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COMPUTER & MECOMPUTER & MEWHAT IS MEAN BY COMPUTER
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HistoryHistoryofComputersofComputers --Long,LongLong,Long
AgoAgo
y beads on rods to count and calculate
y still widely used in Asia!
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# history of computer #
$Father of computer $
$ CHARLES BABBAGE $
In Babbage's times there was a
really high error rate in the
calculation of math tables, when
Babbage planned to find a new
method that could be use to
make it mechanically, removing
the human error factor. This idea
started to tickle his brain very
early, in 1812.
Three different elements
influenced him in this decision:he disliked untidiness and
unprecision;
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Charles BabbageCharles Babbage -- 17921792--18711871Difference Engine c.1822 huge calculator, never
finished
Analytical Engine 1833 couldstore numbers calculating millused
punched metal cards forinstructions
poweredbysteam! accurate to six decimal
places
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BirthBirth ofPersonal ComputersofPersonal Computers -- 19751975
256 byte memory
(not Kilobytes orMegabytes)
2 MHz Intel 8080chips
Just abox withflashing lights
cost $395 kit
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IBM PCIBM PC -- 19811981
y IBM-Intel-Microsoft jointventure
y
First wide-selling personalcomputer used in businessy 8088 Microchip - 29,000
transistors 4.77 Mhz processing speed
y 256 K RAM (Random AccessMemory)standard
y One or two floppydisk drives
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Apple ComputersApple Computers
y Founded 1977y Apple II released 1977
widely used in schools
y Macintosh (left) first commercial computer with
graphical user interface (GUI)and
pointing device (mouse) released in 1984, Motorola 68000
Microchip processor
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COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE DESIGNEDBY HIM.
John VonNeumann
( 1903-57 ).Mathematician.Born in Hungary.
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When newmotherboards are
developed, they often
use new chipsets. The
good news is that these
boards are typicallymore efficient and
faster than their
predecessors. The bad
news is that you may
not be able to add
certain memory andCPU upgrades to older
motherboards. Of
course, that's typical of
the computer industry
1. motherboard
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List of components which are
inbuilt or present on motherboard
1. PCI SLOT
1.It is white incolor
2.Which is used
for insert
expansion cardEg. Graphics
card ,network
interface card
etc.
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2. RAM SLOT
It is used to
insert RAMNow a days
each
motherboardcontain morethan one port
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The result is where the Dynamic part of the
name comes in, as refreshes are required to
maintain data integrity. Once all of thatdynamic refreshing and storing are done
with, the result is a dense package of data,
one of the densest in the business world.
Another benefit of SDRAM is what is calledpipelining. Because the SDRAM chips are so
dense and complex, they can accept more
than one write command at a time. This
means that a chip can be processing one
command while it accepts another one, even
if that new command has to wait its turn inthe pipeline. Previous RAM chips required
proprietary access, allowing only one
command at a time throughout the chip. In
this way, SDRAM chips are faster than their
predecessors.
SINGLE DATA RATE(SDRAM) MEMORY
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DDR memory, or Double Data
Rate memory, is a new highperformance type of memory
that runs at twice the speed
of normal SDRAM. This DDR
SDRAM is ideally suited to
the latest high performance
processors to increase
overall system speed. The
faster the memory, the
quickerinstructions can be passed to
the processor. DDR memoryprovides roughly a 15% boost in
performance compared to regular
SDRAM.
(DDR )MEMORY, OR DOUBLE DATA RATE MEMORY
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AGP is an abbreviation for
the term Accelerated
Graphics Port, which, unlike
the PCI connection, was
used exclusively for
connecting video cards to aPC.
AGP has been phased out
of contemporary PCs in
favor of the much faster PCIExpress.
Also Known As:
Accelerated Graphics Port
3. ACCELERATED GRAPHICS PORT (AGP)
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Complementary metal oxidesemiconductor (CMOS) is a
type of semi-conductor chip
that holds data without
requiring an external power
source. In a personalcomputer (PC), CMOS holds
the basic instructions the
computer needs to initialize
its hardware componentsand boot up. These settings
are known as the basic input
output settings (BIOS), also
referred to as CMOS
settings.
4. COMPLEMENTARY METAL OXIDESEMICONDUCTOR (CMOS)
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The BIOS is typically placed in aROM chip that comes with the
computer (it is often called a
ROM BIOS). This ensures that
the BIOS will always be available
and will not be damaged by disk
failures. It also makes it possiblefor a computer to boot itself.
Because RAM is faster than
ROM, though, many computer
manufacturers design systems
so that the BIOS is copied fromROM to RAM each time the
computer is booted. This is
known as shadowing.
