Concilium 002 - Feb 1965 (Liturgia)

7/27/2019 Concilium 002 - Feb 1965 (Liturgia)

1/173

CEICMDM[H

Vkvmsta mitkriacmeiad

bk Rkedeoa

DMR[VOMA

J. _ A O I K V : \rkskitacmi. * C. WA OA OO MIM : Kd efmspe y da dmturoma. *

J . \A SC @K V : Kd efmspe y kd prksfmtkrme. * G V . H C H A I [ S : Kd pebkrjurbmce bkd efmspe ki da Ceistmtucmi bk da saoraba dmturoma. * J. J[IO-

HAII: Kd efmspe y des "sacra kxkrcmtma". * J . O KD MI KA [ : "Buh sup-

pdmcat kt psaddmt kccdksma" : Vkievacmi bkd caite y trabmcmi. Guicmi

bk des ceres. * O. BM KN H A I I : Kd duoar bk da ckdkfracmi dmtromca.

FEDKRMIK @ @[ C NK : Da hsmca dmtromca. * @. H AI BK VS : Cei-

ckdkfracmi. * C BAIIKKDS: Cehuimi faje ahfas kspkcmks.

BEC[HKIRACMEI BK CEICMDM[H.V. SCAV\ARM : A prepsmte bkd Ksquk

ha PMMM: "Kveducmi bkd ceickpte bk bksarredde".

CVIMCA WMWA BK DA MODKSMA.Ceiorkse mitkriacmeiad bk gerhacmi

para sackrbecme da Kurepa Eccmbkitad.

Gkfrkre 1=7;


2/173

\VKSKIRACMI

Da `msterma ies àfda uia y etra vkz bk rkgerhas dmtromcas,puks da dmturoma ie ks kxcdusmvahkitk efra bk Bmes, smie tahfmibkd èhfrk, àddibesk sehktmba per kdde a da dky bkd kivkjkcmhmkite y bk da ikcksmbab bk rkievacmi pkrhaikitk. Smi khfaroe, ks iukva ki da `msterma da aparmcmi bk ui hevmhmkite okikrad

bk rkievacmi bk da Modksma, quk teha su iehfrk bk da dmturoma,saca sus gukrzas bk da ckdkfracmi bk sta y àck bk su rkievacmida sitksms bk sus prepsmtes.

Mibkpkibmkitkhkitk bkd hehkite ki quk sk smtk kd prmicmpme bk kstk gkihkie: fmki àck aèra cmicukita y cmice aes,ki kd ddahabe "aceitkcmhmkite bk Hadmias", bk 63 bk skptmkhfrk bk 1= e àck adoe hs bk skskita aes, cei da pufdmca

cmi bkd Abetu preprme Rra dk seddkcmtubmim, bk sai \e P, kd 66 bkievmkhfrk bk 1= e trks okikracmeiks aitks, cei da rehitmcarkstauracmi bkd afab fkikbmctmie Oukraiokr y su guibacmi bkSedkshks, ki kd ae 1033> e hs dkjes ai, ki teba uia pecabk hevmhmkite kspmrmtuad, cei des preykctes dmtromces bk daMdustracmi hebkraba, sefrk tebe bk cehmkizes bkd smode PMP, kmicduse ya bkd smode PWMMM> e ya sk rktretramoai tebava hs des

cehmkizes, kiterpkcmbes uia y etra vkz: de cmkrte ks quk, kicuadqumkr case, ks gcmd ceistatar quk kd kdkhkite "pasterad" kstuve smkhprk prkskitk, y quk de kstuve ie ya bk hebe miceiscmkitk, smie pdkiahkitk ceiscmkitk. Da dmturoma ie tuve iuicacehe gmiadmbab da smhpdk dmturoma> iuica sk trat bk rkgerharracmeiadhkitk da dmturoma sde para àckrda cehprkismfdk> jahssk tkibm a uia hkra rkprmstmiacmei bk gerhas dmtromcas bk tmkh-


3/173

2 X. _aoikr

pes aitkrmerks sde per razi bk da aitmokbab> iuica sk tratsde bk da fkddkza y bk da gerha, bk d'art peur d'art: smkhprk kxmstm, per kd ceitrarme, ui kioaokhkit bk tmpe kspkcmad. Bk de quksk tratafa smkhprk kra bk des hebes kspkcmadks bk skitmr das rkadmbabks rkdmomesas ki da dmturoma y bk da ceivmccmi bk peikr aetres èhfrks ki ceitacte cei kddas per hkbme bk da dmturoma.

Bksbk sus prmhkres arraiquks y cehmkizes kd hevmhmkite dmtromce guk, puks, "pasterad"> auiquk, cehe ks domce, de guksk,ki sus bmvkrsas gasks, ki hkbmba bmgkrkitk, bk hebe bmstmite ycei hatmcks bmvkrses.

Aèra fmki, ki kd curse y da varmacmi bk sus bmvkrsas gasks,kstk hevmhmkite, quk vmkik bk huy dkjes, sk à mbe àcmkibecaba vkz hs ceiscmkitk bk s hmshe, àfmibesk pukste bk ha

imgmkste quk ie fasta kd trhmie "pasterad" para caractkrmzar devkrbabkrahkitk prepme bk d. E àfra quk kitkibkr kd trhmie"pasterad" ki ui skitmbe hucè hs preguibe y ahpdme quk kdquk tmkik cuaibe sk dk ceicmfk cehe ui htebe bk cura bk adhaskitrk etres, ks bkcmr, ki iukstre case, cehe pasterad per da dmturoma, pasterad bksbk kd adtar, e adoe parkcmbe. Iaba bk kste rksudtasugmcmkitk. \uks, mibubafdkhkitk, ki kd hevmhmkite dmtromce

sadk a duz adoe quk ks hucè hs èibe, adoe quk sk kicukitramicduse hs add bk da pasterad kitkibmba cehe actmvmbab, y adubka su guibahkite.

à iukva fask bk da pasterad sk pkrcmfk ki uia iukva aute-ceicmkicma bk da Modksma quk kst suromkibe aèra. Da Modksma bks

pmkrta ki das adhas (Ouarbmim). Kd pukfde bk Bmes cefra ceicmkicma bk s hmshe ki da dmturoma, à ckdkfracmi dmtromca ks da asah

fdka saita bkd pukfde bk Bmes. Ki kdda sk àck vmsmfdk stk ki sutetadmbab y ki sus kstahkites, des cuadks, smi pebkr cahfmarskim rkkhpdazarsk, sk bmgkrkicmai kitrk s jkrrqumcahkitk y adhmshe tmkhpe sk àddai hutuahkitk ceerbmiabes, actuaibe cabauie a su haikra> pkre sde cei su ce-epkracmi rkprkskitai datetadmbab. Ki da ckdkfracmi dmtromca da Modksma bkvmkik "aceitkcmhmkite" (Vaìkr). Ki stk y per stk aceitkck pkrhaikitk

hkitk aqu y aèra da asahfdka bk des "ddahabes gukra" para,


4/173

\rkskitacmi ;

gerhar da Knndksta, y tmkik duoar kd saite cehhkrcmuh bk Bmescei su pukfde ksceombe: Kd Sker sk kicukitra ki hkbme bk daasahfdka bk des suyes, hs ai, sta sk ceivmkrtk ki asahfdkasaita per kd `kcè bk kiceitrarsk kd Sker ki hkbme bk kdda. KdSker sk ba a S hmshe a des suyes, des cuadks rkspeibki cei accmeiks bk oracmas y cei adafaizas.

Kd hevmhmkite dmtromce, quk à `kcè cefrar bk iukve ceicmkicma bk tebe kste, ie ks, ki de hs èibe, smie partk, haim

gkstacmi kspkcmad y kxpeikitk bkstacabe bk ui preckse hucèhas oraibk y ahpdme, kd cuad bksbk àck fastaitk tmkhpe actamiceitkimfdkhkitk ki da Modksma, àcmkibe suromr bk iukve damhaoki bk sta y deoraibe quk sk da pkrcmfa y rkadmck bk haikraiukva y hs preguiba.

Rebe kste àck quk ie pukba cadmgmcarsk bk pure azar e bkhkre rksudtabe bk uia bksermkitacmi kd quk kd Ceicmdme Watmcaie Skouibe, cuye vkrbabkre tkha, skoi das mibmcacmeiks bkd

papa \afde WM, ks ui hs èibe auteceiecmhmkite y uia hsahpdma autebkscrmpcmi bk da Modksma, bkbmcask taite tmkhpe abmscutmr cukstmeiks bk dmturoma y bkspus bk predeioabes ksgukr

zes prehudoask ad gmi, cei su grute prmhkre, da Ceistmtucmi bkda Saoraba Dmturoma. Ad bmscutmr kd ksqukha bk da dmturoma, kdCeicmdme sk kiceitr, ya bksbk kd prmhkr ba, ki su tkha prepme:Bk Kccdksma. A hucès pukbk parkckrdks smi buba quk kd pdaibk Bmes sk teca ya cei das haies. Da grask bkd papa \e PMM, qukbmje quk kd hevmhmkite dmtromce kra ui trismte bkd KsprmtuSaite per su Modksma, à vukdte a ceigmrharsk bk hebe cdare.

Smkibe kste as, da Ceistmtucmi bk da Dmturoma bkd CeicmdmeWatmcaie Skouibe ks ui becuhkite quk hkrkck kspkcmad atki-cmi per partk bk tebes des quk vmvki ki da Modksma, atkicmi iesde ki de rkgkrkitk a das ierhas ceicrktas para da rkgerha dmtromca ki cuaite tad, smie sefrk tebe ki de rkgkrkitk a sus kiuicma'bes tkedomces y a sus mibmcacmeiks okikradks, quk sei bk iatu~radkza kcdksmad, y tahfmi y ie ki dtmhe trhmie ki de rk

gkrkitk a aqukddes prmicmpmes (àsta aèra ie kxprksabes iuicabk haikra gerhad), asmhmshe bk ibedk kcdksmad, bk des cuadks fre-


5/173

7 g. _aoikr

tai ierhas k mibmcacmeiks y ki des cuadks tmkiki aquddas su uimbab kspmrmtuad, a pksar bk teba da bmvkrsmbab kxmstkitk ki desbktaddks.

Rara kd prmhkr ihkre bk Ceicmduh bkbmcabe a da Ceistmtucmi bk da Dmturoma ceistmtua ui bkfkr urokitk kd bkstacar aitktebe adouies aspkctes kcdksmadks bk ksta Ceistmtucmi.

JE@AIIKS _AOIKV


6/173

KD EFMS\E ] DA DMR[VOMA

G [ I B A H K I R E S R K E D O M C E S

Kstk artcude prktkibk mdustrar kd guibahkite tkedomce bk dasrkdacmeiks quk kxmstki kitrk efmspe y dmturoma skoi da Ceistmtucmi Bk Sacra Dmturoma bkd Ceicmdme Watmcaie MM.

Kstk guibahkite aparkck cdarahkitk mibmcabe ki varmes puites bk da hmsha Ceistmtucmi. Fasta, puks a iukstre jumcme,peikrdes epertuiahkitk bk rkdmkvk k mdustrardes ki kd hfmte bk

da kcdksmedeoa bkd Ceicmdme.Da agmrhacmi guibahkitad bkd Ceicmdme ki kstk cahpe kst

ceitkimba ki kd artcude 21, beibk sk `afda bk da vmba dmtromcabk da bmcksms.

"Kd efmspe bkfk skr ceismbkrabe cehe kd orai sackrbetk bk suorky, bk qumki bkrmva y bkpkibk ki cmkrte hebe da vmba ki Crmste bk sus gmkdks.

"\er kse ceivmkik quk tebes tkioai ki orai aprkcme da vmbadmtromca bk da bmcksms ki terie ad efmspe, sefrk tebe ki da modksmacatkbrad, pkrsuabmbes bk quk da prmicmpad haimgkstacmi bk daModksma sk rkadmza ki da partmcmpacmi pdkia y actmva bk tebe kdpukfde saite bk Bmes ki das hmshas ckdkfracmeiks dmtromcas, partmcudarhkitk ki da hmsha Kucarmsta, ki uia hmsha eracmi, juitead imce adtar beibk prksmbk kd efmspe, rebkabe bk su prksfmtkrmey hmimstres."

Skoi kste, kd efmspe ks ceismbkrabe aitk tebe ya sk vkrhs abkdaitk quk sk ks prkcmsahkitk kd skitmbe bk da Ceistmtucmi cehe kd orai sackrbetk bk su orky, y da Modksma aparkckcehe rkadmzibesk y haimgkstibesk prmicmpadhkitk ki das ckdkfracmeiks dmtromcas, sefrk tebe ki da bk da Kucarmsta, cei da partmcmpacmi pdkiarma bk tebe kd pukfde ki terie ad efmspe: bes


7/173

0 C. Waoaoomim

agmrhacmeiks quk bkfkhes kxpdmcar kspkcmadhkitk ki su ceitkxtemihkbmate y ki kd bk tebe kd Ceicmdme.

1. KD EFMS\E KI DA \MVHMBK BK DA

MODKSMA WMSRA A \AVRMV BK S[ FASK

Da prmhkra pkrspkctmva quk ayuba a cehprkibkr kd skitmbebk das prkckbkitks agmrhacmeiks ks da ceismbkracmi bk da Modksmacehe ceiorkoacmi bk des `mjes bmspkrses per kd pkcabe, a des

quk Bmes peskk bk bkrkc`e para kd huibe y a des quk Kd, paraceivkrtmrdes ki pukfde suye, rkik y erbkia faje da oua bk desefmspes, uimibedes as ceismoe y kitrk kddes hmshes ki da cehuimi bk da vmba bmvmia.

Kstk ceickpte sk ceitmkik kxpdcmtahkitk ki kd artcude 67bk da Ceistmtucmi: "Das accmeiks dmtromcas ie sei accmeiks prmvabas, smie ckdkfracmeiks bk da Modksma, quk ks 'sacrahkite bk

uimbab', ks bkcmr, pukfde saite ceiorkoabe y erbkiabe faje dabmrkccmi bk des efmspes".

Ks uia tkrhmiedeoa bkrmvaba bk sai Cmprmaie. Da Modksma ks"uimtatms sacrahkituh" 1 perquk ks causa, kxprksmi y shfedebk da uimbab quk kidaza a des `ehfrks cei Bmes y kitrk s perpartmcmpacmi ki da uimbab quk kxmstk kitrk kd \abrk, kd @mje ykd Ksprmtu Saite 6. \er kse, da Modksma pukbk bkgmimrsk cehe bk

uimtatk \atrms kt Gmdmm kt Spmrmtus Saictm pdkfs abuiata 3

.Ki ksta ceiorkoacmi kd efmspe ks kd prmicmpme kxtkrie mihkbmate bk ce`ksmi y bk ui mbab : da Modksma ks da pdkfs saicta sackr-betm (kitmibask efmspe) abuiata kt pasterm sue orkx abfakrkis 2.\er kdde, ie sk ceicmfk da Modksma ad haroki bk su dkotmhe efmspe, im a stk ad haroki bk da Modksma: aibk scmrk bkfks kpmsce-cepuh mi Kccdksma kssk kt Kccdksmah mi kpmscepe ;.

1 Bk cat`. kccd. uimtatk ?.6 Mfmbkh 7.3 Bk beh. eratmeik 63.2 Kp. 77,0.; Mfmbkh.


8/173

Kd efmspe y da dmtar =

Da Modksma uimvkrsad kst gerhaba per da uimi bk das Modksmasdecadks ki vmrtub bk da cehuimi bk des efmspes kitrk s y bk dauimbab quk bk a` rksudta: ...quaibe Kccdksma quak catèdmca uiakst scmssa iei smt ikquk bmvmsa, skb utmquk ceiikxa kt ceàkrki-tmuh smfm mivmckh sackrbetuh odutmie cepdada 7.

