C O M P U T E R A B S T R A C T S

Editor's Note: The fo l lowing group of abstracts is a result of a subject search by compu te r on the Dia log data base. Each abstract a n d / o r reference has a group of "descr ip tor" words and " ident i f ier" words. Articles can be selected by use of a combina t i on of descr iptor and identifier words. The subject of this search was lung bleeding and epistaxis in the horse.

Radiographic aspects of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing horses. Pascoe, JC; O'Brien, TR; Wheat, JD; Meagher, DM. Dep. Surg., Sch. Vet. Med., Univ., Davis, California 95616, USA. Veterinarr Radiology, 1983, 24,2, 85-92 Languages: En 10 ref.

Abnormal pulmonary radiopacities were identified in 13 racehorses with diagnosed exercise- induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). The lesions were in the caudal lung lobe in all horses; seven on the right and three on the left, and the laterality for three could not be determined, In ten horses the opacities, which were large and peripheral, obliterated the thoracophrenic angle. They merged with the silhouette of the diaphragm and had a circular or ovoid surface directed toward the hilum. The intensity of opacification of the consolidated areas varied, and they often were not sharply marginated. Dorsal displacement of the pulmonary arteries was noted in the region of the radiopacity in seven horses. Varying volumes of pleural effusion were observed in nine horses. Serial radiographic examinations were performed in seven horses. The pulmonary radiopacities cleared within ten days in two horses. In the remaining five horses, gradual resolution, characterized by a reduction in lesion size with improved margination, occurred during several months. The central region of the radiopaque lesion commonly had a patchy appearance, suggesting cavitation. Normal pulmonary vascular and intestitial markings were evident following complete resolution of these lesions. The cause of these abnormal pulmonary opacities has not been determined. Pathological- radiological correlat ions will be required to improve understanding of the pathophysiology of EIPH in the racehorse. Descriptors: respira tory diseases of horse; p u l m o n a r y h a e m o r r h a g e ; ep i s t ax i s ; racehorse ; lung; haemorrhage; horse. Identifiers: Radiography; Pathology.

Pulmonary haemorrhage in Standardbred horses after racing. Speirs, VC; Veenendaal, JC van; Harrison, IW; Smyth, GB; Anderson, GA: Wilson, DV; Gilbo, B; (Van Veenendaal, JC.) Univ. Melbourne, Vet. Clin. Centre, Princes Highwat, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia. Australian Veterinary Journal, 1982, 59,2, 38-40 Languages: En 14 ref.

Endoscopic examinations of the upper respiratory tract were done on 92 of 314 Standardbred horses that had raced one or more times at 4 consecutive weekly race meetings. Although participation was voluntary, the characteristics of the population of horses examined were not statisticatty different from those of all horses that raced. No horse showed epistaxis, but 34 (32.4%) examinations of the trachea revealed blood that ranged from a trace in the tracheal mucus to large amounts scattered over the tracheal walls. Forty-four horses exhibited minor degrees of pharyngeal lymphoid hyperpIasia, two had asynchronous movement of the left arytenoid cartilage and 15 had grains of sand in the respiratory tract. There was no association between bleeding and age, sex, distance of race, place in race or date of race. Mucus and mucopurulent material occurred less often after longer races and more often on the last

Volume 4, Number 2

3 race nights. Descriptors: racehorse; pulmonary haemorrhage; haemorrhage: pulmonary in racehorse; exercise; pulmonary haemorrhage in racehorse; tung; haemorrhage in racehorse. Identifiers: Horse diseases; Respiratory diseases: Epistaxis; Australia

Radiographic changes in the lungs of horses with exercise-induced epistaxis. O'Callaghan, MW; Goulden, BE. Dep. Vet. Clin. Sci., Massey Univ., Palmerston North, New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 1982, 30,8, 117-118 Languages: En 12 ref.

