Concept of Wireless Electricity

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CONCEPT OF WIRELESS ELECTRICITY

WITRICITYA

SEMINAR REPORT

Submitted by

NAVEEN GUPTA

ROLL NO: 0935331029

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

APOLLO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KANPUR

GAUTAMA BUDDHA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

LUCKNOW

DATE OF SUBMISSION: MARCH,2012


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BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report

CONCEPT OF WIRELESS ELECTRICITY- WITRICITY

is the bonafide work of

NAVEEN KUMAR GUPTA

B.TECH-3rd year

Electronics and Communication Engineering

who carried out the project work under my supervision, and I express

my delight on it successful completion.

I wish his success in all his future endeavors.

RISHISH MISHRA

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION DEPTT.APOLLO INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ,KANPUR


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PREFACE:-

WITRICITY is nothing but Wireless Electricity.

Transmission of electrical energy from one object to another without the use of wires is said

to be Wireless electricity or WITRICITY.

Witricitys wireless power transfer technology can be applied in a wide variety of

applications and environments. The ability of this technology is to transfer power safely,

efficiently, and over distance can improve products by making them more convenient,

reliable, and environmentally friendly.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SR NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

I BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE 2

II PREFACE 3

1. ABSTRACT 5-6

2. INTRODUCTION 7-8

3. BACKGROUND OF WIRELESS POWER 9

4. LITERATURE SURVEY 10-14

5. WHAT ACTUALLY WITRICITY IS 15-17

6. PRINCIPLE BEHIND WITRICITY 18

7. BRAIN BEHIND WITRICITY 19

8. PHENOMENON OF ELECTROMAGNETIC 19-20

INDUCTION9. MITS EXPERIMENT 21-22

UNIQUENESS OF THE EXPERIMENT

10. FIGURE REPRESENTING WITRICITY 23

11. HOW SAFE IS WITRICITY 24

12. FEATURES AND BENEFIT OF WITRICITY 25-26

13. FUTURE AND SCOPES OF WITRICITY 27

14. ADVANTAGE AND APPLICATIONS 28-34

15. CONCLUSION 35-36

16. BIBLIOGRAPHY 37


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1. ABSTRACT

We cannot imagine the world without electric power. Generally the power is transmittedthrough wires. This report describes an original idea to eradicate the hazardous usage of

electrical wires which involve lot of confusion in particularly organizing them.

Imagine a future in which wireless power transfer is feasible: cell phones,

household robots, mp3 players, laptop computers and other portable electronics capable

of charging themselves without ever being plugged in, freeing us from that final,

ubiquitous power wire. Some of these devices might not even need their bulky batteries

to operate. This paper includes the techniques of transmitting power without using wires

with an efficiency of about 95% with non-radiative methods. Due to which it does not

effect the environment surrounding. These techniques includes resonating inductive

coupling in sustainable moderate range.

The coupling consists of an inductor along with a capacitor with its own

resonating frequency. In any system of coupled resonators there often exists a so-called

strongly coupled regime of operation. If one ensures to operate in that regime in a

given system, the energy transfer can be very efficient . Another technique includes

transfer of power through microwaves using rectennas.This is particularly suitable forlong range distances ranging kilometers. With this we can avoid the confusion and

danger of having long, hazardous and tangled wiring.

The technology used for wireless power transmission is known as Witricity. Wireless

spower transmission is not a new idea; Nikola Tesla proposed theories of wireless

power transmission in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Since then many researchers

have developed several techniques for moving electricity over long distances without

wires. In 2006 researchers at Massachusetts Institute of Technology led by Marine

Soijacic discovered an efficient way to transfer power between coils separated by a

few meters. They have dubbed this technology as Witricity. Witricity is based upon

coupled resonant objects.

Two resonant objects of the same resonant frequency tend to exchange energy

efficiently, while not interchanging the surroundings. The researchers demonstrated the

ability to transfer 60W with approximately 40% efficiency over distance in excess of 2

meters. Currently the project is looking for power transmission in the range of 100watts.


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As witricity is in the development stage, lots of work is to be done in improving

the range of power transmission and efficiency. Generating power by placing satellites

with giant solar arrays in Geosynchronous Earth Orbit and transmitting the power as

microwaves to the earth known as Solar Power Satellites (SPS) is the largest application

of Wireless Power Transfer (WPT). Another application of WPT is moving targets such

as fuel free airplanes, fuel free electric vehicles, moving robots and fuel free rockets.


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2. INTRODUCTION

One of the major issue in power system is the losses occurs during the transmission and

distribution of electrical power. As the demand increases day by day, the power generation

increases and the power loss is also increased. The major amount of power loss occurs

during transmission and distribution. The percentage of loss of power during transmission

and distribution is approximated as 26%. The main reason for power loss during

transmission and distribution is the resistance of wires used for grid. The efficiency of power

transmission can be improved to certain level by using high strength composite over head

conductors and underground cables that use high temperature super conductor. But, the

transmission is still inefficient. According to the World Resources Institute (WRI), Indias

electricity grid has the highest transmission and distribution losses in the world a whopping

27%. Numbers published by various Indian government agencies put that number at 30%,

40% and greater than 40%. This is attributed to technical losses (grids inefficiencies) and

theft.

