
θ
'
G G
G G
T P
Q # Q #
h
AFFRICA.ES j
NASALS !
! ɱ n
n
n
ր
η
η
LA.ERALS
l
l
l
l
/IBRAN.S r
r ř2LIDES (
(
-
-
Source: 9 Nash6 Rose6 :
┘h hh ┘ ┘
∩ ∩ ∩ ∩
∩ ∩v
∩
_
∩
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By #a=$+& use o' a co+so+a+t chart a+d a 'ace d$a&ra#6 teachers e(/%a$+ to the$r
stude+ts the /ho+et$c co+so+a+ts 9 a%%o/ho+es : o' E+&%$sh co+trast$+& the# <$th those o'
S/a+$sh7 At th$s /o$+t $t $s +ot +ecessary to as= stude+ts to %ear+ by heart the d$''ere+t
/os$t$o+s <here a%%o/ho+es $+ S/a+$sh occur7 It $s reco##e+ded 'or teachers to re,$e< th$s
sect$o+ to a+a%y8e the <ay sou+ds are /roduced $+ S/a+$sh so that based o+ $t they ca+
better e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts ho< sou+ds are actua%%y /roduced $+ E+&%$sh7 It $s $#/orta+t
to re#e#ber that so#e co+so+a+t sou+ds $+ E+&%$sh a+d $+ S/a+$sh are /roduced e(act%y
the sa#e <ay $+ so#e others there $s a s%$&ht d$''ere+ce7 Teachers shou%d /ay atte+t$o+ to
those sou+ds that cause #ore d$''$cu%ty 'or S/a+$sh s/ea=ers or $+d$,$dua% cases $+ the
c%assroo#7
PHONOLOGICAL RULES O1 SPANISH
S(!"ol ue' to eQplain the pro'uction of Spanih allophone
EQa!ple: ,d sto/s 5555555556 +asa%
It sho<s the s/ec$'$c /os$t$o+ o' the a%%o/ho+e7
55555 It re'ers to the rest o' the a%%o/ho+es7
It #ea+s $+ the e+,$ro+#e+t o'777
They are used to sho< that the a%%o/ho+e ca+ be used $+ t<o or #ore /os$t$o+s7
∩ The %oo/ #ea+s that the sou+d $s /roduced o+e ste/ 'or<ard o+ theco+so+a+t chart7
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a: t - d - = - & Th$s #ea+s that these sou+ds occur be'ore a 'ro+t ,o<e%7 ∩ ∩
front central back
hi#h 6 i 6 6 u 6
!i' 6 e 6 6 o 6
lo- 6 a 6 unrounded semi rounded rounded Source: ( Nash, Rose, 1977 )
EXA*PLE4 Qu$0ue = $ = e ∩ ∩
A%,eo A%,eo
Pa%ata% Pa%ata%
DS
Cuca = u = a
De%ar De%ar
Coco = o = o
De%ar De%ar
Gu$tarra 5
& $ t a r a ∩
Sto/ A%,eo/a%ata%
Guerra 5
& e r a ∩
Sto/A%,eo/a%ata%
DS
Gota
& o t a ∩
Sto/De%ar
b: b d & -- The %$+e #ea+s that they beco#e 'r$cat$,e6 th$s #ea+s
that these sou+ds occur bet<ee+ ,o<e%s7
EXA*PLE4 haba beb@
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a b a
1r$cat$,eB$%ab$a%
b e b e
Sto/ 1r$cat$,eB$%ab$a% B$%ab$a%
hada
a d a 1r$cat$,e
A/$code+ta%
dado
d a d o Sto/ 1r$cat$,eA/$code+ta% A/$code+ta%
&ota & o t a ∩
Sto/ De%ar
ha&o a & o
Sto/ 1r$cat$,e
#a&u$ # a & $
1r$cat$,eA%,eo/a%ata%
c: b d & They are used at the be&$++$+& o' a+ uttera+ce or a'ter a +asa%7
EXA*PLE4 ba#b b a # b u
Sto/ Sto/B$%ab$a% B$%ab$a%
DS
beb@ b e b e
Sto/ 1r$cat$,e B$%ab$a% B$%ab$a%
#a+dar # a + d a r
∩
Sto/A /$code+ta%
DS
hada a d a
∩
1r$cat$,eA/$code+ta%
da+do d a + d o
∩
Sto/A/$code+ta%
& a η & a
Sto/ Sto/De%ar De%ar
DS
a & a
1r$cat$,eDe%ar
d: ' Th$s sou+d occurs $+ a+y /os$t$o+
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EXA*PLE4 'oco
' o = o
#a'$a
# a ' $ a
e: s Th$s sou+d occurs $+ a+y /os$t$o+6 e(ce/t be'ore a ,o$ced sou+d7EXA*PLE
48a/ato
s a / a t o
casa
= a s a ,s
desde
d e 8 d e
8 Th$s sou+d occurs be'ore a ,o$ced sou+d7
EXA*PLE4 desde
d e 8 d e ∩ ∩
#$s#o
# $ 8 # o
': ( Th$s sou+d occurs $+ a+y /os$t$o+6 e(ce/t be'ore a 'ro+t ,o<e% 9 $ - e :7
EXA*PLE4 caja
= a ( a
ojo
o ( o
DS*@($co
# e ( $ = o ∩
( Th$s sou+d occurs o+%y be'ore a 'ro+t ,o<e% 9 $ - e :7 ∩
EXA*PLE4 *@($co
# e ( $ = o
∩
&e#a
( e # a
∩
&: f Th$s sou+d occurs $+ a+y /os$t$o+7
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EXA*PLE4 Charco
5 f a r = o
Coche
= o f e
h: NASALS4 # - ɱ - + - + - ր - g - ŋ ∩
# B$%ab$a% # 555555 ,555555,
B$%ab$a% co+so+a+t
#; # $ a#o a # o 5 a#bar a # b a r
ɱ Lab$ode+ta% ɱ Lab$ode+ta% co+so+a+t 5$+'or#ar $ ɱ ' o r # a r
+ A/$code+ta% + ∩ ∩
A/$code+ta% co+so+a+t a+tes a + t e s ∩ ∩ a+dar a + d a r ∩ ∩
+ A/$coa%,eo%ar + 5555555 5555555,555555,
A/$coa%,eoa%ar co+so+a+t
+o + o co+ = o ++a+a + a + a
ca+c$+ = a + s $ o +
ր A%,eo/a%ata% ր A%,eo/a%ata% co+so+a+t 5 ra+cho r a ր f o
g A%,eo/a%ata% g 5555555 ,5555555,
ogo g o g oago a g o
ŋ De%ar ŋ De%ar co+so+a+t +&u%o a ŋ & u % oa+c%a a ŋ = % a +&e% a ŋ ( e % ∩
$: % Th$s sou+d occurs $+ a%% /os$t$o+s6 e(ce/t be'ore t - d ∩ ∩
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EXA*PLE4 %$sa
% $ s a
%oca
% o = a
Laura
% a u r a
