Conference Abstracts - University of Saskatchewan

Conference Abstracts

CSA-CSHS-CCA-AIC Conference 2012

―Adapting Crops to Change‖

―Technology Transfer in the 21st Century‖

A Joint Meeting of the:

University of Saskatchewan

Saskatoon, Saskatchewan

July 16 - 19, 2012

Canadian Society of Agronomy

Canadian Society for Horticultural Science

Certified Crop Advisors – Prairie Board

Agricultural Institute of Canada

North American Fruit Explorer

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Table of Contents

Presentation Guidelines ................................................................................................................ 1

Oral Presentation ......................................................................................................................... 1

Poster Presentations .................................................................................................................... 1

Poster Guidelines ........................................................................................................................ 1

Oral Presentations ........................................................................................................................ 3

Tuesday July 17, 2012 ................................................................................................................... 3

Conference Plenary Sessions ...................................................................................................... 3

PL1: Plenary 1: Adapting Crops to Change .......................................................................... 3

PL2: Plenary 2: Technology Transfer for the 21st Century .................................................. 5

Session A1: Crop Development into the Future .................................................................... 6

Session A2: Media Tools and Extension for the Future ......................................................... 8

Wednesday July 18, 2012 ........................................................................................................... 11

Canadian Society of Agronomy (CSA) .................................................................................... 11

Session B1: CSA & Student Competition ........................................................................... 11

Session B2: CSA Student Competition................................................................................ 17

Session B3: Borlaug Seminars ―Plant Breeding 150 years after Mendel‖ .......................... 21

Canadian Society of Horticultural Science (CSHS) ................................................................. 26

Session C1: CSHS & Student Competition ......................................................................... 26

Session C2: Mini-Symposium - Biocontrol Methods ........................................................... 31

Session C3: Mini-Symposium: Northern Greenhouses ....................................................... 34

Thursday July 19, 2012............................................................................................................... 36

Canadian Society of Agronomy (CSA) .................................................................................... 36

Session D1: CSA................................................................................................................... 36

Joint CSHS/ North American Fruit Explorers (NAFEX) ......................................................... 41

Session E: CSHS-NAFEX ................................................................................................... 41

Poster Presentations.................................................................................................................... 44

Tuesday July 17, 2012 ................................................................................................................. 44

Poster Sessions 1 and 2 ............................................................................................................. 44

Poster Session 1: CSA & CSHS Student Competitions....................................................... 44

CSA-CSH-CCA-AIC Saskatoon 2012

Abstracts for Oral Presentations

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Poster Session 2: CSA .......................................................................................................... 50

Wednesday July 18, 2012 ........................................................................................................... 55

Poster Sessions 3 and 4 ............................................................................................................. 55

Poster Session 3: CSHS Fruit Science ................................................................................. 55

Poster Session 4: CSA Adapting Crops to Change ............................................................. 59

Author Index ............................................................................................................................... 65

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Presentation Guidelines

Oral Presentation

At the conference, the time available for each oral presentation is limited to 15 minutes,

including a brief question period. No exceptions will be made.

Presentations should be in Microsoft PowerPoint [Office 97-2003 (.ppt); Office 2007

(PC) or 2008 (Mac) versions (.pptx). Please notify the session chair well in advance if

your presentation is in a different format.

Please bring your presentation on a USB memory stick or CD. Be sure to CLEARLY

identify your USB memory stick or CD with your name & the session in which you are

presenting.

At the beginning of each day, 30 minutes before the speaker sessions, please submit

your presentation media to the session chair in the room in which your presentation will

take place. The session chair (or another volunteer) will be present in each room to help

you load your presentation on the appropriate computer. Make sure you have already

pre-scanned your memory device and file so it is virus free.

At least one (1) hour before your session starts, please check with the session chair for

scheduling changes and to be sure that your presentation has been loaded.

Please be sure to check your presentation for viruses before uploading and presenting at

the meeting.

Poster Presentations

Attendees can participate through poster submissions. Posters will be available for viewing each

lunch hour during the conference on Tuesday and Wednesday in the Atrium and second floor

walkway area of the Agriculture building. A poster is on display for one day only. On

designated days, authors will stand beside their posters to discuss their poster with interested

persons from 4.30 to 6.00 pm. Students with posters in the Student Presentation Competition

need to be at their posters from 4.00 to 6.00 pm. Poster submissions are made online using the

Abstract Submission Form. Posters must be designated as to society and theme topic as laid out

in the submission form and follow the Poster Guidelines described out below.

Poster Guidelines

Please use the following guidelines and format to prepare your poster:



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Dimensions of the poster MUST NOT exceed 42‖ wide by 48‖ high.

Limit the text to about ¼ to ½ of the poster space, and use images, photographs, and

graphs to present your research. Make a banner to display the title, name, and affiliation

at top-center of the poster.

The text should be readable from five feet away. Use a minimum font size of 20 points.

Lettering for the title should be large (at least 70-point font).

Use of the following format/sections is suggested :

o Title

o Author names and affiliation

o Abstract

o Introduction

o Materials and methods

o Result/discussion

o Conclusions

o References

Bring your own vecro or push pins to attach the poster to the board.

You are welcome to bring one-page handouts of your poster to give away to interested

attendees.

Publication in special issue of Canadian Journal of Plant Science

Following peer review, papers submitted under CSA, CSHS, and CCA are eligible for

publication in a special issue of the Canadian Journal of Plant Science (CJPS). The instructions

to submit your paper will be announced soon.



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Oral Presentations

Tuesday July 17, 2012

Conference Plenary Sessions

PL1: Plenary 1: Adapting Crops to Change 8:35 am – 12:00 pm

Neatby Timlin Theatre

PL1.1 Abstract Id 3911

Adapting Cropping Systems to Change from a Historical Perspective

Thomas R. Sinclair, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, [email protected]

Improved cropping systems in history may offer insights for projecting needed adaptations in the

future. Starting with the first major agricultural societies, Sumeria and Egypt, irrigation from the

Euphrates and Nile rivers provided essential water and nutrients, particularly nitrogen. During

much of the subsequent history of mankind, crop yields were limited to that allowed by natural

nitrogen input. The next major increase in yields did not occur until the 18th

century in Great

Britain. The introduction of a crop rotation that included clover provided nitrogen for more than

a doubling in wheat yields. The Green Revolutions following World War resulted in a series of

yield increases, all tied closely to increased nitrogen availability. Future yield increases are now

challenged due to nitrogen's expense, negative environmental impacts, and accumulation

capacity of crops. Future cropping systems will need continued focus on improved husbandry of

nitrogen. Nitrogen needs to be provided to crops to match their ability to accumulate and store

nitrogen in the plant. An important option is to enhance the roles of legumes and their ability to

symbiotically fixed atmospheric nitrogen.

PL1.2 Abstract id 3916

Pressures On Wheat To Produce Safe, Nutritious And Affordable Quantities At

Sustainable Prices For Producers –Adapting to Change

*R.M. DePauw, Y. He, H. Wang, H. Cutforth, R. Cuthbert, A.K. Singh, R.E. Knox, SemiArid

Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and AgriFood Canada, Box 1030, Swift

Current, SK, S9H 3X2, [email protected]

Projects for population growth, increased demand and costs for crop input, and climate change

are converging to challenge everyone to meet the projected increased requirement for food. It has

been estimated that by 2050, the production of wheat will have to double. In the past 10 years,

global consumption has exceeded production and stocks have been drawn down. Currently, more

than one billion people are in a food deficit situation. In the past four years more than 300

million people have shifted to a food deficit category. If the world‘s food-deficit-people could



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be brought into the economic sphere, this demand for food represents an enormous economic

opportunity for Canada. Climate change projections for Canada include warmer average

temperatures and more weather event variability. The cropping season is expected to extend due

to an earlier date of last killing frost in spring and later date of first fall killing frost. Heat shocks

during critical growth phases result in irreversible damage to yield components. Agronomic

production practices may result in innovations to conserve water, improve water and nutrient use

efficiency. Generally, changes in production practices are coupled with changes in agricultural

machinery. These drivers for change provide an opportunity to develop and employ new tools to

adapt the wheat plant to meet the requirements for safe, nutritious supplies of wheat. The

presentation will elaborate.


Adapting to change – a land perspective

Henry Janzen, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403 - 1 Avenue South PO Box 3000

Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1, [email protected]

The biosphere is changing, partly through the relentless activity of its most capricious species:

humanity. Our growing numbers and powers generate stresses – related to food, water, energy,

biodiversity, waste dispersal, social upheavals, and climate – that foment change at scales and

rates perhaps unprecedented. All of these, one way or another, are tied to land – the interwoven

web of biota enmeshed in their physical habitat. Land is the recipient of global change; and also

the medium by which we adapt to change. To contend with coming pressures, therefore, we will

need in decades ahead to find ways of living more gently on the land. That will demand long and

patient foresight, seeking not merely to conserve our ecosystems as they are now, but instead to

preserve the functions they provide, despite the changes. My objective, therefore, is to ponder

how best to foster such resilience, by proffering some tentative guiding perspectives, merely to

elicit further collective thought. Our legacy, decades hence, may be measured not just in the size

of yield produced, but also in how well we have stewarded land, sustaining its myriad functions,

through the stresses ahead.



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PL2: Plenary 2: Technology Transfer for the 21st Century 1:15 pm – 5:30 pm


PL2.1 Abstract not available.

Getting information in the future – a producer’s perspective

Peter Gredig


Extending agronomic information in the future — an industry perspective

Jay Whetter, Canola Council of Canada, 205 Autumnwood Dr. Kenora, ON P9N 4H6,

[email protected]

How will the Canola Council of Canada deliver agronomy information over the next 5 years? It

will be a combination of ―old‖ and ―new.‖ We‘ll continue to use the old standards: printed

material, face to face presentations and crop walks. The CCC has a new stronger presence at the

January trade shows across the Prairies, and paper handouts remain a common way to

disseminate information at these events. The CCC also continues to publish Canola Digest

magazine on behalf of the provincial canola grower associations who pay its way and see it as a

valuable communications tool. CCC agronomists will remain very busy in the winter with

presentation and in the summer on crop tours. New methods are taking over however, especially

as high-speed Internet becomes commonplace across rural areas and as more and more growers

— more than 34% and counting — are using smart phones. The foundation of new delivery will

be the wiki-style canola growers manual, like an online and easy to update canola encyclopedia.

Linking to the manual will be an new diagnostic tool, a massive project we‘re currently working

through, and Canola Watch email newsletters, Canola Watch alerts, and — something I might

not have said even a few months ago — Twitter. We‘ll also expand on webinars, looking toward

virtual clinics and live web conferences. My presentation will give details on how valuable

canola research performed on the Prairies will reach growers, agronomists and retailers through

all these channels.



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Concurrent Sessions (A1 & A2)

Session A1: Crop Development into the Future 3:00pm – 5:30 pm

Arts

A1.1 Abstract Id 3838

Global Scientific Collaboration on Technology Transfer to increase Food Security

*Tom Beach, International Program, AIC, 9 Corvus Court, Nepean, Ontario, [email protected]

Dinah Ceplis, International Program, AIC, 9 Corvus Court, Nepean, Ontario,

[email protected]

The unique methodology of partnering Canadian and developing country scientific societies to

implement community and agricultural development projects has demonstrated results in

increasing food security and incomes. Through the Agricultural Institute of Canada, and with

financial support from the Canadian International Development Agency, five Canadian scientific

societies partnered with relevant societies in six developing countries and implemented

community and agricultural development projects from 2006 to 2011. Documented results show

how partner organizations supported rural beneficiaries through training sessions, training of

trainers, demonstration sites, field days and participatory research to improve food security and

increase incomes. Farmers (women and men) accessed information and developed skills in

leadership, entrepreneurship, micro credit management, budgeting, record keeping, gender

equality, crop and animal husbandry, climate change, soil conservation and post harvest

management. Technology transfer related to horticultural crops (tomatoes, banana, sweet

peppers), field crops (corn/maize, cassava, sweet potato, rice, peanuts/groundnuts) and cash

crops (sugar cane, spices and tea) with the integration of poultry and livestock to contribute

organic matter and diversify income. Results were accomplished while supporting the broader

goals of gender equality and environmental sustainability. In addition to results in project

countries, Canadian scientists‘ strengthened their understanding of international development

and global development issues.

A1.2 Abstract not available

Brassica carinata

Steven Fabijanski



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Camelina sativa – an old crop with new prospects in sustainable agriculture

*Christina Eynck and Jack Grushcow, Linnaeus Plant Sciences Inc., 107 Science Place

Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2 Canada

Camelina sativa (camelina) is an oilseed crop that has gained renewed interest due to an

increasing demand for renewable, plant-based substitutes for petroleum-derived fuels and

feedstocks for industrial applications such as lubricants, polymers, and industrial fluids.

Camelina combines several agronomic attributes that render it well-suited to a wide range of

environments: frost and drought tolerance, a short vegetation period and low input requirements.

It can be grown on poor lands, thus delivering significant reductions in carbon footprint without

reducing acreage dedicated to food production. In an effort to contribute to sustainable

agriculture solutions, Linnaeus Plant Sciences Inc. develops improved camelina germplasm for

use as a dedicated non-food oilseed crop and feedstock for non-fuel biobased products.


Adapting Crops to Change

Marian Stypa, Syngenta



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Session A2: Media Tools and Extension for the Future 3:00pm – 5:30 pm


A2.1 Abstract id 3920

Strengthening Communications with Emerging Digital Tools

*Dan Myers, Frank Harrington, Carrie Gates, Division of Media Access and Production (eMAP),

University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, [email protected]

New digital production and sharing tools are rapidly emerging, providing more opportunities to

improve how you communicate with both internal and external stakeholders. I will present some

of the new technologies that are being used in education and beyond that could have positive

applications in the science and business of agriculture. I will discuss technologies such as

gigapixel photography, cloud computing, e-books, learning simulations, and user produced and

distributed educational video. The presentation will be beneficial to those who want to learn

about some of these new tools and how they can create value in strengthening their

communications.

