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Concentrating Solar Power
- Status and Perspectives
German Renewable Energy Day, Oct. 15, 2008
Solar Power 2008, San Diego, CA
Christoph Richter (with contributions from K. Hennecke, M. Eck, F. Trieb, R. Pitz-Paal)
German Aerospace Center (DLR) - Executive Secretary SolarPACES
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firm capacity,
power on demand via
storage or hybrid operation
additional process heat forcooling, drying, seawater
desalination, etc.
Fuel
Power Cycle
Process Heat
Electricity
Principle of a Conventional Thermal Power Plant
Concentrating
Solar Collector
Field
SolarHeat
Thermal
Energy
Storage
concentrated,
storable solar thermal
energy as fuel saver
Principle of a Concentrating Solar Thermal Power Plant
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Concentrating solar technologies: basic layout schemes
Solar
Receiver
Heliostats
Absorber
Tube
Pipe with
thermal fluid
Curved mirror
Receiver / Engine
Reflector
Central Receiver
Parabolic Trough
Dish/Engine
Linear Fresnel
Absorber tube and
reconcentrator
Curved
mirror
Solar
Receiver
Heliostats
Solar
Receiver
Heliostats
Absorber
Tube
Pipe with
thermal fluid
Curved mirror
Receiver / Engine
Reflector
Receiver / Engine
Reflector
Central Receiver
Parabolic Trough
Dish/Engine
Linear Fresnel
Absorber tube and
reconcentrator
Curved
mirror
Linear Concentration
C: 100, T: ~ 500 C
Point Concentration
C: 1000+, T: ~ 1000 C
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US Main Solar Resources Overview
The table and map represent land that has no primary use today, exclude
land with slope > 1%, and do not count sensitive lands.Solar Energy Resource >6.0 kwh/m2/d
Capacity assumes 5 acres/MW
Generation assumes 27% annual capacity factor
Land Area
Solar
Capacity
Solar
Generation
Capacity
State (mi2) (MW) GWh
AZ 13,613 1,742,461 4,121,268
CA 6,278 803,647 1,900,786
CO 6,232 797,758 1,886,858
NV 11,090 1,419,480 3,357,355
NM 20,356 2,605,585 6,162,729
TX 6,374 815,880 1,929,719
UT 23,288 2,980,823 7,050,242
Total 87,232 11,165,633 26,408,956
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95
96
97
98
99
100
Availability-%
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
III IV V VI VII
The SEGS Experience in California
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
Efficienc
y[%]
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
DirectNormalRa
diatiom
[W/m]
05:00 07:00 09:00 11:00 13:00 15:00 17:00 19:00 21:00
Solar to ElectricEfficiency (gross)
Direct Normal Radiation
Thermal SolarField Efficiency
-
Solar Efficiencies Measured at SEGS VIon July 1997 by KJC Operating Company
High availabilityHigh solar efficiency
Aerial View of SEGS Plants
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Current projects, US: Nevada Solar One, 64 MW
64 MW Parabolic Trough Plant, Nevada, Startup 6/2007
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Projects in Spain: Plant layout Andasol
Turbina de vapor
Condensador
Precalentadorde presin baja
Sobrecalentador
Precalentador
solar
Recalentadorsolar
Generadorde vapor
Tanque deexpansin
Campo Solar
Caldera
Combustibe
(Opcional)
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Andasol 50 MW plant, power block and thermalstorage tanks
22 tankstanks:: = 36 m= 36 m
h = 14 mh = 14 m
28.500 tm28.500 tm
molten saltmolten salt
7,5 h storage7,5 h storage
a 50 MWa 50 MW
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Concentrating Solar PowerStatus of commercial technology
Parabolic Trough
HTF: Thermal Oil
Mature and commercially proven technology
Competing products with similar dimensions
Plant sizes: 14 80 MWe
Power TowerWater/steam: First commercial systems (10/20 MWe)
Molten salt: Commercial system under development (17 MWe)
Air: Pre-commercial pilot plant under construction (1,5 MWe)
Linear FresnelPrototype systems with significant industrial engagement
Dish Systems: new product developments, large projects announced
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R&D for next steps: Solar Thermal Power Test FacilitiesWorldwide
PSI (CH)
Solar One (US)
()
CNRS (F)CRTF Sandia (US)
PSA (E)
ANU (AUS)WIS (IL)
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International RD&D collaboration: IEA SolarPACES IA
SolarPACESis a worldwide coalition of 12 membercountries collaborating and sharing
information on technology developmentand applications of concentrated solarenergy
MEXICO
USA
SOUTH AFRICA
ISRAEL
EGYPT
SPAIN
SWITZERLAND
GERMANY
FRANCE
EUROPEANCOMMISSION
AUSTRALIA
ALGERIA
AUSTRALI
A
GERMA
NY
SOUTH
AFRICAALGERI
A
EGYPT
EU
FRANC
E
ISRAELMEXICO SPAIN SWITZE
R-LAND
UNITED
STATES
COREA
COREA
Interested: Greece,Austria, Italy, UAE,
