Mongolia International University

ComputersComputersTools for an information AgeTools for an information Age

Chapter 1Chapter 1

B.M.HB.M.H

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Question 1

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IndexIndex

What is a computer?What is a computer? The beginning of ComputerThe beginning of Computer

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What is a computer?What is a computer?

In a dictionary before 1940, In a dictionary before 1940, Compute + erCompute + er computer : a person who performs computer : a person who performs

calculations.calculations.

The modern definitionThe modern definition emerged in 1940s, when the first electronic emerged in 1940s, when the first electronic

computing devices were developed computing devices were developed

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The beginning of The beginning of ComputerComputer

ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer)ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer) 1942, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry1942, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry - 1st Electronic digital computer- 1st Electronic digital computer

MARK-1MARK-1 1944, Howard Aiken1944, Howard Aiken

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator)ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator) 1946, John W. Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert, Jr.1946, John W. Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert, Jr. - 1- 1stst Large scale electronic digital computer Large scale electronic digital computer

EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator)EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator) Maurice WilkesMaurice Wilkes

UNIVAC-I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer)UNIVAC-I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer) John W. Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert, Jr.John W. Mauchly and J.Presper Eckert, Jr.

EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer)Computer)

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ABC(Atanasoff Berry Computer)

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ENIAC computerENIAC computerENIAC computerENIAC computer

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EDVACEDVAC

When : in 1952When : in 1952 Where : in the United StatesWhere : in the United States Who : a team of engineers on a secret military projectWho : a team of engineers on a secret military project Why : as a response to World War II military needs. Why : as a response to World War II military needs. (to (to

process complex calculation automatically)process complex calculation automatically)

How : How : 2000 multiplication in one second 2000 multiplication in one second addition or subtraction 100,000 times in the same addition or subtraction 100,000 times in the same

periodperiod Its memory : 1,024 numbers of 12 decimal places Its memory : 1,024 numbers of 12 decimal places

eacheach

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Plans for Plans for EDVACEDVAC

Described in a report Described in a report by the famous by the famous mathematician mathematician John John von Neumannvon Neumann..

““The most influential The most influential paper in the history of paper in the history of computer science”computer science”

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What is a computer?What is a computer?

Von Neumann’s reportVon Neumann’s report define the components of a computer and define the components of a computer and

describe their functionsdescribe their functions used the term “automatic computing used the term “automatic computing

system”system” Today, just “computer”, or “computer system.

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A computer is…A computer is…

Based on the concepts presented in von Based on the concepts presented in von Neumann’s paperNeumann’s paper

Computer : a device that Computer : a device that 1) accepts input, 1) accepts input,

2) processes data, 2) processes data,

3) stores data, 3) stores data,

4) and produces output.4) and produces output.

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1) 1) A computer accepts A computer accepts inputinput

Computer input : whatever is put into a Computer input : whatever is put into a computer system.computer system.

ExamplesExamples words and symbols in a documentwords and symbols in a document numbers for a calculation, numbers for a calculation, pictures, temperatures, audio signalspictures, temperatures, audio signals

Main input device : keyboardMain input device : keyboard

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2) 2) A computer processes A computer processes datadata

Data : Data : symbols that represent facts and ideas.symbols that represent facts and ideas. processing : processing : data manipulationdata manipulation of of computercomputer

Process : Process : a systematic series of actions that a a systematic series of actions that a computer uses to manipulate datacomputer uses to manipulate data

Some of the ways : Some of the ways : performing calculations, performing calculations, sorting lists of words or numbers, sorting lists of words or numbers, modifying documents and pictures modifying documents and pictures drawing graphs.drawing graphs.

A device : A device : central processing unit (CPU)central processing unit (CPU)

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3) 3) A computer stores dataA computer stores data

A computer stores data for processingA computer stores data for processing Places for storing data Places for storing data

Memory : an area of a computer that holds data that Memory : an area of a computer that holds data that is waiting to be processedis waiting to be processed

Ex) RAM, ROM Storage : the area where data can be left on a Storage : the area where data can be left on a

permanent basis while it is not needed for permanent basis while it is not needed for processingprocessing

ex) diskette, CD-ROM,HDDex) diskette, CD-ROM,HDD

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4) 4) A computer produces A computer produces outputoutput

Computer output : Computer output : the results produced by a the results produced by a computercomputer

ex) reports, documents, music, graphs, and picturesex) reports, documents, music, graphs, and pictures

Output device : Output device : the devicethe device that that displays, prints, displays, prints, or transmits the results of processing.or transmits the results of processing.

ex) monitor, printerex) monitor, printer

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ExampleExample

Fundamental computer function: 7+2=9Fundamental computer function: 7+2=9 Input : 7, +, 2Input : 7, +, 2 Memory : 7, +, 2Memory : 7, +, 2 Processing : Add 2 to 7Processing : Add 2 to 7 Memory : 9Memory : 9 Output : 9Output : 9 Storage : 9Storage : 9