A2.2 Abstract id 3922

Print-based media into the future

Bruce Barker, HayWire Creative, Box 980, 31 Highlands Terrace, Bragg Creek, AB, T0L 0K0,

[email protected]

In this era of Facebook, Twitter, tablets, the interweb, and blogs, is the writing on the wall for

print publications? Print media is 500 years old and is still favoured by many as the medium of

choice for technology transfer. Print media, whether farming magazines, fact sheets, or research

papers, has a long history of success in transferring information and knowledge to farmers. A

recent media study shows that magazines like Top Crop Manager have retained a high rating in

the face of growing popularity of other media, such as the Internet. A 2012 Readex media study

with farmers showed Top Crop Manager retained a 70 to 77 percent rating for usefulness over

the past decade, despite the Internet‘s popularity growing from 18 to 71 percent usefulness over

the same time frame. The strengths of using print to get the message out, how researchers and

agronomists can use print to transfer technology, and tips for working with the media will be

discussed.



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Communicating Science to the Farm Gate: Challenges and Opportunities…

Guy P. Lafond, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Indian Head Research Farm, RR#1 Gov Rd,

Box 760, Indian Head, SK, S0G 2K0, [email protected]

The first scholarly journals appeared in 1665. The estimated number of scholarly journals today

is estimated at 23,570. In 2009, we surpassed 50 Million published scholarly articles. The

volume of information being published today is increasing exponentially. There lies the

challenge for the scientific community. Within the context of agricultural sciences, scientists

should be required to communicate not only to their scientific peers but also to agriculture

stakeholders and this ultimately leads to the farm gate. Each scholarly article can be viewed as a

tile and overtime someone has to take the responsibility of creating the mosaic or story from all

these tiles. We as scientists, all bear some of that responsibility. This will reduce the gap between

the scientific information being generated and the knowledge actually reaching the farm gate.

With the advent of new forms of media technology, it is now easier than ever to communicate

these stories and add value to past and current scientific information. A Soil and Crop

Management e-journal was created in order to allow scientists the opportunity to write these

stories and bridge that gap while also providing for continuing education. Stories on soil and

crop management have to be continually written and updated. We even need to write a story

about the stories.


Technology transfer and extension

Sherrilyn Phelps



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Collecting Science and Delivering to Clients

Robert Saik, Agri-Trend Group, Bay 6, 4630-61 St, Red Deer AB, T4N 2R2,

[email protected].

What do Exabytes, Exponentiality, Metcalf‘s Law, Moore‘s Law, AI, Robotics, Sensors and

Dunbar‘s Number have to do with Collecting and Delivering Science to Clients? …

EVERYTHING! Back In 1997 an experiment began with the question – ―Would agriculture

support a KBB (a Knowledge Based Business)?‖ 15 years later the answer to that question is a

resounding YES! This experiment, known as Agri-Trend could not have happened without

harnessing the technology mega trends mentioned in the first sentence. Supported by a bench of

+15 PhD‘s, +20 MSc‘s and 4 Senior Market Analysts, Agri-Trend now offers 6 types of

Professional Agricultural Coaching services to famers. Every day the + 100 Agri-Trend Coaches

work with farmers and agribusiness to combine wisdom and knowledge with information and

data to make a difference in agriculture. Rob will discuss how his team has tackled the

dissemination of information to farm customers throughout North America and Internationally.

He will use examples from his Agri-Trend world to paint a picture of how they use technology to

collect and deliver scientific coaching that helps farmers make better, more profitable decisions.

The talk will examine the MACRO technology drivers hitting agriculture and look at how we

can use technology to help farmers make better decisions through the integration of agronomics,

data and common sense. This will be a ―hair-straight-back‖ session that promises to be a great

close to the day.



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Wednesday July 18, 2012

Canadian Society of Agronomy (CSA)

Sessions B1, B2, B3

Session B1: CSA & Student Competition 8:00 am – 10:00 am

Agriculture Building, Rm 2E25

B1.1 Abstract Id 3836

The effect of manure from cattle fed dried distillers’ grains with solubles (DDGS) on barley

and camelina yield and their nitrogen uptake under controlled greenhouse conditions

Chunli Li, *Yang Luo, Xiying Hao, AAFC, Lethbridge Research Center, 5403 1Ave S,

Lethrbidge, AB, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Dried distillers‘ grain with solubles (DDGS) is becoming a valuable livestock feed with

implications for manure composition. This study investigated how the application of manure

from cattle with DDGS in their diet affect barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and camelina (Camelina

sativa) yield and N uptake under controlled greenhouse conditions. Two types of soil were

amended with four types of manure collected from cattle on diets of: (1) (Mt) a typical western

feedlot diet containing 76% barley grain, 20% barley silage and 4% mineral supplement; (2)

(DG25) triticale (Triticale hexaploide Lart.) DDGS replacing 25% of barley grain in diet (1); (3)

(Mf8) flax seeds replacing 8% barley grain in diet (1); and (4) (DG15Mf8) DDGS replacing 25%

and flax seeds replacing 8% barley grain in diet (1). There were also a commercial fertilizer

(FIRT) and un-amended control (Check) for comparison. Barley and camelina yield were higher

(p<0.05) from amended and FIRT than Check. Similarly, barley and camelina N uptake from

amended and FIRT treatment were higher (p<0.05) than Check with highest value from

DG25Mf8. The highest N uptake from DG25Mf8 for both crops indicate that the total amount of

nitrogen provided by DDGS manure was higher than other amendments.


Effect of compost source soil type on canola and pea under controlled greenhouse

conditions

*Yang Luo, Chunli Li, Xiying Hao, AAFC, Lethbridge Research Center, 5403 1 Ave S,

Lethrbidge, AB, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Composting is increasingly being adopted as a cattle manure management alternative

because of its lower costs of transporting than fresh manure. This study investigated how

compost applications affect canola and pea yield under controlled greenhouse conditions. We

used four types of composts, two (one high P and one low P contents) from a research feedlot

and two (one high P and one low P content) from a commercial feedlot. A commercial NP



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fertilizer and an un-amended control were also included for comparison. Six cycles of seeding

and harvesting were planned with each growth cycle lasting about 7 to 8 weeks. Two types of

soil (one calcareous and one acid) were used. Pea and canola were grown alternately in the

calcareous and acid soil. Preliminary results after four growth cycles indicated pea biomass yield

was not affected by compost applications. Canola biomass yield was higher in compost than in

NP fertilizer amended soil, but only for the first two growth cycles. Two more growth cycles are

under way and more data collection is needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.


Bloat incidence in cattle grazing alfalfa/sainfoin mixed pastures with new and old sainfoin

populations

*E. Sottie, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta,

[email protected]

S. Acharya, T. McAllister, Y. Wang, Lethbridge Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta, [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

A. Iwaasa, Swift Current Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current,

Saskatchewan, [email protected]

J. Thomas, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge,

[email protected]

Alfalfa is a widely adapted forage crop with high nutritive value. Weight gains of cattle on

alfalfa are better than on any other forage and are comparable to gains obtained in feedlots in

western Canada. However, bloat is a major deterrent for grazing of alfalfa-based pasture. Two

experiments were conducted in 2010 and 2011 at the Lethbridge Research Centre to investigate

the effect of grazing sainfoin/alfalfa mixed pastures on incidence of bloat in steers. Ten

ruminally fistulated Angus steers were divided into two groups in a cross-over design and grazed

on sainfoin/alfalfa mixed pastures with Nova sainfoin forming 5% and an experimental LRC-

3519 forming 25% of total dry matter forage biomass. Bloat incidences were scored on a 0 to 3

scale where 0 indicated normal with no visible signs of bloat; and 3 indicated severe distension.

Out of the 48 bloat incidences recorded for each year, 90% and 98% incidences occurred in

Nova plots in 2010 and 2011 respectively; while in the LRC-3519, 10% and 2% incidences were

recorded for 2010 and 2011, respectively. The results demonstrate that the new sainfoin

population persist better than Nova in alfalfa stand and help reduce bloat incidence significantly

in grazing cattle.



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Nitrogen fixation and transfer from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) cultivars to

companion bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) under field conditions

*R. M. M. S. Thilakarathna, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street,

Halifax, NS, [email protected]

Y. A. Papadopoulos, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, PO

Box 550, Truro, NS, [email protected]

A. V. Rodd, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, Charlottetown, PEI, [email protected]

S. A. E. Filmore, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 32 Main, Kentville, NS,

[email protected]

A. N. Gunawardena, Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street, Halifax,

NS, [email protected]

B. Prithiviraj, Department of Environmental Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, PO

Box 550, Truro, NS, [email protected]

In the current study, nitrogen (N) transfer capacity of three diploid (ACChristie, Tapani, CRS15)

and three tetraploid (Tempus, CRS18, CRS39) red clover (RC) cultivars were evaluated under

field conditions. Plants from each cultivar were transplanted into established bluegrass stands at

two sites in 2009. Three harvests were taken during the 2010 growing season and N fixation-

transfer from the RC cultivars to the companion bluegrass was measured using the isotope

dilution technique. There were significant yield differences between the RC cultivars with

Tempus and Tapani having the highest seasonal yields (93.2 and 91.4 g plant-1, respectively). In

general tetraploid cultivars had significantly higher tissue N concentrations compared to the

diploid cultivars (3.25 vs 3.06%, respectively). On average 98% of the clover N was derived

from N fixation. There was no N-transfer from RC to companion bluegrass during the first

harvest, but N-transfer was observed during the second and third harvests averaging 5.7 and

4.2%, respectively. The greatest N-transfer was observed in ACChristie (15.2%) and CRS18

(8.4%) during the second and third harvests, respectively. The results of this investigation

demonstrate the presence of significant variability in N-transfer from RC to companion crops,

suggesting that selection for this trait is an important consideration.


Micro-Farming- an amazing opportunity to feed the world

JessyMarie Hawkes, Worldwide Honors in Agriculture Science, University of Guelph, Lincoln

University, Swedish University of Agricultural Science (SLU). [email protected]

Micro Farming: Larger farms that are more subdivided; representing multiple smaller farms.

Agricultural food products are a highly valued, and traded commodity. They contribute $87.9

billion dollars to the Canadian economy every year. [Govt. of Canada, 2011]. Due to the low

substitutability of farmed food, traditional methods of agriculture demand revision. Micro

Farming is an amazing opportunity to address crop improvement, applaud farmers and increase

the work force in rural areas. Presently one of human kinds most pressuring concerns is how to



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feed the world. The reality is, we could feed the world now with our current level of production.

We should stop and applaud ourselves for our achievements up till now. We cling to this notion

of ‗over-producing to over consume‘, supply and demand. Produce more to make the product

cheaper and more available, so more is consumed. One thing in nature reflects our gross over-

consuming. We call it Cancer. Current farming methods is resulting in crops and soils

vulnerable to adverse conditions. Soils erosion rates are ten to twenty times above the

sustainability rate [Pimentel, 2005]. Micro farming would allow for more control and flexibility

when faced with potential yield-threatening scenarios. There is a priority to embracing

geographic differences and addressing applicable research. We have to stop fighting against

nature and work with it. The new goals to crop viability is forming symbiotic relationships. We

must take an objective view of our advancements and keep re-evaluating the direction we are

progressing. Agriculture on a smaller scale will allow the comparative advantage of many

localities to shine and increase the transfer of informed information. We consider our science

well developed, but we can make it stronger. Focusing on smaller scales, with a higher

contribution of participants will increase our countries agriculture knowledge. This in turn will

allow for a sustainable future.


Manipulating crop canopy architecture to manage Mycosphaerella pinodes blight in field

pea

*Lena Syrovy, Sabine Banniza Steven Shirtliffe Department of Plant Sciences, College of

Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK,

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Field studies have been initiated in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to investigate the effect of

intercropping semileafless and conventional leafed pea varieties on crop canopy microclimate

and Mycosphaerella pinodes development. Semileafless cultivar CDC Dakota and conventional

cultivar CDC Sonata were sown at ratios of 0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0, respectively,

in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Parameters describing canopy

growth, microclimate, and disease severity were measured at regular intervals. Canopies

dominated by conventional leafed peas were significantly taller, with fewer nodes, higher leaf

area indices, increased lodging levels, and higher relative humidity compared with canopies of

primarily semileafless peas. Mycosphaerella blight severity was significantly higher in canopies

comprised of 50%, 75%, and 100% semileafless plants than in the two predominantly

conventional canopies. Higher disease severity was associated with higher number of nodes (r =

0.50, P = 0.02), and shorter, less lodged canopies (r = -0.56 and 0.48, P = 0.01 and 0.03,

respectively), but was not correlated with leaf area index on any dates (r = -0.17 to 0.29, P = 0.21

to 0.92). It is concluded that plant morphology may have played a greater role in epidemic

development than canopy microclimate in the 2011 field season.



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Weed Dynamics under Changing Cropping Practices in the Canadian Prairies

*Dilshan Benaragama, Steve Shirtliffe Department of Plant Sciences, Univ. of Saskatchewan, 51

Campus drive, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. S7N5A8. [email protected],

[email protected]

Transformation of cropping systems in the Canadian Prairies towards sustainable cropping

practices had imposed diverse environmental conditions altering weed community dynamics in

agro-ecosystems. A field study was carried out within the long-term (18-years) alternative

cropping systems (ACS) experiment in Scott, Saskatchewan in 2011 to evaluate weed

abundance, crop-weed competition, and demography of lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.).

The experimental design was a split-split plot with four replicates. Four sub-sub plot treatments;

1.weedy (no weed control), 2.weed free (hand weeded), 3.standard weed control, 4. surrogate

weed (tame oat) were randomly allocated into the wheat phase of the three crop diversity levels

(sub-plot factor); low crop diversity (LOW), diversified annual grains (DAG), diversified annual

perennial (DAP) in both organic (ORG) and reduced (RED) input levels (main plot factors).

Diversified annual perennial rotation in ORG had the highest weed density of all systems.