Any problem can be solved by stateof-the-art technology. The above discussed problem canbe solved by choose an alternative option for power transmission which could provide much

higher efficiency, low transmission cost and avoid power theft. Microwave Power

Transmission is one of the promising technologies and may be the righteous alternative for

efficient power transmission. At present the power can be transmitted from one place to

another place through the wire connection only. In future without wire connection the

electrical home appliances such as light, fan, TV, Fridge may works in our homes. This

miracle will be happened with wireless current. Recently the Sony Company has

developed this technology. The name of this new technology is PROTO TYPE POWER

SYSTEM

So far we have seen the wireless data transferring. Through this technology the

information available in one mobile phone can transmitted to another mobile without any

wire connection. This kind transmission is made possible with Bluetooth technology. Due to

blue tooth technology the information is transferring very conveniently from one electronic


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device to another electronic device. Now-a-days this method of transferring of information is

become very common.

In this process the two electronic devices should be kept in working mode only. To

maintain the working mode status of electronic devices the power transmission iscompulsory. This power is transmitted through one wire called as AC (alternative current) or

transmitted through battery (direct current) DC. Any how the transmission of power is

compulsory through alternative current or direct current, so as to keep the two electronic

devices in working mode and then only the transmission of information from one electronic

device to another electronic device is possible.

If the same blue tooth technology can be used in the power transmission system. Then

there is no necessity to keep the TV and fridge wires connections in current plugs.Without wire connections the TV and Fridge the electronics and electrical equipments

will function in our homes. In the same manner all the electrical equipments, lights, fans,

washing machine, Electrical iron box and Geyser etc., may works without wire

connections only.

As a matter of fact it is a magic and wonder. The electrical home wiring is not

required. But all the electrical equipments available in home will start their function on

your command. This kind of technology is reaching to the public in a very short period.


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3. BACKGROUND OF WIRELESS POWER

In this remarkable discovery of the "True Wireless" and the principles upon which

transmission and reception, even in the present day systems, are based, Dr. Nikola Tesla

shows us that he is indeed the "Father of the Wireless." The most well-known and famous

Wardenclyffe Tower (Tesla Tower) was designed and constructed mainly for wireless

transmission of electrical power, rather than telegraphy. The most popular concept known is

Tesla Theory in which it was firmly believed that Wardenclyffe would permit wireless

transmission and reception across large distances with negligible losses. In spite of this hehad made numerous experiments of high quality to validate his claim of possibility of

wireless transmission of electricity . But this was an unfortunate incidence that people of that

century was not in a position to recognize his splendid work otherwise today we may

transmit electricity wirelessly and will convert our mother earth a wonderful adobe full of

electricity. This was to be the first broadcasting system in the world. Tesla wanted to

transmit electricity from this Tower to the whole globe without wires using the Ionosphere.

The source of the transmitted electricity was to be the Niagara Falls power plant.

The 187-foot Wardenclyffe Tower (Tesla Tower) in 1903. This was to be the first broadcastingsystem in the world. Tesla wanted to transmit electricity from this Tower to the whole globe withoutwires using the Ionosphere. The source of the transmitted electricity was to be the Niagara Falls

power plant[1].


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4. LITERATURE SURVEY OR TIMELINE OF WIRELESS POWER:-

1820: Andr-Marie Ampre develops Amperes law showing that electric current

produces a magnetic field.

1831: Michael Faraday develops Faradays law of induction describing the

electromagnetic force induced in a conductor by a time-varying magnetic flux.

1836: Nicholas Callan invents the electrical transformer.

1864: James Clerk Maxwell synthesizes the previous observations, experiments and

equations of electricity, magnetism and optics into a consistent theory and

mathematically models the behavior ofelectromagnetic radiation.

1888: Heinrich Rudolf Hertz confirms the existence of electromagnetic radiation.

Hertzs "apparatus for generating electromagnetic waves" was a VHF orUHF "radio

wave" spark gap transmitter.

1891: Tesla improves Hertz-wave wireless transmitter RF power supply or exciter in

his patent No. 454,622, "System of Electric Lighting."

1893: Tesla demonstrates the wireless illumination of phosphorescent lamps of his

design at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.[92]

1893: Tesla publicly demonstrates wireless power before a meeting of theNational

Electric Light Association in St. Louis.[26][93][94]

1894: Tesla lights incandescent lamps wirelessly at the 35 South Fifth Avenue

laboratory in New York City by means of "electro-dynamic induction" or resonant

inductive coupling.[95][96][97]

1894: Hutin & LeBlanc, espouse long held view that inductive energy transfer should

be possible, they received U.S. Patent # 527,857 describing a system for power

transmission at 3 kHz.[98]

1894: Jagdish Chandra Bose ignites gunpowderand rings a bell at a distance using

electromagnetic waves, showing that communications signals can be sent without

using wires.[99][100]

1896: Tesla demonstrates wireless transmission over a distance of about

48 kilometres (30 mi).[101]

1897: Tesla files his first patent application dealing specifically with wirelesstransmission
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8rehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Callanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_Equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_gap_transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tesla_patentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_Columbian_Expositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electric_Light_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electric_Light_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_(Manhattan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdish_Chandra_Bosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Callanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's_Equationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UHFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spark_gap_transmitterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Tesla_patentshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World's_Columbian_Expositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electric_Light_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Electric_Light_Associationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_Avenue_(Manhattan)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagdish_Chandra_Bosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunpowderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirelesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re


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1899: Tesla continues his wireless power transmission research in Colorado Springs

and writes, "the inferiority of the induction method would appear immense as

compared with the disturbed charge of ground and air method." [102]

1902: Nikola Tesla vs. Reginald Fessenden - U.S. Patent Interference No. 21,701,

System of Signaling (wireless); wireless power transmission, time and frequency

domain spread spectrum telecommunications, electronic logic gates in general.[103]

1904: At the St. Louis World's Fair, a prize is offered for a successful attempt to drive

a 0.1 horsepower(75 W) airship motorby energy transmitted through space at a

distance of at least 100 feet (30 m).[104]

1916: Tesla states, "In my [disturbed charge of ground and air] system, you should

free yourself of the idea that there is [electromagnetic] radiation, that energy isradiated. It is not radiated; it is conserved."[105]

1917: Tesla's Wardenclyffe toweris demolished. . . .