Kstk hebe bk vkr da Modksma ks pkrgkctahkitk ertebexe. \ara

quk ska tahfmi cehpdkte ki da kxprksmi bk da rkadmbab rkvkdabakspkcmadhkitk, bkspus bk das ceiecmbas kxpdmcmtacmeiks bk dabectrmia bkd prmhabe bkd Vehaie \eitgmck, fasta aabmr, ceihs cdarmbab quk da khpdkaba per Cmprmaie, quk da cehuimi ceikd \apa ks kd prmicmpme misustmtumfdk, qukrmbe per Bmes, bk dauimbab bk caba uie bk des efmspes y gmkdks ki da Modksma uimvkrsad>prmicmpme bk su carctkr bk autitmces pasterks y ceiorkoaberksbkd pukfde saorabe ki da partmcmpacmi bk da uimbab quk uik ad

\abrk, ad @mje y ad Ksprmtu Saite. Bk beibk sk smouk quk, parakd fmki cehi bk da sadvaouarbma bk ksa uimbab, kd \apa peskkasmhmshe da petkstab bk dmhmtar kd kjkrcmcme bk des pebkrks bk desefmspes, aui cuaibe stes des rkcmfki bmrkcta y pdkiahkitk bkBmes, ki su hmsha ceisaoracmi kpmscepad, para ceibucmr a daorky quk tmkiki ceigmaba a das hktas bk da vmba sefrkiaturad.

Ks ui hebe bk ceismbkrar das kstructuras bk da Modksma, per as

bkcmrde, bksbk da fask bk da pmrhmbk: des `mjes bk Bmes, skparabes y bmspkrses bk Kd y kitrk s per kd pkcabe, sei bk iukveceiorkoabes y eroaimzabes cehe pukfde saite oracmas a su micerperacmi a da uimbab bkd \abrk, bkd @mje y bkd Ksprmtu Saite.\ara ddkvar a cafe kste, bk kitrk des hmshes gmkdks y para su skrvmcme kdmok Bmes a uies èhfrks, des efmspes, para quk skai kdicdke bmihmce ki terie ad cuad sk rkàoa da uimbab ki da ce

huimi bk vmba sefrkiaturad, y Kd hmshe des rkvmstk pdkiahkitkbk tebes des pebkrks ikcksarmes para kd cuhpdmhmkite bk su hmsmi.\kre, para sadvaouarbar da uimbab uimvkrsad y ksa hmsha ce`ksmiquk àck a da Modksma catdmca gukra bk da cuad ie ày sadvacmi,Bmes, kitrk des pasterks, bksmoia a uie y dk ba des pebkrks ikcksarmes para su hmsmi uimvkrsad, kitrk des cuadks gmoura kd bk dmhm-

Mfmbkh.


9/173

1< C. Waoaoomim

tar, cei vmstas ad fmki cehi, kd kjkrcmcme bk des pebkrks ceiiaturadks "pkr sk" a caba uie bk des efmspes.

Ksta pkrspkctmva, a da quk sk adubk frkvkhkitk ki da Ceistmtucmi sefrk da Dmturoma, ks da fask haimgmksta sefrk da cuad skartmcuda da vmsmi bk da Modksma ki da Ceistmtucmi Bk Kccdksmabkd Ceicmdme Watmcaie MM. Qukba bktaddabahkitk kxpdmcaba ki des

prmhkres captudes.Rad pkrspkctmva sk `adda, bk adoi hebe, ki ceitrapesmcmi

cei uia kcdksmedeoa fastaitk bmguibmba ki des haiuadks bkspusbkd Ceicmdme Watmcaie M. Ki stes sk seda egrkckr uia vmsmi bkda Modksma a partmr bk da cspmbk bk da pmrhmbk, kd \apa, bkd cuadie sde rkcmfk ce`ksmi tebe kd kbmgmcme, smie quk micduse parkckibkrmvar tebas sus kstructuras y dikas bk gukrza. Bk beibk sk

smouk quk, ki skhkjaitk preykccmi, sk pabkck da mdusmi ptmcaie sde bk quk tebe kd skr bk da Modksma parkck dtmhahkitk ceickitrarsk ki da jkrarqua bk da cuad da pdkfs Bkm parkck ui smhpdkapibmck e, a de suhe, ui efjkte y ie ui sujkte bk pebkrks, smietahfmi quk, ki da hmsha jkrarqua, tebe pebkr parkck bmhaiarmihkbmatahkitk bkd \apa, cei rkspkcte ad cuad des efmspes parkcki uies smhpdks guicmeiarmes vmcarmes.

\er qu da Ceistmtucmi sefrk da Dmturoma, aui aitks bk qukdas bmscusmeiks ceicmdmarks sacaski da cukstmi a prmhkr pdaie (kssafmbe, ki kgkcte, quk kd prmhkr ksqukha Bk Kccdksma kstafa ceickfmbe ki da pkrspkctmva bk haiuad a quk `khes adubmbe), sk`afa smtuabe ki kd ioude vmsuad epukste, a partmr bk da pdkfsBkm y bk des efmspes5 \erquk sde ki ksta pkrspkctmva abqumkrkvader y cehprkismi da bectrmia bk quk da jkrarqua y sus pebk

rks, auiquk bkrmvabes bk Bmes y ie bkd pukfde, ksti ad skrvmcmebk da pdkfs Bkm, da bkd sackrbecme uimvkrsad bk des gmkdks skoide abhmtk da Modksma y, bk a`, da bectrmia bk da iaturadkza cehuimtarma, sm fmki jkrrqumcahkitk kstructuraba, bk das ckdkfracmeiks dmtromcas. Kstas, ki kgkcte, ie sei accmeiks prmvabas, im tahpece bk des sackrbetks e bk des efmspes, smie accmeiks bk da Modksmacehe tad ki cuaite "sacrahkite bk uimbab", perquk ks ui pukfde

saite ceiorkoabe ki terie ad efmspe y paster ki da uimbab quk dk


10/173

tm efmspe y da dmturoma 11

uik a da catèdmca, partmcmpaibe bk da uimbab quk uik ad \abrk,ad @mje y ad Ksprmtu Saite.Sde as sk cehprkibk quk tadks accmeiks "pkrtkikcki a tebe

kd cukrpe bk da Modksma, migduyki ki d y de haimgmkstai> pkre cabauie bk des hmkhfres bk kstk cukrpe rkcmfk ui migduje bmvkrse,skoi da bmvkrsmbab bk rbkiks, guicmeiks y partmcmpacmi actuad"(art. 67).

Ki kstk hebe bk vkr das cesas, ie sde da pdkfs Bkm vmkik aecupar su vkrbabkre pukste ki da Modksma y ki sus ckdkfracmeiksdmtromcas, smie quk tahfmi kd papkd bkd efmspe qukba graicahkitk mduhmiabe, cehpdkhkitaibe y kqumdmfraibe da tkedeoa bkda Modksma, usuad bkspus bkd Watmcaie M.

\er taite, ki da hkitk bk da Ceistmtucmi, ày uia rkdacmimiikoafdk kitrk kd artcude 67, beibk da Modksma ks bkiehmiabasacrarakituh uimtatms y pdkfs saicta suf kpmscepms abuiata kt

erbmiata, y kd artcude 21, beibk sk agmrha quk da prmicmpad haimgkstacmi bk da Modksma ceismstk ki das ckdkfracmeiks dmtromcaspdkiarmas, kspkcmadhkitk bk da kucarmsta, ki terie ad efmspe.

Bkcmhes quk da Modksma ks kd "sacrahkite bk uimbab" ki kdquk des èhfrks `mjes bk Bmes per bkrkcè, pkre aèra adkjabesbk Kd y hutuahkitk a causa bkd pkcabe sei bk iukve ceiorkoabes y eroaimzabes ki terie ad efmspe para qukbar ceistmtumbes

ki pukfde saite partmcmpaibe bk da vmba trmimtarma. Smkibe ksteas, ks iaturad quk àfdaibe ceicrkta y decadhkitk da prmicmpad rkadmzacmi y kxprksmi bk da Modksma bkfa fuscarsk prkcmsahkitk ki kd acte ki quk ui orupe bk gmkdks rkcmfk, ki terie adefmspe, bk da haikra kxtkria k mitkriahkitk hs pkrgkcta, aqukdda uimbab bk vmba bmvmia y rkadmza aqukdda ceiorkoacmi quk supkra da bmspkrsmi bkd pkcabe.

6. KD EFMS\E KI [IA KCDKSMEDEOMA BK

EIREDEOMA SEFVKIAR[VAD ] SACVAHKIRAD

Da ceiorkoacmi y uimbab ki quk ceismstk da Modksma ks prmicmpadhkitk uia rkadmbab supraskismfdk y sefrkiaturad. Ks da partm-


11/173

16 C. Waoaoomim

cmpacmi ki da vmba y, per taite, ki da uimbab quk uik ad \abrk, ad@mje y ad Ksprmtu Saite, y quk, per Crmste, mivabk a des èhfrks.

Bmoe "prmicmpadhkitk", pkre ie kxcdusmvahkitk. Bmcà rkadmbab, ki kgkcte, per pesmtmva veduitab bk Bmes, sk rkadmza ki datmkrra sde per va bk kicariacmi: per hkbme bk skrks e bk cesastahfmi skismfdks. Abkhs, bkfk mivabmr ie sde kd adha, smie atebe kd èhfrk ceicrkte, cehe rkadmbab mibmvmbuad y secmad> pertaite, a su hebe, tahfmi kd cukrpe k micduse tebe kd ceshes. Ks

da dky bk da kicariacmi qukrmba per Bmes ie hkies dmfrk quk safmahkitk cei rkspkcte ad huibe, perquk kd èhfrk ks uia uimbabsustaicmad bk ksprmtu y cukrpe, sm fmki kd cukrpe kst ad skrvmcmebkd ksprmtu y ks su mistruhkite.

As, puks, da ceiorkoacmi y uimbab ki quk ceismstk da Modksmaks, bksbk dukoe, kspmrmtuad, pkre tahfmi y kskicmadhkitk ùhaia y skismfdk, per kstar kicariaba. De hmshe quk, ki kd èh

frk, kd cukrpe ks partk cekskicmad bk su iaturadkza, auiquk erbkiaba y suferbmiaba ad adha cehe partk bktkrhmiaitk bkd tebe.Kd aspkcte skismfdk bk da ceiorkoacmi y uimbab quk ceistmtu

yki da Modksma sk cmgra prmicmpadhkitk ki da Kscrmtura, da jkrarqua,das mistmtucmeiks, des sacrahkites y tebas das ckdkfracmeiks dmtromcas ki su aspkcte kxtkrie.

Rebas kstas rkadmbabks sei mistruhkites y kxprksmi bk da

ceiorkoacmi y uimbab mitkrmer quk, ki cmkrte hebe, smoimgmcaiy prebucki. Ksti erbkiabas y suferbmiabas a kdda y, juite ceikdda, ceistmtuyki, ki su tetadmbab ceicrkta, ksa "uimbab cariady kspmrmtuad" cehe da ddaha sai Moiacme bk Aitmequa ? kiquk ceismstk da Modksma. ] da Modksma ks sacrahkituh uimtatms,skoi kd ceickpte patrstmce, date, bk sacrahkituh, prkcmsahkitkperquk su aspkcte ùhaie y skismfdk ks, bk adoi hebe, mistruhkite quk ceitmkik, haimgmksta y cehuimca a des quk ksti fmki

bmspukstes ksa rkadmbab supraskismfdk quk ks da uimbab cei da vmbabmvmia.

\er kstk hmshe hetmve, des hkbmes per kxckdkicma bk ksa uim-

? Haouks, ]dYd: K stab sehktmbes ad efmspe y des uie s a des etrescehe Crmste ad \abrk, skoi da carik, y des apstedks a Crmste y ad\abrk y ad Ksprmtu, para quk da uimi ska cariad y kspmrmtuad.


12/173

Kd efmspe y da dmturoma 13

bab, des quk gerhai ki prmhkr duoar da Modksma y a des quk ksti

erbkiabes y suferbmiabes des bkhs, sei des sacrahkites prepmahkitk bmc`es, y kd prmhkre da kucarmsta. Ki kgkcte: ks ki dessacrahkites y, skadabahkitk, ki da kucarmsta beibk prmicmpadhkitk sk smoimgmca, ceitmkik y rkadmza da ceiorkoacmi bk des`ehfrks ki da cehuimi bk da vmba bmvmia, da cuad, rkcehpeimkibeki kddes da uimbab, des dmfkra bk da bmspkrsmi y bkd bkserbki bkdpkcabe y, ki da erbkiacmi kstructuraba bk da Modksma, des uik cei

Bmes y hutuahkitk kitrk s (Ji 7,;7.;?> 1 Cer 1


13/173

12 C. Waoaoomim

hs, ki des pasterks y ki des gmkdks aitks, buraitk y bkspus bk da

ckdkfracmi dmtromca.Ks bk ietar tahfmi quk, cuaibe ki kd hmshe artcude sk

àfda bk "partmcmpacmi pdkia y actmva bk tebe kd pukfde saite bkBmes ki das hmshas ckdkfracmeiks dmtromcas, partmcudarhkitk kida hmsha kucarmsta, ki uia hmsha eracmi, juite ad imce adtarbeibk prksmbk kd efmspe, rebkabe bk su prksfmtkrme y hmimstres", skkhpdka uia tkrhmiedeoa cuajaba bk rkhmimsckicmas bk sai Moia

cme bk Aitmequa, cuyas mbkas sk rkgdkjai gmkdhkitk 0

.Ks cmkrte quk kstas mbkas sde sk cehprkibki ki kd harce bk

uia kcdksmedeoa ki da quk kd aspkcte bk eitedeoa bk vmba sefrkiaturad y sacrahkitad aparkck cdarahkitk ceismbkrabe cehe bktkrhmiaitk cei rkspkcte a des aspkctes jurbmces y eroaimzatmves, ceismbkrabes cehe kskicmadks, s, pkre mistruhkitadks cei rkdacmi adprmhkre.

Kste ie ks da ikoacmi, smie kd ikcksarme kqumdmfrahmkite bkuia tkedeoa ki da cuad das catkoeras jurbmcas, kxadtabas cei bkhasmaba kxcdusmvmbab, dkvai a uia pkrspkctmva ki da quk ie aparkcki bkfmbahkitk kqumdmfrabes des bmvkrses aspkctes quk cehpeiki da Modksma.

Da Ceistmtucmi prksupeik ksta kcdksmedeoa bk eitedeoa sefrkiaturad ie sde ki des artcudes 67 y 21, smie casm ki teba kdda.

Kd artcude 6, quk smrvk bk prekhme mbkedomce a teba da Ceistmtucmi, bksarredda ya, ki gerha adoe bmvkrsa bkd artcude 21, dambka bk quk da dmturoma, prmicmpadhkitk ki da ckdkfracmi kucarmsta, ks da kpmgaia per kxckdkicma bk da Modksma ki da tmkrra. Da mbkaaparkck add ceismbkraba ki kd harce bk ui aidmsms bk das rkdacmeiks kxmstkitks kitrk kd aspkcte ùhaie skismfdk y kd aspkctebmvmie mivmsmfdk bk da Modksma, ceickbmibesk ui harcabe rkdmkvka da iaturadkza hmimstkrmad bkd aspkcte ùhaie vmsmfdk cei rkspkctead bmvmie mivmsmfdk. \ara cehprkibkr fmki des artcudes 67 y 21,quk àfdai bmrkctahkitk bkd efmspe, ks ikcksarme rkdkkr cei atkicmi kstk artcude 6. Sei pasajks mbkadhkitk rkdacmeiabes y quksk cehpdktai hutuahkitk.