Lambsquarters seed production, plant biomass, and plant height were lowest in DAP in both

input levels. Grain yield loss due to weed competition was lowest 13 % in LOW diversity level

and was highest 49 % in DAG. These results confirmed that overall changes in crop production

has influenced weed dynamics their by subsequent crop yield loss due to weed competition.


Assessing crop yield on the Canadian Prairies under a changing climate using the FAO

AquaCrop model

*Manasah S. Mkhabela and Paul R. Bullock; Department of Soil Science, University of

Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada. Email: [email protected]

Currently, our understanding of the impacts of climate change on agriculture is limited. Crop

simulation models can assist us project the impact of a changing climate on crops. AquaCrop is a

model that simulates crop yields and soil water using basic crop, soil and weather data. It has

been adapted to simulate crop responses to elevated atmospheric CO2, and it has been calibrated

and validated world-wide for many crops.

Recently, we tested AquaCrop‘s ability to simulate wheat yield and total soil water content using

data collected from 2003-2006 from five sites across Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Results

showed that AquaCrop is capable of simulating both yield and soil water with reasonable

accuracy. Comparison of modelled and observed yield produced a R2 of 0.66 and RMSE of 743

kg ha-1. The difference between observed and modelled yield was 77 kg. Likewise, a

comparison between observed and modelled soil water produced a R2 of 0.90 and RMSE of 49

mm. The difference between observed and modelled soil water was 11 mm.

We intend utilising AquaCrop to (i) forecast future yields of widely-grown grain crops on the

Canadian Prairies under different emission scenarios, (ii) quantify uncertainties in modelled



16

yields due to uncertainties in predicted climate changes, and (iii) evaluate possible

adaptation/mitigation strategies.



17

Session B2: CSA Student Competition 10:30 am – 12:00 pm



Improvement of crop production and ecosystem sustainability using soil microorganisms.

Progress, problems and perspectives.

*Ines E. Garcia de Salamone, Department of Applied Biology and Foods, Faculty of Agronomy,

University of Buenos Aires. Av. San Martin 4453, Buenos Aires, Argentina. [email protected]

Soil microorganisms have a great potential for both agriculture use and environmental protection

but it is still reduced contrasting with the significant scientific work and investment provided.

Microbial inoculants represent a technology designed to improve the productivity of agricultural

systems in the long run. Also it is aligned with principles of sustainable agriculture. Several

microorganisms, usually called plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB), have the ability to

colonize and establish an ongoing relationship with plants producing increases in biomass, root

growth and commercial yield. Azospirillum spp. and Pseudomonas spp. are the most used PGPB.

Positive impacts have been observed in wheat, corn, soybean and rice among other crop

including more than a hundred crops and environmentally important plant species. The

sustainability and profitability analysis requires a detailed knowledge of the interrelationships

that exist between inoculant microorganisms and those within the natural system. Most of the

information corresponds to experiments performed under controlled conditions. It is necessary to

analyze the effects of commercial and new experimental inoculants to obtain better crops and use

of the environmental resources. Data described in here will show that the inoculation with

Azospirillum and Pseudomonas can modify microbial rhizosphere communities and plant growth

in field conditions.


Fungal endophyte symbiosis facilitates wheat adaptation to heat and drought

*Michelle Hubbard, Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture,

University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,

[email protected].

Jim Germida, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, University of Saskatchewan,

51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, [email protected].

Vladimir Vujanovic, Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture,

University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,

[email protected].

Global climate change, particularly heat or drought, affects agricultural productivity and

sustainability. Thus, the development of new scientific approaches to promote abiotic stress

tolerance in food crops such as wheat are urgently needed. One such approach uses indigenous

fungal endophytes. More specifically, wheat seed germination can be improved via a mycobiont-



18

seed relationship known as mycovitality. This symbiosis later improves the heat and drought

tolerance of mature plants. The hydrothermal time (HTT) model of germination, a conceptual

model used to predict the timing and energy of germination (EG) under a given set of conditions,

showed that endophytic fungi enhance heat or drought tolerance in wheat. When colonised by

the most effective fungal endophyte, the HTT and EG values in wheat seeds exposed to heat

stress resembled those of unstressed seeds. Fungal organisms tested also lowered photosynthetic

stress (PS), and increased the average seed weight (ASW) and yield of plants subjected to stress.

This study highlights the potential of mycovitalism in stress-challenged seeds.


AFLP variation in Puccinellia nuttalliana

Yining Liu, Plant Science, College of Agriculture, University of Saskachewan, 51 Campus

Drive, Saskatoon, SK, [email protected]

Puccinellia nuttalliana is persistent, salt tolerant bunchgrass and native to western North

America as forage and turf. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were

used to examine the inter-population relationships and to compare variance within and among 24

populations from Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. An analysis of molecular variance

(AMOVA) indicated that among population variation was only 2.79% while the majority (96%)

of the AFLP variance was within populations, which was expected in these outcrossing

populations. The cluster analysis performed on these populations showed no significant

association between geographic origins and genetic distance. These finds are useful for sampling

Puccinellia nuttalliana germplasm from natural populations for turf use and germplasm

conservation.


Winter-Hardy Spring Wheat Breeding: Analysis of Winter x Spring Wheat Germplasm

and the Development of Selection Tools

*R.J. Larsen, D.E. Falk, Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph, Guelph,

Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1, [email protected].

Winter wheat breeding is an inherently slower process than spring wheat breeding due to

vernalization requirement. Development of a winter-hardy spring wheat breeding platform has

the potential to increase the gain in selection per year over traditional winter wheat breeding

programs. To make effective use of spring wheat being able to produce three generations per

year, a multi-temperature, indoor cold tolerance screen using chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm)

and visual assessment two weeks after freezing as evaluation parameters was developed.

Evaluation of Ontario-adapted winter and spring wheat varieties demonstrated that the test was

able to differentiate between winter and spring wheat. This data set was used to develop an

indoor freezing survival index (IFSI) and specific varieties from this test served as checks to

normalize data for effective ranking of germplasm in further experiments. To develop a more

efficient winter-hardy spring wheat breeding system, multiple populations with at least one



19

spring parent were advanced to the F3:4 generation. Winter survival and indoor testing indicated

that no breeding line was better than winter wheat ‗Froid‘, however; IFSI analysis indicated that

several lines had cold tolerance similar to Ontario-adapted winter wheats, indicating that winter-

hardy spring wheat is possible for Ontario. Molecular marker analysis indicated that a

significant level of cold tolerance is associated with the Vrn-B1 allele compared to the Vrn-A1

allele. Generation means analysis of a Froid x Siete Cerros cross indicated that the cold

tolerance due to additive genetic effects.


Profiling and association mapping of a lentil core collection for nine mineral elements.

*M. Fedoruk, K. Bett, Marwan, Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan,

Saskatoon Saskatchewan, corresponding author: Kirstin Bett ([email protected])

McGee R, Coyne C, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service,

Western Regional Plant Introduction Station, Pullman Washington

Grusak M., United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Children's

Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston

Texas,

Biofortification of crops is a method being considered for delivery of increased levels of

essential minerals to humans through their daily food. Lentil (Lens culinaris Medic.) is a crop

grown in Western Canada and is consumed throughout the world, especially in south-east Asia.

It has been identified as a crop that could deliver a large portion of the daily mineral nutrients

needed by people. In order to enhance the mineral concentrations through breeding, the natural

variation of minerals first need to be determined. This can then be coupled with the discovery of

the genetic loci responsible for expression of those mineral elements to develop molecular

markers than can be used for marker-assisted selection. Seed from 138 lines from the USDA

lentil core collection was analyzed for the minerals Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, and Zn. We

also genotyped this collection using a 1536 single nucleotide polymorphism Illumina

GoldenGate assay. Population structure analysis separated the accessions into different groups.

Marker-trait association analysis is being used to identify QTLs that are controlling each of the

mineral elements measured. This will result in the development of molecular markers that could

be used by breeders to more efficiently develop even more nutritious cultivars.


Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in Pea Recombinant Inbred Lines

*Arun S.K Shunmugam, Bunyamin Taran, Kirstin Bett, and Tom Warkentin, Department of

Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51, Campus Drive, Saskatoon,

Saskatchewan. [email protected]

Phytate is the major storage form of phosphorus in crop seeds, but is not well digested by

humans and non-ruminant animals. In addition, phytate chelates several essential micro nutrients

which are also excreted contributing to phosphorus pollution in the environment. The project is



20

aimed at biochemical and molecular characterization of two low phytate pea mutant lines, 1-150-

81 and 1-2347-144 developed at the Crop Development Center, University of Saskatchewan in

collaboration with Dr. Victor Raboy, USDA, Idaho. Recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were

developed from crosses between the two mutant lines and CDC Meadow. The RILs were

evaluated in fields in Saskatchewan in 2011 and will again be evaluated in 2012. They were

genotyped using GoldenGate genotyping assay and phenotyped using colorimetric assays. These

data will be used to identify the molecular marker(s) for the trait. Significant potential benefits

that we could expect out of the project include, improved bioavailability of phosphorus, iron and

zinc in foods and feeds, less phosphorus excretion and environmental pollution and a huge

saving in feed costs.



21

Session B3: Borlaug Seminars ―Plant Breeding 150 years after Mendel‖ 1:30 pm – 3:00 pm



Expansion of winter wheat production in western Canada: An experiment in crop

adaptation.

Brian Fowler, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr,

Saskatoon, SK, [email protected]

The traditional winter wheat production area in western Canada extended as far north as southern

Alberta and winter survival was considered the main limitation to expansion in the remainder of

the prairies. In the 1970‘s, a research and development program was initiated with the objective

of expanding production north and east into the higher winter stress regions. The development

and adoption of no-till seeding methods for snow trapping reduced the risk of winterkill and

allowed for successful overwintering of wheat when cold hardy cultivars were grown using

recommended management practices. Subsequent plant breeding improvements increased

production potential and winter wheat is now western Canada‘s third largest wheat class.

Average commercial yields of 149, 125, and 118 percent of spring wheat in Manitoba,

Saskatchewan, and Alberta, respectively, have demonstrated the high yield potential that can be

realized while employing environmentally sustainable crop management practices. This

experiment in crop adaptation once again demonstrated that a coordinated approach combining

programs in agronomy, plant breeding/genetics, information transfer, and market development

are required for successful crop adaptation to a new or changing environment.


Transfer of Technology to the Field: Tools to Enhance Development of Field Ready Wheat

Cultivars

Curtis J. Pozniak, Crop Development Centre, Dept. Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan.

51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8.

In the last five years, remarkable technological innovations in DNA sequencing and

bioinformatics have emerged that can allow plant breeders to characterize their germplasm at the

most fundamental level – the DNA sequence. Using the latest in next generation sequencing

technologies, we are exploring novel strategies to discover allelic variation with the goal of

developing user-friendly DNA markers that can be used by wheat breeders to improve the

efficiency of selection. Specifically, we are pursuing development of novel genotype by

sequencing technologies with the goal of identifying important genes that influence phenotypic

expression and to develop whole genome selection strategies. We have already used these

approaches to develop useful DNA markers for pest resistance, and these are already being

deployed in western Canadian wheat breeding programs. As part of the Canadian funded

―Canadian Triticum Advancement through Genomics (CTAG)‖ project, we are also contributing



22

to the sequencing of the 17 Gb genome of wheat as part of the International Wheat Genome

Sequencing Consortium. Examples of how these data are being applied locally, and

internationally to develop useful tools in the development of new wheat cultivars will be

presented.


Translational Phenomics from the Pot to the Paddock

*Robert T. Furbank, Jose Jimenez-Berni, David Deery, Richard Poire and Xavier Sirault, High

Resolution Plant Phenomics Centre, CSIRO Plant Industry, Canberra

The High Resolution Plant Phenomics Centre (HRPPC) is the Canberra node of the Australian

Plant Phenomics Facility (APPF), a $50M national phenotyping capability. The HRPPC has

built a number of non-destructive phenotyping platforms ranging from seedling screens in trays

of 20 plants based on chlorophyll fluorescence imaging, thermal imaging and RGB imaging to

full 3-D reconstruction of plant models in single pots under controlled environments and in plots

in the field. Similar approaches and sensor technologies (multiple RGB camera views, Lidar,

Thermal imaging, chlorophyll fluorescence and hyperspectral reflectance) are used to study plant

responses to environmental conditions in field simulations and full field conditions. A ground

based sensing buggy the Phenomobile is described which was developed to extract canopy

architecture, crop volume, ears and main stems per square metre and crop carbohydrate, pigment

and protein in cereal crops at high spatial resolution. A distributed sensor network, Phenonet,

which monitors canopy temperature and soil moisture content for the entire season at timescales

of minutes is described and its utility in studying crop responses to soil moisture demonstrated.

Examples are shown of how these tools can be used to quantitatively measure agriculturally

relevant traits and build the linkages from genotype to phenotype with a focus on field

measurements for trait based crop breeding.


Improving high-throughput 2D and 3D phenotyping of complete crop plants with state-of-

the-art computer vision techniques

Ben Niehaus, *Stefan Schwartz, Hauke Lasinger, Matthias Eberius, LemnaTec GmbH,

Schumanstr. 18, 52146 Wuerselen, Germany, [email protected]

High-throughput plant phenotyping requires an automated, non-destructive system that extracts

desirable biological and agronomical traits from high numbers of screened plants. This text

presents three different state-of-the-art techniques and explains their value for plant phenotyping,

particularly for separating individual plant organs, with the example of corn. The approaches can

also be transferred to other crops and used for multi- and hyper-spectral imaging.

AdaBoost is a supervised machine-learning algorithm that combines several weak classifiers into

a single strong classifier. This way, a weak classifier is only required to be better than random

guessing, being a fast and simple classifier. It can be proven that HaarLike Feature in

combination with AdaBoost can also be used to detect the leaf edges or overlapping leaves of



23

various plants (e.g. arabidopsis, corn), and thus to separate and acquire information for

individual plant organs.