% Th$s sou+d occurs o+%y be'ore t - d ∩ EXA*PLE4 a% t o
a % t o ∩
a%dea a % d e a ∩
ca%do = a % d o ∩
j: r It $s =+o<+ as '%a/ r7
EXA*PLE4 /ero
/ e r o
5 ř Th$s sou+d $s =+o<+ as tr$%% r a+d occurs $+ the 'o%%o<$+& d$''ere+t
/os$t$o+s7
EXA*PLE4 Perro / e ř o
Rosař o s a
#ar # a ř
Israe% $ s ř r a e %
E+r$0ue e + ř $ = e ∩
a%rededor
a % ř e d o r ∩
%os r$cos
% o s ř $ = o s
=: y Th$s sou+d occurs at the be&$++$+& o' a <ord
y Th$s sou+d occurs bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s6 a+d at the e+d o' a <ord7
y Se#$co+so+a+t y y 555555 ya y a
y Se#$,o<e% y , 555555 , 5555555
,aya b a y arey r e y
%: < Se#$co+so+a+t4 Th$s sou+d occurs at the be&$++$+& o' a <ord or sy%%ab%e7
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Fi#ure 49: $oition for the 6 p 6 allophone8
PHONE*E ALLOPHONES 5555 5555 C5555 5555C D[55D D55D[
p
AS$IRA.ED
p
UNAS$IRA.ED
p
UNRELEASED
EA%$LES
pen top Spain cap upper apart
The / occurs at the be&$++$+&6 at the e+d6 a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s be$+& the seco+d
,o<e% stressed7 The sou+d $s /roduced <$th as/$rat$o+7 It does +ot occur $+ S/a+$sh7
The / occurs at the e+d6 a'ter a co+so+a+t a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e% be$+& the '$rst ,<oe%
stressed7 There $s +o as/$rat$o+7 S$#$%ar to S/a+$sh / 7
The / occurs at the e+d a+d be'ore a co+so+a+t7 S$#$%ar to S/a+$sh $+ <ords such as6
a/to7
Fi#ure 4;: $oition for the 6 t 6 allophone8
$
h
V
h
i
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PHONE*E ALLOPHONES 5555 5555 C5555 5555C D[55D D55D[
t
AS$IRA.ED
t
UNAS$IRA.ED
t
UNRELEASED
DFLA$ r
EA%$LES
ten cat tate cat -ater attac5
The t occurs at the be&$++$+&6 at the e+d6 a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s be$+& the seco+d
,o<e% stressed7 The sou+d $s /roduced <$th as/$rat$o+7 It does +ot occur $+ S/a+$sh7
The t occurs at the e+d6 a'ter a co+so+a+t a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s be$+& the '$rst
,o<e% stressed7 There $s +o as/$rat$o+7
The t occurs at the e+d a+d be'ore a co+so+a+t7 S$#$%ar to S/a+$sh $+ <ords such as6
at#s'era7
The occurs bet<ee+ to ,o<e%s $+ o+e <ord or $+ a &rou/ o' <ords7 The '$rst ,o<e%
$s stressed7
Fi#ure 4>: $oition for the 6 5 6 allophone8
PHONE*E ALLOPHONES 555 555 C5555 5555C D[55D D55D[
t
h
V
h
i
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5
AS$IRA.ED
5
UNAS$IRA.ED
5
UNRELEASED
EA%$LES
cot "ac5 5ate loc5 loc5er account
The = occurs at the be&$++$+&6 at the e+d6 a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s be$+& the seco+d
,o<e% stressed7 The sou+d $s /roduced <$th as/$rat$o+7 It does +ot occur $+ S/a+$sh7
The = occurs at the e+d6 a'ter a co+so+a+t a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s be$+& the '$rst ,o<e%
stressed7 There $s +o as/$rat$o+7 S$#$%ar to S/a+$sh = 7
The = occurs at the e+d a+d be'ore a co+so+a+t7 S$#$%ar to S/a+$sh $+ <ords such as6
acto7
Fi#ure 4?: $oition for the 6 l 6 allophone8
$1ONE%E ALLO$1ONES W<< <<W C<</ /<<C C<<e /X<</ /<</X
5
h
V
h
i
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l
CLEAR
` ` `
l
DAR=
` `
SYLLABIC
` `
EA%$LES
la5e call "la!e ol' ta"le olive alive
The % occurs at the be&$++$+&6 bet<ee+ a co+so+a+t a+d a ,o<e%6 a+d bet<ee+ t<o
,o<e% sou+ds be$+& the ,o<e% to the r$&ht stressed7 Th$s sou+d $s s$#$%ar to S/a+$sh % 7
The % occurs at the e+d a+d bet<ee+ t<o ,o<e%s6 be$+& the '$rst ,o<e% stressed7 No
s$#$%ar sou+d $+ S/a+$sh7
The occurs bet<ee+ a ,o<e% a+d a co+so+a+t a+d bet<ee+ a co+so+a+t a+d a s$%e+t
e7 No s$#$%ar sou+d $+ S/a+$sh7
T<o #ore a%%o/ho+es $+ E+&%$sh that #ay cause troub%e to S/a+$sh s/ea=ers are the ,
' - s a+d 8 sou+ds7
EQplanation:
7 ' beco#es , $+ <ords such as the /re/os$t$o+ o' <he+ $t $s /receded by a ,o$ced
sou+d7 1or e(a#/%e4 I th$+= of (ou7
%
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27 , beco#es ' $+ <ords such as the e(/ress$o+ have t o <here the , $+ ha,e $s
/receded by a ,o$ce%ess sou+d7
7 s beco#es 8 $+ <ords such as6 do# <here the s sou+d occurs a'ter a ,o$ced
sou+d7
7 8 beco#es s $+ e(/ress$o+s such as6 oe he <or= >here the 8 sou+d $+ does
$s /receded by a ,o$ce%ess sou+d7