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Fundamental Fundamental characteristicscharacteristics

SpeedSpeed Provide the processing speed essential to our fast-paced Provide the processing speed essential to our fast-paced

society for quick servicesociety for quick service

ReliabilityReliability Extremely reliable, compute correctlyExtremely reliable, compute correctly Most computer error : by human errorsMost computer error : by human errors

Storage CapabilityStorage Capability Store tremendous amounts data, which can be located and Store tremendous amounts data, which can be located and

retrieved efficientlyretrieved efficiently

By-products characteristics by above threeBy-products characteristics by above three Productivity, decision making, cost reductionProductivity, decision making, cost reduction

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Where computers are Where computers are usedused

EducationEducation GraphicsGraphics RetailingRetailing EnergyEnergy Law Law

enforcementenforcement TransportationTransportation MoneyMoney AgricultureAgriculture GovernmentGovernment

The homeThe home Health and Health and

medicinemedicine RoboticsRobotics The human The human

connectionconnection The sciencesThe sciences ConnectivityConnectivity TrainingTraining PaperworkPaperwork

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Main components of Main components of computercomputer

Hardware(=equipmenHardware(=equipment)t)

Software(=programs)Software(=programs)

People(=programmerPeople(=programmers and end-users)s and end-users)

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dw

are software

people

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Classification of ComputerClassification of Computer

By data typeBy data type Digital computerDigital computer Analog computerAnalog computer Hybrid computerHybrid computer

A/D converter, D/A converter

By purposeBy purpose Special purpose computerSpecial purpose computer

Ex) for science, military General purpose computerGeneral purpose computer

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Analog vs. Digital Analog vs. Digital (By data type)(By data type)

There are two basic ways to store and manage There are two basic ways to store and manage datadata

AnalogAnalog continuous, in direct proportion to the data continuous, in direct proportion to the data

representedrepresented music on a record album - a needle rides on ridges in music on a record album - a needle rides on ridges in

the grooves that are directly proportional to the the grooves that are directly proportional to the voltage sent to the speakervoltage sent to the speaker

DigitalDigital the information is broken down into pieces, and each the information is broken down into pieces, and each

piece is represented separatelypiece is represented separately music on a compact disc - the disc stores numbers music on a compact disc - the disc stores numbers

representing specific voltage levels sampled at various representing specific voltage levels sampled at various pointspoints

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Analog Signals Analog Signals (By data type)(By data type)

Analog signal from recording the word "MATLAB"Analog signal from recording the word "MATLAB"

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Digital Signals Digital Signals (By data type)(By data type)

Digital signals are discrete time signals that Digital signals are discrete time signals that assume only discrete amplitudes assume only discrete amplitudes

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Digital Information Digital Information (By data type)(By data type)

Computers store all information digitallyComputers store all information digitally numbersnumbers texttext graphics and imagesgraphics and images audioaudio videovideo program instructionsprogram instructions

In some way, all information is In some way, all information is digitizeddigitized - - broken down into pieces and represented as broken down into pieces and represented as numbersnumbers

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Classification of ComputerClassification of Computer

By processing capabilities By processing capabilities MicrocomputersMicrocomputers MinicomputersMinicomputers Mainframe computersMainframe computers Supercomputers Supercomputers

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MicrocomputersMicrocomputers

Using the MicroprocessorUsing the Microprocessor Personal Computers (PC)Personal Computers (PC) In home and small businessesIn home and small businesses

Desktop computerDesktop computer Portable ComputerPortable Computer

Palmtop, Notebook(Laptop) PDA (Personal Digital Assistant)

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Palmtop

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MinicomputerMinicomputer

More powerful than microcomputerMore powerful than microcomputer Stores data for all users in one Stores data for all users in one

centralized locationcentralized location Used in school or small company Used in school or small company Ex) VAX, MV 4000, MV 8000, SSM Ex) VAX, MV 4000, MV 8000, SSM

032032

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MainframesMainframes

Large, fast and fairly Large, fast and fairly expensive computersexpensive computers

Used by business or Used by business or governmentgovernment to provide to provide centralized storagecentralized storage

EX) IBM 4381, 9300, EX) IBM 4381, 9300, 3090, Cyber 1803090, Cyber 180

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SupercomputersSupercomputers

The fastest and most expensive The fastest and most expensive type of computertype of computer

Used for code breaking, weather Used for code breaking, weather prediction and molecular prediction and molecular modelingmodeling

The first : CRAY-1The first : CRAY-1 Intel’s ASCI Red, SGI’s ASCI Blue Intel’s ASCI Red, SGI’s ASCI Blue

Mountain, IBM’s ASCI Blue PacificMountain, IBM’s ASCI Blue Pacific

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