Space carving is a technique that creates a precise 3D model by using multiple images of the

same object taken with one or more cameras. To do this, a photo-consistency check is performed

for each pixel contained in the captured images. Only eight images are sufficient to create a full

3D model of an entire plant. The resulting model also contains the spectral information of all

underlying frequencies (VIS, NIR, IR, fluorescence or hyperspectral) present in the datasets.

Thinning out the segmented plant will eventually result in a skeletonized image of the organism.

Extracting information for individual leaves such as leaf length and angle is very simple once the

skeleton of the plant is computed.

If a high imaging throughput is the main aim, it is sufficient to take only two or three images to

calculate the approximate organ sizes of segmented plants. In a first step, the plant is segmented

into individual images by using a colour threshold or a more advanced technique (e.g.

Randomwalker). The next step is to determine the leaf edges by means of the proposed algorithm

and to use the skeleton of the plant to determine length angles, projected sizes and additional

spectral and shape parameters.

The methods applied here need a minimum of parameterizing and are suitable for a wide range

of plants, from small, almost 2D Arabidopsis rosettes to mature corn plants, as well as cereals or

dicot plants like tomato, soybean or cotton. This flexibility allows the integration in high-

throughput plant phenotyping systems.


Winter dicot crops as an adaptation to climate change: The Montana experience

*Perry Miller and Jeff Holmes, Land Resources and Environmental Sciences, Montana State

University, 334 Leon Johnson Hall, Bozeman, MT, [email protected]

One of the most significant proposed adaptations to climate change in the northern Plains is the

switch from spring to fall-sown annual crops. While supportive agronomic and genetic

knowledge is advanced for winter wheat, winter dicot crops remain relatively unexplored. In the

last decade we‘ve been conducting agronomic research near Bozeman with winter growth habits

of canola, lentil, pea, and safflower. Considerable potential exists for all but safflower. Biomass

growth, N fixation, and grain yield of winter legumes was typically greater than or equal to their

spring counterparts in a western Montana environment. Winter canola has shown extraordinary

yield potential with the highest yield yet recorded in small plot studies near 5,000 kg/ha.

However winter survival remains problematic. It appears that winter dicot success is linked to

spring climate, with relatively warm, dry early springs favoring winter dicot survival. Stubble

microclimate effects may also play a significant role. In 2012 we are initiating research into the

role of stubble microclimate and plant disease interaction in conditioning spring survival of

overwintered dicots.



24


Spring wheat genotypes differentially alter soil microbial communities and wheat

breadmaking quality in organic and conventional systems. (2011. Canadian J. Plant Sci. 91:485-495)

*Nelson, A G, Quideau, S; Frick, B; Niziol, D; Clapperton, J; Spaner, D., Department of

Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

T6G 2P5

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars may have differential effects on soil microbial

communities and the breadmaking quality of harvested grain. We conducted a field study

comparing five Canadian spring wheat cultivars grown under organic and conventional

management systems for yield, breadmaking quality and soil phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA)

profile. Organic yields (2.74 t ha super(-1)) were roughly half of conventional yields (5.02 t ha

super(-1)), but protein levels were higher in the organic system than the conventional system

(16.6 vs. 15.3%, respectively). Soil microbial diversity measures were significantly higher in the

organic system compared with the conventional system, including PLFA richness (31 vs. 27

unique PLFAs per sample, respectively) and PLFA diversity (Shannon diversity indexes of 2.90

and 2.73, respectively). Diversity measures were positively correlated with weed seed yield in

the organic system (0.44 < r < 0.55), indicating that the presence of weeds played some role in

increased microbial diversity. The use of composted dairy manure in the organic system may

also have contributed to differences between the microbial communities in the organic and

conventional systems. In the conventional system, the most recent wheat cultivar, AC Superb,

had higher levels of mycorrhizal fungi in the soil (1.97%) than the other cultivars (1.32 - 1.43).

Our results suggest that breeding efforts in conventionally managed environments may have

resulted in cultivating mycorrhizal dependence in that environment. Cropping systems that

include a diversity of plants, such as polycultures, may increase soil microbial diversity.

Les cultivars de ble (Triticum aestivum L.) pourraient agir differemment sur la microflore du sol

et sur la qualite boulangere du grain. Les auteurs ont entrepris une etude sur le terrain pour

comparer cinq varietes de ble de printemps canadiennes cultivees de maniere biologique ou

classique sur le plan du rendement, de la qualite boulangere et des acides gras phospholipidiques

presents dans le sol (AGPL). Le ble cultive de maniere biologique donne un rendement (2,74 t

par hectare) approximativement egal a la moitie de celui du ble cultive de la maniere usuelle

(5,02 t par hectare), mais la teneur en proteines etait plus elevee chez le premier que le second

(16,6% c. 15,3%, respectivement). Les mesures de la diversite de la population microbienne du

sol sont sensiblement plus elevees pour la culture biologique que pour la culture classique,

notamment la richesse en AGPL (31 c. 27 AGPL uniques par echantillon, respectivement) et la

diversite des AGPL (indices de diversite de Shannon de 2,90 et de 2,73, respectivement). Dans la

culture biologique, les valeurs de la diversite sont positivement correlees au rendement grainier

des adventices (0,44 < r < 0,55), signe que les mauvaises herbes jouent un certain role dans la

diversite de la microflore. L'usage de compost de bovins laitiers dans la culture biologique

pourrait aussi expliquer la variation de la population microbienne entre les deux systemes. Dans

la culture classique, le cultivar de ble le plus recent, AC Superb, etait accompagne d'une

concentration de mycorhizes dans le sol superieure (1,97%) a celle relevee avec les autres

http://search.proquest.com/docview.indexfieldauthoraffiliation.lateralsearchlink:lateralsearch/sng/au/Quideau,+S/$N?site=agricola&t:ac=1009600675/Record/1374C4E17396C0D94A2/1&t:cp=maintain/docviewblocks

http://search.proquest.com/docview.indexfieldauthoraffiliation.lateralsearchlink:lateralsearch/sng/au/Frick,+B/$N?site=agricola&t:ac=1009600675/Record/1374C4E17396C0D94A2/1&t:cp=maintain/docviewblocks

http://search.proquest.com/docview.indexfieldauthoraffiliation.lateralsearchlink:lateralsearch/sng/au/Niziol,+D/$N?site=agricola&t:ac=1009600675/Record/1374C4E17396C0D94A2/1&t:cp=maintain/docviewblocks

http://search.proquest.com/docview.indexfieldauthoraffiliation.lateralsearchlink:lateralsearch/sng/au/Clapperton,+J/$N?site=agricola&t:ac=1009600675/Record/1374C4E17396C0D94A2/1&t:cp=maintain/docviewblocks

http://search.proquest.com/docview.indexfieldauthoraffiliation.lateralsearchlink:lateralsearch/sng/au/$3cspan+class$3d$22hit$22$3eSpaner$3c$2fspan$3e,+D/$N?site=agricola&t:ac=1009600675/Record/1374C4E17396C0D94A2/1&t:cp=maintain/docviewblocks



25

cultivars (1,32-1,43). Ces resultats laissent croire que les travaux d'hybridation realises dans le

cadre de l'agriculture traditionnelle pourraient avoir debouche sur une dependance aux

mycorhizes dans un tel environnement. Les systemes agricoles incluant une diversite de plantes,

comme la polyculture, pourraient concourir a une meilleure diversite de la microflore.



26


Canadian Society of Horticultural Science (CSHS)

Sessions C1, C2, C3

Session C1: CSHS & Student Competition 8:15 am – 10:00 am


C1.1 Abstract Id 3861

Studies on establishing wild blueberry ecotypes from Northwestern Ontario

*T. S. Sahota and L. Luan, Thunder Bay Agricultural Research Station, 435 James St. S,

Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7E 6S7, Canada, [email protected].

A systematic field experiment, replicated 24 times, to compare growth, morphology, and fruit

yield of Vaccinium augustifoium, Vaccinium augustifolium var. nigrum, and Vaccinium

mytilloides, commonly accurring low bush wild blueberries in northwestern Ontario, was

established in 2010-‘11 at Thunder Bay Agricultual Research Station (TBARS), Thunder Bay.

Blueberry plants, collected from Escape Lake, Nipigon and Black Sturgeon Lake, were

transplanted at TBARS in late August 2010. Vegetative and reproductive phenological data were

collected throughout the season. Berries from four replications were collected once a week after

first reached maturity. Vaccinium augustifolium var. nigrum developed more rapidly than the

other two types, especially in the early stages. Fruit maturity in the plants collected from Black

Sturgeon Lake (both V. augustifolium and V. myrtilloides) was about a week late as compared to

the ones from Escape Lake and Nipigon. Fresh fruit yields varied from 50-398 kg ha-1 (5-39 g

plant-1) with a mean yield of 150 kg ha-1 (15 g plant-1). Vaccinium mytilloides from all three

origins yielded poorly, but the yields of the other two types varied greatly among locations of

origin. Blueberries from Nipigon had higher fresh fruit yield than those from Escape Lake and

Black Sturgeon Lake.


Morphology, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium

angustifolium Ait.) plants as affected by in vitro and ex vitro propagation methods

*Juran C Goyali, Abir U Igamberdiev, Department of Biology, Memorial University of

Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John‘s, NL, [email protected],

[email protected]

Samir C Debnath, Atlantic Cool Climate Crop Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, Bldg. 25, 308 Brookfield Road, St. John‘s, NL, [email protected]



27

The lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.), a commercially important crop in

Eastern Canada and USA, is native to North America. It is the richest source of antioxidant

compounds and has been reported to be a potential component in reducing incidence of

cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of propagation methods on

morphological characteristics, phenolic content and antioxidant activity (AA). A lowbush

blueberry clone ‗QB 9C‘ collected from Quebec and a cultivar ‗Fundy‘ were studied after being

propagated by conventional softwood cutting (SC) and by tissue culture (TC). A significant

interaction between propagation methods and genotypes was observed for number of stems per

plant, number of branches per plant and for total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC) and

proanthocyanidin (PAC) contents. After growing in the greenhouses, the TC plants produced

higher number of stems and branches compared to SC plants. TPC, TFC and PAC were found in

similar levels in ‗QB 9C‘ leaves of SC and TC plants. However, ‗Fundy‘ TC leaves showed less

TPC, TFC, PAC and AA compared to those of SC plants. The juvenile characteristics of tissue-

culture lowbush blueberry plants may be responsible for differences in morphological traits and

antioxidant activity.


The fruit ripening process of Lonicera caerulea L., new metabolites and old favorites.

*James Dawson, Bob Bors, Doug Waterer Department of Plant Science, Agriculture and

Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK,


Phytochemical content of the fruit of six important genotypes of Lonicera caerulea L. were

investigated throughout the fruit development and ripening period. L. caerulea berries were

shown to contain high amounts of quercetin glucosides, chlorogenic acid and anthocyanins. Two

iridoid glucosides, loganin and secologanin, were identified for the first time in the fruit of this

species. ‗Tundra‘, ‗Borealis‘ and four numbered genotypes were sampled weekly over the 42 day

ripening period. Phytochemicals were quantified via HPLC using a diode array. The content of

the majority of phytochemicals decreased as berries matured, while anthocyanin compounds

increased. Comparisons between genotypes showed high variability for rutin content, ranging

from 3.5mg/g DW in ‗Tundra‘ to 1.2mg/g DW in ‗3-03‘. Genotypes with high levels of

chlorogenic acid also had high levels of rutin. Iridoid glucosides were most abundant in the fruit

of ‗77-87‘ which contained approximately 1mg/g DW. This is the first L. caerulea study to track

levels of specific phytochemicals as the fruit developed over 42 days.


Flower Removal of Organic Blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.) to Increase Bush Growth and

Yield During Establishment

*David W. Hobson and Andrew Hammermeister, Organic Agriculture Institute of Canada,

Truro, Nova Scotia, [email protected]

Kris Pruski and Derek Lynch, Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia

Agricultural College, Truro, Nova Scotia



28

Many fruit crops are thinned to increase crop yields. Removing flowers of establishing small-

fruit plants can also increase growth of plants which encourages earlier establishment. Fruits are

a major sink for establishing plants and removing this sink could divert resources to other organs

to encourage growth and the following year‘s yield. The first harvest of small fruit is typically

too small to warrant harvesting, so plants commit resources to fruits where growth may be

compromised. Flowers were completely removed from second-year blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum

L.) to test the effects on shoot growth and yield at two sites on Prince Edward Island. Each site

had three replicates with three plants per plot in a randomized block design. Timing of organic

fertility amendments in spring-only, summer-only or split summer/spring had no significant

interaction with deflowering treatments. Plants at one site were larger and deflowering caused

increased yields by 20% but growth did not increase. At the other site yield did not increase from

deflowering, but growth significantly increased by 29 % the first year and by 61 % in the second

year. Deflowering was done here by hand, but a mechanical method to remove flowers is

required to make this technique cost-effective.


Temperature-Mediated Cell Wall Alterations and Its Roles in Freezing Avoidance and

Resistance in Allium fistulosum L.

*Jun Liu, Karen Tanino Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources,

University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 5A8.

[email protected], [email protected]

Ferenc Borondics, Canadian Light Source, 101 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N

0X4. [email protected]

Freezing stress resistance is an important research field in order to develop and improve

agricultural production in cold climates. It is well-known that the cell wall is a physical barrier

against various environmental intrusions. Cell wall hardening may be one of the freezing

resistance mechanisms, because the characteristics of cell wall assist cells and plants to survive

freezing and dehydration stress. However, how the mechanism works is still unclear. Allium

fistulosum has a single epidermal layer and large cell size, which permits the direct observation

of the freezing process and localize the functional groups. Therefore, Allium fistulosum provides

a useful system to investigate the changes occurring within the cell wall during cold acclimation.

The cryo-behavior of non-acclimated samples and acclimated plants (12/4 °C day/night four

weeks) were observed in a cryostage. Multiple approaches were taken to conduct the research

including cold acclimation simulation and integrated modeling of Fourier Transform Infrared

(FTIR) spectra plots. Cell wall structure is changed by cold acclimation through the

measurements of the cellulose/pectin region.