5. BASIC INPUT OUTPUT SYSTEM (BIOS)
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These computer processorshave more than one
independent processor on the
chip or package. In the case of
dual core processor, the entire
chip has two independent
computer processors that can
work together to increase total
computer performance. For
non technical consumers, dualcore processors can be
thought of as having two
separate computer chips
combined.
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Switched Mode Power
Supply. Unlike the old power
supplies of the past, which
used large, heavy
transformers, SMPS's use
transistors switching DCpower on and off at very high
rates (typically 40 to 80
thousand times per second)
into the primary of a much
smaller, more efficient
transformer. SMPS, in
addition to being lighter and
more efficient, afford better
regulation of voltages.
Switched Mode Power Supply.(SMPS)
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HARD DISK (HDD)-:A magnetic disk on which you
can store computer data. The
term hard is used to distinguish
it from a soft, or floppy, disk.Hard disks hold more data and
are faster than floppy disks. A
hard disk, for example, can
store anywhere from 10 to more
than 100 gigabytes, whereasmost floppies have a maximum
storage capacity of 1.4
megabytes.
A single hard disk usually
consists of several platters.
Each platter requires tworead/write heads, one for each
side. All the read/write heads
are attached to a single access
arm so that they cannot move
independently.
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CD OR DVD DRIVE
Short for Compact Disk-
Recordable drive, a type of disk
drive that can create CD-ROMs and
audio CDs. This allows users to
"master" a CD-ROM or audio CD for
publishing. Until recently, CD-Rdrives were quite expensive, but
prices have dropped dramatically.
A feature of many CD-R drives,
called multisession recording,
enables you to keep adding data to
a CD-ROM over time. This is
extremely important if you want to
use the CD-R drive to create
backup CD-ROMs.
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FLOPPY DRIVEA Floppy Drive - A device that allows
your computer to read floppy disks.
In the past there were three types of
floppy drives. The first type was a 10"
floppy. The second was a 5 1/4"
floppy. Both of these floppies were
flexible media in a flexible jacket.
The third and most commonly used
floppy today is the 3 1/2" floppy disk.
This disk can hold up to 1.44 MB of
data on it. Even though it is encased
in a hard plastic cover, it still usesflexible media.
By default the first floppy drive is
shown as the A: drive on your PC
computer.
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Cable is used to connect
and transfer data &signals between
computers and a network.
There are different types
of network cable, and the
appropriate type to usewill depend on the
structure and topology of
your network. The most
commonly used types of
network cable are the
twisted pair, coaxial,
Ethernet cross over, and
fiber optic.
CABLES
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CABIAbove various
components areconnected to
each other and
inserted in box
called cabinet.
There are various
type of cabinets
are present at thistime, one of them
is given to right
side
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MONITORMonitors are display devicesexternal to the computer case and
connect via a cable to a port on thevideo card. Even though the monitor
sits outside the main computer
housing, it is an essential part of the
complete system.
Monitors come in two major types -
CRT and LCD. CRT monitors look
much like traditional televisions and
are very deep in size. LCD monitors
are much thinner while still offering
equivalent, if not better, graphicsquality. LCD monitors are beginning
to obsolete CRT monitors due to
their smaller "footprint" on the desk
and decreasing price.
LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY(LCD)
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A mouse is a handheldpointing device for
computers, involving a
small object fitted with
one or more buttons and
shaped to sit naturally
under the hand. The
underside of the mouse
houses a device that
detects the mouse's
motion relative to the flat
surface on which it sits.
MOUSE
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KEYBOARD
As the name implies, a keyboardis basically a board of keys.
Along with the mouse, the
keyboard is one of the primary
input devices used with a
computer. The keyboard's
design comes from the original
typewriter keyboards, which
arranged letters and numbers in
a way that prevented the type-
bars from getting jammed when
typing quickly. This keyboardlayout is known as the QWERTY
design, which gets its name
from the first six letters across
in the upper-left-hand corner of
the keyboard.
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USE OF COMPUTER &USE OF COMPUTER &
WHAT IS MEAN BY INTERNET.WHAT IS MEAN BY INTERNET.
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UseofcomputerUseofcomputer
y To storedata.
y To processesdata.
y To provide the out put
for every work e.g Calculation.
y Sending Email.
y Chatting with people (
Friendsetc. )y Internet.
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I
NTER
NETI
NTER
NET
y The internet isa globalsystem ofinterconnected computers networks thatusestandard protocol ( TCP/IP ) to serve
billions of user world widee.g www (world wide web).
y Search engine = Google, Altavista.
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