COMPUTER ERAClick to add subtitle

COMPUTERS THROUGH THE YEARS

Input Devices

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Herman Hollerith

• 1881 - invented and used a punched card device to help analyze the 1890 US census data.

Punch card

Konrad Zuse

• 1936 – Z1 first binary computer• 1939 – Z2 first fully functioning electro-

mechanical computer• 1941 – Z3 first electronic, fully programmable

digital computer based on a binary floating-point number and switching system

• 1946 – Z4 had a mechanical memory with a capacity of 1,024 words and several card readers. Used punched cards to store programs. The Z4 had punches and various facilities to enable flexible programming including address translation and conditional branching

Z1 circa 1938

John Atansoff and Clifford Berry

• 1939-1942 - created the first computing machine to use electricity, vacuum tubes, binary numbers and capacitors.

• final product was the size of a desk, weighed 700 pounds, had over 300 vacuum tubes, and contained a mile of wire

• could calculate about one operation every 15 seconds

Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper

• designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University

• 55 feet long and 8 feet high• 5-ton device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces• controlled by pre-punched paper tape, could carry out

addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and reference to previous results

• special subroutines for logarithms and trigonometric functions and used 23 decimal place numbers

• data was stored and counted mechanically using 3000 decimal storage wheels, 1400 rotary dial switches, and 500 miles of wire

• all output was displayed on an electric typewriter

John Mauchly and John Presper Eckert

• 1946 - developed the ENIAC I (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator)

• contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, along with 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, 6,000 manual switches and 5 million soldered joints

• covered 1800 square feet (167 square meters) of floor space, weighed 30 tons, consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power

• in one second, the ENIAC could perform • 5,000 additions, 357 multiplications or • 38 divisions

ENIAC

• 1949 - their company launched the BINAC (BINary Automatic) computer that used magnetic tape to store data.

• 1950 - Remington Rand Corporation bought the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation Their research resulted in the UNIVAC (UNIVersal Automatic Computer), an important forerunner of today's computers.

Frederick Williams and Tom Kilburn

• 1946 - co-invented the Williams-Kilburn Tube (or Williams Tube), a type of altered cathode-ray tube.• Williams Tube provided the first large amount of random access memory (RAM)• soon devised an improved method of storing bits, increasing the storage capacity to

2048 bits

• 1948 - worked on designing and building a prototype machine, nicknamed "The Baby,“ demonstrating the ability of the Williams Tube.

– 32-bit word length. – Serial binary arithmetic using 2 complement integers. – Single address format order code. Random access main store of 32

words, extendable up to 8192 words. – Computing speed of around 1.2 milliseconds per instruction.

IBM

• 1951 - 701 had electrostatic storage tube memory, used magnetic tape to store information, and had binary, fixed-point, single address hardware

John Bakus

• 1954 - Invented FORTRAN for IBM• formula translation was the first high

level programming language (software)

Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce

• Designed monolithic (formed from a single crystal) integrated circuit placed the previously separated transistors, resistors, capacitors and all the connecting wiring onto a single crystal (or 'chip') made of semiconductor material

Steve Russell and MIT

• Invented the first computer game

Douglas Englebert

• invented or contributed to several interactive, user-friendly devices: the computer mouse, windows, computer video teleconferencing, hypermedia, groupware, email, the Internet and more.

More to come….

PARTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

Four Main Parts of a Computer

• Input• Storage• Processor• Output

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Input devices

• Keyboard

• Mouse

• Microphone

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Storage

• ROM or Read-Only Memory – This tells the computer how to load the

operating system– Can’t be altered or lost

• RAM or Random Access Memory– Temporary storage, constantly changing– Can be lost

• Hard drives or • Floppy drives

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Processor

• The “brain” of the computer• Controls the functions of the rest of

the system• Usually a single computer chip

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Output

• Allows us to get information from the computer– Computer display– Printer– speakers

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