29


Drought stress in potato plants

*Pankaj Banik, Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus

Drive, Saskatoon, SK. Email: [email protected]

Helen Tai, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fredericton, NB. Email: [email protected]

Karen Tanino, Professor, Department of Plant Sciences, The University of Saskatchewan, 51

Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK. Email: [email protected]

A study was undertaken to examine the drought stress resistance in contrasting potato genotypes.

Plants were exposed to cyclic acclimation by withholding water until soil moisture content

reached 10%. Drought stress (0% soil mc) was applied between the stolon elongation and tuber

initiation stage. Treatments were: Not-acclimated and not stressed (NA), not-acclimated and

stressed (NAS), drought-acclimated and stressed (DAS). U1002 genotype was tested over three

generations to determine if previous drought stress history will affect subsequent drought stress

resistance. In another experiment, three contrasting genotypes were evaluated Russet Burbank

(RB), U1002 and Fu12] to understand the mechanism of stress acclimation, resistance and

recovery. Response measurements included leaf water content, stomatal aperture, leaf water loss,

leaf temperature, photosynthetic quantum yield, leaflet water content, leaf cuticle thickness, leaf

trichome density, flowering time, stem diameter, plant height, biomass and yield. U1002

treatments with a previous drought stress history induced more tubers in the 5 - 50g category in

the subsequent generation compared to treatments with no drought stress history. RB, Fu12 and

U1002 showed high resistance, moderate resistance and sensitivity though leaf water loss over as

little as 15 minutes. Other parameters are being evaluated and will be presented.

Cl.7 Abstract Id 3849

Phosphorus Management in Polder Vegetable Production

*Deanna Nemeth, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, 4890 Victoria

Avenue N, Vineland Station, Ontario. [email protected]

Christoph Kessel, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Alexander Hall, 50

Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario. [email protected]

Donna Speranzini, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 174 Stone Road West, Guelph, Ontario.

[email protected]

Ivan O‘Halloran, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus,

120 Main Street East, Ridgetown, Ontario. [email protected]

Mary-Ruth McDonald, Plant Agriculture Department, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East,

Guelph, Ontario. [email protected]

The Bradford, Holland, Colbar and Keswick marshes are significant histosols in Ontario, and are

ideal for polder vegetable production, generating $ 100 million annually in farm revenue. When

first cropped, these soils had low phosphorus (P) availability; but fertilization over time has

increased soil P and the potential for P loss. Currently, the estimated P loss into Lake Simcoe is

an estimated 2 tonnes P y-1. In response, this three year study evaluated improved P



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management in vegetables production by reduced P application rates and P fertilizer placement.

Crop yield, storage quality, lysimeter, tile drain water and P sorption/desorption data was

collected. Results indicated OMAFRA P recommendations of P application for vegetable crops

in histosols were sound. Reduced P application rates showed no yield response or reduction in

crop storage quality. Soil test P, lysimeter and tile water analysis demonstrated the majority of

soil P was soluble and prone to leaching. The first step in mitigating P loss from histosols is to

apply P according to provincial recommendations based on the sodium bicarbonate extraction

method. This project was funded by the Lake Simcoe Clean Up Fund (Environment Canada),

and the Nutrient Management BMP Grant (Ontario Soil and Crop Improvement Association).



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Session C2: Mini-Symposium - Biocontrol Methods 10:30 am – 12:30 pm



Biopesticides in Agriculture: Can science meet societal demands for greener food

production in the 21st Century?

Karen L. Bailey, Agriculture & Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,

S7N 0X2. [email protected]

As urban landscapes encroach upon rural environments, public awareness of environmental and

human health issues surrounding agricultural practices and pesticide use give rise to potential

conflict. The majority of consumers and agricultural producers cite pesticide use as their key

concern related to food consumption and personal safety. However, there is a clear need for pest

management, otherwise more than one half of the crop yield and quality produced would be lost

if grown without any crop protection. Biopesticides which are based on living microorganisms

and their bioactive compounds have been investigated for many years as safer, lower risk

alternatives to synthetic pesticides and as new pest control products for organic production

systems. In Canada, the number of biopesticide registrations has been increasing since the start

of the 21st century with more recent registrations based on agricultural and horticultural uses.

Contans® which is based on the fungus Coniothyrium minitans specifically controls

sclerotoinina disease on canola and beans. In contrast, Serenade®, based on the bacterium

Bacillus subtilis, controls many fungal diseases on soybean, corn, wheat, and specialty crops.

Despite these successes, biopesticides only make up a small percentage of all pest control

products used worldwide. The scientific-development process of moving from a new discovery

to a commercial product has many challenges in order to meet the expectations of many parties

in society (i.e. user, consumer, industry, regulators, and politicians). This paper will further

explore the factors that are advancing the science of biological control to meet our societal

demand for pesticide reduction.


New Mechanisms and Applications for Plant Secondary Metabolites and non-glandular

Trichomes

*M.Y. Gruber, Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK,

S7N0X2 Canada

Wei, S., School of Tea and Food Science, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 20036,

China

Li, X., College of Plant Sciences, Jinlin University, Changchun Jinlin 130062, China

Alahakoon, U., Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK,

S7N0X2 Canada; Dept. Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5E2 Canada,

Yu, B., Plant Biotechnology Institute, National Research Council, Saskatoon, SK, S7N0W9

Kadoor, R., Mahmoudi, H., Ben Salah, I., Physiologie et Biochimie de la Tolérance au Sel des

Plantes, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Campus Universitaire, El Manar II, Tunis 2092, Tunisie.



32

Yu, M., Holowachuk, Nayidu, N., Taheri, A.,Saskatoon Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-

Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N0X2 Canada;

Bonham-Smith, P., Dept. Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5E2,

Hannoufa, A. Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, London, ON, N5V4T3 Canada

A diversity of phenolic compounds (phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidin,

and lignin), carotenoids, and several key proteins contribute strongly to the portfolio of

mechanisms that plants use to combat disease, insect pests, and unfavorable growing conditions,

which result in crop damage and loss. As anti-oxidants, these compounds and proteins provide

agricultural/post-harvest management, nutritional, and health benefits to humans and livestock.

Trichomes also contribute to plant defense by forming a physical barrier discourages foraging

insects and animals and guards against water loss in some plants. With changing climate,

limitations on cropping areas, and rising food and fuel demands, knowledge of how to rapidly

select or modify plants for growth on marginal land, tolerance to stress, or with improved yield

and post-harvest traits has become more critical than ever before in history. The genetic

regulation and interplay between these different plant defence strategies, as well as their

relationships to plant development, is being unravelled by a wealth of mutation lines and

decreasing costs for functional genome and metabolome analyses. The presentation will draw

attention to basic and applied research on tolerance to metabolites, salinity, insect resistance, and

bio-industrial products to provide a window into how these pathways can or are being applied to

horticulture and agricultural crops and stewardship of the environment.


Biological Control of Arthropods in Controlled Environments

Ken Fry, School of Environment, Olds College, 4500-50th

Street, Olds, Alberta, T4H 1R6,

[email protected]

Greenhouse production is a complicated enterprise with pest management being among the most

complex aspects for any grower. For a grower to successfully implement a biological control

programme or to integrate biological control agents into an integrated pest management

programme several key principles must be adhered to. A grower should approach pest

management from the perspective that any and all plant management practices are, in effect, pest

management practices. Therefore a holistic approach to biological control should be adopted

wherein each and every step taken in the production of plant material can contribute to or impact

the success of a biological control programme. Practical aspects of this approach will be

described and discussed to offer insight into how to best implement a biological control

programme in controlled environments.



33


Plant-derived essential oils as an alternative approach to managing post-harvest disease

and quality problems

*Karen Tanino and *Doug Waterer, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and

Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8.

This will be a joint presentation.

Essential oils extracted from locally grown dill and caraway (active ingredient S-(+) carvone)

and spearmint (R-(-) carvone) provided effective yet reversible sprout control in stored potatoes,

with no adverse effects on crop quality or flavor. The essential oil treatments also suppressed a

range of storage diseases of potato (Fusarium solani, F. sambucinum, F. culmorum, F.

sclerotiorum and Rhizoctonia solani). Many of these fungal diseases are largely resistant to the

synthetic fungicides registered for post-harvest use on potatoes in Canada. However, the

essential oil treatments appeared to render the potatoes more susceptible to attack by bacterial

soft rot (Pectobacterium carotovorum). A survey of other essential oils show potential to use

these products to suppress a number of important post-harvest pathogens of horticultural crops

including Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Colletotrichum coccodes, Helminthosporium solani and

Botrytis sp. Additional biocontrol methods under current investigation will also be discussed.



34

Session C3: Mini-Symposium: Northern Greenhouses 3:30 pm – 5:00 pm



Innovations in agroforestry willow systems for environmental sustainability and bioenergy

purposes

Bill Schroeder, Chris Stefner, Jaconette Mirck and *Raju Y. Soolanayakanahally, Agroforestry

Development Centre, AAFC, Indian Head, Saskatchewan, Canada S0G 2K0

Canada has vast areas of uneconomical agriculture land that can be utilized for biomass and

bioenergy production. Use of biomass from agriculture lands can reduce the environmental

footprint (air, water, land) of Canada‘s current energy systems, while achieving long-term

economic and social sustainability. Fast growing shrub willows (Salix spp.) have outstanding

potential to serve as a dedicated biomass feedstock for production of bioenergy and in various

environmental applications such as carbon sequestration, nutrient interception and salt

mitigation. The Agroforestry Development Centre of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada focus

on innovative land management systems to stimulate rural development. The speaker will

highlight some of the advancements in agroforestry practices across Canada (from PEI to

Saskatchewan) in generating biomass from naturally occurring and planted willows. In addition,

a small scale integrated approach to heating with biomass will be discussed.


Aquaponics – a New Approach to Sustainable Food Production

Nick Savidov, Bio-Industrial Opportunities Branch, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development

Agri-Food Discovery Place, Building F-83 1-039, 6020 - 118 Street, Edmonton Alberta T6H

2V8, [email protected]

Aquaponics is a new emerging technology aiming sustainable and economically viable food

production at economic usage of resources and minimal environmental impact. An aquaponic

operation produces both fish and plants and it is an example of an Integrated Food Production

System or IFPS, where animal waste is converted into plant nutrients and plants grown is soilless

culture utilize nutrients producing clean environment for animal production. The economic

advantage of aquaponics is generating two revenues instead of one as in most conventional

systems. Contrary to the conventional systems based on monoculture and heavy use of chemicals

and synthetic fertilizers, aquaponics recreates relationships between animal, plant and microbial

components typical for natural ecosystems.

Aquaponics research in Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development started in 2002 since

building a pilot-scale aquaponics operation at the Brooks‘ Crop Diversification Centre South.

High-yielding aquaponics developed in Alberta does not use any synthetic fertilizers and

pesticide and produces no waste. It is unique of this kind in the world. The latest generation of

aquaponics utilizes two-loop design responsible for utilization of liquid as well as solid waste

from aquaculture operation. Pure oxygen is used instead of aeration to speed up biological

breakdown of organic waste.



35

Several companies in Alberta are in a process of commercialization of aquaponics. Having two

revenues, aquaponics creates an economic incentive for the industry to produce food using

resources more efficiently and in environmentally responsible manner.


Commercial greenhouse production of vegetable crops from Ontario to Mexico and

now Alberta

Weizheng (John) Zhang, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, 301 Horticultural

Station Rd. E. Brooks, AB, T1R 1E6, [email protected]

Total vegetable greenhouse area in Canada (Statistics Canada, 2011) are 2,924 acres. 1,921 acres

of the greenhouse vegetable production are in Ontario. It has the largest greenhouse operations

in Canada. Ontario greenhouses grow cherry tomatoes, mini cucumbers, spicy peppers, and

eggplants. In 2011, the 100 acres of the new greenhouses were built. Will the low produce price

impact any new expansion in 2012?

In last 15 years, the Mexican greenhouse industry grown rapidly. One of the largest greenhouses

in the world, Bionatur, has 200 acres in central Mexico. 90% of the Mexican greenhouse produce

are exported to USA and Canada.

Alberta has total 127 acres of vegetable greenhouses, concentrated in Redcliff. The main crop is

cucumber. High market demands give the growers better price. Will Redcliff become the next

Leamington in prairies? Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development invested $17 million to

build a Greenhouse Research and Production Complex (GRPC) in Brooks. GRPC is a unique

and one of the most advanced facilities of its kind anywhere in Canada and the world. It has HPS

lightings, fog systems, and swamp coolers.



36

Thursday July 19, 2012

Canadian Society of Agronomy (CSA)

Session D1: CSA 8:30 am – 10:00 am


D1.1 Abstract Id 3893

Climate and photoperiod influence soybean cultivar adaptation in Manitoba and Ontario

*Malcolm Morrison, ECORC, AAFC, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON.

[email protected]

David McAndrew, Morden Reseach Centre, AAFC, Morden, MB,

Elroy Cober, ECORC AAFC, Ottawa, ON, [email protected]

Over the past 35 years, the soybean crop has pushed its way out of the warm-season zone, into

eastern Ontario, western Quebec, southern Manitoba and even Saskatchewan. Manitoba seeded

232,694 ha in 2011 with 323,748 planned for 2012. Daylength and temperature control soybean

development and un-adapted cultivars can result in yield losses. A three year, replicated yield

trial, of a range of early maturing cultivars, differing in maturity group (MG) classification, was

done at Ottawa, and Morden. Cultivars ranged from MG 000.9 to a MG I.3. Data was collected

on phenology and yield. Morden was considerably cooler than Ottawa but averaged only 88

Crop Heat Units (CHU) more time to maturity across the 10 maturity groups. While yield was

higher among the earlier maturing cultivars in Morden than in Ottawa, later maturing cultivars

had lower yields. The highest yields in Ottawa resulted from a MG 0.8 cultivar while in Morden

the highest yielding cultivar was a MG 0.3 cultivar. Greater daylength in Morden resulted in a 19

day delay in flowering compared to Ottawa, but also shorter flowering and pod filling durations.