S.E$ ?: Teachers e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts the d$''ere+ce bet<ee+ stress $+ S/a+$sh a+d $+
E+&%$sh7
INSTRUCTIONS4 Start by e(/%a$+$+& to your stude+ts ho< stress <or=s $+ the$r +at$,e
%a+&ua&e7 Teachers te%% the# that $+ S/a+$sh there $s o+%y o+e stress o+ a <ord a+d $t #ay
be <r$tte+ or uttered7 I+ S/a+$sh <ords are d$,$ded accord$+& to the$r stress as4
YA&udasZ
Y Gra,esZ
YEsdrju%asZ
YSobreesdrju%asZ
I+ co+trast6 $+ E+&%$sh there are three %e,e%s o' <ord stress4
Pr$#ary 9 :
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Seco+dary ( ˋ )
Tert$ary 9 ̮)
Accord$+& to so#e /ho+et$c$a+s6 there are as #a+y as s$( %e,e%s o' <ord stress7 It $s
reco##e+ded 'or /eda&o&$ca% /ur/oses to <or= o+%y o+ the three %e,e%s o' <ord stress
#e+t$o+ed abo,e 9 Ce%ce-*urc$a6 K :7
Accord$+& to th$s re'erred author there are se,era% syste#s o' +otat$o+ 'or #ar=$+& stress
$+ a <r$tte+ <ord that ca+ he%/ #a=e the co+ce/t ,$sua% 'or stude+ts4
CAP$ta%sBol''ace
● ●
bubb%es
cce+ts
u+der%$+$+&
Th$s author a%so shares so#e o' the #ethods teachers ca+ use to #a=e stude+ts
u+dersta+d <h$ch sy%%ab%e or sy%%ab%es o+ a <ord are stressed7
So#e act$,$t$es that teachers ca+ use <$th the$r stude+ts are4
a: LISTENING ESCRI*INATION
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Teachers #a=e use o' +o+se+se sy%%ab%es $+ order to chec= $' the stude+ts hear the
d$''ere+ce bet<ee+ stressed a+d u+stressed sy%%ab%es7 1or e(a#/%e6 $+ the 'o%%o<$+&
e(erc$ses6 stude+ts ha,e to <r$te <hether the t<o sy%%ab%es $+ each /a$r are the sa#e or
d$''ere+t7 The teacher reads4
Sa#e or d$''ere+t
7 %a LA %a LA
27 LA %a %a LA
7 %a LA LA %a
7 LA %a LA %a
J7 %a LA %a LA
CONTROLLE PRACTICE
Teachers as= stude+ts to re/eat a'ter h$# or her %$sts o' <ords that share a rhyth#$c
/atter+7 Teachers ca+ ta/ out the rhyth#$c /atter+ or c%a/ as they /ract$ce7 1or e(a#/%e
S.RESS ON .1E FIRS. SYLLABLE S.RESS ON .1E SECOND SYLLABLE
tb%e be&;+
<;+do< aru+d
GUIE PRACTICE
YTeachers ca+ #a=e use o' th$s act$,$ty by us$+& /%ace +a#es7 No++at$,e s/ea=ers are
usua%%y a<are o' /%ace +a#e d$''ere+ces <he+ the$r ho#e c$ty or cou+try has bee+
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tra+s%ated $+to E+&%$sh7 They #ay be %ess a<are o' stress /atter+ d$''ere+ces <he+ the
s/e%%$+& o' these <ords $d the sa#e as or s$#$%ar to that $+ the$r +at$,e cou+try but the
/ro+u+c$at$o+ has bee+ A+&%$c$8edZ7 E(a#/%e4 /aRIS ,s PAR$s7
S.E$ : Teachers e(/%a$+ to the$r stude+ts the <ay $+to+at$o+ <or=s $+ the$r +at$,e a+d
tar&et %a+&ua&e7
INSTRUCTIONS4 Ce%ce-*urc$a 9K : sa$d6 YTeachers shou%d e#/has$8e that
/ro#$+e+ce $+ E+&%$sh $s used to 9: h$&h%$&ht <hat $s +e< or $#/orta+t $+'or#at$o+ $+ a+
uttera+ce 92 : /%ace s/ec$a% e#/has$s a+d 9: sho< co+trast7 Pro#$+e+ce $s ,ery se+s$t$,e
to #ea+$+&6 d$scourse6 %e($ca% stress6 a+d sy+tact$c bou+dar$es6 a+d thus #ust be tau&ht $+
r$ch co+te(ts that /er#$t %ear+ers to see <hat $s +e< a+d <hat $s $#/orta+t or co+trast$,e
$+'or#at$o+7 Th$s <$%% e+ab%e the# to u+dersta+d <hy /ro#$+e+ce occurs <here $t does7
eter#$+$+& <h$ch e%e#e+t o' the $+to+at$o+ u+$t rece$,es /ro#$+e+ce6 o' course6 $s +ot the
<ho%e story7 Th$s $s c%ose%y re%ated to $+to+at$o+ /atter+s7Z
O+ce stude+ts ha,e u+derstood the co+ce/ts o' <ord stress6 th$s ca+ be $+te&rated $+to
the /rese+tat$o+ o' /ro#$+e+ce a+d $+to+at$o+ $+ E+&%$sh7 I+ order to e(/%a$+ to stude+ts
ho< to %ear+ the $+to+at$o+ o' E+&%$sh6 teachers ca+ #a=e use o' the 'o%%o<$+& $+'or#at$o+
that dea%s <$th a co+trast o' E+&%$sh a+d S/a+$sh $+to+at$o+ /atter+s4
I N T O N A T I O N4 P$tch Le,e%s a+d Ter#$+a%s
ENGLISH SPANISH PITCH LEDELS TER*INALS
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------------- EXTRA HIGH -------------- ↑ RISING------------- HIGH -------------- 2 ↓ 1AING------------- 2 2 *I
-------------- → SUSTAINE------------- LO>
RULES4 The '$rst #ar=er $s /%aced o+ the first stressed sy%%ab%e7
The seco+d #ar=er $s /%aced o+ the last stressed sy%%ab%e7
The th$rd #ar=er $s /%aced at the %er$ en& acco#/a+$ed by thecorres/o+d$+& ter#$+a%7
E N 2 L I S 1 S $ A N I S 1
a ) SENTENCES2 ↓ 2 2 ↓
2 ↓ 2 2 ↓
17$4 I <or= $+ a ba+=7 Trabajo e+ u+ ba+co7
b: >H- QUESTIONS
2 ↓ 2 2 ↓
2 ↓ 2 2 ↓
17$4 >here do you <or= k+de trabajas