1926: Shintaro Uda and Hidetsugu Yagipublish their first paper on Uda's "tuned

high-gain directional array"[33] better known as the Yagi antenna.

1961: William C. Brown publishes an article exploring possibilities of microwave

power transmission.[106][107]

1964: Brown demonstrates on CBS News with Walter Cronkite a model helicopter

that receives all of the power needed for flight from a microwave beam. Between

1969 and 1975, Brown is technical director of a JPLRaytheon program that beams

30 kW over a distance of 1600 meters (1 mile) at 84% efficiency.[citation needed]

1968: Peter Glaserproposes wirelessly transmitting solar energy captured in space

using "Powerbeaming" technology.[108][109] This is usually recognized as the first

description of a solar power satellite.

1971: Prof. Don Otto develops a small trolley powered by induction at The

University of Auckland, in New Zealand.[citation needed]

1973: The world's first passive RFID system is demonstrated at Los-Alamos National

Lab.[110]

1975: Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex does experiments in the tens

of kilowatts.[34][35][36]

1988: A power electronics group led by Prof. John Boys at The University of

Auckland in New Zealand, develops an inverter using novel engineering materials
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirigiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintaro_Udahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidetsugu_Yagihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagi_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cronkitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Glaserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spread_spectrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepowerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirigiblehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shintaro_Udahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidetsugu_Yagihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yagi_antennahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_C._Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Newshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cronkitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPLhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raytheonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilowatthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Glaserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power_satellitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_couplinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFIDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldstone_Deep_Space_Communications_Complex


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and power electronics and conclude that power transmission by means of

electrodynamic induction should be achievable. A first prototype for a contact-less

power supply is built. Auckland Uniservices, the commercial company of The

University of Auckland, patents the technology.[citation needed]

1989: Daifuku, a Japanese company, engages Auckland Uniservices Ltd. to develop

technology for car assembly plants and materials handling providing challenging

technical requirements including multiplicity of vehicles.[citation needed]

1990: Prof. John Boys team develops novel technology enabling multiple vehicles to

run on the same inductive power loop and provide independent control of each

vehicle. Auckland UniServices Patents the technology.[citation needed]

1996: Auckland Uniservices develops an Electric Bus power system using

electrodynamic induction to charge (30-60 kW) opportunistically commencing

implementation in New Zealand. Prof John Boys Team commission 1st commercial

IPT Bus in the world at Whakarewarewa, in New Zealand. [citation needed]

1998: RFID tags are powered by electrodynamic induction over a few feet.

1999: Dr. Herbert L. Becker powers a lamp and a hand held fan from a distance of 30

feet.[citation needed]

1999: Prof. Shu Yuen (Ron) Hui and Mr. S.C. Tang of the City University of Hong

Kong file a patent on "Coreless Printed-Circuit-Board (PCB) transformers and

operating techniques", which form the basis for future planar charging surface with

"vertical flux" leaving the planar surface. The circuit uses resonant circuits for

wireless power transfer. EP(GB)0935263B

2000: Prof. Shu Yuen (Ron) Hui invent a planar wireless charging pad using the

"vertical flux" approach and resonant power transfer for charging portable consumer

electronic products. A patent is filed on "Apparatus and method of an inductive

battery charger, PCT Patent PCT/AU03/00 721, 2000.

2000: Based on the coreless PCB transformer developed by Prof. Ron Hui, Prof. B.

Choi and his team at Kyungpook National University publish a paper on A new

contactless battery charger for portable telecommunication/computing electronics, in

Proc. ICCE00 Int. Conf. Consumer Electron., 2000, pp. 5859. The coreless PCB

transformer is used to wirelessly charge a mobile phone.

2001 Prof. Shu Yuen (Ron) Hui and Dr. S.C. Tang file a patent on "Planar Printed-

Circuit-Board Transformers with Effective Electromagnetic Interference (EMI)
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Shielding". The EM shield consists of a thin layer of ferrite and a thin layer of copper

sheet. It enables the underneath of the future wireless charging pads to be shielded

with a thin EM shield structure with thickness of typically 0.7mm or less. Patent:

US6,501,364.

2001: Prof. Ron Hui's team demonstrate that the coreless PCB transformer can

transmit power close to 100W in A low-profile low-power converter with coreless

PCB isolation transformer, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Volume: 16

Issue: 3 , May 2001. A team of Philips Research Center Aachen, led by Dr. Eberhard

Waffenschmidt, use it to power

an 100W lighting device in their paper "Size advantage of coreless transformers in

the MHz range" in the European Power Electronics Conference in Graz.

2001: Splashpowerformed in the UK. Uses coupled resonant coils in a flat "pad"

style to transfer tens of watts into a variety of consumer devices, including lamp,

phone, PDA, iPod etc.[citation needed]

2002: Prof. Shu Yuen (Ron) Hui extends the planar wireless charging pad concept

using the vertical flux approach to incorporate free-positioning feature for multiple

loads. This is achieved by using a multilayer planar winding array structure. Patent

were granted as "Planar Inductive Battery Charger", GB2389720 and GB 2389767.