With warmer growing seasons in Manitoba, higher heat unit cultivars will achieve higher yields.


A promising variety of Camelina sativa L. Crantz, Line CDI007

Yunfei Jiang, Department of Plant and Animal Science, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, 50

Pictou Road, Truro, Nova Scotia, [email protected]

Camelina sativa L. Crantz is an oilseed crop in the Brassicaceae family. It is a versatile, drought-

tolerant and nutrient use efficient crop, and its oil potential offers excellent health benefits and

nutritional value to humans and animals. As an ancient crop, the renewed interest in camelina

has been due to its oil which is rich in omega-3, Î±-linolenic acid (ALA). One major objective of

the research is to screen selected promising lines of camelina with outstanding agronomy

performance. In 2011, effects of different levels of nitrogen (0, 25, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg

N/ha) were evaluated on the resistance towards downy mildew, plant density, seed yield, the



37

contents of fatty acids, protein and glucosinolates of five genotypes of camelina lines CDI002,

CDI005, CDI007, CDI008 and Calena in Nova Scotia (Truro and Canning), New Brunswick and

Saskatchewan. The results showed CDI007 was the most promising line among these five

genotypes. CDI007 was the most resistant to downy mildew, had the highest yield with 1793.4

kg/ha, which was significantly higher than the rest (p<0.0001) and had the lowest amount of

glucosinolates (p=0.0011). In addition, CDI007 seeds were highest in the content of oil (39.59%)

although the protein content was the lowest.

D1.3Abstract Id 3833

Managing crop nutrition in a changing climate

Tom Bruulsema, International Plant Nutrition Institute, Guelph, Ontario [email protected]

In early 2012, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released a special report (SREX)

on extreme weather events. While its most confident prediction is a global increase in heat

waves, it also states it is likely that the frequency of heavy precipitation or the proportion of total

rainfall from heavy rainfalls will increase in the 21st century over many areas of the globe. In

particular it projects increased heavy rain events in winter months for most of the eastern and

northern portions of the Corn Belt. Producers adapt to increased temperature by choosing crops

and cultivars that tolerate hot weather, and by planting crops earlier. With more intense rain

events, the importance of conservation tillage to protect soil and nutrients from erosion and

runoff increases. This presentation will describe the implications of climate change for managing

the nutrition of crops in Central and Eastern Canada. Important components of 4R Nutrient

Stewardship that contribute to producers‘ ability to adapt include emphases on choices of source,

rate, timing and placement of nutrients, as well as learning from results through adaptive

management.

D1.4 Abstract ID 3859

Effect of sources and times of N application on timothy and bromegrass

*T. S. Sahota, Thunder Bay Agricultural Research Station, 435 James St. S, Thunder Bay,

Ontario, Canada P7E 6S7, e-mail: [email protected]

A field experiment was conducted in CRBD, replicated four times, at Thunder Bay (2008-'11) to

study comparative effects of fall application of urea (at 15 days interval from September 25 to

November 10) and ESN (105 kg N ha-1 on September 25), and spring application of urea on

timothy and bromegrass (14 treatments). Urea @ 105 kg N ha-1 was applied in two splits (70 kg

N ha-1 in fall/or spring and the rest after the first cut). Application of N fertilizers increased the

forages dry matter yield (DMY) significantly (up to 2000 kg ha-1). There was no interaction

between grass species and fertilizer treatments. Averaged over three years, bromegrass produced

750 kg ha-1 higher DMY than timothy. DMY from September 25 applied ESN (5,214 kg ha-1)

or urea (5,158 kg ha-1) was higher than late fall urea applications and equaled that from spring

applied urea (5,122 kg ha-1). Protein content was over 2 % point higher with ESN than spring

applied urea. Considering the protein benefit and to spread field operations, fall application of



38

ESN to forage grasses could be recommended in northwestern Ontario/and cooler regions of the

world.


Late-maturing orchardgrass varieties and reduced harvest frequency to increase home-

grown feed production and reduce the need for feed imports on BC dairy farms

*Shabtai Bittman and Derek Hunt Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Agassiz Research Station

Agric.Canada POB 1000 Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, [email protected], [email protected]

Michael Casler, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1925 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53705,

[email protected]

Yousef Papadopoulos, AAFC, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, [email protected]

Daniel Undersander, Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1575 Linden Dr., University

of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, [email protected]

Mary Lou Swift, Alberta Agriculture, Lacombe, AB V0M1A0, [email protected]

Management of forages must be planned to optimize production of feed to ensure whole-farm

nutrient efficiency. BC dairy farmers use early maturing varieties, early first cut and frequent

harvests to maximize yield and quality. The hypothesis of this 3-year orchardgrass experiment

was that reducing the frequency of cutting (from 5 to 3 times year-1) would increase yield and

that the decline in quality would be mitigated with the use of a late maturing variety. The

medium (Chilliwack) and late (Haida) varieties flowered about 6 and 10 days, respectively, later

than the early variety (Cheam). Reducing harvest frequency from 5 to 3 cuts increased yield and

in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM) by 1.8 t and 1.5 t ha-1, respectively, for the late variety

compared to only 0.9 and 0 t ha-1, respectively, for the early variety. The 3-cut late variety

treatment (novel) increased IVDDM over the 5-cut early variety treatment (conventional) by 1.7

t ha-1 and yield by 1.6 t ha-1 with little effect on NDF digestibility. On a 100 ha farm with half

grass/ half corn, 10 % increase in grass yield will allow conversion of 5 ha to corn producing an

additional 100 t of high energy feed.


Effect of mycorrhizal fungi on conventional and organic wheat varieties in north western

Ontario

T. S. Sahota, Thunder Bay Agricultural Research Station, 435 James St. S, Thunder Bay,

Ontario, P7E 6S7, Canada, e-mail: [email protected]

A field experiment, replicated four times, with four wheat varieties; two conventional (Sable and

Superb) and two organic (Red Fife and Kamut) in the main plots split for check and mycorrhizal

fungi seed treatment, was conducted at Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada, in 2009-2011. Green

manure and liquid dairy manure were applied, but no agro-chemical was used in this experiment.

The results showed significant difference amongst wheat varieties. Sable equaled/or exceeded

Superb in grain yield and N removal, and both varieties yielded higher than Red fife and Kamut.

Both grain protein content and straw yield varied over the years, but averaged over the three



39

years, Sable had the highest grain (4.6 t ha-1 yr-1) and straw (7.1 t ha-1 yr-1) yield and Superb

had the highest grain protein content (17.5 %). Grain yields of Red Fife and Kamut were 58 %

and 52.5 % of Sable grain yield, respectively. Grain protein content in Kamut was as much as in

Sable, but Red Fife had 1. 4 % point lower grain protein content than Sable. The mycorrhizal

fungi seed treatment had no positive effect on grain yield, protein content, N removal and straw

yield in any of the varieties/or years.


Canada’s Organic Science Cluster : overview and planning for the future.

*V. Gravel, Organic Agriculture Center of Canada, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, PO Box

550, Truro, NS, [email protected]

A. M. Hammermeister,Organic Agriculture Center of Canada, Nova Scotia Agricultural College,

PO Box 550, Truro, NS, [email protected]

(member of CSA)

M. Savard, Organic Agriculture Center of Canada, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, PO Box

550, Truro, NS, [email protected]

The Organic Science Cluster (OSC) started in 2009 in order to respond to the need for a strategic

and science based approach for research in the organic sector. The OSC is part of the Canadian

Agri-Science Clusters Initiative of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada‘s Growing Forward

Framework and is supported by industry partners from across Canada. Based on a consultation

with Canadian farmers in all areas of organic production, research priorities were established and

grouped in 10 sub-projects including fruit horticulture, cereal crop breeding, soil fertility

management, vegetable production, greenhouse production, environmental sustainability, and

food processing. A total of 27 research activities were undertaken by over 80 researchers and

collaborators across the country. Seventeen of those activities were directly related to organic

horticulture. Now that the end of the first OSC is fast approaching, planning is under way for

future partnerships within the next Organic Science Cluster. Work has already begun for defining

research priorities including for the horticultural sector for which 10 potential projects have

already been identified. This next OSC follows the current context where emphasis is put on

directly serving the needs of stakeholders through innovation and increasing efficiency within

organic production systems.

D1.8 Abstract id 3917

Evaluating Canola Genotypes and Harvest Methods to Reduce Seedbank Inputs and

Longevity

*Teketel A. Haile, Steven J. Shirtliffe, Department of Plant Sciences, University of

Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N5A8

Robert H. Gulden, Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2

Chris Holzapfel, Indian Head Agricultural Research Foundation, Indian Head, SK, S0G 2K0



40

Seed shatter in canola leads to a considerable yield loss and the dispersal of canola seeds into the

soil seedbank. The volunteer canola can then create weed problem in the subsequent crops and

result in crop yield loss. Gene dispersal in time particularly from genetically modified volunteer

canola can be another undesirable consequence. Studies were conducted in Saskatchewan in

2010 and 2011 to determine the average seedbank inputs of canola from swathing and straight

cutting operations in commercial fields and to evaluate the importance of variety selection,

harvest methods and pod sealant products to reduce seed loss in canola. A total of 66 canola

fields were surveyed within 3 weeks of harvest. These fields were sampled using a vacuum

cleaner and seed loss per unit area was determined for each field. In a separate small-plot

experiment the effect of harvest methods (swathed, Pod Ceal treated straight cut, Pod-Stik

treated straight cut and untreated straight cut) on seed loss in five canola genotypes (InVigor

5440 LL, 4362 RR, 45H26 RR, InVigor 5020 LL and juncea 8571 CL) was evaluated. The

average seed loss was found to be 184 kg ha-1

, which is equivalent to 7.3% of the total yield and

resulted in seedbank addition of approximately 5821 viable seeds per m2. Seed loss among

producers ranged from 4.9 to 9% of the total yield and resulted in seedbank addition which is

many times more than the normal seeding rate of canola. There was a significant difference in

seed shatter among the evaluated canola genotypes. Selecting canola genotypes with less seed

shatter can be effective to reduce the incidence of volunteer canola in western Canada. Pod Ceal

and Pod Stik did not have effect on the yield as well as seed loss in canola. There was no

difference in yield and seed loss between swathed and straight cut canola on commercial fields

but swathed canola had lower yield and higher seed loss than the straight cut canola in the small-

plot experiment. This indicates that straight cutting can be a viable option to harvest canola in

western Canada.

D1.9 Abstract not available

Pest Management Student presentation



41

Thursday July 19, 2012

Joint CSHS/ North American Fruit Explorers (NAFEX)

(CSHS abstracts only)

Session E: CSHS-NAFEX 8:30 am – 4:45 pm


E1.3 Abstract Id 3907

Preservation of Fruit Genetic Resources at the N. I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry

Artem Sorokin, 42-44, B. Morskava Street, St. Petersburg, Russia 190000, art-

[email protected]

Plant Genetic Resources (PGR) at the N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry are

conserved ex situ. More than 20,000 accessions of fruit trees, berries and ornamental crops are

maintained at nine experimental stations in Russia. As these are vegetatively propagated plants

they have to be preserved ex situ in a field genebank. Field genebanks containing collection

accessions include gardens of PGR samples, shelterbelts, irrigation systems, lands for crop

rotation, propagation and quarantine nurseries. Ex situ collections serve as backup collections

including in vitro and cryopreservation facilities, so they can facilitate the distribution of

germplasm or DNA-analysis.

N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry along with other genebanks worldwide, as well

as Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations have adopted ―The Genebank

Standards for the Conservation of Non-Orthodox Seeds and Clonally Propagated Plants‖. These

standards include guidelines for sustainable conservation and help ensure availability of plant

genetic resources for plant breeders, researchers and other users. The standards cover the

following activities: in vitro, cryopreservation, maintaining accessions identity and plants to

ensure propagation ability, genetic integrity, germplasm health, availability and use of

germplasm and information, physical security of collections and proactive management of

genebanks.


Resveratrol production potential among select Vitis riparia hybrids

*Tyler Kaban and Bob Bors, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51

Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, SK, S7N 5A8, [email protected]

Resveratrol production potential could not be predicted based on percentage of V. riparia M in

grape pedigree. However, most hybrids descended from this North American species were higher

producers than classic V. vinifera L cultivars. Fourteen grape genotypes were analysed with

varying amounts of V. riparia in their pedigrees. Cold-hardy wine cultivars included ‗Foch‘,

‗Marquette‘, ‗LaCrescent‘ and three clones of ‗Frontenac‘. Hardy juice cultivar ‗Valiant‘ and



42

pure V. riparia selections were also compared to V. vinifera cultivars ‗Riesling‘, ‗Pinot Noir‘ and

‗Cabernet Sauvignon‘. Resveratrol production was elicited with UVC light (254 nm) placed

above and below detached berries. On average, the fifth day of incubation post-irradiation

produced a fifty-fold increase in resveratrol concentration compared to non-elicited berries. The

V. vinifera cultivars and interspecific hybrid ‗Marquette‘ had the lowest trans-resveratrol

production averaging around 138 µg g-1 fresh weight. Of the cultivars tested, V. riparia x F1

hybrid ‗Valiant‘was the highest producer with an average of approximately 693 µg g-1 fresh

weight. Other high producers included ‗Foch‘ and ‗Frontenac‘ at approx. 245 and 352 Âµg g-1

fresh weight respectively. The ‗gris‘ and ‗blanc‘ anthocyanin-deficient mutants of ‗Frontenac‘

have similar capacity to produce resveratrol as the original cultivar.