This paper describes the distinctive radiographic changes detected in the dorso-caudal lungfields of four racing Thoroughbreds recently affected by exercise-induced epistaxis. A diffuse but localized increase in density was seen in all four horses, which demonstrated a variation from a predominantly alveolar density to an interstitial pattern and finally to increased bronchial markings. Evolution of the radiographic pattern of the pulmonary densities appeared to be related to the time that had elapsed since the bleeding. The implications of the changing pattern and site of the densities are discussed. Descriptors: epistaxis; racehorse; respiratory diseases of horse; radiography; lungs of horse. Identifiers: Exercise

E x e r c i s e - i n d u c e d p u l m o n a r y h e m o r r h a g e in Thoroughbreds after racing and breezing. Raphel, CF; Soma, LR. Dep. Clin. Studies, New Bolton Center, Sch Vet. Med., Univ., Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, USA. American Journal ~ / Veterinary Research, 1982, 43,7, 1123- 1127 Languages: En I0 ref,

191 Thoroughbred horses were examined with a flexible fibre-optic endoscope within 2 hours of racing on a dirt track; 147 (75.4%) had evidence of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), and 13 (9.0%) had blood at the nostrils. Of 107 Thoroughbreds examined within the same period after breezing (a period of exercise at maximum speed; galloping), 41 (38.3%) had evidence of EIPH. One horse of this group had blood at the nostrils. EIPH was related to the horse's age and distance raced or breezed. There was no relationship between EIPH and sex or finishing position, Thoroughbreds were also examined endoscopically after steeplechase, flat turf, and timber races; 67.7% (21/31), and 66.6% (2/3) of the horses in such races developed El PH, respectively; and 14.3% (3/21), 0% (0/2), and 100% (2/2) of these EIPH horses had blood at the nostrils. Of 32 breezing Thoroughbreds in a 3rd survey, 21 (65.6%) were EIPH-positive. None bled from the nostrils. Endoscopic findings of EIPH are repeatable in the horses, indicating that bleeding is not a random event. Descriptors: haemorrhage; pulmonary in racehorse; lung; haemorrhage in racehorse; racehorse; pulmonary haemorrhage; epistaxis. Identifiers: Respiratory diseases of horse, Exercise; Exertion.

Epistaxis in race horses. Ferraro, GL. Modern Veterinao' Practice, 1982, 63,5, 395-397 Languages: en 3 ref Descriptors: epistaxis; racehorse. Identifiers: Physical diagnosis; Guttural pouch; Exercise; Lung; Drug therapy; Cough

Atrial fibrillation in horses: A review of 106 clinical cases, with consideration of prevalence, clinical signs, and prognosis. Deem, DA; Fregin, GF. Sch. Vet. Med., New Bolton Center, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348, USA. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 1982, 180.3, 261-265 Languages: En 35 ref.

Exercise intolerance was the most common clinical sign (64 horses). Twenty-five horses had exercise-associated epistaxis and 26 were dyspnoeic. Eleven horses were clinically normal, but none was used for racing. Oedema and venous congestion indicative of congestive heart failure (CHF) were evident in 13 horses, and all died. All horses had an irregular heart rate and

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rhythm, and the pulse and intensity of heart sounds were varibte. Although resting heart rates ranged from 17-120 beats/minute, the mean heart rate was 41 beats/minutes. Of 87 horses with recorded cardiovascular findings, 16 had a pulse deficit and 18 had murmurs of grade IIIJV or greater intensity. Thirteen (72%) of the latter horses died (11 with CHF), and all had gross cardiac lesions. Neither clinical signs nor resting heart rate enabled the clinician to predict response to therapy for atrial fibrillation or to derive a long-term prognosis, except in horses with CHF and/or loud murmurs. PM results were available for 24 horses. Cardiac lesions in 12 horses with CH F included valvular insufficiency, endocarditis, myocarditis, ventricular septal defect, and pericardial effusion. Similar lesions were found in some horses that died for reasons other than CH F, whereas others had no pathological changes. From 1970 to 1979, there was a significantly higher p revalence of A F among Standardbred admissions (0.66%) than among Thoroughbred admissions (0.23%).