2004: Electrodynamic induction used by 90 percent of the US$1 billion clean room

industry for materials handling equipment in semiconductor, LCD and plasma screen

manufacture.[citation needed]

2005: Prof. Shu Yuen (Ron) Hui and Dr. W.C. Ho of City University of Hong Kong

publish their work in the IEEE Transactions on a planar wireless charging platform

with free-positioning feature. The planar wireless charging pad is able to charge

several loads simultaneously on a flat surface.

2005: Prof Boys' team at The University of Auckland, refines 3-phase IPT Highway

and pick-up systems allowing transmission of power to moving vehicles in the lab.

[citation needed]

2007: A localized charging technique is reported by Dr. Xun Liu and Prof. Ron Hui

for the wireless charging pad with free-positioning feature. With the aid of the

double-layer EM shields enclosing the transmitter and receiver coils, the localized

charging selects the right transmitter coil so as to minimize flux leakage and human

exposure to radiation.
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2007: Using electro dynamic induction a physics research group, led by Prof. Marin

Soljacic, at MIT, wirelessly power a 60W light bulb with 40% efficiency at a

2 meters (6.6 ft) distance with two 60 cm-diameter coils.

2008: Bombardier offers a new wireless power transmission product PRIMOVE, a

system for use on trams and light-rail vehicles.

2008: Industrial designer Thanh Tran, at Brunel University makes a wireless lamp

incorporating a high efficiency 3W LED.

2008: Intel reproduces Tesla's original 1894 implementation of electro dynamic

induction and Prof. John Boys group's 1988 follow-up experiments by wirelessly

powering a nearby light bulb with 75% efficiency.[113]

2008: Greg Leyh and Mike Kennan of theNevada Lightning Laboratorypublish a

paper on Tesla's disturbed charge of ground and air method of wireless power

transmission with circuit

simulations and test results showing an efficiency greater than can be obtained using

the electro dynamic induction method.[114]

2009: A Consortium of interested companies called the Wireless Power Consortium

announce they are nearing completion for a new industry standard for low-power

inductive charging

2009: Palm (now a division HP) launches the Palm Pre smart phone with the Palm

Touchstone wireless charger.

2009: An Ex approved Torch and Charger aimed at the offshore market is introduced.

This product is developed by Wireless Power & Communication, a Norway based

company.

2009: A simple analytical electrical model of electro dynamic induction power

transmission is proposed and applied to a wireless power transfer system for

implantable devices.

2009: Laser motive uses diode laser to win $900k NASA prize in power beaming,

breaking several world records in power and distance, by transmitting over a kilowatt

more than several hundred meters.

2009: Sony shows a wireless electro dynamic-induction powered TV set, 60 W over

50 cm

2010: Haier Group debuts the world's first completely wireless LCD television at

CES 2010 based on Prof. Marin Soljacic 's follow-up research on Tesla's electro
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Soljacichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Soljacichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PRIMOVE&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Lightning_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Power_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_charginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Prehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_Touchstone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_Touchstone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Power_&_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasermotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Soljacichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Soljacichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Soljacichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PRIMOVE&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nevada_Lightning_Laboratory&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Power_Consortiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_charginghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Prehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_Touchstone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palm_Touchstone&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Power_&_Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasermotivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marin_Soljacic


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dynamic induction wireless energy transmission method and the Wireless Home

Digital Interface (WHDI).

5. WHAT ACTUALLY WITRICITY IS.

WiTricity is nothing but wireless electricity. Transmission of electrical energy from one

object to another from one object to another without the use of wires is called as

WITRICITY.

WiTricity will ensure that the cellphones, laptops, iPods and other power hungry devices

get charged on their own,eliminating the need of plugging them in. Even better, because of

WiTricity some of the devices wont require batteries to operate.

Understanding what WiTricity technology istransferring electric energy or power overdistance without wiresis quite simple. Understanding how it works is a bit more involved,

but it doesnt require an engineering degree. Well start with the basics of electricity and

magnetism, and work our way up to the WiTricity technology.

Electricity: The flow of electrons (current) through a conductor (like a wire), or chargesthrough the atmosphere (like lightning). A convenient way for energy to get from one place

to another!

Magnetism: A fundamental force of nature, which causes certain types of materials to

attract or repel each other. Permanent magnets, like the ones on your refrigerator and the

earths magnetic field, are examples of objects having constant magnetic fields.

Oscillating magnetic fields vary with time, and can be generated by alternating current (AC)

flowing on a wire. The strength, direction, and extent of magnetic fields are often represented

and visualized by drawings of the magnetic field lines.

Electromagnetism: A term for the interdependence of time-varying electric andmagnetic fields. For example, it turns out that an oscillating magnetic field produces an

electric field and an oscillating electric field produces a magnetic field.

Magnetic Induction: A loop or coil of conductive material like copper, carrying analternating current (AC), is a very efficient structure for generating or capturing a magneticfield.

If a conductive loop is connected to an AC power source, it will generate an oscillating

magnetic field in the vicinity of the loop. A second conducting loop, brought close enough

to the first, may capture some portion of that oscillating magnetic field, which in turn,
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generates or induces an electric current in the second coil. The current generated in the

second coil may be used to power devices. This type of electrical power transfer from one

loop or coil to another is well known and referred to as magnetic induction. Some common

examples of devices based on magnetic induction are electric transformers and electric

generators.