Namibia, Portugal
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T= 400C p= 100 bar
l= 500 m (700 m)
Pth 1,5 MW
all operation modes are
realizable
more than 8000 operation
hours
Parabolic Troughs New Transfer fluids:Example: Direct Steam Generation, DISS Test Facility
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Parabolic Troughs DSGAchievements
potential of cost reduction determined to
be 11-15% (compared to HTF)
feasibility proven at life size test-facility
development of absorber tubes for
T= 500C
detailed engineering of first demonstration
plant finished
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Solar TowersIncrease power block efficiency
Power block already fully developed
Increase operation temperature Use appropriate working fluid
air
water/steam
molten salt
sodium
Change power cycleG
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Maximum live steam parameter:
535C
100 bar
Receiver heat transfer fluid:
Molten nitrate salt
Backup Options:
Thermal storage is an integral part
of the concept
Technology Status
10 MWe System demonstration at
Solar 2 (USA)
Operated from1996 to 1999
17 MWe Solar Tres under
development in Spain
Solar Towers: Molten salt receiver
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800 [C]
565C
Storage TankCold Salt
Storage TankHot Salt
Conventional
EPGS
Steam Generator
o C565290 o C
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Maximum live steam parameter:
565C
110 bar
Receiver heat transfer fluid:
Air (1 bar)
Backup Options:
Thermal storage filled with
ceramics
Duct burner
Technology Status
3 MWth air loop demonstration at
Plataforma Solar de Almeria
1,5 MWe pilot power plant underconstruction at Jlich, Germany
750C
Solar Tower: Atmospheric air receiver
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800 [C]
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Rankine
= 16 %(annual)
Rankine
= 16 %(annual)
CC
= 25 %(annual)
Solar Towers
Solar-hybrid gas turbine systems (SGT)
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Parabolic Troughs & Solar Towers
Summary
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
PS-10 Trough
(HTF)
Trough
(DSG)
Tower
(Salt)
Tower
(Na/Sn)
Tower
(Air/CC)
Temperature[C]
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R&D concentrates on cost reduction of CSP systems
One promising option is to increase operation temperature
For trough systems 500C are realistic in the mid term
For solar towers 1000C have been demonstrated
SGT system has highest solar to electricity efficiency
A standard technologyis not likely for the future
R&D tasks
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Mirror ShapeContour accuracy of concentrator
Photogrammetry
Deflectometry
Field tests (flux around
Performance Measurement (DLR)
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Thermal Energy Storage Activities at DLRSolid/liquid TES from 100 to 1000 C
Various sensible TES conceptsdirected towards process heat and power generation
oil / concrete
molten salt
air / solidspacked bed/fluidized bed
Salt storagetank
Distributionring header
Immersionheater (4)
Foundation
Saltpump
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Roadmap for CSP Plants(installed Power)
Potential of CSP in Europe:installed capacity and annual energy production
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
2012 2020 2030
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
TWh/a
60 GW / 170 TWh
30 GW / 85 TWh
4 GW / 11 TWh
GW
installed
Spain
Portugal
Italy
GreeceCyprus+Malta
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Future CSP Potential through HVDC-Supergrids enormous
Wind Power
Geothermal
Hydropower
Biomass
Solar Power
Conventional
Wind Power
Geothermal
Hydropower
Biomass
Solar Power
Conventional
HVDC: High Voltage Direct Current Transmission
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German Know-How for the CSP markets
Company/Institute Name (Webpage)Sector
Solar Millennium (www.solarmillennium.de)
Man Ferrostaal / Man Solar Millennium (www.manferrostaal.com)
Solar Power Group (www.spg-gmbh.com)
Novatec-Biosol (www.novatec-biosol.de)
Kraftanlagen Mnchen (www.ka-muenchen.de)
Plants
Schott Solar (www.schott.com)
Senior Berghfer (www.senior-berghfer.de)Zblin (www.zueblin.de)
Components
DLR (www.dlr.de)
Solar Institut Jlich (www.fh-aachen.de/solar-institut.html)
FhG-ISE (www.ise.fraunhofer.de)
Schlaich Bergermann Partner (www.sbp.de)
Fichtner Solar (www.fichtner.de)
CSP Services (www.cspservices.de)
R&D
Engineering
Services
More Info: www.renewables-made-in-germany.com
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Thank you for your attention!
Attend SolarPACES conference15-18 September 2009, Berlin, Germany