The mean age of affected Standardbreds (5.4 plus or minus 2.3 years) was lower than that for affected Thoroughbreds (7.3 plus or minus 3.9 years), and the prevalence in 4- to 7-year-old admissions was significantly higher in Standardbreds (P .less than or equal to 0.0001). Sixty-three of 77 horses (82%) treated orally with quinidine sulfate converted to normal sinus rhythm for a period greater than two days; 12 subsequently reverted, and 7 of these were retreated and converted. Six horses, recovered without treatment. Most horses returned to their previous performance levels after conversion. Descriptors: Heart diseases, horse; arrhythmia. Identifiers: Horse diseases

Small airway obstruction as a cause of exercise- associated pulmonary hemorrhage: an hypothesis. Robinson, NE; Derksen, FJ. Dep. Physiol., State Univ., East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA. Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 1980, 26, 421-430 Languages: En 17 reg.

It is suggested that pulmonary haemorrhage'results from accentuated distending forces which are applied to lung regions which do not ventilate homogeneously with the rest of the lung. This asynchronized ventilation may result from subclinical, bronchiole obstruct ion, scars or pneumonia. Poorly synchronized ventilation may cause extreme fluctuation in alveolar pressure resulting in capillary rupture. (The same publication also contains other papers on this condition, on pages 417-420 and 431-446). Descriptors: epistaxis; horse; haemorrhage; lung of horse; respiratory diseases of horse; pulmonary haemorrhage. Identifiers: Circulatory disorders; Horse diseases; Drug therapy; Fureosemide; Lung

Proceedings of the Twenty-sixth Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Anaheim, California, 30th November to 3rd December 1980. Milne, F3. (Editor) Vet. Coll., Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 1981, 482pp. Languages: En Many ref.

]he proceedings consist of 54 papers on a variety of subjects which include anthelmint ics for horse, bone diseases, reproductive disorders, embryo transfer, aflatoxicoses, intestinal obstruction, diagnostic techniques for (and treatment of) f rac tures , disease con t ro l (equine in f luenza and rhinopneumonitis) haemolytic anaemia caused by Acer rubrum poisoning. Three appendices consist of detailed seminars on jo in t and tendon injuries, exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (epistaxis) in racehorse, radiation safety, current research in cardiopathology o~f arrhythmias, and new anaesthetic techniques and equipment for cervical and vaginal surgery. Details of individual papers are listed in Index Veterinarius. Descriptors: conference proceedings; American Equine Practitioners; horse diseases. Identifiers: Large animal practice; Specialists; USA; North America 68

Clinical management of Thoroughbreds affected with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Brokken, TD. Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 1980, 26, 445-446 Languages: en Descriptors: haemorrhage; epistaxis; racehorse; Identifiers:, Horse diseases; Respiratory diseases of horse; Exercise; Circulatory disorders

Clinical management of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage at Southern California Thoroughbred racetracks. Artheur, R.M. Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners 1980, 26, 441-444 Languages: En 6 ref. Descriptors: haemorrhage; epistaxis; racehorse. Identifiers: Respiratory diseases of horse; Horse diseases; Endoscopy; Drug therapy; Furosemide; Exercise; Circulatory disorders; Lung; USA

The pharmacology and therapeutics of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH). Tobin, T; Combie, J. Proceedings of the American Association of the Equine Practitioners, 1980, 26, 435--440 Languages; En 5 ref. Descriptors: haemorrhage; racehorse; epistaxis. Identifiers: Circulatory disorders; Horse diseases; Respiratory diseases of horse; Pulmonary artery; Drug therapy; Furosemide; Exercise; Lung.

Epistaxis in horses with atrial fibrillation. Fregin,. GF; Deem, DA. Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 1980, 26, 431-433 Languages: En t4 ref. Descriptors: epistaxis; haemorrhage; heart diseases. Identifiers: Racehorse; Exercise; Respiratory diseases of horse; Circulatory disorders; Pulmonary artery.