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Energy/Power Coupling: Energy coupling occurs when an energy source has a meansof transferring energy to another object. One simple example is a locomotive pulling a traincarthe mechanical coupling between the two enables the locomotive to pull the train, and

overcome the forces of friction and inertia that keep the train stilland, the train moves.Magnetic coupling occurs when the magnetic field of one object

Resonance: Resonance is a property that exists in many different physical systems. It canbe thought of as the natural frequency at which energy can most efficiently be added to anoscillating system. A playground swing is an example of an oscillating system involving

potential energy and kinetic energy. The child swings back and forth at a rate that isdetermined by the length of the swing. The child can make the swing go higher if she

properly coordinates her arm and leg action with the motion of the swing. The swing isoscillating at its resonant frequency and the simple movements of the child efficientlytransfer energy to the system. Another example of resonance is the way in which a singer can

shatter a wine glass by singing a single loud, clear note. In this example, the wine glass is theresonant oscillating system. Sound waves traveling through the air are captured by the glass,and the sound energy is converted to mechanical vibrations of the glass itself. When thesinger hits the note that matches the resonant frequency of the glass, the glass absorbsenergy, begins vibrating, and can eventually even shatter. The resonant frequency of theglass depends on the size, shape, thickness of the glass, and how much wine is in it.

Resonant Magnetic Coupling: Magnetic coupling occurs when two objects exchangeenergy through their varying or oscillating magnetic fields. Resonant coupling occurs whenthe natural frequencies of the two objects are approximately the same.

WiTricity Technology: WiTricity power sources and capture devices are speciallydesigned magnetic resonators that efficiently transfer power over large distances via themagnetic near-field. These proprietary source and device designs and the electronic systemsthat control them support efficient energy transfer over distances that are many times the sizeof the sources/devices themselves.

The WiTricity power source, left, is connected toAC power. The blue lines represent the magnetic near field induced by the power source.

The yellow lines represent the flow of energy from the source to the WiTicity capture coil,which is shown powering a light bulb. Note that this diagram also shows how the magneticfield (blue lines) can wrap around a conductive obstacle between the power source and the

capture device.


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The blue lines represent the magnetic field As current I,is flowing itthat is created when current flows through a coil. give rise to the magnetic fieldWhen the current reverses direction, themagnetic field also reverses its direction.

An illustration representing An electric transformer is a device

the earth's magnetic field that uses magnetic induction .

Two idealized resonant magnetic coils, shownin yellow. The blue and red color bands illustrate their magnetic fields. The coupling of theirrespective magnetic fields is indicated by the connection of the colorbands.


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6. What's the Principle behind Wit ricity ?

Witricity - Wireless Electricity, these words are simpler said than done.The concept

behind this fascinating term is a little complex.

However, if you want to understand it, try and picture what I state in the next few lines.

Consider two self resonating copper coils of same resonating frequency with a diameter 20

inches each. One copper wire is connected to the power source (Witricity transmitter),

while the other copper wire is connected to the device (Witricity Receiver).

The electric power from the power source causes the copper coil connected to it to

start oscillating at a particular (MHz) frequency. connected to it to start oscillating at a

Subsequently, the space around the copper coil gets filled with non- magnetic radiations.

This generated magnetic field further transfers the power to the other copper coil

connected to the receiver. Since this coil is also of the same frequency, it starts oscillating

at the same frequency as the first coil. This is known as 'coupled resonance' and is the

principle behind Witricity.


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7. The Brain behind Wit ricity ?

Prof. Marin Soljacic from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), is the one

who has proved that magnetic coupled resonance can be utilized in order to transfer energy

without wires. What's even more interesting is how he came about this idea. Soljacic,

just like any of us was fed up of his 'low battery' beeping cellphone and wondered

just like any of us if there was a way to get rid of this 'charging problem'. However,

here is where the difference between Soljacic and any of us comes in. He didn't just stand

there wondering, instead he tried to figure out if there existed any physical

phenomenon which could be of some help. He remembered Michael Faraday's discovery of

electromagnetic induction (1831) and used it to come up with WiTricity.

8. PHENOMENON OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION


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Electromagnetic Induction usually provides high power levels which can provide

output of several watts (W) to several hundred KW. Large amounts of power can be

transmitted by electromagnetic induction, but receiver must be located adjacent to the

transmitter which means the terminal must have a battery. The effective range is probably

1cm or less. Electromagnetic induction is proportional to the intensity of the current and

voltage in the conductor which produces the fields and to the frequency. The higher the

frequency the more intense the induction effect. Energy is transferred from a conductor that

produces the fields (the primary) to any conductor on which the fields impinge (the

secondary). Part of the energy of the primary conductor passes inductively across space

into secondary conductor and the energy decreases rapidly along the primary conductor.

A high frequency current does not pass for long distances along a conductor but rapidly

transfers its energy by induction to adjacent conductors. Higher induction resulting from the

higher frequency is the explanation of the apparent difference in the propagation of high

frequency disturbances from the propagation of the low frequency power of alternating

current systems.

The higher the frequency the more preponderant become the inductive effects that

transfer energy from circuit to circuit across space. The more rapidly the energy decreases

and the current dies out along the circuit, the more local is the phenomenon.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency


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Representation of Electromagnetic Induction

9. MIT's Experiment:

In 2007, Marin Soljacic led a five member team of researchers at MIT (funded by Army

Research Office, National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy) and

experimentally demonstrated transfer of electricity without the use of wires. These

researchers were able to light a 60W bulb from a source placed seven feet away, with

absolutely no physical contact between the bulb and the power source.