0 Wask Haoiks. ?> \`md. 2> Shyri. 0.


14/173

Kd efmspe y da dmturoma 1;

"Da dmturoma, per cuye hkbme 'sk kjkrck da efra bk iukstra rk

bkicmi', sefrk tebe ki kd bmvmie sacrmgmcme bk da Kucarmsta, ceitrmfuyk ki suhe orabe a quk des gmkdks kxprkski ki su vmba yhaimgmkstki a des bkhs kd hmstkrme bk Crmste y da iaturadkza autitmca bk da vkrbabkra Modksma. Ks caractkrstmce bk da Modksma skr, ada vkz, ùhaia y bmvmia, vmsmfdk y betaba bk kdkhkites mivmsmfdks, kitrkoaba a da accmi y baba a da ceitkhpdacmi, prkskitkki kd huibe y, smi khfaroe, pkrkormia, y tebe kste bk sukrtk

quk ki kdda de ùhaie kst erbkiabe y suferbmiabe a de bmvmie, devmsmfdk a de mivmsmfdk, da accmi a da ceitkhpdacmi y de prkskitka da cmubab gutura quk fuscahes. \er kse, ad kbmgmcar ba a ba ades quk ksti bkitre para skr tkhpde saite ki kd Sker y herababk Bmes ki kd Ksprmtu, àsta ddkoar a da hkbmba bk da pdkimtub bkda kbab bk Crmste, da dmturoma refustkck tahfmi abhmrafdkhkitksus gukrzas para prkbmcar a Crmste y prkskita as da Modksma, a desquk ksti gukra, cehe smoie dkvaitabe ki hkbme bk das iacmeikspara quk bkfaje bk d sk ceiorkouki ki da uimbab des `mjes bkBmes quk ksti bmspkrses, àsta quk àya ui sede rkfae y uisede paster."

Des artcudes ;-1< bkscrmfki da iaturadkza bk da dmturoma y suduoar ki da vmba bk da Modksma a partmr bk da rkadmbab bk Crmsteceismbkrabe cehe sacrahkituh da mbka aparkck kxpuksta ceikxprksmeiks ffdmcas y patrstmcas kqumvadkitks prmhkre y prmicm

pad bk da sadvacmi.Da efra per da quk kd Sker aiuicm da fukia iukva y rkadmz

da sadvacmi ks ceitmiuaba, sk bmck, aitk tebe ki da prkbmcacmi yki des sacrahkites bkd "sacrahkite abhmrafdk bk da Modksma kitkra",oracmas a da prkskicma mivmsmfdk, pkre kgmcaz y ceitmiua, bk Crmste,qumki acta ki kdda cehuimcaibe kd Ksprmtu Saite. ] as, sk ceicduyk, ki da dmturoma sk àdda ki acte ceitmiue kd kjkrcmcme bkd

sackrbecme bk Crmste, quk saitmgmca a des èhfrks y odermgmca ad\abrk, y kdda ks, per taite, aui smi aoetar ki s teba da actmvmbabbk da Modksma, da cuhfrk àcma da quk tmkibk tebe y da gukitk bkbeibk haia teba su vmrtub.

Ki da Ceistmtucmi Bk Kccdksma bkd Ceicmdme Watmcaie MM ieks hkies cdara da pkrspkctmva bk eitedeoa sefrkiaturad y sacra-


15/173

17 C. Waoaoomim

hkitad ki pestura bk kqumdmfrme grkitk a da pkrspkctmva kxaokrabahkitk jurbmca. Fastk pkisar ki da bkcmsmva mhpertaicma ceickbmbaad fautmshe ki da cukstmi bk da uimi bk des crmstmaies ie catdmcesa da vkrbabkra Modksma, as cehe ki da kucarmsta cehe sacrahkitequk ceistmtuyk da Modksma.

Fastk pkisar asmhmshe ki kd rkceiecmhmkite bkd kpmscepabecehe vkrbabkre sacrahkite ki kd quk kd efmspe rkcmfk bmrkctahkitkbk Bmes tebes des pebkrks ikcksarmes para kd cuhpdmhmkite bk su

hmsmi para cei des gmkdks, aui cuaibe kd efjkte bk kses pebkrks,ks bkcmr, des sufbmtes partmcudarks sefrk des quk sk kjkrck, skaasmoiabe mihkbmatahkitk per da autermbab suprkha bk da Modksma(\apa u efmspes juite cei kd \apa) y aui cuaibe kd kjkrcmcme bkkses pebkrks sefrk des hmshes sufbmtes partmcudarks pukba, kiatkicmi ad fmki cehi, skr dmhmtabe per da hmsha Modksma.

Ki da kcdksmedeoa bkd Ceicmdme sk abvmkrtk uia haimgmksta rkac

cmi ceitra cmkrta haikra bk kitkibkr cei bkhasmaba rmombkz dabmstmicmi kitrk pebkr bk saitmgmcacmi y pebkr bk jurmsbmccmi,tkibmkibe a vkr kd pebkr bk saitmgmcacmi ckitrabe ki des sacrahkites ki teba su autitmca kxtkismi bk pebkr pasterad pdkie,kd cuad micduyk, ki kd geibe, taite kd pebkr bk haomstkrme cehekd bk oefmkrie, cei vmstas a sadvaouarbar kd prmhabe peitmgmcme.

Ks gcmd bk cehprkibkr cuitas vkitajas eftmkik da vmba dm

tromca bk da Modksma cei kstk rkajustk ki kd hebe bk ceickfmrsus bmvkrses pebkrks.

3. KD EFMS\E ] KD \VMI CM\ME BK Q[K DA

DMR[VOMA IE AOERA REBA DA ACCMI BK DA

MODKSMA, \KVE KS S[ C[HFVK ] S[ G[KIRK

De quk ies qukba per bkcmr sei tai sde ceiskcukicmas bk desprmicmpmes arrmfa kxpukstes. \kre sei ceiskcukicmas mibmspkisafdks,perquk ki kddas sk prkcmsa kd papkd bk da dmturoma ki da guicmikpmscepad.

Da Ceistmtucmi, ki des artcudes = y 1


16/173

Kd efmspe y da dmturoma 1?

tk, da cuhfrk àcma da quk sk bmrmok ksa accmi y da gukitk bk

beibk bmhaia teba su kgmcacma sefrkiaturad. Sustmtuyask da padafra "Modksma" per da bk "efmspe", y sk cehprkibkr da mhpertaicma bk ksta agmrhacmi para kd tkha quk ies ecupa.

Cuaibe da Ceistmtucmi bmck quk da prmicmpad rkadmzacmi yhaimgkstacmi bk da Modksma ceismstk ki da ckdkfracmi bk da kucarmsta cei da pdkia y actmva partmcmpacmi bk tebe kd pukfdesaite bk Bmes ki terie a su efmspe, kst huy dkjes bk prepeikr

ui mbkad skoi kd cuad kd paster pebra àckrsk da mdusmi bk àfkr cuhpdmbe pkrgkctahkitk su cehktmbe cuaibe ùfmkra precurabe ckdkfrar kd hayer ihkre pesmfdk bk peitmgmcadks.

Babe quk de quk sadva ie sei des sacrahkites smi hs, smieda gk y des sacrahkites e, sm sk qumkrk, des sacrahkites bk dagk, rksudta bkhasmabe kvmbkitk quk, abkhs bk da accmi dmtromca prepmahkitk bmcà, kd efmspe bkfk àckr etras hucàs

cesas para cuhpdmr cei su bkfkr bk paster: haomstkrme, oefmkrie,accmi apestdmca bk tebe tmpe. Bk etre hebe, das ckdkfracmeiksdmtromcas ie pebrai prebucmr sus grutes ki caba uie bk des gmkdks,perquk teharai partk ki kddas smi das bkfmbas bmspesmcmeiks, asmstmrai bk haikra purahkitk kxtkria y ie sacarai bk kddas ki tebada vmba das ceiskcukicmas quk kxmoki.

Ki etras padafras, das ckdkfracmeiks dmtromcas, auiquk kstuvmk

ski prksmbmbas per kd efmspe, ie sk àrai cei da "partmcmpacmipdkia y actmva bk tebe kd pukfde saite bk Bmes" quk, skoi kdartcude 21 bk da Ceistmtucmi, ks da ceibmcmi mibmspkisafdk paraquk aquddas skai da prmicmpad rkadmzacmi y haimgkstacmi bk daModksma.

Kd abjktmve "pdkia" bkd artcude 21 rkhmtk, ki kgkcte, a desartcudes 11 y =. ] ki kd artcude 11 sk bmck quk, para eftkikr da

pdkia kgmcacma bk das saorabas ckdkfracmeiks, ks ikcksarme quk desgmkdks sk ackrquki a da dmturoma cei rkctas bmspesmcmeiks bk imhe,bmspeioai su hkitk ki ceiseiaicma cei das padafras quk preiuicmai y ceepkrki a da oracma para ie rkcmfmrda ki vaie. Kd artcude =micudca cei igasms des bkfkrks bk des pasterks para cei des gmkdksmicduse gukra bk das accmeiks dmtromcas :

6


17/173

10 C. Waoaoomim

"\ara quk des `ehfrks pukbai ddkoar a da dmturoma, ks ikcksarmequk aitks skai ddahabes a da gk y a da ceivkrsmi... \er kse, a desie crkykitks da Modksma precdaha kd hkisajk bk sadvacmi... ] ades crkykitks dks bkfk prkbmcar ceitmiuahkitk da gk y da pkimtkicmay bkfk prkparardes abkhs para des sacrahkites, kiskardks acuhpdmr tebe cuaite haib Crmste y kstmhudardes a teba cdask bkefras bk carmbab, pmkbab y apestedabe, para quk sk peioa bk ha

imgmkste quk des gmkdks, smi skr bk kstk huibe, sei da duz bkd huibey bai oderma ad \abrk bkdaitk bk des `ehfrks."

Aui cuaibe ie aoetk teba da efra bk da Modksma, "da dmturomaks da cuhfrk a da cuad tmkibk da actmvmbab bk da Modksma y, ad hmshetmkhpe, da gukitk bk beibk haia teba su gukrza" (art. 1


18/173

Kd efmspe y da dmturoma 1=

A`era fmki, da kucarmsta "ks da gukitk bk tebas das oracmas",

bmck kd Catkcmshe bkd Ceicmdme bk Rrkite 1 2, b. ;, q. 6, qda, 6 ab 6> 2, b. 1;, q. 2, a. 1 ab 3=.


19/173

6< C. Waoaoomim

Kstk skitmbe ks quk, per su prepma iaturadkza y per da iatura

dkza bk sus guicmeiks kspkcgmcas, kd efmspe bkfk skr ceismbkrabeaitk tebe cehe kd orai sackrbetk bk su orky.

Ksk "aitk tebe" bkfk kitkibkrsk ki kd skitmbe prkcmse ki quksk à bmcè quk da dmturoma ie aoeta teba da accmi bk da Modksma,pkre s ks su cuhfrk y, a da vkz, da gukitk bk beibk haia tebasu vmrtub. ] kdde, perquk bk da dmturoma y partmcudarhkitk bkda kucarmsta bkrmva a iesetres, cehe bk uia gukitk, da oracma, y

sk eftmkik cei da hxmha kgmcacma efjktmva da saitmgmcacmi bk desèhfrks y da odermgmcacmi bk Bmes, àcma da cuad sk bmrmoki, cehea su gmi, tebas das bkhs efras bk da Modksma.

]a `khes kxpdmcabe sugmcmkitkhkitk quk kste ie mivmta, bkimioi hebe, ad bkscumbe bk das bkhs efras bkd hmimstkrme gukrabk das accmeiks dmtromcas, smie quk, per kd ceitrarme, das supeiky kxmok.

] boask de hmshe bk da agmrhacmi bk quk kd efmspe ks aitktebe kd orai sackrbetk bk su orky.\er kd ceitkxte mihkbmate bkd artcude 21 sk vk cdarahkitk quk

sk ks ki rkadmbab kd skitmbe bk da Ceistmtucmi. Ki kgkcte: trasàfkr bmcè quk "kd efmspe bkfk skr ceismbkrabe cehe kd oraisackrbetk bk su orky, bk qumki bkrmva y bkpkibk ki cmkrte hebeda vmba ki Crmste bk sus gmkdks", sk bmck quk das ckdkfracmeiks dmtromcas, ki kspkcmad da bk da kucarmsta, ki quk partmcmpa pdkiahkitk

tebe kd pukfde ki terie ad efmspe, sei "da prmicmpad haimgkstacmibk da Modksma". \kre, sm tad ks da prmicmpad haimgkstacmi bk da Modksma, kd efmspe quk, skoi kd artcude 67, ks kd icdke bk ceiorkoacmi y bk erbkiacmi bk ksta Modksma ks aitk tebe kd orai sackrbetk bk su orky. Bkd hmshe hebe, sm da dmturoma, auiquk smi aoetarteba da accmi bk da Modksma, ks su cuhfrk y su gukitk, kd efmspe ksaitk tebe kd orai sackrbetk bk su orky.

As, puks, bkd hmshe hebe quk da Modksma ki imiouia etraaccmi ks tai kdda hmsha cehe ki da ckdkfracmi bk da kucarmstaki terie ad efmspe ki da quk partmcmpa ki pdkia smiteia tebe kdpukfde, as kd efmspe ki imiouia etra accmi ks tai d hmshe yrkadmza taite das guicmeiks para das quk ks de quk ks cehe ki ksahmsha ecasmi. Kiteicks ks aitk tebe kd ceiorkoaber y erbkiaber


20/173


bk des `mjes bmspkrses bk Bmes, a qumkiks traisgerha as e traisgerha caba vkz hs ki pukfde saite, mitrebucmibedes ki da cehuimi bk vmba bmvmia quk bkd \abrk, per hkbme bkd @mje kicariabe y ki da prkskicma bkd Ksprmtu Saite, sk kxtmkibk a des èhfrksy kdkva a da gukitk bk vmba trmimtarma.

Sm kd efmspe ks aitk tebe, ki kd skitmbe kxpdmcabe, kd oraisackrbetk bk su orky, kd cuad sk rkadmza y haimgmksta a s hmshe

partmcudarhkitk ad prksmbmr das ckdkfracmeiks dmtromcas, sefrk tebeda bk da kucarmsta, da bmcksms bkfk skr ceismbkraba aitk tebecehe uia kstructura bk vader cudtuad y harcabahkitk kucarstmceki terie ad efmspe.

Ks sta, sm ie hk kqumvece, uia mbka èy pece usuad ki hucàs rkomeiks. \kre sus ceiskcukicmas prctmcas kicahmiabas ada rkvadermzacmi bk da vmba dmtromca bmecksaia y catkbradmcma e,ki tebe case, ki terie ad efmspe sei rkadhkitk iuhkresas. \ki

skhes ki da gmksta bkd iatadms kpmscepm, ki da bk da bkbmcacmibk da catkbrad, ki das saorabas erbkiacmeiks bmecksaias, ki da hmsacrmshad, ki da rkcta eroaimzacmi y kstmha bk des prepmes bmecksaies.

Ki uia padafra, ks miikoafdk quk, ki da ceiskrvacmi ckdesabk da ceicmkicma bk da Modksma uimvkrsad y bkd ckitre bk su uimbabki kd Vehaie \eitgmck, pukbk tkikr sus fkigmces kgkctes uia

rkvmvmsckicma bkd skitmbe bk da rkadmbab vmva y ceicrkta bk da Modksma decad, cehe aqudda hkbmaitk da cuad tebe gmkd sk micerpera a daprmhkra y vmvk ki kdda.