Molecular markers for genetic fidelity during in vitro propagation of berry crops

Samir C. Debnath, Atlantic Cool Climate Crop Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, Bldg. 25, 308 Brookfield Road, St. John‘s, NL A1E 0B2, Canada, e-mail:

[email protected]

Current techniques for in vitro propagation of plants and the ready acceptance of

micropropagated plants by commercial sectors globally, have allowed for continued growth

within the micropropagation industry. Micropropagation has now become a multibillion dollar

industry, practised all over the world. However, True-to-type propagules and genetic stability are

prerequisites for the application of micropropagation. Scaling up of any micropropagation

protocol can be hindered by somaclonal variation that can result from genetic changes due to

mutation, epigenetic changes or a combination of both. Molecular markers have been introduced

in tissue culture research. This review describes the use of molecular markers in

micropropagated plants for the assessment of genetic fidelity, uniformity, stability and trueness-

to-type. The relative merits and shortcomings of the various molecular markers applied are

presented. Further I describe the potential of such tools for improving berry crops of horticultural

importance.


Indoor Low Light Tolerant Citrus for the Home Environment---31 years of Breeding

*M.P.M. Nair, Canadian Low Light Indoor Plants & Products Research (CLLIPPR) Inc., 4461

Clarence Ave. South, Grasswood, SK S7T 1A7, [email protected]

Karen K. Tanino, Dept. Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of

Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8.

Growing edible indoor plants is an effective and highly energy efficient means of maintaining

quality of indoor air, removing the carbon footprint while addressing food safety and security

issues, especially if low light tolerant plants can be developed for this purpose. For over 31

years, new citrus hybrids and edible plants adapted to produce under low light conditions of

average home environments are under breeding and selection. Selection criteria for citrus



43

includes: fruit size, dwarfing habit, blooming cycle, seedlessness, yield, mesocarp thickness,

acidity, etc. History and characteristics of promising citrus lines and edible plants will be

presented.


Growth and development of raspberry as affected by in vitro and ex vitro propagation

methods

*S. C. Debnath, Atlantic Cool Climate Crop Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, Blgd. 25, 308 Brookfield Road, St. John‘s, NL A1E 0B2, Canada,

[email protected]

C. Kempler, Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agassiz Site, Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, 6947 # 7 Highway, P.O. Box 1000, Agassiz, BC V0M 1A0, Canada

A. R. Jamieson, Atlantic Food and Horticulture Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, 32 Main Street, Kentville, NS B4N 1J5, Canada

S. Khanizadeh, Horticultural Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, 430 Blvd. Gouin, St-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC J3B 3E6, Canada

Multiple buds and shoots were produced in vitro from leaf segments of red raspberry cultivars

Festival, Heritage and Latham in a shoot induction medium containing 4.5 µM thidiazuron

(TDZ). TDZ supported rapid shoot proliferation at low concentrations (1 -2 µM) in a bioreactor

system, but shoot elongation was improved in medium containing 4 µM 6-benzyladenine (BA).

BA-induced, elongated shoots rooted in the bioreactor vessel containing the same medium, but

without any plant growth regulators. The growth and development of these micropropagated

plants were compared with those obtained by conventional root cuttings. After 3 years of growth,

the in vitro-derived plants produced more shoots and leaves per plant than the conventional

cuttings. In vitro culture on nutrient medium apparently induces the juvenile branching

characteristics. This increase in vegetative growth of in vitro-derived plants over root cuttings

varied among genotypes.


Abstracts for Poster Presentations

44

Poster Presentations

Tuesday July 17, 2012

Poster Sessions 1 and 2

Poster Session 1: CSA & CSHS Student Competitions 4:30 pm – 6:30 pm

Kenderdine Gallery, C/D wing, Agriculture Building

P1 Abstract Id 3764

Identifying wild and cultivated cranberries and evaluating their relationships using

morphology, and EST-PCR and ISSR markers.

*Dong An, Atlantic Cool Climate Crop Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

Bldg. 25, 308 Brookfield Road, St. John‘s, NL A1E 0B2, Canada; Department of Biology,

Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth Avenue, St. John‘s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada

Natalia Bykova, Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 232 Elizabeth

Avenue, St. John‘s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada

Samir C. Debnath, Atlantic Cool Climate Crop Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada, Bldg. 25, 308 Brookfield Road, St. John‘s, NL A1E 0B2, Canada;


The cranberry (Vaccinium marcrocarpon Ait.) is a woody, evergreen perennial vine with great

potential for medical and health benefits. Genetic and morphological diversity and relationship

among four cranberry cultivars and 105 wild clones collected from four Canadian provinces

were studied. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), expressed sequence tag- simple sequence

repeat (EST-SSR) and EST-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) markers were used to study genetic

diversity. The degree of diversity and genetic relationship were investigated by the unweighted

pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) and the principal coordinate (PCO)

analysis. Molecular markers combined with morphological characters detected a sufficient

degree of variation to differentiate among cranberry genotypes, making these technologies

valuable for cultivar identification and for the more efficient choice of parents in the current

cranberry breeding program

P2 Abstract Id 3869

Characterizing the epigenetic control of gene expression in strawberry (Fragaria vesca)

*Jihua Xu, Dept. Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Dr,

University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A8. [email protected] (member of CSHS)

Steve Robinson, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science

Place Saskatoon, SK, S7N OX2, [email protected]



45

Karen Tanino, Dept. Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, 51 Campus Dr,

University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, [email protected] (member of

CSHS)

Fragaria vesca, (2n=14) is an important model Rosaceae species and the completion of its

genome sequence heralds the beginning of the post-genomics era for horticultural crops. Gene

expression is highly regulated involving multiple transcriptional and post-transcriptional

modifications. Additional layers of regulation are encoded by DNA methylation, histone

modifications and non-coding RNA molecules, these epigenetic marks reinforce one another and

are not manifested in the primary DNA sequence.

Future crop improvement strategies such as increasing abiotic stress resistance will need to fully

capture and exploit all sources of phenotypic variation. However, traits under epigenetic control

have remained elusive since mechanisms affecting the heritability of their marks are poorly

understood. Strawberry is able to reproduce through sexual and vegetative propagation, ideal to

address the efficacy of the inheritance of these epigenetic marks. This study focuses on the

inheritance of DNA methylation changes induced chemically and through exposure to abiotic

stress, providing new insights for future crop improvement.

Here we describe the generation and initial characterization of a population of highly inbred

seeds treated with 5-azacytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferase. This treatment results in

hypomethylation of DNA and altered gene regulation revealing greater levels of variation in

morphological and physiological characters.

P3 Abstract Id 3842

Iron Bioavailability in Low Phytate Pea

*Xiaofei Liu, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Department of Plant Sciences,

CDC, Saskatoon, Canada, [email protected]

Raymond Glahn, 538 Tower Road, USDA-ARS, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Henry Classen, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Department of Animal and

Poultry Science, Saskatoon, Canada

Kirstin Bett, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Department of Plant Sciences,

CDC, Saskatoon, Canada

Tom Warkentin, 51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Department of Plant Sciences,

CDC, Saskatoon, Canada (the member of CSA)

Phytate can reduce the availability of phosphorus, iron and other nutrients in diets. The low

phytate peas may have increased iron bioavailability compared to the normal phytate peas. In a

previous study, in order to increase the phosphorus concentration, two low phytate pea lines (1-

2347-144 and 1-150-81) were developed from CDC Bronco at the Crop Development Centre,

University of Saskatchewan. In this project, the iron bioavailability of pea seeds of the two low

phytate lines, CDC Bronco, CDC Meadow and CDC Golden, derived from 3 replicate field

experiments conducted in 2009 and 2010, will be assessed using the Caco-2 mammalian cell

bioassay. The results show that the two low phytate lines have significantly higher iron

bioavailability and higher phosphorus compared with other three normal phytate cultivars. In the

future, the seeds from these varieties will be increased for the in vivo chicken study. The low



46

phytate line 1-2347-144 and CDC Meadow were crossed to develop recombinant inbred lines

(RILs). The inheritance of iron bioavailability will be tested by evaluating RILs and their parents

using in vitro Caco-2 mammalian cell bioassay.

P4 Abstract Id 3845

The stability of health-beneficial phytochemicals in asparagus during cooking

*Jenna Drinkwater, Department of Plant Agriculture, Ontario Agricultural College, University of

Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, [email protected];

Ronghua Liu, Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road

West, Guelph, Ontario, [email protected];

Rong Cao, Guelph Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 93 Stone Road

West, Guelph, Ontario, [email protected];

David Wolyn, Department of Plant Agriculture, Ontario Agricultural College, University of

Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, [email protected]

Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) is a commonly consumed vegetable rich in health-

beneficial phytochemicals. Rutin, a flavonoid known for its antioxidant properties and

contributions to cardiovascular health, is found in high concentrations in asparagus spears.

Cooking has been shown to affect phytochemical contents in vegetables through degradation

and/or leaching, however, information for asparagus is lacking. In this study, the effects of

baking, boiling, grilling, microwaving, pan-frying, and steaming on rutin concentration were

determined. For each method, three time periods were used to simulate cooking by a home

consumer. Rutin concentration in spears did not significantly change for all cooking treatments

compared to the uncooked control, except for spears pan-fried in oil for 14 minutes, where

values decreased by 23%. Analysis of residual cooking liquid suggests that leaching of rutin does

occur during water-based cooking methods. These results suggest that the potential health

benefits of asparagus can be preserved by most cooking methods and readily benefit consumers.

P5 Abstract Id 3846

Fertilization with nitrogen, sulfur and boron to optimize canola nutrition in Quebec

*Jinghan Su, Joann K Whalen, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University

Baoluo Ma, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

Dave Poon, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University

Canola has high demands on nitrogen (N), sulfur (S) and boron (B) for optimum yield. Fertilizer

use efficiency may be increased by splitting N application and by applying B to foliage, but this

needs to be verified under field conditions. A field trial was conducted in Sainte-Anne-de-

Bellevue, Quebec, in 2011 to evaluate canola response to combinations of pre-plant broadcast N

(0, 50, 100, 150 kg/ha), broadcast S (0 and 20 kg/ha) and B (0, 0.5 kg/ha to foliage, 2 kg/ha

broadcast) fertilizers. Split application of N (50 kg/ha pre-plant broadcast, 50 or 100 kg/ha side-

dressed six weeks later) was also evaluated. The N concentration in aboveground tissue was

analyzed at 20% flowering stage as an indicator of canola nutrition. The N concentration



47

increased from N0 to N100, but not between N100 and N150 in both broadcast and split

applications. Fertilization with S and B (soil and foliar applied) did not increase tissue N

concentration. In conclusion, N fertilization with 100 kg N/ha in a single pre-plant application

will effectively increase the tissue N concentration for canola oilseed production, but this needs

to be confirmed with additional site-years.

P6 Abstract Id 3879

Weed Management of Establishing Organic Blackcurrants (Ribes nigrum L.)

*David W. Hobson and Andrew Hammermeister Organic Agriculture Institute of Canada, Truro,

Nova Scotia, [email protected]

Kris Pruski and Derek Lynch Department of Plant and Animal Sciences, Nova Scotia

Agricultural College, Truro, Nova Scotia

Weed control is essential for establishment of small fruits. Organic fruit crops rely on non-

herbicide strategies for weed management, and mulches are commonly used to reduce the labour

requirements for traditional methods like cultivation. Plots with newly planted blackcurrants

(Ribes nigrum L.) were either cultivated, mowed, mulched with a black, porous landscape fabric,

mulched with a non-permeable tree-grade black plastic, mulched with a white, porous, reflective

fabric or cultivated and sprayed with acetic acid to control weeds in a randomized block design

with four blocks. One site was established in 2010 and the other in 2011 in Truro, Nova Scotia

and growth, soil moisture and temperature and costs were calculated for the first year to find the

most cost-effective weed management strategy. Black plastic provided the best weed control at

the lowest cost per plant growth. The Cultivated treatment provided good weed control, but was

the most expensive as it was very labour-intensive. Plants were significantly smaller in the

Mowed treatment and some plants died from moisture stress. Acetic acid was very expensive and

poor at controlling perennial weeds. Overall black plastic was the most effective treatment in

terms of the efficacy and cost of weed control.

P7 Abstract Id 3888

Ecophysiology of Cow Cockle (Saponaria vaccaria L) Germination, a Summer Annual

Weed under Domestication

*Hema Duddu, Steve J. Shirtliffe, Yuguang Bai, Christian Willenborg, Dept. of Plant Sciences,

College Of Agriculture and Bioresources, Univ. of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, SK,

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected].

Cow cockle (Saponaria vaccaria L), is an introduced summer annual weed of Northern Great

Plains. It is being considered for domestication because of its high quality starch, cyclo-peptides

and saponins. Seed dormancy is considered as one of the important character of its domestication

syndrome. The objective of present investigation is to determine the effect of temperature and

photoperiod on cow cockle seed dormancy. Fifteen genotypes were germinated at five

temperatures (5, 7.5, 10, 15 & 20 ⁰C) with two temperature regimes (Constant & Alternating).



48

This test was conducted both in light and dark. Significant effect of temperature and light on

seed dormancy was observed (P<0.0001). The variability for seed dormancy among the

genotypes ranged from 4% to 62%. Mongolia was identified as low or no dormancy genotype.

Among the mean temperatures, 10 ⁰C was proved to be optimal germination temperature. Under

similar mean temperature, individually, light germination (41%) and fluctuating regime (42%)

were more effective in breaking seed dormancy. However, at 10 and 15 ⁰C light interacts with

constant regime and at remaining temperatures dark interacts with alternating regime to reduce

the seed dormancy in cow cockle. Temperature regime and photoperiod has little or no effect of

seed dormancy under optimal germination temperatures.

P8 Abstract Id 3868

Determination of Photoperiod-Sensitivity Phases in Some Selected Chickpea Genotypes

*Ketema Daba, Tom Warkentin and Bunyamin Taran

51 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Department of Plant Sciences, Crops

Development Center, Saskatoon, SK, :[email protected]

In chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) photoperiod sensitivity, delayed flowering under short days

compared to long days, may change with the growth stages of the crop. These changes could be

best identified by experiments in which individual plants are transferred in a time series from

long day (LD) to short day (SD) and vice versa. Eight chickpea genotypes representatives of

different photoperiod sensitivity groups were evaluated to determine the photoperiod sensitivity

phases. The genotypes were grown in two separate growth chambers adjusted to LD (16/8 h) and

SD (10/14 h) and (22/16 ºC) day and night respectively. The genotypes were arranged in RCD

with seven replicates and control pots grown continuously under the respective photoperiods.