The first copper coil (24 inches in diameter) was connected to the made to resonate at

a frequency of 10 MHz. The bulb glowed even when different objects (like a wooden

panel) were placed between the two coils. The system worked with 40% efficiency and the

power

that wasn't utilized remained in the vicinity of the transmitter itself, and did not

radiate to the surrounding environment.


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9. What's so Unique about Soljacic's experiment?

What Soljacic's team has done is that they have specifically tuned the transmitting unit

to the receiving device. The transmission is also not hindered by the presence of any object

in the line of sight. If the object to be charged is in the vicinity of the WiTricity source,

then the energy transfer will undoubtedly take place.

In this 'coupling resonance' system, the electric energy that is not used up by the

receiver does not get radiated into the surrounding environment, but remains inthe vicinity of the transmitter. This ensures safety as well as minimal wastage of power.

One of the five researchers, Dr. Aristeidis Karalis says that their coupling resonance system

is one million times more efficient as compared to that of Nikola Tesla.


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10. FIGURE REPRESENTING THE WITRICITY


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11. How Safe is WiTricity ?


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Human beings or other objects placed between the transmitter and receiver do not hinder

the transmission of power. However, does magnetic coupling or resonance coupling have

any harmful effects on humans? MIT's researchers are quite confident that WiTricity's

'coupling resonance' is safe for humans. They say that the magnetic fields tend to interact

very weakly with the biological tissues of the body, and so are not prone to cause any

damage to any living beings.

Non-Radiative Energy Transfer is Safe for People and Animals

WiTricitys technology is a non-radiative mode of energy transfer, relying instead on the

magnetic near field. Magnetic fields interact very weakly with biological organismspeople

and animalsand are scientifically regarded to be safe. Professor Sir John Pendry of

Imperial College London, a world renowned physicist, explains: The body really responds

strongly to electric fields, which is why you can cook a chicken in a microwave. But it

doesn't respond to magnetic fields. As far as we know the body has almost zero response to

magnetic fields in terms of the amount of power it absorbs." Evidence of the safety of

magnetic fields is illustrated by the widespread acceptance and safety of household magnetic

induction cooktops.

Through proprietary design of the WiTricity source, electric fields are almost completely

contained within the source. This design results in levels of electric and magnetic fields

which fall well within regulatory guidelines. Thus WiTricity technology doesnt give rise to

radio frequency emissions that interfere with other electronic devices, and is not a source of

electric and magnetic field levels that pose a risk to people or animals.

Limits for human exposure to magnetic fields are set by regulatory bodies such as the FCC,

ICNIRP, and are based on broad scientific and medical consensus. WiTricity technology is

being developed to be fully compliant with applicable regulations regarding magnetic fields

and electromagnetic radiation.


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12. FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF WITRICITYTECHNOLOGY

Highly Resonant Strong Coupling Provides High Efficiency Over Distance

WiTricity's mode of wireless power transfer is highly efficient over distances ranging from

centimeters to several meters. We define efficiency as the amount of usable electrical energy

that is available to the device being powered, divided by the amount of energy that is drawn

by the WiTricitysource. In many applications, efficiency can exceed 90%.

And WiTricity sources only transfer energy when it is needed. When a WiTricity powered

device no longer needs to capture additional energy, the WiTricity power source will

automatically reduce its power consumption to a power saving idle state. Contact

WiTricity to learn the efficiency and distance ranges that can be achieved in your

applications.

Energy Transfer via Magnetic Near Field Can Penetrate and Wrap Around Obstacles

The magnetic near field has several properties that make it an excellent means of transferring

energy in a typical consumer, commercial, or industrial environment. Most common

building and furnishing materials, such as wood, gypsum wall board, plastics, textiles, glass,

brick, and concrete are essentially transparent to magnetic fields

enabling WiTricity technology to efficiently transfer power through them. In addition, the

magnetic near field has the ability to wrap around many metallic obstacles that might

otherwise block the magnetic fields. WiTricitys applications engineering team will work

with you to address the materials and environmental factors that may influence wireless

energy transfer in your application.

Scalable Design Enables Solutions from milliwatts to Kilowatts

WiTricitysystems can be designed to handle a broad range of power levels. The benefits of

highly efficient energy transfer over distance can be achieved at power levels ranging from

milliwatts to several kilowatts. This enables WiTricity technology to be used in applications

as diverse as powering a wireless mouse or keyboard (milliwatts) to recharging an electric


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passenger vehicle (kilowatts). WiTricitytechnology operates in a load following mode,

transferring only as much energy as the powered device requires.

Flexible Geometry Allows Witricity Devices to be Embedded into OEM Products

Witricity technology is being designed so that it can be easily embedded into a wide variety

of products and systems. The physics of resonant magnetic coupling enables WiTricity

engineers to design power sources and devices of varying shapes and sizes, to match both the

packaging requirements and the power transfer requirements in a given OEM application.

WiTricity has designed power capture devices compact enough to fit into a cell phone.


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13. FUTURE AND SCOPES OF WITRICITY

MIT's Witricity is only 40 to 45% efficient and according to Soljacic, they have to be

twice as efficient to compete with the traditional chemical batteries. The team's next aim

is to get a robotic vacuum or a laptop working, charging devices placed anywhere in the

room and even robots on factory floors. The researchers are also currently working on

the health issues related to this concept and have said that in another three to five

years time, they will come up with a WiTricity system for commercial use.

WiTricity, if successful will definitely change the way we live. Imagine cellphones, laptops,

digital camera's getting self charged! Wow! Let's hope the researchers will be able to

come up with the commercial system soon. Till then, we wait in anticipation!