Bk a` quk da Ceistmtucmi, asmhmshe ki kd artcude 21, bkspusbk bkcmr quk kd efmspe ks kd orai sackrbetk bk su orky, ceitmik:"\er kse ceivmkik quk tebes tkioai ki orai aprkcme da vmba dmtromca bk da bmcksms ki terie ad efmspe, sefrk tebe ki da modksma

catkbrad."De quk sk bmck bkd efmspe y bk da bmcksms bkfk skr rkpktmbe,ouarbaibe das bkfmbas prepercmeiks, a prepsmte bkd prrece, ayubay vmcarme bkd efmspe ki uia percmi hs rkstrmiomba bk tkrrmterme,y bk da parrequma. Rahfmi aqu kd kdkhkite ie ya imvkdaber yafserfkitk, smie migerhaber bk tebes des bkhs, bkfk skr dadmturoma, partmcudarhkitk da hmsa cehuimtarma behmimcad.


21/173

66 C. Waoaoomim

Sk cehprkibk as per qu da Ceistmtucmi `ack skoumr adartmcude sefrk da vmba dmtromca bmecksaia kd quk sk rkgmkrk a da vmbadmtromca bk da parrequma, ki uia pkrspkctmva skhkjaitk a daprmhkra.

Cehe ie dk ks pesmfdk ad efmspe, smkhprk y ki tebas partks,prksmbmr pkrseiadhkitk ki su modksma a teba da orky, bkfk per ikcksmbab krmomr bmvkrsas cehuimbabks bk gmkdks. Kitrk kddas sefrk

sadki das parrequmas, bmstrmfumbas decadhkitk faje ui paster qukiack das vkcks bkd efmspe, ya quk bk adouia haikra rkprkskitaia da Modksma vmsmfdk kstafdkcmba per tebe kd erfk.

'Bk aqu da ikcksmbab bk gehkitar tkrmca y prctmcahkitkkitrk des gmkdks y kd cdkre da vmba dmtromca parrequmad y su rkdacmicei kd efmspe. @ay quk trafajar para quk gderkzca kd skitmbe cehuimtarme parrequmad, sefrk tebe ki da ckdkfracmi cehi bk da

hmsa behmimcad" (art. 26).

CEI CD[ S M I

@ay trks artcudes ki da Mistruccmi para apdmcar bkfmbahkitkda Ceistmtucmi sefrk da dmturoma quk rkceoki abhmrafdkhkitk

kd preguibe ksprmtu bk sta:

"Aitk tebe, ks mibmspkisafdk quk tebes ksti pkrsuabmbes bkquk kd efjktmve bk da Ceistmtucmi bkd Ceicmdme Watmcaie MM sefrkda saoraba dmturoma ie ks sedahkitk cahfmar uies rmtes y tkxtesdmtromces, smie hs fmki prehevkr uia kbucacmi bk des gmkdks yuia accmi pasterad quk tkioai da saoraba dmturoma cehe su cuhfrk y su gukitk (cg. Ceist. art. 1


22/173


bksarreddk bk uia haikra mibkpkibmkitk y amsdaba, smie ki itmhauimi cei das bkhs efras pasteradks.

"Ks partmcudarhkitk ikcksarme quk rkmik uia kstrkcà uimikitrk da dmturoma, da catkquksms, da mistruccmi rkdmomesa y da prkbmcacmi.

"\er ceismoumkitk, des efmspes y sus cedaferaberks ki kd sackrbecme ckitrki caba vkz hs tebe su hmimstkrme pasterad ki teriea da dmturoma. Bk kstk hebe, des gmkdks, per hkbme bk uia pkrgkcta

partmcmpacmi ki das ckdkfracmeiks saorabas, rkcmfmri tahfmi ceiafuibaicma da vmba bmvmia y, ceivkrtmbes ki gkrhkite bk Crmstey sad bk da tmkrra, da aiuicmari y da traishmtmri a des bkhs" (ihkres ;, ? y 0).

[ia kspmrmtuadmbab y uia pasterad bk ceijuite quk ie sk rkbuzcai ad pure `kcè dmtromce, smie quk ksti erbkiabas y cki

trabas ki terie a da dmturoma: sk ks kd grute dtmhe a quk apuitada Ceistmtucmi. Da rkgerha dmtromca ks ui hkbme kicahmiabeàcma tad efjktmve. Ksta mitkicmi sk guiba sefrk das fasks hssdmbas bk da kcdksmedeoa ffdmca y patrstmca.

Ks gcmd cehprkibkr quk kste va bmrmombe a prebucmr ui mhpacte aitk tebe ki da kspmrmtuadmbab y ki da accmi pasterad bk desefmspes. \rmicmpadhkitk su gmoura ks da quk aparkck mduhmiaba per

ksta iukva duz. Kddes ài qukrmbe uia cehpdkhkitacmi bk dakcdksmedeoa bkd Watmcaie M. Ks prkcmse quk aèra ackptki susceiskcukicmas micduse ki kd pdaie bk des bkfkrks.

Sai \afde rksuhk as su hmsmi y su hmimstkrme: "Skr dmturoebk Crmste Jkss kitrk des okitmdks, kjkrcmkibe kd sackrbecme bkdkvaiokdme bk Bmes, para quk da efdacmi bk des okitmdks ska fmkirkcmfmba y saitmgmcaba ki kd Ksprmtu" (Veh 1;,17).

@ay bes cesas quk vai ki orai bktrmhkite bk da dmturoma, bkdapestedabe ki okikrad y bkd efmspe y kd sackrbetk: ceickfmr daaccmi hmsmeiad, kd aiuicme bkd kvaiokdme ki su skitmbe hs ahpdme, cehe mibkfmbahkitk skparabe bk da rkadmbab dmtromca kstrmctahkitk bmcà, y ceickfmr da dmturoma kstrmctahkitk bmcà ceheskparaba bk da rkadmbab apestdmca y hmsmeiad ki su skitmbe hsahpdme.


23/173

62 C. Waoaoomim

Ki kd tkxte cmtabe, sai \afde àfda bmrkctahkitk bkd apeste

dabe, pkre bkscrmfmibede cei trhmies dmtromces y sacrmgmcmadks,perquk de ceismbkra ki uia pkrspkctmva dmtromca y sacrmgmcmad: ksgmiadmbab bkd apestedabe egrkckr des èhfrks a Bmes ki efdacmifmki ackptaba y saitmgmcaba ki kd Ksprmtu Saite.

Ie ks arfmtrarme predeioar ksta pkrspkctmva bk sai \afde àstadas ckdkfracmeiks dmtromcas y kd sacrmgmcme kucarstmce prepmahkitkbmcès. Bk `kcè, ki da ckdkfracmi kucarstmca prksmbmba per kd

apsted cei da partmcmpacmi bkd pukfde ki pdkia smiteia, sk vkrmgmca, bk haikra efjktmvahkitk pkrgkcta, ksk egrkcmhmkite bk desèhfrks ceiorkoabes ki Crmste a partmr bk da bmspkrsmi bkd pkcabeki efdacmi fmki ackptaba y saitmgmcaba ki kd Ksprmtu, quk ks kdgmi bk tebe apestedabe y bk tebe kpmscepabe.

Rad ks kd pkisahmkite bkd Ceicmdme Watmcaie MM cuaibe bmck:"Des trafajes apestdmces sk erbkiai a quk, uia vkz `kcès `mjes

bk Bmes per da gk y kd fautmshe, tebes sk rkiai, adafki a Bmes kihkbme bk da Modksma, partmcmpki ki kd sacrmgmcme y cehai da ckiabkd Sker" (art. 1


24/173

KD EFMS\E ] KD \VKSFMRKVME

Kd Ceicmdme Watmcaie MM eteroa ad efmspe bkrkcè a rkodahkitarda dmturoma (art. 66, 1). \kre da petkstab dkomsdatmva bkd efmspe, bkda cuad kstk bkrkcè dmtromce ks uia partk, sk fasa ki uia rkdacmitkedomca hs èiba bkd efmspe cei su prksfmtkrme y cei sus gmkdks:Kpmscepus ut sackrbes haoius sum orkoms àfkibus kst, a que vmtasueruh gmbkdmuh mi C`rmste quebahhebe bkrmvatur kt pkibkt

(art. 21). Ki kd huibe kcdksmstmce, smi khfaroe, cei qumki desgmkdks tratai ks casm smkhprk cei kd "prksftkre". Kd Ceicmdmeceismbkra quk stk, ki das ckdkfracmeiks dmtromcas, ks rkprkskitaitk bkd efmspe, y pmbk quk sk preguibmck da vmta dmtromcakmusquk rkdatme ab kpmscepuh mi hkitk kt praxm gmbkdmuh kt cdkrm(art. 26).

Smi buba adouia, ks mhpertaitk rkgdkxmeiar sefrk da rkdacmi

kxmstkitk kitrk kd efmspe y kd prksftkre. Da cukstmi sk rkgmkrk hski ceicrkte a da rkdacmi kxmstkitk kitrk kd efmspe bkd duoar y kdprksftkre quk ckdkfra da dmturoma ki kd tkrrmterme bk aqud, ceimibkpkibkicma bk quk kd prksftkre pkrtkikzca e ie a su prksfmtkrme> smi khfaroe, ad hkies `mstrmcahkitk, kd prksftkre pkrtkikck, ki des cases ierhadks, ad prksfmtkrme bkd efmspe bkd duoar.

Da prmhkra vkz quk ki da `msterma sk hkicmeia juitahkitk ad

efmspe y ad prksftkre, stk gmoura ki kd harce bk ui cedkome, kdcuad aparkck ki sai Moiacme bk Aitmequa (+ 1


25/173

67 J. \asc`kr

cuaite atak a da Modksma. Rkikb per vdmba da Kucarmsta quk skckdkfra per kd efmspe e per qumki bk d tkioa autermzacmi. Beibkqumkra aparkcmkrk kd efmspe, add bkfk kstar tahfmi da cehuimbab" (Shyri., 0, m. 6). Kd saite tkia, smi buba, aitk su vmstada mhaoki bk da cehuimbab caitaibe da dmturoma cuaibe, kitusmashabe, kscrmfk sefrk da uimbab bkd efmspe y kd prksfmtkrme: "W ukstre prksfmtkrme, bmoie bk Bmes... kst arheimesahkitk ceickrtabecei su efmspe cehe das cukrbas cei da dmra. \er kdde, ki vukstraceicerbma y arhimce aher rksukia kd caite bk Jksucrmste" (Kp`.,2, 1).

Ki da cehuimbab trmpartmta bk sai Moiacme kd bmceie ie pkrtkikck ad syikbrmuh. Cmki aes hs tarbk, ki da dkomsdacmi kcdksmstmca bk sai @mpdmte, ks stk prkcmsahkitk ui hkbme parabkdmhmtar tkedomcahkitk da pesmcmi bk des bmceies grkitk a da

bk des prksftkres: "A d skr erbkiabe kd bmceie, kd efmspe cedecarsefrk d imcahkitk das haies, puks ie ks erbkiabe para kd sackrbecme, smie para skrvmcme bkd efmspe, para `ackr de quk stk dkerbkik. \uks kd bmceie ie pkrtkikck ad ceiskje bkd cdkre" (kb.Fettk, p. 66). Rahfmi des bmceies peskki kd \ikuha, pkre iekd \ikuha bkd prksfmtkrme: ...iei accmpmkis cehhuikh praksfy-tkrmm spmrmturi kuri cumus partmcmpks praksfytkrmm suit. Ki da erbkiacmi bk des sackrbetks, des prksftkres mhpeiki sus haies juitahkitk cei kd efmspe preptkr cehhuikh kt smhmdkh cdkrm spmrmtuh(kb. Fettk, p. 62). Ksta cehi pesksmi bkd Ksprmtu uik kstrkc`ahkitk ad efmspe cei kd prksfmtkrme. Kste ks cesa quk sk peik bkhaimgmkste ki da ceisaoracmi bk des efmspes. Des prksftkres iepebai partmcmpar ki da mhpesmcmi bk das haies. \kre bkspuskrai kddes, y ie des efmspes, des quk ckdkfrafai da Kucarmsta juitecei kd iukve prkdabe: "Des bmceies dk ddkvai das egrkibas, y kdefmspe kxtmkibk sus haies sefrk kddas, juite cei tebe kd prksfmtkrme, y preiuicma da accmi bk oracmas" (kb. Fettk, p. 1


26/173

Kd efmspe y kd prksfmtkrme 6?

kiteicks sk bkfk kivmar a des prksftkres a ckdkfrar da Kucarmstaad hkies des behmioes. Ki kd ae 217 Mieckicme M kscrmfk a Bkcki-cme quk des sackrbetks tmtudarks ie bkfki crkkr quk sk kicukitraiskparabes bk su Kucarmsta (da bkd \apa) cuaibe, des behmioes,ckdkfrai ki sus modksmas hmsa para des gmkdks. Da uimbab kuca-rstmca sk haitmkik ki kstk case per kd kive bkd gkrhkituh, qukkra uia èstma ceisaoraba per kd \apa (c. ;). Skoi kd Bkrkcè

aitmoue, des prksftkres bkfai kstar ad dabe bkd efmspe prkcmsahkitk kd behmioe, kste ks, kd autitmce ba bk da ckdkfracmi kuca-rstmca (Ceist. Apestdmca, MM, ;?, 2). Ki da Veha bk Mieckicme M da bmseducmi bk da uimbab àfa preorksabe taite cei rkspkctea des prksftkres bk des ckhkitkrmes smtuabes gukra bk da cmubab,quk stes oezafai bk mibkpkibkicma ki da ckdkfracmi kucarstm-ca. Da cestuhfrk bkd gkrhkituh sufsmstm ki Veha àsta kd sm-

ode MP: "Ki ksta iec`k (\ascua) des carbkiadks prksftkres ie skkicukitrai add, smie quk caba uie ckdkfra hmsa ki su modksmatmtudar... Caba uie kiva ui sacrmsti sackrbetk bk su modksmatmtudar a da modksma bkd Vkbkiter ^Fasdmca DatkraikiskX. Kstes kspkrai add àsta quk sk partk da 'saicta'... Bkspus vmkik kd suf-bmaceius efdatmeiarmus y dks ba bk da 'saicta' ceisaoraba per kd\apa. Kddes da tehai ki des cerperadks, y caba uie vukdvk a sumodksma tmtudar, kitrkoibeda ad prksftkre. Kstk àck da cruz sefrkkd cdmz, mitrebuck ki d da 'saicta' y bmck: 'Behmius vefms-cuh' " (E. V. PPP F, 72. 7;). \ara des \apas bkd gkrhkituh,da kitrkoa bkd pai ceisaorabe rkprkskitafa uia rkstauracmi sa-crahkitadhkitk rkad bk da uimbab: "\ukste quk uie ks kd pai,ui cukrpe sehes da huc`kbuhfrk> puks tebes bk ui sede paipartmcmpahes" ^1 Cer., 1


27/173

60 \asc`kr

cmi y des ba a caba uie bk des iukves prksftkres, y stes cehudoai bk aquddes buraitk ecè bas" (smode MP, E. V. PPPWM,

Abkhs bkd gkrhkituh, da Modksma rehaia ceieca da ceickdkfracmi bkd prksfmtkrme cei kd efmspe. Ki ksta cukstmi ks huybmgcmd bkcmbmr sm da rkcmtacmi ceijuita bkd caiei kicmkrra uiaaitmoua trabmcmi, a pksar bk quk Ahadarme bk Hktz bmoa quk ki

Veha kra cestuhfrk ut mi ceijkctmeik mhhedatmeims C`rmstm as-smit \rksfytkrm, kt smhad cui \eitgmck vkrfms kt haimfus cei-gmcmait (Dmf. egg. M, 16, 6;). Ki kd hkjer bk des cases kste kstatkstmouabe cei rkspkcte ad smode W M M : "K i das gkstmvmbabks, ksbkcmr, ki \ascua, \kitkcests, da gkstmvmbab bk sai \kbre, Iavmbab, ki kstas cuatre gkstmvmbabks sk rkiki des carbkiadks prksftkres. Caba uie tmkik ki das haies ui cerperad, y kd arc`mbmceievmkik y kitrkoa a caba uie trks efdatas. Cuaibe kd \eitgmck harcà àcma kd adtar, des carbkiadks dk rebkai per da bkrkcà y damzqumkrba y rkcmtai kd caiei juite cei d... ] ceisaorai a da vkzkd cukrpe y da saiork bkd Sker" (E. V. MMM, 1). Rebava ki kdsmode xmmm Mieckicme MMM safk quk "a vkcks hucès sackrbetksceickdkfrai" y àfda bk quk "des carbkiadks prksftkres rebkaiad Vehaie \eitgmck y asmhmshe acestuhfrai a ckdkfrar cei d"(Bk s. adarms hyst. MW, 6


28/173

Kd efmspe y kd prksfmtkrme 6=

Da ceickdkfracmi cei kd efmspe, quk sk `afa mhpukste para

adouias gkstmvmbabks ki das prevmicmas, faje kd migduje bk deserbmiks rehaies, bur ui pece hs ki kddas mibkpkibmkitkhkitk bk da erbkiacmi, sefrk tebe ki Graicma. @acma kd ae1?


