Computer & Me

8/8/2019 Computer & Me

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COMPUTER & MECOMPUTER & MEWHAT IS MEAN BY COMPUTER


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HistoryHistoryofComputersofComputers --Long,LongLong,Long

AgoAgo

y beads on rods to count and calculate

y still widely used in Asia!


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# history of computer #

$Father of computer $

$ CHARLES BABBAGE $

In Babbage's times there was a

really high error rate in the

calculation of math tables, when

Babbage planned to find a new

method that could be use to

make it mechanically, removing

the human error factor. This idea

started to tickle his brain very

early, in 1812.

Three different elements

influenced him in this decision:he disliked untidiness and

unprecision;


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Charles BabbageCharles Babbage -- 17921792--18711871Difference Engine c.1822 huge calculator, never

finished

Analytical Engine 1833 couldstore numbers calculating millused

punched metal cards forinstructions

poweredbysteam! accurate to six decimal

places


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BirthBirth ofPersonal ComputersofPersonal Computers -- 19751975

256 byte memory

(not Kilobytes orMegabytes)

2 MHz Intel 8080chips

Just abox withflashing lights

cost $395 kit


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IBM PCIBM PC -- 19811981

y IBM-Intel-Microsoft jointventure

y

First wide-selling personalcomputer used in businessy 8088 Microchip - 29,000

transistors 4.77 Mhz processing speed

y 256 K RAM (Random AccessMemory)standard

y One or two floppydisk drives


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Apple ComputersApple Computers

y Founded 1977y Apple II released 1977

widely used in schools

y Macintosh (left) first commercial computer with

graphical user interface (GUI)and

pointing device (mouse) released in 1984, Motorola 68000

Microchip processor


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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE DESIGNEDBY HIM.

John VonNeumann

( 1903-57 ).Mathematician.Born in Hungary.


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When newmotherboards are

developed, they often

use new chipsets. The

good news is that these

boards are typicallymore efficient and

faster than their

predecessors. The bad

news is that you may

not be able to add

certain memory andCPU upgrades to older

motherboards. Of

course, that's typical of

the computer industry

1. motherboard


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List of components which are

inbuilt or present on motherboard

1. PCI SLOT

1.It is white incolor

2.Which is used

for insert

expansion cardEg. Graphics

card ,network

interface card

etc.


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2. RAM SLOT

It is used to

insert RAMNow a days

each

motherboardcontain morethan one port


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The result is where the Dynamic part of the

name comes in, as refreshes are required to

maintain data integrity. Once all of thatdynamic refreshing and storing are done

with, the result is a dense package of data,

one of the densest in the business world.

Another benefit of SDRAM is what is calledpipelining. Because the SDRAM chips are so

dense and complex, they can accept more

than one write command at a time. This

means that a chip can be processing one

command while it accepts another one, even

if that new command has to wait its turn inthe pipeline. Previous RAM chips required

proprietary access, allowing only one

command at a time throughout the chip. In

this way, SDRAM chips are faster than their

predecessors.

SINGLE DATA RATE(SDRAM) MEMORY


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DDR memory, or Double Data

Rate memory, is a new highperformance type of memory

that runs at twice the speed

of normal SDRAM. This DDR

SDRAM is ideally suited to

the latest high performance

processors to increase

overall system speed. The

faster the memory, the

quickerinstructions can be passed to

the processor. DDR memoryprovides roughly a 15% boost in

performance compared to regular

SDRAM.

(DDR )MEMORY, OR DOUBLE DATA RATE MEMORY


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AGP is an abbreviation for

the term Accelerated

Graphics Port, which, unlike

the PCI connection, was

used exclusively for

connecting video cards to aPC.

AGP has been phased out

of contemporary PCs in

favor of the much faster PCIExpress.

Also Known As:

Accelerated Graphics Port

3. ACCELERATED GRAPHICS PORT (AGP)


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Complementary metal oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) is a

type of semi-conductor chip

that holds data without

requiring an external power

source. In a personalcomputer (PC), CMOS holds

the basic instructions the

computer needs to initialize

its hardware componentsand boot up. These settings

are known as the basic input

output settings (BIOS), also

referred to as CMOS

settings.

4. COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDESEMICONDUCTOR (CMOS)


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The BIOS is typically placed in aROM chip that comes with the

computer (it is often called a

ROM BIOS). This ensures that

the BIOS will always be available

and will not be damaged by disk

failures. It also makes it possiblefor a computer to boot itself.

Because RAM is faster than

ROM, though, many computer

manufacturers design systems

so that the BIOS is copied fromROM to RAM each time the

computer is booted. This is

known as shadowing.

5. BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM (BIOS)


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These computer processorshave more than one

independent processor on the

chip or package. In the case of

dual core processor, the entire

chip has two independent

computer processors that can

work together to increase total

computer performance. For

non technical consumers, dualcore processors can be

thought of as having two

separate computer chips

combined.


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Switched Mode Power

Supply. Unlike the old power

supplies of the past, which

used large, heavy

transformers, SMPS's use

transistors switching DCpower on and off at very high

rates (typically 40 to 80

thousand times per second)

into the primary of a much

smaller, more efficient

transformer. SMPS, in

addition to being lighter and

more efficient, afford better

regulation of voltages.

Switched Mode Power Supply.(SMPS)


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HARD DISK (HDD)-:A magnetic disk on which you

can store computer data. The

term hard is used to distinguish

it from a soft, or floppy, disk.Hard disks hold more data and

are faster than floppy disks. A

hard disk, for example, can

store anywhere from 10 to more

than 100 gigabytes, whereasmost floppies have a maximum

storage capacity of 1.4

megabytes.

A single hard disk usually

consists of several platters.

Each platter requires tworead/write heads, one for each

side. All the read/write heads

are attached to a single access

arm so that they cannot move

independently.


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CD OR DVD DRIVE

Short for Compact Disk-

Recordable drive, a type of disk

drive that can create CD-ROMs and

audio CDs. This allows users to

"master" a CD-ROM or audio CD for

publishing. Until recently, CD-Rdrives were quite expensive, but

prices have dropped dramatically.

A feature of many CD-R drives,

called multisession recording,

enables you to keep adding data to

a CD-ROM over time. This is

extremely important if you want to

use the CD-R drive to create

backup CD-ROMs.


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FLOPPY DRIVEA Floppy Drive - A device that allows

your computer to read floppy disks.

In the past there were three types of

floppy drives. The first type was a 10"

floppy. The second was a 5 1/4"

floppy. Both of these floppies were

flexible media in a flexible jacket.

The third and most commonly used

floppy today is the 3 1/2" floppy disk.

This disk can hold up to 1.44 MB of

data on it. Even though it is encased

in a hard plastic cover, it still usesflexible media.

By default the first floppy drive is

shown as the A: drive on your PC

computer.


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Cable is used to connect

and transfer data &signals between

computers and a network.

There are different types

of network cable, and the

appropriate type to usewill depend on the

structure and topology of

your network. The most

commonly used types of

network cable are the

twisted pair, coaxial,

Ethernet cross over, and

fiber optic.

CABLES


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CABIAbove various

components areconnected to

each other and

inserted in box

called cabinet.

There are various

type of cabinets

are present at thistime, one of them

is given to right

side


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MONITORMonitors are display devicesexternal to the computer case and

connect via a cable to a port on thevideo card. Even though the monitor

sits outside the main computer

housing, it is an essential part of the

complete system.

Monitors come in two major types -

CRT and LCD. CRT monitors look

much like traditional televisions and

are very deep in size. LCD monitors

are much thinner while still offering

equivalent, if not better, graphicsquality. LCD monitors are beginning

to obsolete CRT monitors due to

their smaller "footprint" on the desk

and decreasing price.

LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY(LCD)


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A mouse is a handheldpointing device for

computers, involving a

small object fitted with

one or more buttons and

shaped to sit naturally

under the hand. The

underside of the mouse

houses a device that

detects the mouse's

motion relative to the flat

surface on which it sits.

MOUSE


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KEYBOARD

As the name implies, a keyboardis basically a board of keys.

Along with the mouse, the

keyboard is one of the primary

input devices used with a

computer. The keyboard's

design comes from the original

typewriter keyboards, which

arranged letters and numbers in

a way that prevented the type-

bars from getting jammed when

typing quickly. This keyboardlayout is known as the QWERTY

design, which gets its name

from the first six letters across

in the upper-left-hand corner of

the keyboard.


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USE OF COMPUTER &USE OF COMPUTER &

WHAT IS MEAN BY INTERNET.WHAT IS MEAN BY INTERNET.


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UseofcomputerUseofcomputer

y To storedata.

y To processesdata.

y To provide the out put

for every work e.g Calculation.

y Sending Email.

y Chatting with people (

Friendsetc. )y Internet.


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I

NTER

NETI

NTER

NET

y The internet isa globalsystem ofinterconnected computers networks thatusestandard protocol ( TCP/IP ) to serve

billions of user world widee.g www (world wide web).

y Search engine = Google, Altavista.


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