The electronic revolution of the past century has been a tangled affair. Remember when

phones were always wired into the wall? When the internet required one more cord from the

back of your computer? Wireless is the future, which is all well and good for information

transfer. But what about energy itself?

New research is bringing energy transfer into the wireless world. Soon, a central hub could

be charging your batteries, laptop, televisions, electric cars, you name it right through the

air. You might never untangle a wire again. Cool, right?

Wireless energy is built on the principle of resonant coupling. The devices use copper coils

that, if tuned to the same frequency, can resonate with one another. One coil is plugged into

the wall, and creates an electromagnetic field; another coil nearby resonates with the firstfield, picking up some energy in the process to fuel your electronics. The magnetic field lets

energy flow regardless of obstacles in the way, so the current can travel through walls.

Currently, the type of radiation involved can only resonate within a few meters.

Over the past few years, a number of companies have been racing to put wireless energy on

the market. Last week, researchers at Intel showcased a wirelessly charged iPod speaker. In

2007, researchers at MIT revealed a similar project that powered a lightbulb remotely. The


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physicist and project leaderMarin Soljacic (winner of a MacArthur genius

grantFellowship) went on to found the start-up WiTricity, which is leading the pack in

developing a commercially viable product.

Mobiles Phones and I-Pods are charging wirelessly.

14. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

14.1 Advantages

Wireless Power Transmission system would completely eliminates the existing high-tension

power transmission line cables, towers and sub stations between the generating station and

consumers and facilitates the interconnection of electrical generation plants on a global scale.It has more freedom of choice of both receiver and transmitters. Even mobile transmitters

and receivers can be chosen for the WPT system. The cost of transmission and distribution

become less and the cost of electrical energy for the consumer also would be reduced. The

power could be transmitted to the places where the wired transmission is not possible. Loss

of transmission is negligible level in the Wireless Power Transmission; therefore, the

efficiency of this method is very much higher than the wired transmission. Power is available

at the rectenna as long as the WPT is operating. The power failure due to short circuit and

fault on cables would never exist in the transmission and power theft would be not possible

at all.

1. Eliminates the use of power transmission lines, cables and substations, thus reducing

the cost of electrical energy.

2. More freedom of choice of both receiver and transmitter.

3. Power can be transferred to the places where wired transmission is not possible.
http://www.mit.edu/~soljacic/http://www.witricity.com/index.htmlhttp://www.mit.edu/~soljacic/http://www.witricity.com/index.html


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4. Low transmission loss, thus increasing the efficiency.

5. To make the recharge of electronic devices more convenient for consumer especially

for the elderly and the disabled

6. To reduce the Faults because of Short Circuit of wires and cables

Advantage of SPS :-

The idea collecting solar energy in space and returning it to earth using microwave beam

has many attractions.

1. The full solar irradiation would be available at all times expect when the sun is

eclipsed by the earth . Thus about five times energy could be collected, compared with

the best terrestrial sites

2. The power could be directed to any point on the earths surface.

3. The zero gravity and high vacuum condition in space would allow much

lighter, low maintenance structures and collectors.

4. The power density would be uninterrupted by darkness, clouds, orprecipitation,

which are the problems encountered with earth based solar arrays.

5. The realization of the SPS concept holds great promises for solving energy crisis

6. No moving parts.7. No fuel required.

8. No waste product.

Disadvantage:-

The Capital Cost for practical implementation of WPT seems to be very high and the other

disadvantage of the concept is interference of microwave with present communication

systems.

Disadvantage of SPS:-

The concept of generating electricity from solar energy in the space

itself has its inherent disadvantages also. Some of the major disadvantages are:

1. The main draw back of solar energy transfer from orbit is the storage of electricity

during off peak demand hours.


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2.The frequency of beamed radiation is planned to be at 2.45 GHz and this frequency

is used by communication satellites also.

3.The entire structure is massive.

4.High cost and require much time for construction.

5. Radiation hazards associated with the system.

6. Risks involved with malfunction.

7. High power microwave source and high gain antenna can be used to deliver an

intense burst of energy to a target and thus used as a weapon.

14.2 Biological Impacts

Common beliefs fear the effect of microwave radiation. But the studies in this domain

repeatedly proves that the microwave radiation level would be never higher than the dose

received while opening the microwave oven door, meaning it is slightly higher than the

emissions created by cellular telephones. Cellular telephones operate with power densities at

or below the ANSI/IEEE exposure standards. Thus public exposure to WPT fields would

also be below existing safety guidelines.

14.3 Applications Of WPT

Generating power by placing satellites with giant solar arrays in Geosynchronous Earth Orbit

and transmitting the power as microwaves to the earth known as Solar Power Satellites (SPS)

is the largest application of WPT. Another application of WPT is moving targets such as fuel

free airplanes, fuel free electric vehicles, moving robots and fuel free rockets. The other

applications of WPT are Ubiquitous Power Source (or) Wireless Power Source, Wireless

sensors and RF Power Adaptive Rectifying Circuits (PARC).