29/173

3< /. \asc`kr

sai \kbre, des sackrbetks pmbki kd Sfabe Saite ad \apa pkrhmsepara abhmimstrar kd fautmshe (c. 23). Ki kd case bk kstk sacrahkite, kd bkrkcè bkd efmspe sk fasafa ki kd `kcè bk skr ui sacrahkite bk mimcmacmi. Da hmsha razi vadk para kd sacrahkite bkda pkimtkicma, quk, skoi uia aitmoua ceickpcmi bk da Modksma,rkerkskitafa uia rkabhmsmi ki sta, bk da cuad àfa smbeaitkrmerhkitk arrejabe kd pkimtkitk. Kd quk kd bkrkcè bkd sackr

betk sk bksarreddask aqu hucè hs dkitahkitk sk bkfm a quk, kides prmhkres smodes, da pkimtkicma sk abhmimstrafa ki huy rarasecasmeiks. Kd aitmoue bkrkcè sk rkgdkja àsta kd ba bk èy ki dadmturoma bk da erbkiacmi sackrbetad, puks da mhpesmcmi bk dashaies, cei da quk sk eteroa da petkstab bk pkrbeiar, ks ui acteprepme y, abkhs, mitrebucmbe tarbahkitk, y ie kst uimbe ceikd preckse bk da erbkiacmi, cehe da petkstab bk ckdkfrar. Hs

ai, im smqumkra ksta accmi bkd efmspe eteroa rkadhkitk ad rkcmierbkiabe kd pebkr bk pkrbeiar. \uks stk ks ceickbmbe, mibkpkibmkitkhkitk bk da erbkiacmi, per ui kive kspkcmad. Ks safmbeche tahfmi ki kd case bk da ceigmrhacmi kd cumbabe bk dasadhas ddkv a eteroar autermzacmi a des prksftkres. Da gukrza bkdbkrkcè kpmscepad ki kstk puite à migdumbe kskicmadhkitk ki damistmtucmi bk des efmspes auxmdmarks. Sm ie ies kioaahes, da

Modksma sk kicukitra ki da actuadmbab aitk kd prefdkha bk sm ieskra hkjer tahfmi aqu autermzar a des prksftkres a quk ceigmrhaski, y kdde ki mitkrs bkd egmcme kpmscepad, puks para stk skàr caba vkz hs bmgcmd kd efmspe auxmdmar, smi prksfmtkrme y smicehuimbab. Ks smoimgmcatmve quk das oraibks padafras bk da Ceistmtucmi ackrca bkd efmspe sk rkgmkrai tebas ad bkiehmiabe "efmsperksmbkicmad" (sefrk tebe arts. 21 y 26).

Bkd aitmoue cedkome bk prksftkres sufsmstk ki Veha da cereiabk des carbkiadks prksftkres. Kd `kcè bk quk tebes kstes "prksftkres" skai efmspes bmsturfa ui pece, smi khfaroe, da aitmouamhaoki bk da ceistmtucmi bk da Modksma. Ki das bmcksms, ad hkieski das bkd vmkje huibe, des cafmdbes catkbradmcmes rkprkskitai uiakspkcmk bk prksfmtkrme. Da bkcdaracmi bkd C. M. C, quk bmck qukkstes caiimoes sei skiatus kt ceismdmuh kpmscepm (cai. 3=1, 1),tmkik ui teie moiacmaie (bk Moiacme bk Aitmequa). Ki da prkvmsta


30/173

Kd efmspe y kd prksfmtkrme 31

rkgerha bkd Cbmoe bk Bkrkcè Caiimce pebra suscmtarsk kd prefdkha bk sm da rkdacmi kitrk kd cafmdbe capmtudar y kd efmspe cstmrkctahkitk erbkiaba bksbk kd puite bk vmsta bk uia dkomsdacmimbkad bk da Modksma.

Ki da rkadmbab tkedomca tebes des sackrbetks bk da bmcksmspkrtkikcki ad prksfmtkrme bkd efmspe y actai ki tebe hehkiteper kicaroe bk d, sm ksta actuacmi à bk skr "vdmba", ki kd skitmbe bk sai Moiacme bk Aitmequa. Da kxtraerbmiarma tarka a qukadubk kd artcude 21 bk da Ceistmtucmi bk da Dmturoma ks adoe quk

kd efmspe sde pukbk ddkvar a cafe per hkbme bk su prksfmtkrme ysm stk sk peik miceibmcmeiadhkitk a su bmspesmcmi. Des efmspesbk èy fuscai caba vkz hs uia kstrkcà cehpkiktracmi cei susprksftkres. Rrtask aqu, ki dtmha mistaicma, bk rkstafdkckr kdprksfmtkrme bk etres tmkhpes. De quk da Ceistmtucmi bk da Dmturomabmck ackrca bk da ckdkfracmi dmtromca, bk quk ks prkcmse gehkitartkrmca y prctmcahkitk kitrk des gmkdks y kd cdkre da rkdacmi bk da

vmba dmtromca cei kd efmspe (art. 26), vadk para da vmba kitkra bkda Modksma.

Kd iukve Bkrkcè kcdksmstmce bkfkra tkikr kste ki cukita.\kre cehe das dkyks ie fastai, ks prkcmse bkspkrtar des cerazeiksa da cehprkismi bk uia mhaoki mbkad bk da Modksma skoi kdhebkde bkd Cukrpe H stmce : [i efmspe, ui prksfmtkrme, uiacehuimbab.

JESK\@ \ASC@KV


31/173

KD \EBKV J[VBMCE BKD EFMS\E KI DACEISRMR[CMI SEFVK DA SAOVABA DMR[VOMA

Ki da Ceistmtucmi sefrk da saoraba dmturoma da agmrhacmiguibahkitad rkdatmva ad pebkr jurbmce bkd efmspe sk kicukitra ki

kd artcude 66. Ad atrmfumr da rkodahkitacmi bk da saoraba dmturoma a da Skbk Apestdmca y, ab ierhah murms, ad efmspe 1, bmcèartcude sk smta ki afmkrte ceitrastk grkitk ad caiei 16;? bkdC. M. C, quk aitks bkd Watmcaie MM rksuha kd kjkrcmcme bk da autermbab dmtromca bkitre bk da Modksma da tmia : "Ks bk cehpktkicmakxcdusmva bk da Skbk Apestdmca rkoudar da saoraba dmturoma y aprefar des dmfres dmtromces." Qumz tkioa hs mhpertaicma para dakveducmi gutura bkd pebkr kpmscepad ki da Modksma kd `kcè bk qukkd hmshe artcude rkceiezca a "das bmvkrsas cdasks bk asahfdkastkrrmtermadks bk efmspes, dkotmhahkitk ceistmtumbas" 6, kd bkrkcèbk rkoudar da dmturoma, "bkitre bk des dhmtks kstafdkcmbes".

Ie efstaitk, kd puite bk partmba para ui prmhkr mitkite bkvaderar kd pebkr jurbmce quk peskki des efmspes bkspus bk prehudoaba da Ceistmtucmi bkfk skr bectrmiad. Kd bkrkcè caiimce,

ki cuaite ceijuite bk ierhas y ki cuaite cmkicma, acusa bksbkàck hucè das ceiskcukicmas bk su bmvercme bk da tkedeoa, aparkcmkibe as cehe adoe kxtrae ad hmstkrme itmhe bk da Modksma 3.Ki cuaite a das causas bk ksta smtuacmi, migdukicma bk des smstkhasdkomsdatmves skcudarks e bkfmdmbab bk da kspkcudacmi tkedomca, ie

1 Art. 66, m.6 Art. 66, 6.3 Cg. @. W. Caii, Càiomio Kh-pàsks mi t`k Ceickpt eg Autè-

rmty mi t`k Cùrc`, "R`k Jurmst" 63 (1=73), 3=1-3=3.


32/173

Kd pebkr jurbmce bkd efmspe 33

pebkhes aiadmzardas aqu. [ia vaderacmi okikrad bk da Ceistmtucmi bksbk kd puite bk vmsta caiimce ies rkvkdara bkitre bkkdda ui cehp reh mse y a da vkz ui a kve duc mi : sk ceiskr vai datkrhmiedeoa y das mistmtucmeiks saorabas, pkre bkitre bk uia `edoura y uia gdkxmfmdmbab iukvas. Kstas dtmhas tmkiki su ermoki kiui rkterie okiumie a das gukitks kvaiodmcas y patrstmcas y pukbkiskrvmr bk fask para ierhas quk bmrmjai da vmba crmstmaia bk des`mjes dmfrks bk Bmes.

Ki kd case bk da gmoura jurbmca bkd efmspe, kd geibe bectrmiad

suhmimstrabe per da Ceistmtucmi ks bk uia rmqukza kxckpcmeiad.Da Modksma bk Bmes ks bkgmimba cehe "kd pukfde saite uimbe yerbkiabe faje da bmrkccmi bk sus efmspes" 2, skoi kxprksmi bksai Cmprmaie ;. Kd efmspe "bkfk skr ceismbkrabe cehe kd oraisackrbetk bk su orky, bk qumki ki cmkrte hebe bkrmva y bkpkibkda vmba ki Crmste" 7.

Ksta rkdacmi bkd pukfde saite cei kd efmspe (y cei sus ce-epk-

raberks, quk ki uimi cei kd efmspe sei des skrvm ki da accmi ku-

carstmca) sk peik bk haimgmkste ki kd egmcme prksmbkicmad bk stk,

quk da Ceistmtucmi sufraya cei uia iukva y gkdmz mismstkicma.

Kd Ceicmdme vk ki da asahfdka dmtromca da "prmicmpad haimgksta

cmi bk da Mo dk sm a" : "da partmcmpacmi pdki a y actmva bk tebe kd

pukfde saite bk Bmes ki kstas ckdkfracmeiks dmtromcas, kspkcmad

hkitk ki da hmsha Kucarmsta, ki uia imca eracmi, ki terie ad

imce adtar beibk prksmbk kd efmspe rebkabe bk su prksfmtkrme ysus hmimstres" ?.

2 Ar t. 67.; Sai Cmprmaie, Sefrk da uimbab bk da Modksma catdmca, ?> cg. Car

ta 77, i. 0, 3 skoi sk cmtai ki das ietas bk da Ceistmtucmi.7 Ar t. 21.? Mfmb. Babe quk kstk artcude sk rkgmkrk bmrkctahkitk ad pebkr jur

bmce bkd efmspe ki da Ceistmtucmi sefrk da Dmturoma, ks bkcmr, ki das haimgkstacmeiks bkd Ceicmdme buraitk su skouiba sksmi (1=73), ie kstubmakd bksarredde udtkrmer ki da tkrckra ktapa (1=72) per de quk teca a bmc`epebkr. Rad bksarredde afarca: 1) da Ceistmtucmi sefrk da Modksma, y 6) kdBkcrkte sefrk kd egmcme pasterad bk des efmspes ki da Modksma (tmtudabe hstarbk "Efmspes y Oefmkrie bk das Bmcksms").

3


33/173

32 G. V. HcHaius

[ia ceiskcukicma ceicrkta bk tebe kste ks da rkstauracmi bkda ceickdkfracmi 0. Sm ui sackrbetk prksmbk ki guicmi bk ckdkfraitk jkgk, de àck smkhprk ki rkprkskitacmi bkd efmspe: "A die pebkr kd efmspe, smkhprk y ki tebas partks, prksmbmr pkrseiadhkitk ki su modksma a teba su orky, bkfk per ikcksmbab kstafdkckrcehuimbabks bk gmkdks hkies iuhkresas. Kitrk stas sefrksadki dasparrequmas, bmstrmfumbas decadhkitk faje ui paster quk ecupa kdduoar bkd efmspe... Bk a` da ikcksmbab bk gehkitar, tkrmca y

prctmcahkitk, kitrk des gmkdks y kd cdkre da vmba dmtromca parrequmady su rkdacmi cei kd efmspe..." =.

Ies à parkcmbe ikcksarme bktkikries ki ksta mitrebuccmi iejurbmca a iukstre tkha, perquk des saorabes cieiks, kspkcmadhkitk ki su cebmgmcacmi hebkria, tratai kd pebkr kpmscepad (yhucàs mistmtucmeiks caiimcas) ki ui vace dkoad. Da vmba y dascestuhfrks bkd pukfde bk Bmes ki su pkrkormiar tkrrkie cmkrta

hkitk qukbai ceicrktabas y bmrmombas per das grhudas jurbmcas,quk kitraai oraibks vkitajas: cdarmbab, prkcmsmi, smstkha, kqumdmfrme kitrk uimbab y bmvkrsmbab, crkacmi bk uia akqumtas crmstmaia. \kre sk mhpeia ui gukrtk mhpudse mimcmad para tratar kdbkrkcè a da duz bk da Modksma cehe hmstkrme, cehe smoie bkd pdaibk Bmes, ksceibmbe y rkvkdabe aèra ki Crmste, auiquk sde gukskpara ceitrarrkstar kd pkdmore bk dkoadmshe, rmombkz, gerhadmshe,agi bk dkomsdar per dkomsdar, y cesas skhkjaitks.

* * *

Ks tebava bkhasmabe tkhpraie para mitkitar ui cehkitarmekxàustmve bkd artcude 66 bk da Ceistmtucmi y sus rahmgmcacmeiks,y hs ai para prkbkcmr su bksarredde udtkrmer. Ie efstaitk, àyquk aiadmzar bktkimbahkitk kd tkxte bkd artcude bkitre bkd harce

bkd becuhkite ceicmdmar y bkd hmshe Ceicmdme.Kd prmhkr prrage bkd artcude 66 bmck: "Da rkodahkitacmi bk

0 Art. ;?.= Art. 26. Cg. J . B. Crmc`tei, R`k Cùrc`'s _ers`mp: Ceismbkra-

tmeis ei t`k Dmturomcad Ceistmtutmei eg t`k Skceib Watmcai Ceuicmd(I ukv a ] e rn : S`kkb aib _ ar b, 1=72), pp . ?;-?=.