c: CO**ANS
2 ↓ 2 2 ↓
2 ↓ 2 2 ↓
17$4 O/e+ the door7 Abre %a /uerta7
d: FESNO QUESTIONS
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2 ↑ 2 2 2 ↑
2 ↑ 2 2 2 ↑
17$4 Are you A#er$ca+ k Eres A#er$ca+o
e: INITIAL UNITS
2 2 → 2 2 2 →
9 but :
2 2→ 2 ↓ 2 2 2→ 2 2 ↓ 17$4 He[s ha+dso#e6 but777 E% es &ua/o /ero777
2 ↑17$4 I+ short
1or #ore $deas o+ ho< to teach $+to+at$o+ see Ce%ce-*urc$a6 K6 cha/ter K7
1INING >AFS TO *OTIDATE STUENTS TO I*PRODE THEIR LEARNING O1
ENGLISH PHONETICS
To address the $ssues o+ ho< to #ot$,ate stude+ts to $#/ro,e the$r %ear+$+& o' E+&%$sh
Pho+et$cs $t <as +ecessary co+su%t the <or=s #ade by *ar$a++e Ce%ce-*urc$a6 o++a *7
Br$+to+ a+d a+et *7 Good<$+6 Chr$st$a++e a%to+ ) Barbara Se$d%ho'er 6 a+d *aya Le+
*e$s <$th .$tty o+es7 A%so the research /roject author?s /erso+a% $deas <ere #e+t$o+ed to
co#/%e#e+t th$s $ssue7
1$rst o' a%% $t $s $#/orta+t to co+s$der the d$''ere+t 'actors a+d as/ects that #ay co+tr$bute
or +ot to the %ear+$+& o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Ce%ce-*urc$a 9 K : #e+t$o+ed $+ her <or=
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a #ode% des$&+ed by Schu#a++ $+ MK7 Th$s #ode% <as based o+ the /re#$se that certa$+
soc$a% a+d a''ect$,e ,ar$ab%es Yc%usterZ $+to a s$+&%e ,ar$ab%e o' accu%turat$o+7 He stated
that %ear+ers ac0u$re E+&%$sh to the de&ree that they accu%turate7 There are t<o ty/es o'
deter#$+$+& 'actors that /%ay a ,ery $#/orta+t ro%e $+ ac0u$r$+& the tar&et %a+&ua&e4 9a:
those co+cer+ed <$th soc$ocu%tura% ,ar$ab%es a+d 'actors co+cer+ed <$th $+d$,$dua%
d$''ere+ces6 or a''ect$,e ,ar$ab%es7 These t<o sets o' ,ar$ab%es a%<ays $+teract6 but $t $s the
a''ect$,e ,ar$ab%es that carry #ore <e$&ht $+ deter#$+$+& a+y %ear+er?s ac0u$s$t$o+ /rocess7
The t<o ty/es o' success'u% accu%turat$o+ as a//%$ed by Schu#a++ $+ h$s #ode% are4
I+te&rat$,e #ot$,at$o+ <h$ch re'ers to the des$re to be soc$a%%y $+te&rated $+ the tar&et
cu%ture7 The seco+d ty/e $s +a#ed ass$#$%at$,e #ot$,at$o+ $+ <h$ch the %ear+er a/art 'ro#
de#o+strat$+& the sa#e o/e++ess to the tar&et %a+&ua&e6 he a%so re&ards the tar&et %a+&ua&e
s/ea=ers as h$s re'ere+ce &rou/7 Th$s seco+d ty/e o' accu%turat$o+ $#/%$es a des$re to
beco#e a+ $+d$st$+&u$shab%e #e#ber o' the tar&et s/eech co##u+$ty7
Ce%ce-*urc$a stated that ass$#$%at$,e #ot$,at$o+ $s rare a#o+& adu%t %ear+ers $+
co+trast6 th$s ty/e o' #ot$,at$o+ $s the o+e ch$%dre+ de,e%o/ <he+ they %ear+ the$r '$rst
%a+&ua&e 'or $+sta+ce6 S/a+$sh7 Hy/othet$ca%%y ch$%dre+ are #ore <$%%$+&%y to e#brace the
tar&et cu%ture a+d there'ore they are #ore a/t to ac0u$re a tar&et%$=e /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+
E+&%$sh6 'or e(a#/%e7
O+e #ore ty/e o' #ot$,at$o+ $s the $+stru#e+ta% #ot$,at$o+ $+ <h$ch a+ $+d$,$dua%
%ear+s a seco+d %a+&ua&e to ach$e,e a certa$+ &oa%6 'or e(a#/%e a &ood job or job
/ro#ot$o+7 Accord$+& to Schu#a++ $+stru#e+ta% #ot$,at$o+ does +ot co+tr$bute to
success'u% accu%turat$o+6 ho<e,er so#e other researchers such as Lu=#a+$ 9 2 : ar&ue
that the $+te+s$ty o' #ot$,at$o+ $s o'te+ as $#/orta+t as the ty/e o' #ot$,at$o+ at /%ay7 YI+
other <ords6 so#eo+e <$th e(traord$+ar$%y h$&h $+stru#e+ta% #ot$,at$o+ 9 e7&76 so#eo+e
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<ho <a+ts to sou+d %$=e a +at$,e s/ea=er $+ order to 'u+ct$o+ e''ect$,e%y as a+ actor or a+
es/$o+a&e a&e+t : #ay <e%% ach$e,e a better /ro+u+c$at$o+ tha+ so#eo+e <$th $+te&rat$,e
#ot$,at$o+ that $s 0u$te /os$t$,e yet %ess $+te+seZ7
Co+s$der$+& the $+'or#at$o+ /ro,$ded by Ce%ce-*urc$a <$th res/ect to the ty/es o'
#ot$,at$o+ $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+&6 teachers ca+ +o< start de,e%o/$+& a soc$o&ra# to a//%y at
the be&$++$+& o' the$r course $+ order to &et to =+o< o+e a+other a+d s/ec$'$ca%%y to &et
so#e /erso+a% $+'or#at$o+ re&ard$+& the reaso+s <hy stude+ts <a+t to %ear+ the tar&et
%a+&ua&e7 O+ce teachers ha,e a%ready obta$+ed the +ecessary $+'or#at$o+ 'ro# each
stude+t a+d ta=e+ +otes about each o+e o' the#6 $t $s t$#e to dea% <$th the to/$c o'
/ro+u+c$at$o+7 To $+crease $+terest $+ th$s to/$c a+d to /ro#ote a #ea+$+&'u% d$scuss$o+
about $t teachers ca+ #a=e use o' the 'o%%o<$+& tas=4
TAS.