Historical background, prevalence, clinical findings and diagnosis of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) in the racing horse. Pascoe, JR; Wheat, JD. Proceedings of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, 1980, 26, 417-420 Languages: En 6 ref. Descriptors: epistaxis; haemorrhage; racehorse; respiratory diseases of horse. Identifiers: Horse diseases; Circulation disorders; Disease prevalence; Diagnosis; Lung, USA.

Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in racing Thoroughbreds; a preliminary study. Pascoe, JR; Ferraro, GL; Cannon, JH; Arthur, RM; Wheat, JD. Dep. Surg., Sch. Vet. Med., Univ., Davis, California 95616, USA. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1981, 42,5, 703-707 Languages: En 14 ref.

Of 235 Thoroughbred racehorses examined with a flexible fibreoptic endoscope within two hours of racing to determine the frequency of exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH), 103 (43.8%) had various degrees ofhaemorrhage in the tracheal lumen. Two of these horses (0.8%) subsequently had blood flow from the nostrils. Rlood seemed to originate from the lung. Statistical analysis of data for 191 horses which finished in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd places did not show any relationship between EIPH and horse's age, sex, or finishing position. However, a trend toward an increased frequency of EIPH with age was shown, by a greater proportion of horses five years and older having EIPH. This trend is thought to reflect the chronicity of the pulmonary lesions and an inability of the lung to repair damaged regions while training and racing continued. The efficacy of furosemide for the treatment of EIPH was questioned, since 30 of 56 horses treated with furosemide which were examined had evidence of pulmonary haemorrhage. Nineteen (8%) horses had visible functional abnormalities of the upper respiratory tract. Descriptors: epistaxis; racehorse; respiratory diseases of horse; pulmonary haemorrhage; haemorrhage; pulmonary in racehorse; exercise;

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EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE

in mash-fed ponies than in hay-fed ponies. Based on density- dependent image analysis, average elastin content and reticulin fiber of the submucosa and muscuIaris externa at the incision were not influenced by the form of feed or surgical technique, although elastin fiber regeneration did not occur at the site of the incision.

Author's address: Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824.

Phloroglucinoi Microassay for Plasma Xylose in Dogs and Horses. A.M. Merritt, DVM, MS, and Pamela Duelly, BS. A m J Vet Res 44:11, 2184-2185(1983).

The phloroglucinol microassay technique for measuring plasma concentrations of zylose was compared with the more tedious orcinolferric chloride technique. Sequential blood samples were collected from 5 dogs and 6 horses every 30 minutes after oral administration of 0.5 g of D-xylose/kg of body weight. Comparison of the results by regression analysis shows a highly significant positive linear correlation for both dogs (r=0.95) and horses (r--0.77). These results indicate that

xylose in canine and equine plasma can be accurately measured by the phloroglucinol technique.

Author's address: Department of Medical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Box J-t26, Gainesville, FL 32610.

Mechanical Properties ol Equine Hoof Wall Tissue. D.H. Leach, PhD, and G.C. Zoerb, BE, PhD. Am J Vet Res 44:11, 2190-2194(1983).

The mechanical properties of pigmented equine hoof wall tissue were determined for samples taken from the inner and outer portions of the stratum medium of the toe. Two properties, the modulus of elasticity and proportional limit, which are measures of the rigidity and yield point, respectively, of the tissue, were studied for samples compressed in 3 orthogonal directions. All samples tested were anisotropic. Inner wall samples were less rigid and had a lower yield point than outer wall samples.

Author's address: Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Western College. of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N OWO.

Computer Abstracts Continued from page 68

pulmonary haemorrhage in horse. Identifiers: Horse diseases; Furosemide; Drug therapy.

Equine post-exercise epistaxis: a review. Goulden, BE. AuStral ian Veterinary Pract i t ioner , 1979, 9,2, 113-119 Languages: En 20 ref.Descriptors:.epistaxisl. Identifiers: Horse diseases; Exercise; Haemorrhage.

Incidence of epistaxis in racehorses in South Africa. Pfaff, G.

PO Umtentweni, 4235 Natal, South Africa. Journal o f the South African Veterinary Association, 1976, 47,3, 215-218 Languages: En 6 ref.