34/173

Kd pebkr jurbmce bkd efmspe 3;

da saoraba dmturoma ks bk da cehpktkicma kxcdusmva bk da autermbab

kcdksmstmca, ks bkcmr, bk da Skbk Apestdmca y, ab ierhah mirms,bkd efmspe" 1 y ksta autermbab rksmbk ki da Skbk Apestdmca y kikd efmspe, ks bkcmr, ki kd efmspe jkgk, kd \apa, y ki kd efmspe par

tmcudar.Vksudta curmese quk da tkrhmiedeoa ska prkcmsa ki ui case yvaoa ki etre. "Skbk apestdmca", skoi tebas sus mhpdmcacmeiks caiimcas i, ie ks ui trhmie paradkde a "efmspe"> y "Skbk apestdmca" ki paradkdmshe cei "Skbk kpmscepad" `ufmkra rkqukrmbetebava hs kxpdmcacmeiks. Da padafra "efmspe", ki smioudar, kstksceomba prkcmsahkitk para mibmcar quk caba efmspe tmkik auti

tmca autermbab y pebkr rkoudaber sefrk da saoraba dmturoma. Kramiikcksarme bkcmr quk kd ceijuite bk tebes des efmspes, kd cedkome-apestdmce ceiorkoabe ki uimi cei kd efmspe jkgk, peskk pebkrsuprkhe sefrk da Modksma uimvkrsad 13 ki hatkrma bk cudte> ki cahfme kra ikcksarme rkceieckr uia kspkcmk bk pebkr ki kd efmspemibmvmbuad pukste ad grkitk bk su orky.

Da epesmcmi bk ksta pestura grkitk ad caiei 16;?, quk atrmfuyk kstk pebkr kxcdusmvahkitk a da Skbk apestdmca, ks efvma. Iaturadhkitk, des becuhkites peitmgmcmes pestkrmerks ad Cbmoe bkBkrkc`e Caiimce ie `mcmkrei hs quk mismstmr ki ksta rkskrva bkpebkr. Kd caiei 16;? peba mhpdmcar quk sde da Skbk apestdmcapukbk aprefar dmfres dmtromces bk carctkr partmcudar e decad> ki1=;0 kste sk agmrhafa kxpdcmtahkitk ("dmfres dkotmhahkitk aprefabes per da Skbk apestdmca, taite para da Modksma uimvkrsad cehepara uia modksma partmcudar e gahmdma rkdmomesa") k micduse sk ksta-

1


35/173

37 G. V. HcHaius

fdkca cehe fask para da bmstmicmi kitrk skrvmcmes dmtromces y gmakxkrcmtma. 12. Kstk kra kd kqumvadkitk caiimce bk da bectrmia bk\e PMM ki da Hkbmater Bkm (1=2?): ".. .sde kd Suhe \eitgmcktmkik kd bkrkcè bk pkrhmtmr e kstafdkckr cuadqumkr prctmca dmtromca, bk mitrebucmr e aprefar iukves rmtes, e bk rkadmzar des cahfmes quk ceismbkrk ikcksarmes" 1;.

Aitks bk da prehudoacmi bk da Ceistmtucmi, kd pebkr jurbmcebkd efmspe ki rkdacmi cei da dmturoma sk kxprksafa hs cehe ui

bkfkr quk cehe ui bkrkcè: ". ..uro mr vmomdaitkhkitk da efskrvaicma bk das ierhas caiimcas sefrk kd cudte bmvmie" 17. Ki suaspkcte ikoatmve da autermbab sk kxtkiba a ui cahpe hs ahpdme:cerrkomr afuses y prctmcas supkrstmcmesas, skoi bktkrhmia kdcaiei 1671, quk rkceieck ad efmspe da gacudtab bk kjkrckr autermbab dkomsdatmva para àckr cuhpdmr da bmscmpdmia sefrk kd cudtesaorabe 1?, y bk vmsmtar duoarks bk cudte quk bk etre hebe sk à

ddai kxkites bk da jurmsbmccmi kpmscepad ki cmkrtas cmrcuistaicmas10

.A kste bkfki aabmrsk des cases, hs e hkies smoimgmcatmves, bkceicksmeiks kspkcgmcas, gacudtabks y etres pebkrks quk peskk kdefmspe mibmvmbuad 1=.

Da Ceistmtucmi va hs add bk tebe kste y kstafdkck, ceheierha y prmicmpme, kd pebkr rkoudaber bkd efmspe ki cuaite skrkgmkrk a da dmturoma. Kd `kcè bk quk sk tratk bk ui kiuicmabe

okikrad, cuye bksarredde udtkrmer ie pebkhes èy prkbkcmr, ie bmshmiuyk su mhpertaicma: smi kspkcmgmcar dhmtks e bktaddks, kd Ceicmdme kcuhimce rkceieck ki kd efmspe ui pebkr jurbmce quk kikd pasabe kra bmgcmd e mhpesmfdk bk rkmvmibmcar.

Cud ks kd smoimgmcabe bk da kxprksmi ab ierhah murms ki kstkceitkxte5 Ki prmhkr duoar `khes bk ietar quk kd Ceicmdme iekitra ki da cukstmi bkd ermoki bkd pebkr rkoudaber, bk sm da dkyhkicmeiaba ks ùhaia e bmvmia. Ad hmshe tmkhpe, kd artcude 66

12 Mistruccmi bk da S. C. V., 3 bk skptmkhfrk bk 1=;;, i. 16.1; 3< bk ievmkhfrk bk 1=2?: AAS 3= (1=2?), ;22.17 Mfmb.1? Cai. 1671, 1.10 Cai. 1671, 6.1= Cai. ?;;, 6> ?;=, 6> 11;7> 16?2, 1> 16?;> 16=6.


36/173

Kd pebkr jurbmce bkd efmspe 3?

pukbk skr ceismbkrabe cehe ui pase ki da bmrkccmi bkd arouhkite prkskitabe per varmes \abrks ceicmdmarks kitrk kddes kd carbkiadVmttkr bk St. Deums 6 per kjkhpde, rkgerhar da kiskaiza ki kd skhmiarme 66, ayubar a des sackrbetks bkbmcabes ya aXhmimstkrme pasterad a kitkibkr, vmvmr y cehuimcar da vmba dmtromca 63 > prehevkr da mistruccmi y partmcmpacmi dmtromca bk desgmkdks 62. ] a`era paskhes a kiuhkrar des cases bk pebkr eteroabe

ad efmspe per kd Ceicmdme.6


37/173

1

30 G. V. HcHaius

[i mhpertaitk artcude bkd captude M àfda bk da bmoimbabkspkcmad quk peskki das bkvecmeiks "prepmas bk modksmas partmcudarks", smkhprk quk sk ckdkfrki "per haibate bk des efmspes bkacukrbe cei das cestuhfrks e dmfres dkotmhahkitk aprefabes" 6S.A prmhkra vmsta pukbk parkckr quk ksta autermbab sefrk das ckdkfracmeiks saorabas ki sus modksmas e bmcksms ks pece hs bk de qukceickbk a des efmspes kd Cbmoe 67> pkre ki rkadmbab, smi prkjuzoarda hatkrma, kd Ceicmdme ceisedmba aqu da smtuacmi bk kstes skrvm

cmes bk cudte pfdmce ckdkfrabes faje da autermbab y da prksmbkicmabkd efmspe, auiquk sk tratk bk skrvmcmes ie micdumbes ki des dmfresegmcmadks bk da dmturoma rehaia. Sk à bk precurar kstafdkckr uiacdara bmstmicmi kitrk kstes skrvmcmes y das bkvecmeiks prmvabas,cumbaibe a da vkz bk quk tkioai duoar de hs bkitre pesmfdk bkdksprmtu dmtromce6?.

Ki kstk hmshe captude sk hkicmeiai tahfmi cases ceicrk

tes bk autermbab kpmscepad: ki hatkrma bk traishmsmeiks rabmegimcas y tkdkvmsmvas bk accmeiks saorabas "faje da bmrkccmi y rkspeisafmdmbab bk uia pkrseia mbika bksmoiaba para ksta hmsmiper des efmspes" 60> ki das "ckdkfracmeiks saorabas bk da padafrabk Bmes", para das quk sk efskrvar da rkoda: "beibk ie àyasackrbetk... prksmbmr ui bmceie u etra pkrseia autermzaba per kdefmspe..." 6=> ki da bmrkccmi bk da cehmsmi bmecksaia bk dmtur

oma 3 as sk kstafdkckri des dhmtks bk ksta rkgerha, ki suktapa kxpkrmhkitad, para teba da Modksma datmia. Caba efmspe partmcudar, per su partk, tkibr autermbab sefrk da bmscmpdmia rkgerhaba> pebr ackptar e rkcàzar des cases ceicrktes, smkhprk ksbk kspkrar per razeiks pasteradks y cei kd gmi bk àckr kd smoie

bk da Kucarmsta hs smoimgmcatmve y kgmcaz.6) Ad ceitrarme bk de quk ecurrk ki kd case smoumkitk kd bk

da ceickdkfracmi, kd pebkr rksmbk kxcdusmvahkitk ki des efmspes, smi hkicmi bk etres erbmiarmes. Da rkgerha ks mhpertaitk>des rkdmomeses, per kjkhpde, ie ksti tai mitkrksabes ki kdda cehekd rkste bk des gmkdks> y kd jumcme sk bkja ad efmspe.

Kd captude MM kitra tahfmi ki adouies bktaddks cei rkspkctea da rkstauracmi bk da ceickdkfracmi ki teba su pdkimtub rmtuady sacrahkitad. Ksta vkz kd jumcme sk bkja a des efmspes y a des etreserbmiarmes, taite decadks cehe rkdmomeses, ki cases beibk sk ikcksmtk kd pkrhmse 32. Da dmfkradmbab bkd Ceicmdme ki sus hkbmbas bkrkgerha dmtromca sk vme kqumdmfraba per ui bkske bk ie mhpeikrprctmcas iukvas y qumz ie fmki rkcmfmbas ki rkas beibk, per

kjkhpde, da prkparacmi y kd ahfmkitk bkitre bkd cdkre rksudtaitebava bfmdks. \er kse da ceickdkfracmi guk rkstauraba ceheprctmca uimvkrsad para das hmsas bkd jukvks saite, des ceicmdmes,siebes y ceigkrkicmas kpmscepadks, y para da hmsa bk fkibmcmi

36 Art. ;;.33 Hp.32 Art. ;?, 1, 6.


39/173

2< G. V. HcHaius

bk ui afab 3;> des rkstaitks cases qukbarei pkibmkitks bk pkrhmse kspkcmad.

Kd artcude ;? bk da Ceistmtucmi kiceitr cmkrta epesmcmi,kspkcmadhkitk ki da partk quk àfda bk da ikcksmbab bkd "pkrhmsebkd erbmiarme". Ki da vetacmi ùfe 1.03= vetes agmrhatmves y 31;ikoatmves 37. \artk bk da epesmcmi sk bkfa, cehe vmie a trasducmrsk hs tarbk, a da gukrtk prkgkrkicma quk ui ihkre tebavahayer bk efmspes bkhestrafa per da grhuda "cei pkrhmse bkd

erbmiarme bkd duoar".Skoi kd skitmhmkite okikrad, bk aqu ùfmkra rksudtabe, ki

ui ceitkxte hucè hs ahpdme, uia bmshmiucmi bkd prmvmdkomebk kxckpcmi grkitk a da jurmsbmccmi kpmscepad. Ki case ceitrarmedes efmspes qumz ie sk ùfmkrai skitmbe satmsgkcès cei de kstafdkcmbe ki kd actuad Cbmoe, quk ki rkadmbab dks pkrhmtk mitkrvkimrpara cerrkomr afuses e vmedacmeiks bk da dkomsdacmi bmecksaia ki

de quk sk rkgmkrk ad cudte bmvmie3?

. Ki tebe case, da CehmsmiCeicmdmar acdar das cesas rkvmsaibe da rkbaccmi bkd artcude bkhebe quk taite des efmspes cehe des erbmiarmes rkdmomeses pubmkrai autermzar da ceickdkfracmi, pkre kd ceitred dtmhe bk su bmscmpdmia pkrtkikck kxcdusmvahkitk ad efmspe: "Smi khfaroe, cerrkspeibk ad efmspe rkodahkitar da bmscmpdmia bk da ceickdkfracmiki da bmcksms" 30. Ksta agmrhacmi uik bk gerha abhmrafdk kdpapkd bkd efmspe ki da Kucarmsta, prksmbmkibe ki da (cei)-ckdk-fracmi e bksmoiaibe a etre para quk prksmba ki su duoar, cei supebkr jurbmce sefrk da bmscmpdmia dmtromca 3=.

Ki kd captude sefrk des bkhs sacrahkites y des sacrahkitadks trks artcudes adubki a da autermbab kpmscepad: 1) Da rkstauracmi bkd catkcuhkiabe dmtromce sk peibr ki prctmca skoi"kd jumcme bkd erbmiarme bkd duoar" 2


40/173

Kd pebkr jurbmce bkd efmspe 21

tahfmi "skoi kd jumcme bkd erbmiarme bkd duoar" 21. 3) Da rkskrvacmi bk fkibmcmeiks à bk àckrsk "sde ki gaver bk des efmspesu erbmiarmes"> y cmkrtes sacrahkitadks pebri skr abhmimstrabesper damces sde "a jumcme bkd erbmiarme" 26.

Kd prmhkre y kd tkrckre bk kstes cases hkrkcki ui frkvk cehkitarme. Kd artcude 72, àfdaibe bkd catkcuhkiabe dmtromceiukvahkitk mistaurabe, bkja da bktkrhmiacmi decad ki das haies bkd efmspe u etre erbmiarme bkd duoar. Kste ceigmrha da ier

ha para kd use bkd rmtuad bk 1=76 23, pkre apuita a uia cehpdktamitkoracmi bkd pkrebe bk mistruccmi y gerhacmi bk des ceivkrses ki des rmtes dmtromces ki quk teha partk teba da cehuimbab.

Kd tkxte bkd artcude ?=, quk sk ecupa bk des sacrahkitadks,kiceitr das hmshas vacmdacmeiks per partk bk des pabrks ceicmdmarks quk kd bkrkcè bk des erbmiarmes rkdmomeses a pkrhmtmr da

ceickdkfracmi, skoi kd artcude ;?, 1, 6 22

. Ki prmhkr duoar,guk ikcksarme quk da Cehmsmi Ceicmdmar acdarask quk des imcesrmtes rkskrvabes a rkdmomeses a tkier bkd artcude ?= krai des ckdkfrabes per des hmshes erbmiarmes rkdmomeses imcahkitk ki fkikgmcme bk des rkdmomeses kxkites, per kjkhpde, da fkibmcmi bk uiduoar saorabe pkrtkikcmkitk a ui mistmtute rkdmomese bk cdrmoeskxkites. Da mitkicmi pasterad bkd prrage skouibe bkd artcude ?= ks suprmhmr teba rkskrvacmi prmvmdkomaba quk pubmkra crkarefstcudes a des sackrbetks ki kd pdkie kjkrcmcme bk su hmimstkrmeparrequmad ki fmki bk des gmkdks> iaba bk kste ecurrk per kd `kcèbk quk adouias fkibmcmeiks hs sedkhiks qukbki rkskrvabas ades efmspes.

Da rkadmzacmi prctmca bkd pdai, huy dmhmtabe y casm sdekxpkrmhkitad, bk pkrhmtmr quk cmkrtes sacrahkitadks pukbai skrabhmimstrabes per damces kspkcmadhkitk cuadmgmcabes, sk kicehmkiba hs fmki ad "erbmiarme" quk a des efmspes u erbmiarmes bk

21 Art. 70.26 Art. ?=.23 17 bk afrmd bk 1=73, Erbe Faptmshm Abudteruh pkr Orabas Ca-

tkcùhkiatus Bmspesmtus, "Ierhak", i. 1.22 Cg. sugra, ki da ieta 32.