A$#s
To $+crease $+terest $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+ a+d to /ro#ote #ea+$+&'u% d$scuss$o+ about $t7
Resources
A 0uest$o++a$re such as the o+e #ade by .e+<orthy? Teaching English 'ronunciation7
Teachers ca+ #a=e u/ other 0uest$o+s <h$ch #ay su$t the$r stude+ts better7
Procedure
Teachers d$scuss the 0uest$o+s <$th the$r stude+ts7 I' they are teach$+& a #o+o%$+&ua% c%ass6
they #ay /re'er to do th$s $+ the stude+ts? '$rst %a+&ua&e7
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,uetionnaire
I#a&$+e you are ta%=$+& $+ your o<+ %a+&ua&e <$th a 'ore$&+er7 The /erso+ does+?t
s/ea= your %a+&ua&e ,ery <e%% a+d $s ,ery d$''$cu%t to u+dersta+d7 >hat do you do o
you4
9 a : /rete+d you u+dersta+d e,e+ <he+ you do+?t
9 b : as= h$# or her to re/eat e,eryth$+& s%o<%y a+d care'u%%y
9 c : try to &et a<ay
2 >hat do you say <he+ the 'ore$&+ s/ea=er a/o%o&$8es 'or h$s /oor acce+t o you4
9 a : te%% h$# h$s acce+t $s ,ery &ood e,e+ <he+ $t $s+?t 9 b : te%% h$# that h$s /oor acce+t does+?t #atter
9 c : te%% h$# that h$s acce+t $s ,ery bad a+d that he #ust <or= hard to $#/ro,e $t
Ho< do you 'ee% <he+ a 'ore$&+er /ro+ou+ces your +a#e <ro+&
9 a : ,ery a+&ry
9 b : $t bothers #e a %$tt%e
9 c : $t bothers #e a %ot
9 d : $t does+?t bother #e at a%%
7 Ho< do you 'ee% <he+ you #eet a 'ore$&+er <ho s/ea=s your %a+&ua&e <$th a ,ery &ood
acce+t
9 a : sur/r$sed
9 b : /%eased
9 c : +ot sur/r$sed
9 d : 'u%% o' ad#$rat$o+
9 e : do+?t care or th$+= about $t
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J I+ the 'uture6 <ho <$%% you s/ea= E+&%$sh to
9 a : #ost%y E+&%$sh /eo/%e ,$s$t$+& #y cou+try <ho do+?t =+o< #y %a+&ua&e
9 b : #ost%y E+&%$sh-s/ea=$+& /eo/%e $+ th$s cou+try 9 Br$ta$+6 USA6 etc7:
9 c : #ost%y +o+-E+&%$sh /eo/%e <ho do+?t =+o< #y %a+&ua&e a+d <hose %a+&ua&e I
do+?t =+o<6 so that <e s/ea= E+&%$sh toðer
9 d : do+?t =+o<
K o you th$+= $t $s #ore $#/orta+t to ha,e a &ood /ro+u+c$at$o+ <he+4
9 a : you are s/ea=$+& E+&%$sh to E+&%$sh /eo/%e
9 b : you are s/ea=$+& E+&%$sh to +o+-E+&%$sh /eo/%e Be%o< are so#e s$tuat$o+s7 >he+ $s $t #ost $#/orta+t to /ro+ou+ce <e%% Put the# $+
order o' $#/orta+ce <$th a +u#ber $' you <a+t7
9 a : s/ea=$+& o+ the te%e/ho+e
9 b : #eet$+& so#eo+e 'or the '$rst t$#e
9 c : Ta%=$+& to so#eo+e you =+o< ,ery <e%% 9 a &ood 'r$e+d : $+ a+ $+'or#a% s$tuat$o+
9e7&7 at a /arty :
9 d : do$+& bus$+ess $+ E+&%$sh 9 e7&7 at the ba+=6 /ost o''$ce6 bus stat$o+6 ra$%<ay stat$o+6
$+ sho/s6 etc7 :
9 e : ta%=$+& to stra+&ers 9 e7&7 as=$+& the <ay :
9 ' : chatt$+& to a 'e%%o< stude+t 9 e7&7 dur$+& brea= t$#e :
9 enworth$ M4 JJ-K :E,a%uat$o+ 9 'or the teachers :
Ho< $+,o%,ed d$d your stude+ts &et $+ the d$scuss$o+
$d a&ree#e+t or d$sa&ree#e+t /redo#$+ate6 a+d <hat do you th$+= are the reaso+s
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&a#es that the author o' th$s /roject des$&+ed $+ order to %ear+ E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs ha,$+& a
&ood t$#e7 So#e *e($ca+ trad$t$o+a% &a#es <ere #od$'$ed to ach$e,e th$s &oa%4
GA*ES
a: DO>EL BINGO7
1or s#a%% &rou/s a+d or tea#s7
P%ay $t <$th ,o<e% sy#bo%s o+ tab%es7 The <$++er $s the o+e <ho has the sou+d %$+e
correct%y chose+6 e$ther ,ert$ca% or hor$8o+ta% %$+es7
b: TIC TAC TOE7
P%ay $t by tea#s7
ra< a b$& a+d ha,e o+e #e#ber 'ro# each tea# /$c= u/ a card a+d say a <ord <$th
the sou+d o+ $t7 I' r$&ht6 score X or 3 at ra+do# u+t$% o+e tea# <$+s7 I' <ro+&6 the cha+ce
$s /assed o+ to the o//o+e+t tea# #e#ber7 I' she 'a$%s6 there $s +o score a+d the
o//ortu+$ty to se%ect a+other card &oes bac= to the or$&$+a% tea#7
c: O *AN OUT7
P%ay $+ /a$rs or $+ s#a%% &rou/s6 or $+d$,$dua%%y7
1o%%o< $+struct$o+s o+ sheet a+d set u/ a t$#e %$#$t accord$+& to the %ear+erls %e,e%7 The
o+e <ho '$+$shes '$rst6 a%% correct6 <$+s7
d: LETTER SOUP7
P%ay $t <$th s#a%% &rou/s6 or $+d$,$dua%%y7
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The /ur/ose o' the &a#e ,ar$es de/e+d$+& o+ the %ear+erls %e,e% o' E+&%$sh a+d c%ass
/ur/ose7 The or$&$+a% /ur/ose $s to /ract$ce ,o<e% sou+ds a+d co+so+a+ts <$th the /ast
te+se or the /ast /art$c$/%e 'or# o' $rre&u%ar ,erbs7 The o+e <$th the r$&ht6 /re,$ous%y '$(ed
+u#ber o' ,erbs 'ou+d6 a+d the r$&ht sou+d /roduced or $de+t$'$ed6 <$+s7
e: HOT POTATO7
P%ay $t <$th s#a%% &rou/s6 or the <ho%e c%ass $' +ot ,ery /o/u%ated 9 J - 23 $s O. :7