One application is the MPT for moving target, e.g., a fuel-free airplane, a fuel-free electric

vehicle (EV), and moving robot in a limited area. In the late 1980's, a program to

develop a longendurance high altitude platform called SHARP (Stationary High Altitude

Relay Platform) was proposed in Canada. The idea is to float an unmanned light-weight

airplane for a long period, circling

at an altitude of about 21 km for the purpose of relaying radio communications signals

over a wide area. To maintain the platform floating for weeks or months, fuel-less


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airplanes powered

by microwave energy transmitted from the ground was proposed and experimented in

Canada and in Japan. The Japanese experiment was called MILAX (Microwave

Lifted Airplane

experiment). In Japan, the MPT to an electric vehicle (EV) was also proposed and the MPT

experiment was carried out with small scale functional model of the EV.Another application

of the MPT is ground-to-ground (G-to-G) power transmission without wires toward a

distant place where wired power distribution networks are either unavailable or with

very poor distribution.

Two experiments were carried out in U.S.A. in 1975 and in Japan in 1995-96. In the

Japanese experiment, fundamental data on microwave power transmission were

collected under various weather conditions and experiments on the connection of the

recentness were carried out. The merits of the G-to-G MPT are quick installation and easy

disassembly because there are no linesbetween the transmitter and the receivers. So the

MPT can be used an emergency power supply.

* The most recently proposed MPT application is Ubiquitous Power Source or

Wireless Power Source. In a Ubiquitous Power Space, where power is fed via

microwave, one can extract electric power from weak microwaves anywhere and at any time.

Laboratory experiments have been already carried out in a shielded room. In the

concept of the UPS, the use of the microwave is very similar to tha t in the

communication system. The emitted microwave expands and weak microwave power is

received in many receivers.


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15. SMART APPLICATION OF WITRICITY TO CHARGE AVEHICLE

WiT-3300 Deployment Kit

The WiT-3300 Deployment Kit is a wireless Park-and-Chargeself-charging system for electric vehicles. Thesystem provides an efficient wireless energy transfer solution thatcompletely avoids the need for the driver

to plug in their battery electric vehicle or PHEV.

COMPONENTS FOR CHARGING THE CAR


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Benefits

High efficiency (90% at 18cm)

High power transfer rates (up to 3.3kW)

User friendly (tolerant to parking misalignment)

Works through pavement (can be installed

directly into a floor) and is weather resistant

Safe for people and animals; minimal EMI

Low implementation cost

4x smaller, 2x lighter, and more forgiving

than traditional magnetic induction


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Fig. showing the phenomenon of Charging procedure

Energy transfer over a distance and through paving materials

The WiT-3300 Deployment Kit is designed to transfer energy over distances ranging from

10-20cm, and custom configurations can be provided for vehicles having higher or lower

ground clearance. Wireless energy transfer can occur through any non-metallic material,

which means that the source device can be installed beneath a garage floor or paved parking

space.

Technological Advantage

WiTricitys patented energy transfer system does not require the source and capture

resonator pairs to be perfectly aligned in order to achieve efficient energy transfer. In

addition, our strongly coupled magnetic resonance energy transfer provides products which


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are 4x smaller, 2x lighter, and more efficient than solutions based on traditional magnetic

induction.

SPECIFICATION AND ATTRIBUTES OF THE

COMPONENTS

15. CONCLUSION

Wireless electricity transfer is in development stage, lots of work is to be done to use it for

wireless power applications. Currently the project is looking for power transmission in therange of 100w. Before the establishment of this technology the detailed study must be done

to check whether it cause any harm on any living beings.

We proved that power can be transmitted via resonantly coupled coils. Multiple resonant

frequencies found at many coil spacing.

Major problem arises in wireless electricity transfer through resonance inductive couplingare-


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1. To determine the values of inductance and capacitance at such a high resonantfrequency as 100-150 MHz.

2. Not availability of particular value of capacitance parameters.

3. Undesired variation of frequency in out of frequency generator.

4. At very low supply voltage (12-15v), very low efficiency occurs (20-30%).

5. At high voltage such as 220 volts, sparking occurs across winding terminals.

The concept of Microwave Power transmission (MPT) and Wireless Power

Transmission system is presented. The technological developments in Wireless Power

Transmission (WPT), the advantages, disadvantages, biological impacts and applications of

WPT are also discussed. This concept offers greater possibilities for transmitting power withnegligible losses and ease of transmission than any invention or discovery heretofore made.

Dr. Neville of NASA states You dont need cables, pipes, or copper wires to receive power.

We can send it to you like a cell phone call where you want it, when you want it, in real

time. We can expect with certitude that in next few years wonders will be wrought by its

applications if all the conditions are favorable. The transmission of power without wires is

not a theory or a mere possibility, it is now a reality. The electrical energy can be

economically transmitted without wires to any terrestrial distance. Many researchers have

established in numerous observations, experiments and measurements, qualitative and

quantitative.

Wireless transmission of electricity have tremendous merits like high transmission

integrity and Low Loss (90 97 % efficient) and can be transmitted to anywhere in the globe

and eliminate the need for an inefficient, costly, and capital intensive grid of cables, towers,

and substations. The system would reduce the cost of electrical energy used by the consumer

and get rid of the landscape of wires, cables, and transmission towers. It has negligible

demerits like reactive power which was found insignificant and biologically compatible. It

has a tremendous economic impact to human society. Many countries will benefit from this

service.


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16. BIBLIOGRAPHYen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_energy_transfer

http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/wireless-power.htm

http://www.instructables.com/id/Wireless-Power-Transmission-Over-Short-Distances-U/

http://www.witricity.com
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/wireless-power.htmhttp://www.instructables.com/id/Wireless-Power-Transmission-Over-Short-Distances-U/http://www.witricity.com/http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/wireless-power.htmhttp://www.instructables.com/id/Wireless-Power-Transmission-Over-Short-Distances-U/http://www.witricity.com/


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