41/173

26 G. V. HcHaius

duoar sedahkitk 2S. Bk `kcè, smi khfaroe, skri des erbmiarmesbk duoar qumkiks okikradhkitk bkcmbai, puks des damces ki cukstmi kstari sujktes a su autermbab> da tkrhmiedeoa khpdkabaper da Ceistmtucmi parkck kxckptuar kd case bk des rkdmomesesdamces quk pukbki rkcmfmr bmcè pkrhmse bk sus erbmiarmes rkdmomeses.

Des bes cases bk pebkr kpmscepad hkicmeiabes ki kd captu

de MW, sefrk kd Egmcme bmvmie, atrmfuyki tahfmi das gacudtabkski cukstmi a des etres erbmiarmes bk duoar y a des erbmiarmes rkdmomeses. ] ks iaturad, puks taite das bmspkisas y pkrhutas ki kdEgmcme 27 cehe da autermzacmi para usar da dkioua hatkria ki kdrkze bkd Egmcme a des cdrmoes 2? sei cesas quk ceicmkriki per mouada des erbmiarmes rkdmomeses y a des efmspes. Da prmhkra bk kstasierhas cerrmok da parabjmca smtuacmi ki quk sk àddafai des

efmspes> stes, ki kgkcte, a pksar bk skr des hebkraberks prmicmpadks bkd cudte bmvmie ki sus bmcksms, ie pebai kiceitrar ki dadkomsdacmi kscrmta da autermzacmi quk dks justmgmcask para ceickbkrbmspkisas y pkrhutas quk des supkrmerks rkdmomeses y etres vkiaiya ceickbmkibe.

Cmkrtahkitk kstes artcudes bk da Ceistmtucmi ie suomkrkiki hebe adouie quk des pebkrks kjkrcmbes aitkrmerhkitk per da

Skbk apestdmca sk traisgmkrai aèra ki fdequk a caba uie bk desefmspes. Aui ki kd case bk quk, orabuadhkitk e hkbmaitk bktkrhmiacmi kspkcgmca per ui bkcrkte ceicmdmar ki uia udtkrmersksmi bkd Ceicmdme, sk rkceiezca ki kd efmspe mibmvmbuad uiaprksuicmi bk autermbab, a ie skr quk uia hatkrma qukbk rkskrvaba kxcdusmvahkitk ad \apa, da orai efra bk da rkgerha dmtromcabmgcmdhkitk pebr bktkrhmiarsk ki caba modksma decad.

Ie efstaitk, kd Ceicmdme Watmcaie MM rkceieck sustaicmad-hkitk da autermbab bkd efmspe mibmvmbuad, kspkcmadhkitk ki kdartcude 66, 1. Kstk pebkr jurbmce tmkik su ermoki ki kd egmcmedmtromce bkd efmspe. Su kiuicmacmi ki gerha bk dky fmki pukbk

2; Art. ?=.27 Art. =?> Hp, i. WMD2? Art. 1 Hp, i. MP.


42/173

Kd -pebkr jurbmce bkd efmspe 23

kstar rkdacmeiaba cei da pestura abeptaba per da mihkisa hayera bk des pabrks ceicmdmarks sefrk da fask bkd saorabe hmimstk rme: 6.163 pabrks, cei 32 vetes ki ceitra, pmbmkrei quk ki kdksqukha Bk Kccdksma sk agmrhara quk da ceisaoracmi kpmscepadceistmtuyk kd orabe suhe bkd sacrahkite bkd Erbki> 6.


43/173

22 G. V. HcHaius

Kd puite bk partmba para ksta kspkcmk bk bksckitradmzacmiy da rkstauracmi ki da Modksma, cei ui repajk y ui vmoer iukves, bk da vkikrafdk bmscmpdmia bk des ceicmdmes y siebes ks kdprrage skouibe bkd artcude 66: "Ki vmrtub bkd pebkr ceickbmbe per kd bkrkc`e, da rkodahkitacmi bk da dmturoma cerrkspeibktahfmi, bkitre bk des dhmtks kstafdkcmbes, a das bmvkrsas cdasksbk cehpktkitks asahfdkas tkrrmtermadks bk efmspes, dkotmhahkitkceistmtumbas" ;


44/173

Kd pebkr jurbmce bkd efmspe 2;

Sm caba efmspe tmkik uia sedmcmtub per das modksmas bmstmitas bkda suya, ksk mitkrs à bk skr hayer cei rkdacmi a das bmcksmsbk su prevmicma, bk su rkomi, bk su iacmi. Che àfr bk kxprksarsk jurbmcahkitk ksta sedmcmtub e prkecupacmi, sm à bkkxprksarsk bk adouia haikra, ks uia cukstmi tetadhkitk bmstmita, pkre cmkrtahkitk ceistmtuyk uia haimgkstacmi bkd carctkrcedkomad bk da cehuimbab bk efmspes, micduse a kscada rkomeiad.

Ki kd pasabe, da haimgkstacmi bk kstk gkihkie casm iaturadki da Modksma abqumrm da gerha bk patrmarcabes y prevmicmas, siebes y ceicmdmes ;6. Aèra, das ceigkrkicmas kpmscepadks, bk kstructura hkies romba y casm moierabas ki da cebmgmcacmi bkdbkrkcè caiimce;3 , sk ài vmste rkceiecmbas per kd Ceicmdmekcuhimce.

Ki kd artcude 66, 6, kd Ceicmdme kvmta cumbabesahkitk tebe

de quk ska kitrar ki da cukstmi bectrmiad bkd duoar quk ecupaikstas ceigkrkicmas e asahfdkas bk efmspes ki da ceistmtucmi bkda Modksma> sk àfda smhpdkhkitk bk "pebkr ceickbmbe per kdbkrkcè", smi kspkcmgmcar sm ks ùhaie e bmvmie. As hmshe kdCeicmdme sk afstmkik bk prkjuzoar das bmvkrsas kspkcmks bk ceigkrkicmas kpmscepadks quk kxmstki ki da actuadmbab, bkjaibe kstkprefdkha para da pestkrmer ceistmtucmi Bk Kpmscepms kt Bmekck-

smuh Vkomhmik. Kstk ks kd skitmbe bk da atrmfucmi bk pebkr a"das bmvkrsas cdasks bk cehpktkitks asahfdkas tkrrmtermadks bkefmspes, dkotmhahkitk ceistmtumbas". \ara quk da Ceistmtucmisefrk da saoraba dmturoma, ki adouias bk sus prmicmpadks gacktas,ie rksudtask mikgkctmva buraitk ui pkrebe bk tmkhpe àsta qukkd Ceicmdme pukba bktkrhmiar da iaturadkza y kd kstabe jurbmcebk das ceigkrkicmas kpmscepadks, sk rkceieck quk kd bkrkcè bkrkodahkitar da dmturoma rksmbk ki das bmvkrsas cerperacmeiks bkkstk oikre.

Cuaibe kd artcude 66 kra bmscutmbe ki kd Ceicmdme, sk skad quk kd pebkr a quk adubk kd tkxte peba skr kjkrcmbe per das

;6 Cai. 601> 603.;3 Cai. 6=6> cg. cai. 1;


45/173

27 G. V. HcHaius

ceigkrkicmas prevmicmadks bk efmspes, per des ceicmdmes prevmicmadks y pdkiarmes, per das cerperacmeiks kpmscepadks bk carctkriacmeiad e rkomeiad ya kxmstkitks, ktc., cei da imca ceibmcmibk kstar dkotmhahkitk ceistmtumbes. Kd 6; bk kikre bk 1=72, \afde WM prehudo uias bmspesmcmeiks prevmsmeiadks rkdatmvas a dasasahfdkas bk efmspes, quk stas àfai bk skoumr ki kd kjkrcmcmebk su autermbab dkomsdatmva sefrk da dmturoma ; 2 :

1) \er kd hehkite, ks bkcmr, àsta quk kst udtmhaba da kspkraba Ceistmtucmi sefrk kd tkha, da autermbab bkd artcude 66,

6, rksmbk ki das asahfdkas iacmeiadks bk efmspes. Kste ie kxcduyk da asecmacmi bk efmspes bk bmvkrsas iacmeiks ki uia aorupacmi imca para uia accmi ceickrtaba> s kxcduyk, ad hkies peraèra, da actuacmi bk orupes bk kstk tmpe a uia kscada hkier bkda iacmeiad, auiquk kdde pubmkra skr bk orai mhpertaicma ki rkomeiks y pasks beibk sk àfdai bes e hs dkiouas.

6) Abkhs bk des efmspes rksmbkicmadks, pukbki partmcmpar

cei bkrkcè a vete des hkicmeiabes (e adubmbes) ki kd caiei 6=6bkd C. M. C. \ukbki tahfmi skr ddahabes a kstas ceigkrkicmasdes efmspes ceabjuterks y auxmdmarks.

3) \ara da dkotmha aprefacmi bk des bkcrktes sk rkqumkrkides bes tkrcmes bk des vetes, khmtmbes skcrktahkitk.

Bk kstas bmspesmcmeiks, da skouiba y tkrckra tmkiki mhpertaicma ki cuaite bkrmvabas sustaicmadhkitk bkd ksqukha Bk Kpms-

cepms kt Bmekcksmuh Vkomhmik sehktmbe tebava a bmscusmi perkd Ceicmdme. Kd ceijuite bkd becuhkite papad pkrhmtk kd kjkrcmcme pdkie bkd pebkr hkicmeiabe ki kd artcude 66, 6, smi bkhera adouia.

Cudks sei des "dhmtks kstafdkcmbes" bkd pebkr jurbmce bkdes kpmscepabes iacmeiadks5 \rkscmibmkibe bk das gacudtabks prk-ceicmdmarks rkdatmvas a da dmturoma (sefrk kd ceder bk des eriahkites saorabes;; , abaptacmeiks y use bk da dkioua vudoar ki kdrmte bkd catkcuhkiabe bk abudtes;7), pebkhes kiuhkrar das smoumkitks tehabas bk da Ceistmtucmi hmsha:

;2 Hp, i. P.;; Cebkx Vufrmcaruh, i. 11?.;7 Erbe Faptmshm Abudtehh..., "Ierhak", i. 3, ;-7.


46/173

Kd pebkr jurbmce bkd efmspe 2?

m) Kd pebkr bk bktkrhmiar da kxtkismi bkd use bk da dkiouahatkria ki da dmturoma ;?, as cehe kd bk aprefar das trabuccmeikski dkioua vudoar para uses dmtromces ;0. Ki kd prmhkr case, dasbkcmsmeiks bk da ceigkrkicma bkfki skr ceigmrhabas (actms prefa-tms sku ceigmrhatms) per da Skbk apestdmca> ki kd skouibe, daCeistmtucmi ie kxmok ceigmrhacmi, auiquk uia mitkrprktacmibkd rietu preprme bk kikre agmrha quk sk rkqumkrk bmc`a ceigmrhacmi ;=. Etres artcudes bk da Ceistmtucmi kspkcmgmcai des d

hmtks bk da autermbab kpmscepad, bkitre bk da kstructura bk deseroaimshes e ceigkrkicmas tkrrmtermadks, para da ceicksmi bk dadkioua vudoar ki des bmvkrses skrvmcmes, da Kucarmsta 7

6) da prehecmi bk des kstubmes ikcksarmes para das abaptacmeiks dmtromcas, taite das quk sk mibmcari ki des dmfres dmtrom

ces rkvmsabes 72 cehe etras abaptacmeiks hs preguibas quk kxmoki da aprefacmi peitmgmcma 7;, y da mitrebuccmi e prepesmcmibk skhkjaitks abaptacmeiks>

3) da crkacmi bk uia cehmsmi kpmscepad bk dmturoma 77>2) da prkparacmi bk ui rmtuad partmcudar e rkomeiad bkspus

bk quk sk pufdmquk da iukva kbmcmi bkd Vmtuad Vehaie 7? >;) da mitrebuccmi bk kdkhkites mibokias bk mimcmacmi rk

dmomesa ki kd rmtuad crmstmaie, ad hkies ki des ddahabes pasks bkhmsmi70>

;? Art. 37, 3.;0 Art. 37, 2.;= Hp, i. MP> cg. G. V. HcHaius, R`k Ceistmtatmei ei D@uroy,

Cehrikitary, \art Eik, "_ers`mp 30 (1=72), 3;0-371.7


47/173

20 G. V. HcHaius

7) da prkpar acmi bk ui rmte para da ckdkfracmi bkd ha tr m

heime "abaptabe a das cestuhfrks bk des bmvkrses duoarks y puk

fdes" 7=>?) da abapta cmi bkd ae dmtromce ?< >0) kd gehk ite bk da prctmca pkim tkic mad bur ai tk da Cu a

rksha skoi "das pesmfmdmbabks bk iukstre tmkhpe y bk des bmvkrses pasks" ? 1 >

=) da mitre buccmi bk gerhas husmca dks mibok ias ki da dmturoma, kspkcmadhkitk ki pasks bk hmsmi ? 6 >

1

11) da aba pta cm i bk das vkst mburas y efjktes saorabes, kspk

cmadhkitk ki su hatkrma y su gerha, a das ikcksmbabks y cestuhfrks bk da rkomi ?; .

Ki uie u etre case, da kiuhkracmi quk acafahes bk `ackrhs parkck mhpeikr uia efdmoacmi quk bkscrmfmr ui pebkr, perkjkhpde, ki kd gehkite bk da prctmca pkimtkicmad. ] pebrahesbktkikries tahfmi ki das iukvas rkspeisafmdmbabks bk das asahfdkas tkrrmtermadks bk efmspes, partmcudarhkitk ki de quk sk rkgmkrk

a kbucacmi, prehecmi y partmcmpacmi dmtromcas? 7

.@ay, abkhs, uia cukstmi partmcudar quk kxmok ui frkvk

cehkitarme.

Ki kd case bk da gacudtab eteroaba a das ceigkrkicmas kpmscepadks para mitrebucmr das dkiouas vudoarks ki da dmturoma ? ? , ascehe ki kd case bk da prkparacmi bk rmtuadks partmcudarks ? 0 , das

7= Art. ??.?


48/173

Kd -pebkr jurbmce bkd efmspe 2=

bkcmsmeiks bk da asahfdka tkrrmtermad kxmoki da ceigmrhacmi bk

da Skbk apestdmca.Kd tkxte bk des bes artcudes cerrkspeibmkitks guk efjkte bk

mitkisa bmscusmi buraitk kd bkfatk ceicmdmar a gmiadks bk 1=76.Ki kd ksqukha bk da Ceistmtucmi, ki kd artcude 37 bk da rkbaccmi gmiad, ie sk eteroafa a das ceigkrkicmas kpmscepadks imioipebkr sefrk da dkioua vudoar, sde kd bkrkc`e bk prkskitar prepesmcmeiks a da Saita Skbk cmkrtahkitk ui bkrkc`e hkiouabe.

\estkrmerhkitk, da Cehmsmi Ceicmddar bk dmturoma sehktmad jumcme bk des pab rks ui iuk ve tkxt e bkd a rtcude qu k bkca :"...kst cehpktkitms aucteitatms kccdksmastmcak tkrrmtermadms, bk quai art. 66, 6... bk usu kt hebe dmiouak vkriacudak statukrk, ac-tms af Apestdmca Skbk prefatms sku ceigmrhatms" ?= . Da kihmkibaguk ackptaba per des pabrks per 6.


49/173

;< G. V. HcHaius

iad (y egmcmad) bkd hetu preprme bk kikre y ki des rkscrmptes bkdiukve Ceismdmuh para da puksta ki prctmca bk da Ceistmtucmi.\er taite, da padafra sku prepmahkitk sk `a bk trabucmr per "ksbkcmr", y ie per "e".