*a=e a c$rc%e a+d /ass o+ a+ object 9a ba%%6 or a+y toy : arou+d to each /art$c$/a+t
<h$%e so#eo+e a<ay 'ro# the &rou/6 <ho $s +ot %oo=$+& at the#6 cr$es out HOT POTATO\
A'ter e,ery J or 3 seco+ds o' c%a//$+& or #us$c7 The /erso+6 <ho has the object at that
t$#e6 has to say a <ord <$th the sou+d chose+ r$&ht there a+d the+ by the o+e <ho cr$ed
out7 I' $t $s r$&ht6 she co+t$+ues /%ay$+&6 $' +ot6 she $s ta=e+ out o' the &a#e7 She ca+
beco#e the /erso+ cry$+& out HOT POTATO +e(t7 The o+e <ho stays %ast or %o+&er <$+s
the &a#e7
': *ISS OR *R7 DO>EL7
Do%u+teers7
So#e #e#bers 'ro# the &rou/ co#e to the 'ro+t o' the c%assroo# a+d they <$%% be &$,e+ a
card <$th a ,o<e% sou+d7 The $dea $s to &$,e the# the o//ortu+$ty to /ract$ce the sou+d
they ha,e o+ the card a+d to say a <ord or <ords <$th that sou+d7 The /ur/ose o' the &a#e
$s to brea= the $ce a+d ha,e 'u+7
&: S>AT THE SOUN7
By tea#s7
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t$#e +a#es a <ord <$th the corres/o+d$+& +u#ber o' the ,o<e% a+d scores J to 3 /o$+ts7
The tea# <$th the h$&her score or the to/ score <$+s7
So#e other $deas to /ract$ce E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs ha,$+& 'u+ are4 tra+scr$b$+& so+&s $+
E+&%$sh6 a+a%y8$+& TD /ro&ra#s6 '$%#s6 etc7 'ro# d$''ere+t re&$o+s7 A%so6 teachers ca+ #a=e
use o' /ro&ra#s <here the s/ea=ers ha,e a d$''ere+t acce+t th$s #ay he%/ stude+ts
u+dersta+d +ot o+%y o+e6 but se,era% acce+ts o' E+&%$sh as s/o=e+ $+ the U+$ted States7
NB7 Dar$at$o+s to the <ay o' /%ay$+& these &a#es are /oss$b%e6 these are just so#e o' the
<ays the author has had 'u+ <$th these &a#es a+d others7 I' you ha,e other better $dea9s:6
/%ease do +ot hes$tate to share $tthe# e#a$%$+&4 ba%deras5a+to+$omhot#a$%7co#
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CHAPTER D
CONCLUSIONS
To '$+d out $' the Pho+et$c Tra$+$+& Tech+$0ue ca+ be su&&ested as the #a$+ tech+$0ue
to /ro,$de teachers <$th the +ecessary =+o<%ed&e to he%/ the$r stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s
$+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+6 I <$%% re/ort the a+s<ers to the three research
0uest$o+s $+ th$s cha/ter $+ ter#s o' <hat I a+a%y8ed $+ the /reced$+& cha/ter7
TECHNIQUES E1L TEACHERS CAN USE TO EDELOP THE PRONUNCIATION6
STRESS6 AN INTONATION O1 THEIR E1L STUNETS7
I 'ou+d that there ha,e bee+ d$''ere+t tech+$0ues to teach the se&#e+ta% a+d
su/rase&#e+ta% 'eatures o' %a+&ua&e7 Ce%ce-*urc$a ca%%ed these ty/es o' e(erc$se
tech+$0ues o' the /ast <h$ch ha,e +e,er y$e%ded ,ery &ood resu%ts?7 Her cr$t$c$s# o' the#
<as that4
<h$%e use'u% o+ a %$#$ted6 $+d$,$dua% bas$s 'or /ur/oses o' correct$o+ a+d dr$%%6 +o+e o'
these e(erc$se ty/es $s $+ tu+e <$th the co##u+$cat$,e a//roach to %a+&ua&e teach$+&7 The
#ater$a% they e#/%oy $s art$'$c$a% a+d u+authe+t$c7 >$th the 'ocus o+ $so%ated <ords a+dor
se+te+ces6 there $s %$tt%e tra+s'er 'ro# /ract$ce to +atura% co##u+$cat$o+7 The structured a+d
a+a%yt$c +ature o' these dr$%%s a%so #a=es the# e(tre#e%y u+#ot$,at$+&7? 9 a%to+ )
Se$d%ho'er6 :
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The co##e+ts #ade by Ce%ce-*urc$a re$+'orced the $dea I had $+ #$+d to de,e%o/ th$s
/roject6 I &ot to the co+c%us$o+ that teachers +eed to be /ro,$ded <$th a &ood =+o<%ed&e o'
E+&%$sh Pho+et$cs $+ order to he%/ the$r stude+ts ac0u$re a +at$,e-%$=e /ro+u+c$at$o+ that
<ou%d $+ tur+ he%/ the# to co##u+$cate e''ect$,e%y a+d $+te%%$&$b%y <$th E+&%$sh s/ea=ers
$+ a+y soc$a% co+te(t7
The other tech+$0ues that ha,e bee+ used $+ the /ast a+d that so#e schoo%s a+d $+st$tutes
are st$%% us$+& the# as /art o' the$r courses6 ca+ be ut$%$8ed to su//%e#e+t a+d co#/%e#e+t
the /ho+et$c tra$+$+& tech+$0ue /ro/osed $+ th$s study7 A &ood co#b$+at$o+ o' th$s
tech+$0ue <$th the others ca+ br$+& e(ce%%e+t a+d sat$s'actory resu%ts7
1INING THE CORRECT SEQUENCE TO TEACH PRONUNCIATION6 STRESS6
AN INTONATION
>$th res/ect to th$s $ssue I 'ou+d that /ro/o+e+ts o' the Co##u+$cat$,e A//roach ha,e
+ot dea%t a//ro/r$ate%y <$th the ro%e o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ $+ %a+&ua&e teach$+&7 A+ a&reed-u/o+
set o' structures 'or teach$+& /ro+u+c$at$o+ co##u+$cat$,e%y has +ot bee+ de,e%o/ed7
There are t<o &e+era% a//roaches to the teach$+& o' /ro+u+c$at$o+7 The $+tu$t$,e-
$#$tat$,e a//roach a+d the a+a%yt$c-%$+&u$st$c a//roach7 The %atter <as the o+e de,e%o/ed to