In South Africa 2.4% of horses bleed in a race. If all raced until they were 7 years old probably another 2% would bleed. Many others bleed after the race or during exercise or at rest. The frequency of epistaxis is greater (1.09%) in geldings than in females (0.52%) and uncastrated males (0.64%). There is an age distribution of bleeding which is highest at 4 years and lowest at 2 years of age. There is no evidence that epistaxis is the result of, or is associated with, disease of the lungs. 'Softness' of the Thoroughbred might be a causal factor. In many cases genetic factors seem to play an important part. Epistaxis is more prevalent at coastal than at inland racing centres.,Descriptors: epistaxis; racehorse in South Africa; horse diseases. Identifiers: Haemorrhage; South Africa.

Chronic bronchitis and alveolar emphysema in the horse. Cook, WR. Equine Res. Sta., Snailwell Rd, Newmarket, Suffolk, UK. Veterinary Record, 1976, 99,23, 448-451 Languages: En 9 ref.

This is a review of the syndrome familiarly known as "broken wind" or "heaves", which is characterized by chronic bronchitis and alveolar emphysema. Clinical signs include nasal catarrh, persistent coughing, dyspnoea and poor exercise tolerance. In racehorses, lung haemorrhages may re-suit in epistaxis. Broken wind is a disease of domestication ascribed to pollution of the stable air with fungal spores from hay and straw. Treatment and prevention are based on the provision of fresh air and, if housing is unavoidable, the adoption of a permanent regime of dust-free stable management. If an early diagnosis is made and appropriate treatment instituted, the prognosis is considered to be reasonably good. Descriptors: respiratory diseases of horse; pulmonary emphysemia; horse. Identifiers: Reviews; Horse Volume 4, Number 2

diseases.

Epistaxis in the racehorse. Cook, WR. Equine Res Stn. Anita. Hlth. Trust, Newmarket. Equine Veterinary Journal, 1974, 6,No.2, 45-58 Languages: En Summary Languages: de, fr.

A study of 50 horses which 'broke blood vessels" at exercise revealed that these horses were bleeding from the lungs and that the problem was associated with pre-existing pulmonary disease. Epistaxis was found to be more common in steeplechasers and hurdlers than in horses racing on the flat and, regardless of occupation, there was a predilection to the problem with increasing age. The incidence of epistaxis on racecourses in Australia, South Africa and Malaysia ranged from 0.8-2.5%. In two and three year old Thoroughbreds in the United Kingdom, epistaxis appeared to be a temporary problem, possibly a sequel to the respiratory virus infection. In the older age group the problem was thought to be associated with chronic pulmonary disease, possibly bronchospasm linked with the early stages of chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. Treatment for chronic pulmonary disease, based on dust-free stable management, seemed beneficial and either prevented epistaxis or reduced its frequency. Nevertheless, exercise tolerance was probably still reduced and even cured 'bleeders' are thought likely to remain permanent pulmonary invalids to a greater or lesser degree. Descriptors: epistaxis; horse; horse diseases; lung diseases; haemorrhage in horse; haemorrhage; nasal in horse. Identifiers: Nose; Respiratory diseases.

Respiration in exercised horses wearing cold weather masks. Dziuk, HE; Usenik, EA; Myers, VS. Coll. Vet. Med., Univ. Minnesota, St. Paul 55101, USA. Equine Veterinary Journal 1973, 5,No.3, 131-134. Languages: En Summary Languages: de, fr.

The use of a special face mask has been advocated in the USA for preventing the epistaxis that may occur during racing in cold weather. Tracheal pressures and haematological values for pH, PCV, CO2 tension and dxygen tension after exercise were about the same with the mask on or off. There was no evidence of restriction of air flow with the mask on. However, after exercise mean values for arterial PCV and oxygen tension increased and for arterial pH and CO2 tension decreased. Descriptors: horse; winter face mask; respiration; exercised horse; epistaxis. Identifiers: Carbon dioxide; Oxygen; Physiology of horses; Cold; Exercise.

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