Kd skitmbe bk ksta ceigmrhacmi qukba udtkrmerhkitk kxpdmcabe per aiadeoa cei kd artcude 73 f, quk trata bk da prkparacmi bk rmtuadks per das autermbabks tkrrmtermadks. Ki kstk case dagrhuda khpdkaba ks: actms a` Apestdmca Skbk rkceoimtms. Kd

paradkdmshe bkhukstra quk sk trata bk da mistmtucmi caiimcabkd caiei 6=1, 1 bkd C. M. E, ddhksk sta mispkccmi, ceigmrhacmi, rkvmsmi, ratmgmcacmi, e adoe skhkjaitk. Da kxpdmcacmiautitmca, egrkcmba a des pabrks per da Cehmsmi Ceicmdmar, ksskicmdda: ki kstes cases, das dkyks preckbki vkrbabkrahkitk bk daautermbab dkomsdatmva bk da cerperacmi tkrrmtermad bk efmspes> dasufsmoumkitk ceigmrhacmi bk da Skbk Apestdmca dks aabk uia

iukva gukrza jurbmca y herad, pkre su ceibmcmi bk dkyks kpmscepadks 11< cahfma.

\ebrahes bktkikries hs ki kstk puite, kspkcmadhkitk tkimkibe ki cukita quk da Ceistmtucmi vmkik a ecuparsk bk dasrkdacmeiks kitrk da Skbk Apestdmca y da dkomsdacmi bk des ceicmdmes prevmicmadks y pdkiarmes skoi kd Cbmoe bk Bkrkc`e Caiimce 06. \kre aqu ies dmhmtahes a sufrayar kd pebkr eteroabea das ceigkrkicmas kpmscepadks ki rkdacmi cei da dmturoma, y a suokrmr quk kste pukbk huy fmki skr ui prmhkr orai pase ki kdprevmbkicmad suromhmkite bk uia iukva mistmtucmi caiimca qukkscdarkckr das rkdacmeiks kitrk kd efmspe jkgk y des bkhs efmspesbkitre bkd cedkome apestdmce.

GVKBKVMCN V. HCHAI[S

Cg. G. V. HcHaius, art. cmt., 3;2-3;7.


50/173

KD EFMS\E ] DES "SACVA KPKVCMRMA"

Vksudta serprkibkitk kd `kc`e bk quk iesetres, ki da Modksmabk Eccmbkitk, tkioahes ui bktaddabe frkvmarme caiimce paracdrmoes y rkdmomeses, cei uia efdmoacmi kxactahkitk bktkrhmiaba, y, ki cahfme, para des gmkdks, sm prkscmibmhes bk da partmcmpacmi kxmomba ki da hmsa, ie kst prkvmsta imiouia dkomsdacmibk eracmeiks, im smqumkra ki gerha bk rkcehkibacmi. Kstk gki

hkie, bkd quk da Modksma c`mia 1

ks uia cdara kxckpcmi, rksudtahs serprkibkitk ai sm cehparahes cei d das prctmcas bkeracmi bk da Modksma bk des prmhkres smodes. Ki da hs aitmouadkomsdacmi kcdksmstmca, da Rrabmtme Apestdmca bk Sai @mpdmtebk Veha 6, bk des 23 ihkres quk da cehpeiki prkscmibmkibebk das bmspesmcmeiks sefrk da kucarmsta, bes ad hkies tratai bkda eracmi bk des gmkdks, y kdde cei tebe bktaddk. Ki cahfme, ki

kd C. M. E, bk des 6212 cieiks prkscmibmkibe tahfmi aqubk da Kucarmsta y bk des rkdmomeses, prepmahkitk sde kd caiei16;= hkicmeia da eracmi bk des gmkdks. Ki d sk bmck, ki kgkcte,ki kd 1 : Eratmeims kt gmktatms kxkrcmtma ik pkrhmttaitur mi kc-cdksmms vkd eratermms smik rkvmsmeik kt kxprkssa Erbmiarmm decm dmckitma.

Bk tebes hebes, sk ba per supukste aqu quk, juite a da dmturoma y da eracmi egmcmad bkd cdrmoe, kxmstki gmktatms kxkrcmtma

practmcabes per kd pukfde crmstmaie. Radks gmktatms kxkrcmtma sk tmk-1 \. FV[IIKV : D'kuc`edeok bk da Hmssmei bk C`mik, Histkr,

1=72.6 Ki da iukva kbmcmi bk F. FERRK : Da Rrabmtmei Apestedmquk bk

Samit @mppedytk, Histkr, 1=73, i. 00 (y abkhs, kd bupdmcabe, i. 3;):Bk tkhgerk que epertkt erark, ykd i. 26:Bk smoie crucms.


51/173

;6 M. A. duiohaii' ' e

iki ki cukita, smi khfaroe, tai sde ki cuaite a su aspkcte

ikoatmve: kd efmspe à bk vkdar para mhpkbmr quk sk mitrebuzcaiafuses, quk sk practmquki, per kjkhpde, eracmeiks y bkvecmeiksceitrarmas a da gk e a uia saia pmkbab.

Da Mistructme bk da Saoraba Ceiorkoacmi bk Vmtes bk 3 bkskptmkhfrk bk 1=;0 khpdka kd hmshe dkiouajk quk kd caiei cmtabe 3. A gmi bk bkdmhmtar hs kxactahkitk da ksgkra ki quk daSkbk Apestdmca, per kd caiei 16;?, rkmvmibmca kd bkrkcè kxcdu

smve bk rkodahkitar da dmturoma, da Mistructme bkgmik hs bktaddabahkitk kd ceickpte bk actme dmtromca, bmcmkibe quk per kdda àbk kitkibkrsk sde kd skrvmcme bmvmie rkadmzabe, bk acukrbe cei desdmfres aprefabes per da Saita Skbk, per pkrseias autermzabas parakdde. Rebas das bkhs prctmcas rkdmomesas, ya sk ckdkfrki ki damodksma e gukra bk kdda, aui cuaibe skai bmrmombas per kd sackrbetk, sei bkiehmiabas gma kxkrcmtma 2.

Ad kxprksarsk bk kstk hebe ie sk kstafdkck, puks, bmgkrkicmaadouia gukra bkd hfmte bkiehmiabe, ki skitmbe kstrmcte, dmturoma, baibe de hmshe quk uia prctmca rkdmomesa ska rkadmzaba pergmkdks partmcmpaitks (per kjkhpde, ki uia pkrkormiacmi prmvabae ki da eracmi bk da gahmdma ki casa), e quk sk da aiuicmk cehepartk bk da dmturoma parrequmad y ska bmrmomba per ui cdrmoe autermzabe.

Sk trata, ki kstk dtmhe case, bk das bmvkrsas bkvecmeiks quksk ckdkfrai per da tarbk y per da iec`k y quk bksbk àck smodessk tmkiki rkoudarhkitk, ad hkies des behmioes y bas gkstmves,ki das modksmas pfdmcas. Ks cdare quk a tadks prctmcas ie sk dksceickbk uia vaderacmi kspkcmad. Rad cehe sk ckdkfrai ki hucèspasks, ài crkcmbe, ki kgkcte, hucàs vkcks bk haikra pregusa.Sus gerhas preckbki ki hucès cases bk da eracmi prmvaba e bk

adoi bkvecmeiarme. Omrai bk erbmiarme ki terie a tkhas huypkrmgrmces: smrvki para vkikrar a ui saite e ui hmstkrme par-

3 AAS ;< (1=;0) 733 : "Cktkrak actmeiks sacrak quak smvk mi kccdk-sma smvk kxtra, sackrbetk quequk prakskitk vkd prakkuitk, pkraouitur, 'pakxkrcmtma' appkddaitur".

2 Mfmbkh.


52/173

Kd efmspe y des "sacra kxkrcmtma" ;3

tmcudar. Sk prkecupai pece, kspkcmadhkitk cuaibe sk trata bk ievkias e bk bkvecmeiks hkisuadks, bkd curse bkd ae dmtromce.Da bkvecmi a sai Jes pukbk rkcufrmr, a de daroe bk tebe kd hksbk harze, da ckdkfracmi bk da cuarksha> da bkvecmi bkd hks bkhaye pasa per kicmha bkd tmkhpe pascuad smi kcàr uia sedahmraba ad Vksucmtabe.

Smi khfaroe, \e PMM, ya ki su kiccdmca Hkbmater Bkm, bk

bmc uia fkiveda atkicmi a kstes cudtes y sufray su justmgmcacmi. Kd \apa àfda bk kjkrcmcmes bk pmkbab (pmktatms kxkrcmtma),des cuadks, cmkrtahkitk, tehabas das cesas cei rmoer, ie pkrtkikcki a da dmturoma, pkre peskki uia smoimgmcacmi kspkcmad, y bmckbk kddes quk "ki cmkrte hebe" pukbki skr ceismbkrabes cehepkrtkikcmkitks a da ksgkra dmtromca. ] hkicmeia cehe kjkhpdesda bkvecmi harmaia bkd hks bk haye, da bkvecmi ad Cerazi bkJkss ki juime y, abkhs, ievkias y trmbues, as cehe da bkvecmi bkd vma crucms ;. Rebas kstas gerhas bk pmkbab sei adafabasperquk ddkvai ad pukfde crmstmaie ad sacrahkite bk da pkimtkicma,a da hmsa y a da cehuimi, a hkbmtar sefrk des hmstkrmes bk darkbkicmi y a mhmtar a des saites. Da kiccdmca bmck quk ie ksikcksarme rkgerhar tebes kstes cudtes bk acukrbe cei das dkyks bkkstmde bk des rmtes dmtromces> smi khfaroe, bkfkrai mispmrarsk kida dmturoma bk tad hebe quk ie sk ceismkita ki kddes iaba miabk

cuabe, e mibmoie bk da casa bk Bmes, e ceitrarme a da dmturoma ya da saia pmkbab 7.

Da Ceistmtutme bk Sacra Dmturoma ba ui pase hs ki ksta dika, y cei kdde suroki iukvas tarkas ki kd cahpe bk vmsmi bkuia pasterad prxmha a da rkadmbab. Ki kd artcude 13 sk àfdaprmhkre bk des gma kxkrcmtma, kitkibmibedes, bksbk dukoe, ki kdahpdme skitmbe ki quk sk vkiai kitkibmkibe àsta aèra. Sk

des rkcehmkiba kicarkcmbahkitk, cei tad bk quk skai ceigerhks,cdare kst, a das dkyks bk da Modksma, "kspkcmadhkitk sm sk àcki perhaibate bk da Skbk Apestdmca". Ad bkcmr kste sk pmkisa, kvmbkitkhkitk, ki bkvecmeiks tadks cehe kd resarme, kd va crucms y

; AAS 3= (1=2?) ;07.7 dfmbkh, ;0?.


53/173

;2 A. Jiiohaii

das dktaias aprefabas. \kre ki kd skouibe apartabe sk ceitrapeiki a kstes gma kxkrcmtma des sacra kxkrcmtma bk das Modksmas partmcudarks, ks bkcmr, bk des efmspabes, ceickbmibeskdks uia kspkcmadbmoimbab. Sk des caractkrmza cehe aqukddes kxkrcmtma quk sk ckdkfrai per haibate bkd efmspe, a tkier bk das cestuhfrks e bk desdmfres dkotmhahkitk rkceiecmbes. As, puks, ad àfdar bk kstessacra kxkrcmtma, da Ceistmtutme bkstaca, bk kitrk tebe kd hfmtebk das prctmcas quk àsta aèra sk cadmgmcai mibmstmitahkitk bkgma kxkrcmtma, ui crcude hs rkbucmbe bk kjkrcmcmes pmabeses.Kstes ie sk ceismbkrai ya cehe adoe kxtrae, quk ùfmkra crkcmbe gukra bkd hfmte rkodahkitabe per da Modksma y smi su oua,y quk sde àfra quk vmomdar, de hmshe quk cehpktk a daModksma vmomdar das gerhas bk bkpertk, ksparcmhmkite y bmvkrsmicudtmvabas per des gmkdks. Das hkicmeiabas prctmcas, per kdceitrarme, sei ceismbkrabas pesmtmvahkitk cehe gerhas dmtrom

cas pukstas faje da rkspeisafmdmbab y bmrkccmi bkd efmspe, bkmouad haikra quk da dmturoma, ki skitmbe kstrmcte, sk àdda fajeda rkspeisafmdmbab y bmrkccmi bk da Skbk Apestdmca. Ks, puks,sde ui cehpdkhkite efvme kd kxmomr quk tadks prctmcas kstiki ceicerbaicma cei da dmturoma y ceibuzcai a des gmkdks àcmakdda. Da mibmcacmi bk quk bkfki "tkikr ki cukita des tmkhpesdmtromces" adubk, bk tebes hebes, ad puite ki quk, cehe huks

tra da kxpkrmkicma, aqukddes cudtes bkjai bk erbmiarme hucè qukbkskar.

Kstk artcude 13 tmkik ui orai adcaick. Sk apdmca ki d aitmcmpabahkitk de quk, ki kd artcude 66, 1, sk bkgmik cehe prmicmpme : "K d bkrkcè bk rkodahkitar da dmturoma cehpktk a da SkbkApestdmca y, ki da hkbmba quk bktkrhmik da dky, ad efmspe". Ada vkz sk skada ui cahpe ki kd quk kstk bkrkcè bkd efmspe tmk

ik prmicmpadhkitk apdmcacmi: kd cahpe bk das bkvecmeiks vkspkrtmias.

Kiceitrahes ki kstk puite ui gkihkie pkcudmar. Da gerhacdsmca bkd cudte bk da tarbk sei das vspkras. Des becuhkiteskcdksmstmces rkcehmkibai uia y etra vkz stas a des gmkdks> ieraras vkcks hkicmeiai ceijuitahkitk das vspkras bkd behmioey da hmsa behmimcad. \kre ks asmhmshe kvmbkitk quk das vspk-


54/173

Kd efmspe y des "sacra kxkrcmtma" ;;

ras, ad hkies ki des smtmes ki quk ie sk ckdkfrai ki da dkiouabkd pukfde ?, kicukitrai pece kce kitrk des gmkdks. \rkcmsahkitkper kdde ài smbe sustmtumbas ki da hayera bk des cases per etrasbkvecmeiks. ], smi khfaroe, sk trata bk uia mistmtucmi quk skrkheita a des tmkhpes hs aitmoues bk da Modksma y quk kxmstkki tebes des rmtes bk Eccmbkitk y Ermkitk.

Das ceistmtucmeiks apestdmcas quk suromkrei ki kd smode mv kikd hfmte bk Aitmequa kicaroai ad efmspe quk "rkia da modksma"

tebes des bas per da tarbk, y bai abkhs etras mibmcacmeiks hsceicrktas sefrk da sadhebma y da eracmi, y de hmshe ecurrk bkspus a prepsmte bk da @era hatutmia 0. \er ksta hmsha peca,ki Eccmbkitk, Sai @mdarme ceismbkra cehe uia bk das hayerksoracmas bk Bmes kd quk da Modksma sk rkia "para da bkdkctacmi bkdes sadhes hatutmies y vkspkrtmies" =. Ki des siebes bk Oadmay bk Kspaa bk des smodes vm y vmm, da erbkiacmi bk des hamtmiks 1 as iacmkrei pece a pece das fkibmcmeiks16 .

Ki etres duoarks, y bkfmbe kspkcmadhkitk a das cegrabas, àimbe suromkibe gerhas bk pmkbab quk tehai cehe hebkde kd Egmcme bmvmie y quk omrai ki caba case ki terie a ui tkha kspkcmad.Radks gerhas bk pmkbab sk àddai kstr

Date post:	14-Apr-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	hno-rodolfo-patricio-andaur-zamora
View:	245 times
Download:	4 times

Concilium 002 - Feb 1965 (Liturgia)

Documents