co#/%e#e+t6 a+d +ot +ecessar$%y to re/%ace the 'or#er7 O+ th$s /roject the a+a%yt$c-
%$+&u$st$c a//roach <as the o+e #a$+%y co+s$dered 'or the <ay $t dea%s <$th the teach$+& o'
/ro+u+c$at$o+6 but the $deas o' the $+tu$t$,e-$#$tat$,e a//roach <ere a%so ta=e+ $+to accou+t
as a su//%e#e+t a+d co#/%e#e+t7
There are a%so t<o other a//roaches to teach the se&#e+ta% a+d su/rase&#e+ta% as/ects
o' %a+&ua&e4 the botto#-u/ a//roach a+d the to/-do<+ a//roach7 There has bee+ a co+'%$ct
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o' /r$or$t$es $+ <hat to teach '$rst6 the su/rase&#e+ta% a+d the+ the se&#e+ta%s6 or ,$ce
,ersa7
a%to+ ) Se$d%ho'er 9 : stated thatY des/$te research '$+d$+&s that stress6 rhyth#6
a+ $+to+at$o+ are &erera%%y #ore $#/orta+t 'or #a=$+& ourse%,es u+derstood6 $t $s the
$+d$,$dua% sou+ds <h$ch to #ost %ear+ers6 see# to be the #ost read$%y /erce/t$b%e6 #ost
ta+&$b%e? as/ect o' /ro+ou+c$+& a 'ore$&+ %a+&ua&e4 they ca+ be $so%ated out o' the s/eech
a+d descr$bed #uch #ore eas$%y tha+ su/rase&#e+ta% 'eaturesZ7
Th$s /roject <as based o+ the $deas /ro/osed by the botto#-u/ a//roach7 A%thou&h6 I
'ou+d $+'or#at$o+ re%ated to th$s $ssue6 I &ot to the co+c%us$o+ that the there $s +ot a correct
se0ue+ce to teach /ro+u+c$at$o+ stress a+d $+to+at$o+ $+ %a+&ua&e teach$+&7 Us$+& the
botto#-u/ a//roach or the to/-do<+ a//roach <$%% a%<ays de/e+d o+ the ty/es o' %ear+ers
teachers ha,e7 *ost you+& %ear+ers <ou%d /re'er to start <$th su/rase&#e+ta%s <hereas the
#ajor$ty o' #ore a+a%yt$c a+d o%der stude+ts <ou%d rather dea% <$th sou+ds '$rst7
1INING >AFS TO *OTIDATE STUENTS TO I*PRODE THEIR LEARNING O1
ENGLISH PHONETICS
*ot$,at$+& stude+ts to be $+terested $+ ac0u$r$+& a +at$,e-%$=e /ro+u+c$at$o+ shou%d a%so
be co+s$dered as a+ $#/orta+t /o$+t $+ %a+&ua&e %ear+$+&7 *ater$a% de,e%o/ers a+d teachers6
su//orted by the schoo% ad#$+$strat$o+6 +eed to ta=e $+to accou+t the $dea o' de,e%o/$+& a
&ood soc$o&ra# 'or the courses they o''er $+ the$r schoo%s7 It $s reco##e+ded to a//%y th$s
soc$o&ra# $+ order to '$+d out the d$''ere+t ty/es o' %ear+ers <e ha,e a+d the reaso+s <hy
they <a+t to study the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 Accord$+& to Ce%ce-*urc$a there are three d$''ere+t
=$+ds o' #ot$,at$o+4 $+te&rat$,e6 ass$#$%at$,e6 a+d $+stru#e+ta% #ot$,at$o+7 Re&ard%ess o'
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the ty/e o' #ot$,at$o+ stude+ts br$+& <he+ they co#e to the c%assroo# to study the tar&et
%a+&ua&e6 teachers ha,e to ta=e ad,a+ta&e o' th$s s$tuat$o+ $+ order to start dea%$+& <$th the
to/$c o' /ro+u+c$at$o+ a//%y$+& a 0uest$o++a$re such as the o+e #ade by .e+<orthy6 or
a+y other 0uest$o+s #ade u/ by the teacher so that based o+ the# teachers a+d stude+ts ca+
d$scuss ho< $#/orta+t $t $s to be #ot$,ated to ac0u$re a +at$,e-%$=e /ro+u+c$at$o+7
I+ order to #ot$,ate stude+ts to co+t$+ue be$+& $+terested $+ ac0u$r$+& a &ood
/ro+u+c$at$o+6 teachers +eed to de,e%o/ the$r o<+ s=$%%s a+d too%s to #a=e the %ear+$+& o'
E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs attract$,e6 +o+-threate+$+&6 a+d 'u+ 'or the stude+ts7 Co%or'u%
tra+s/are+c$es o' 'ace d$a&ra#s6 charts6 a+d so#e other ,$sua% #ater$a% a%o+& <$th so#e
e(tra %$ste+$+& act$,$t$es a+d board &a#es ca+ he%/ teachers 'u%'$%% th$s object$,e7
Reco##e+dat$o+s
*y #ode% co#/%e#e+ts the co##u+$cat$,e a//roach s$+ce th$s a//roach be%$e,es
e''ect$,e co##u+$cat$o+ a+d $+te%%$&$b%e co##u+$cat$o+ $s better ach$e,ed or a$ded by
escr$/t$,e Pho+et$cs7 The Pho+et$c Tra$+$+& tech+$0ue #e+t$o+ed by Ce%ce-*urc$a re'ers
to the use o' art$cu%atory descr$/t$o+s6 art$cu%atory d$a&ra#s6 a+d a /ho+et$c a%/habet7 Th$s
$s the tech+$0ue $+ <h$ch th$s /roject <as #a$+%y 'ocused a+d the o+e that has bee+
su&&ested to he%/ stude+ts o,erco#e /rob%e#s $+ /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+dor $+to+at$o+7
Based o+ th$s study6 I reco##e+d teachers a+d schoo%s to start co+s$der$+& the
se&#e+ta%s a+d su/rase&#e+ta%s s$+ce they are ,ery $#/orta+t as/ects o' %a+&ua&e that
shou%d be ta=e+ $+to accou+t as /art o' the curr$cu%u#7 The schoo% ad#$+$strat$o+ a+d
E+&%$sh courses de,e%o/ers +eed to '$+d <ays $+ order to /ro,$de teachers <$th a &ood
=+o<%ed&e o' E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs so that $+ tur+6 they ca+ share th$s =+o<%ed&e <$th the$r
stude+ts7 Teachers +o< ca+ start de,e%o/$+& the$r o<+ s=$%%s based o+ th$s =+o<%ed&e7
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There are d$''ere+t tech+$0ues that ha,e bee+ used throu&hout the t$#e7 I reco##e+d the
Pho+et$c tra$+$+& tech+$0ue as the bas$s to teach these as/ects o' %a+&ua&e7 The other
tech+$0ues #ay be used as a co#/%e#e+t 'or the tech+$0ue /ro/osed7 They ha,e use'u%
$deas $+ order to /ract$ce each sou+d o' E+&%$sh7 The &a#es /ro,$ded by the author o' th$s
/roject a%so /ro,$de teachers <$th so#e other <ays to /ract$ce e,ery sou+d ha,$+& a &ood
t$#e7
A%so6 $+ order to obta$+ sat$s'actory resu%ts dur$+& at the e+d o' a+ E+&%$sh course6 I
reco##e+d teachers to co+s$der as/ects such as6 a&e6 att$tude6 a/t$tude6 a#o+& others6 so
that based o+ the# teachers ca+ #a=e the +ecessary #od$'$cat$o+s o' the t$/s /rese+ted o+
th$s /roject a+d ada/t the# to su$t the$r o<+ c%assroo# +eeds7
I su&&est to ,$s$t the &reat a#ou+t o' <ebs$tes that dea% <$th E+&%$sh /ho+et$cs7 They
co+ta$+ %ots o' $+'or#at$o+6 t$/s6 h$+ts6 act$,$t$es6 a+d &a#es to co#/%e#e+t E+&%$sh courses
/ho+et$ca%%y s/ea=$+&7 Teachers ca+ share those <ebs$tes <$th the$r stude+ts so they ca+ &et
so#e e(tra /ract$ce outs$de o' the c%assroo#7 So#e s$tes o''er o+-%$+e /ro+u+c$at$o+
courses <here stude+ts ca+ %ear+ #ore about the sou+d syste# o' the tar&et %a+&ua&e7 I
h$&h%y reco##e+d teachers to $+,$te the$r stude+ts to /ract$ce $+s$de a+d outs$de o' the
c%assroo#7
1$+a%%y6 I reco##e+d teachers to atte+d se#$+ars6 co+'ere+ces a+d ta%=s <here +e<
$deas o+ E+&%$sh teach$+& are o''ered7 No<adays6 #ore a+d #ore /eo/%e are de,e%o/$+&
stud$es o+ E+&%$sh Pho+et$cs7 So#e s/ea=ers /ro,$de ha+douts <here they $+c%ude u/-dated
$+'or#at$o+ a+d act$,$t$es re%ated to /ro+u+c$at$o+6 stress6 a+d $+to+at$o+7
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S$%,erste$+ Ber+ard6 Ph7 7 9 :6 Per'ect$+& the Sou+ds o' A#er$ca+
E+&%$sh6 NTC76 L$+co%+<ood 9 Ch$ca&o : I%%$+o$s7
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Pho+o%o&y a+d Ortho&ra/hy6 Re&e+ts Pub%$sh$+& Co76 Ne< For=7
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*art;+es y *art;+e86 A#/aro6 9 M :6 Curso de Pro+u+c$ac$+ de% Es/ago% /ara A%u#+os
E(tra+jeros6 ITES*6 *ty76 N7L7 -M7
S/eech Or&a+s7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 226 2332 'ro#htt/4<<<edu7+=+u7edu7t<_e+&%$shso7ht#
E+&%$sh S/ea=$+& 9Oh$o ESL :7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 226 2332 'ro#htt/4<<<7oh$ou7edues%e+&%$shs/ea=$+&7ht#%Pro+u+c$at$o+Act$,$t$es
Easto+6 E7L79 M :7 E+&%$sh S/ea=$+&4 *ater$a%s 'or teach$+& a+d %ear+$+&7 Retr$e,ed o+*arch 26 2332 'ro# htt/4e%easto+7co#s/ea=$+&7ht#%
The ESL Pro+u+c$at$o+ Pa&e7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 26 2332 'ro#htt/4user7&ru7+etr$chard(/ro+ou+ce7ht#%
SUGGESTE >EB SITES4
Hu&hes6 A7 9 J :7 Pro+u+c$at$o+ o' the E+&%$sh a%/habet6 co#/%ete <$th sou+d '$%es7Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 2J6 2332 'ro# htt/4<<<7edu+et7co#e+&%$sh&ra##ara%/ha7ht#%
Ster+6 7A7 9 :7 I+'or#at$o+ o+ the <e%%-=+o<+ acce+t reduct$o+ /ro&ra#7 Retr$e,edo+ *arch6 2J 2332 'ro#htt/4/%a$+'$e%d7by/ass7co#_das$+c
Sta#/er6 S7 9 M :7 $d the Cat Get Four To+&ue Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 2J6 2332 'ro#htt/4<<<7cuh=7h=e%tuELHdoc7ht#%
Rhodes6 B7 9 233 :7 E+&%$sh Pro+u+c$at$o+7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 2K6 2332 'ro#htt/4<<<7'ace<eb7o=a+a&a+7bc7ca/ro+
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Too&ood6 S7 a+d >o+&6.7 9 :7 T$/s o+ the /ro+u+c$at$o+ o' E+&%$sh7 Retr$e,ed o+*arch 2M6 2332 'ro# htt/4%c7ust7h=_sacad,$ceP7ht#
$1ONICSSa+ders6 E77 9 K :7 Lear+$+& to Read 9E+&%$sh: <$th Pho+$cs7 Retr$e,ed o+ *arch 2M62332 'ro#htt/4<<<7edsa+ders7co#/ho+$cs7ht#
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DITA
The author6 *r7 LUIS ANTONIO BALERAS RU!"6 $s a +at$,e 'ro# *o+terrey6
Nue,o Le+6 *@($co <here he %$,es at the /rese+t t$#e7 He ho%ds a B7A7 $+
E+&%$shS/a+$sh Tra+s%at$o+ at the Schoo% o' Ph$%oso/hy a+d Letters o' the Nue,o Le+
State U+$,ers$ty 9 U7A7N7L7:6 <here he &raduated $+ M7 He <or=ed as a S/a+$sh a+d
S/a+$sh Pho+et$cs /ro'essor at the *o+terrey I+st$tute o' Tech+o%o&y7 He has bee+ <or=$+&
as a+ E+&%$sh teacher a+d E+&%$sh co+te+t subject /ro'essor at the schoo% 'ro# <h$ch he
&raduated7