Reciprocal transfers between SD and LD and vice versa were made seven times after sowing at

various time intervals for each genotype. Days to flowering was recorded as number of days

from seeding to first flower on each plant. There was no significant difference in days to

flowering under LD and SD and subsequent transfers for two day neutral genotypes. For the rest

of the genotypes, the results indicated that day length sensitivity phase exists in chickpea and this

sensitive phase extends after flower initiation.

P9 Abstract Id 3894

Blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) bud break and flowering phenology in coastal

British Columbia

*Eric M. Gerbrandt, Karen K. Tanino, Ravindra N. Chibbar and Robert H. Bors, Plant Sciences,

Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Room 4D36

Agriculture Building, Saskatoon, SK, [email protected],

The blue honeysuckle (Lonicera caerulea L.) is a circumpolar shrub species in the

Caprifoliaceae family. The potential health benefits of the fruit have motivated breeding efforts

in primarily cool, northern climates of Asia, Europe and North America. A range of accessions

from Japan, Russia and the Kuril Islands, representing three of the known subspecies



49

(emphyllocalyx, edulis and kamtschatica) and another uncharacterized yet distinct phenotypic

group, were selected from the University of Saskatchewan‘s germplasm collection. Along with

hybrids between Russian, Japanese and Kuril types, the selected accessions present a broad range

of climatic adaptation. Multiple clones were established at three locations in the temperate

coastal climate of British Columbia‘s Fraser Valley in 2010/2011. In the winter and spring of

2012, bud break and flowering were monitored to characterize phenological diversity and

provide a preliminary assessment of adaptation to this novel climatic region. This assessment

produced insight into the adaptation of blue honeysuckle germplasm to a temperate climate,

providing inference for future directions in breeding for similar regions. Specifically, mean daily

temperatures during flowering onset, comparison of phenology to regionally important crops

(blueberry, raspberry and strawberry), and an evaluation of fruit set for various bloom times are

provided.

P10 Abstract Id 3875

Newly developed sainfoin populations perform well in alfalfa pasture

S. Acharya, *E. Sottie Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB,

Canada T1J 4B1, [email protected], [email protected]

A. Iwaasa, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2,

[email protected]

B. Coulman, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8

T. McAllister, Y. Wang Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB,

Canada T1J 4B1, [email protected], [email protected]

P. Jefferson, Western Beef Development Center, Humboldt, SK, S0K 2A0

Alfalfa causes bloat in grazing cattle while condensed tannin in sainfoin is known to eliminate

bloat. Earlier studies have shown that 15% or more sainfoin in an alfalfa mixture can eliminate

risk of pasture bloat. However, in mixed stand old sainfoin cultivars do not persist or re-grow at

the same rate as alfalfa after cutting or grazing and in pure stand produce less forage yield than

alfalfa. Lethbridge forage breeding program has developed number of sainfoin populations with

improved forage yield, regrowth potential and persistence in mixed stands. At several locations

in western Canada, it was observed that the new sainfoin populations produce more forage yield

than Nova in pure stands and some populations produce as much biomass as high yielding

alfalfa. Under simulated grazing, mixed alfalfa and new sainfoin populations produced more

biomass and maintained higher proportion of biomass (> 15%) than Nova throughout the

growing season even in the 3rd production year. These results and high nutritional quality of

mixed stands indicate that the newly developed sainfoin populations can be used in high

performance grazing systems in western Canada without fear of pasture bloat or reduction in

forage production.

P11 Abstract Id 3828 Abstract Withdrawn



50

Poster Session 2: CSA 4:30 pm – 6:30 pm



Abstract Withdrawn


Competitiveness of a transgenic rice (CPPO06) resistant to protoporphyrinogen oxidase

inhibiting herbicides

*Kee Woong Park, Sung Min Han, and Sang Un Park

Department of Crop Science, Daejeon, [email protected]

A new trait of transgenic plants may alter competitive ability and consequently increase the

possibility of weediness of the plants. This study was conducted to determine competitiveness of

herbicide resistant transgenic rice (CPPO06) over-expressing protoporphyrinogen oxidase

(Protox) gene of Myxococcus xanthus. Competition between CPPO06 and its non-transgenic

parental variety, Dongjin rice, was evaluated using a set of replacement series experiment with

five ratios and four plant densities. The plant biomass per pot of the CPPO06 and Dongjin rice

was similar and corresponded to the theoretical response of two plants having equal

competitiveness. ANOVA for individual plant height, tiller number, and shoot dry weight

showed no ratio effect in the mixtures indicating no competition between CPPO06 and Dongjin

rice. These results suggest that the trait producing Protox of M. xanthus is not associated with

competitive ability in rice. So, the chance of weediness or invasiveness of CPPO06 is unlikely to

be greater than those of Dongjin rice.


Flower and fruit abortion due to heat stress in field grown pea.

Mohammad Tahir, Janet Pritchard, *Rosalind Bueckert Department of Plant Sciences, University

of Saskatchewan, [email protected], [email protected]

Heat stress causes yield reduction in field pea. Development of heat stress tolerant pea cultivars

is, therefore, desired. We investigated the phenology and reproductive organ abortion (ROA) of

twelve field pea cultivars with the objective to identify cultivars with heat tolerance and least

ROA. The cultivars were grown at different seeding times at three environments in

Saskatchewan and included potential heat tolerant, susceptible and check cultivars. Significant (P

< 0.05) differences were observed in node development rates, number of total nodes, nodes

involved in reproduction, time in reproductive development, days to flowering, ROA, height and

yield of pea cultivars. The node development rates varied from 2.74-4.1 days per node. The



51

number of total nodes and reproductive nodes ranged from 25.5-16.7 and 5.81-8.6, respectively.

The number of days in reproductive development, days to flowering and ROA varied from 15.9-

25.5, 47.7-52.3 and 25.5-60.9%, respectively. ROA was observed in all cultivars; however, the

fraction of aborted reproductive organs was significantly higher in late sown pea cultivars due to

heat stress which resulted in lower yield of pea cultivars. Development of heat tolerant pea

cultivar may require an extensive assessment and selection for heat tolerance trait and the

subsequent use in pea breeding program.


Effect of seeding rate on spelt production

*Denis Pageau, Centre de recherche et de developpement sur les sols et les grandes cultures,

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Normandin (Quebec), Canada G8M 4K3,

[email protected]

Anne Vanasse, Université Laval, Département de phytologie, 2425 rue de l‘Agriculture, Quebec

(Quebec), G1V 0A6

Yves Dion, CÉROM, 2700 rue Einstein, bureau D1 300.24A, Quebec (Quebec), G1P 3W8

Sophie Martel, La Milanaise, Milan (Quebec)

Elizabeth Vachon, Moulins de Soulanges, 485, rue St-Philippe, Saint-Polycarpe, Quebec

(Quebec) J0P 1X0

This project was conducted to evaluate the effect of different seeding rate of spring spelt grown

under cool growing condition of Eastern Canada. This trial was conducted in 2011, at three

experimental sites in the province of Quebec. The experimental setup consisted of a factorial

experiment (randomized complete block design with two factors: cultivars and seeding rates).

Three cultivars and one line of spring spelt (CDC Nexon, CDC Zorba, CDC Origin and

04Spelt49) were seeded at five seeding rates: 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 seeds m-2. The effect

of cultivar was significant at all locations. At the three locations, the highest grain yields

(covered grains) were obtained with the cultivar Origin with an average of 3700 kg ha-1. The

line 04spelt49 had also high grain yields at two of the three locations. Low grain yields were

obtained with the cultivar CDC Nexon at two locations. It seems that low grain yields were

associated with high lodging. The seeding rate had little or no effect on grain yields (hulled and

dehulled grain). Grain quality for all cultivars was very good with an average protein content

that ranged from 14.7% (04spelt49 and Nexon) to 15.3% (Zorba) and 15.8% (Origin).


Multiple species grass-legume mixtures in semiarid Saskatchewan

*Michael P. Schellenberg, Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and

Agrifood Canada, Box 1030, Swift Current, SK [email protected]

B. Biligetu, Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Centre, Agriculture and Agrifood Canada,

Box 1030, Swift Current, SK [email protected]



52

Increased diversity in seeded mixtures has been suggested as a means to increase yields and

mediate effects of changing climate. The question arises what would be the appropriate

combination? From a forage standpoint, the mixture should include grazable plants such as

legumes and grasses. In 2009, a full factorial random block design with 4 replicates study was

initiated at Swift Current to examine the potential benefit of combining 2 grass species (western

wheatgrass, green needle grass) with two legume species (alfalfa and purple prairie clover) in

mixtures ranging from monocultures to all four species. The 2010 and 2011 dry matter yield

results are presented. With these two years having above normal precipitation, alfalfa dominated

plots in which it was seeded (P<0.05). Examination of functional group (legume vs. grass)

indicates having 2 legumes has the greatest benefit for dry matter production. Seeding legumes

resulted in greater production than grasses alone (P<0.05). The mixtures had trace element and

forage quality differences that indicated marked differences based on the presence of legumes or

grasses (P<0.0001). This would suggest the usual recommendation of having a single legume

with grasses needs to be reconsidered from a production stand point as well as nutritional quality.


Genetic diversity of side-oats grama grass wild populations, source identified variety and

selected population as determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism

*B. Biligetu, M. P. Schellenberg Semiarid Prairie Agricultural Research Center (SPARC),

AAFC-AAC, Box 1030, Swift Current, SK, S9H 3X2, Canada

Y.B. Fu, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon Research Centre, 107 Science Place,

Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X2, Canada.

Side-oats grama grass (Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr.) is a warm-season grass widely

distributed in North America. Side-oats grama is an excellent forage and considered an important

grass for reclamation in drier regions. To facilitate the development of new cultivar, amplified

fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique was applied to assess genetic diversity of nine

original collected populations of side-oats grama grass, and its corresponding source identified

variety, and one selected population. Five AFLP primer pairs were employed to genotype 157

plants, and 312 AFLP bands were analyzed. The assayed plants displayed 5.8% of AFLP

variation among the populations, but maintained a high level (94%) of AFLP variation within

populations. This finding indicated the source identified variety and selected population still had

high genetic diversity with potential to further genetic enhancement.


Adapting Lentils (L. culinaris) to Changing Biotic Environments

*Abebe Tullu, Kirstin Bett, Ehsan Sari, Rajib Podder, Shyamali Saha, Sabine Banniza, and

Albert Vandenberg, Crop Development Centre (CDC), Department of Plant Sciences, University

of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr., Saskatoon SK.

Climatic conditions are expected to enter a period of rapid change, creating a need to adapt crops

to environmental shifts. Lentil is not indigenous to Canadian prairies where cultivation started in



53

the 1970s. Canada has emerged as the world leader in lentil production and exports. The

objectives of our breeding program is diversifying the genetic base in anticipation of the need to

adapt to future climatic volatility, including heat and moisture. The need for better disease

management will be intensified as existing pathogens will change in virulence and newer

pathogens will appear. Lentil wild species are useful tools to tackle these challenges. They

exhibit a larger genetic diversity than cultivated species. Wild relatives evolved in environments

considered marginal for cultivated lentil. They differ in morphology and physiology compared to

cultivated lentil. Examples include bushiness, prostrate habit, small seed size, day length

sensitivity, resistance, etc. Wild lentils are generally smaller than their cultivated cousin, but

interspecific progenies have genes to produce transgressive segregants. Our work at CDC has

shown the impact of wild species on accumulation of favorable genes for increased seed size,

and resistance to anthracnose, ascochyta blight and stemphylium blight. Evidence of

transgressive segregation for these traits will be presented


Integrating the building blocks of agronomy and biocontrol into an IPM strategy for wheat

stem sawfly.

*B. L. Beres and H. A. Cárcamo, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research

Centre, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada, T1J 4B1

D. K. Weaver, Montana State University Department of Land Resources and Environmental

Sciences, P.O. Box 173120, Bozeman, Montana, USA 59717-3120

L. M. Dosdall, University of Alberta Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science,

410 Ag/Forestry Building, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5

M. L. Evenden, B. D. Hill, University of Alberta Department of Biological Sciences, CW405,

Biological Sciences Building, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9

R. H. McKenzie, R.-C. Yang and D. M. Spaner, Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development,

Lethbridge Research Centre, 100, 5401 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1J 4V6.

corresponding author email: [email protected]

The wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Norton [Hymenoptera: Cephidae]) is a serious threat to

wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in the northern Great Plains. Studies in Alberta, Canada assessed

the response of wheat stem sawfly and its natural enemies to cultivar selection, residue

management, seeding rates, fertility regimes, and harvest management. Solid-stemmed cultivars

are usually agronomically superior to susceptible cultivars when sawflies are present. The

stubble disturbance associated with residue management and direct-seeding in a continuous

cropping system can reduce sawfly populations compared to a wheat-fallow system. Increased

seeding rates can optimize yield, but an inverse relationship between pith expression (stem

solidness) and higher seeding rates may occur. Positive yield responses are typically observed

with N rates > 30 kg N ha-1, but increased stem cutting by sawfly can occur with higher N rates.

Increasing cutter bar heights during combine harvest can conserve natural enemies. In summary,

an integrated strategy to manage wheat stem sawfly consists of diligent pest surveillance,

planting solid-stemmed cultivars, continuous cropping with appropriate residue management,

seeding rates no greater than 300 seeds m-2, 30 to 60 kg N ha-1, and harvest cutting heights of at

least 15 cm to conserve parasitoids.



54


Identification and quantification of carotenoids in Saskatchewan grown pea and chickpea

*Ashokkumar Kaliyaperumal, Gene Arganosa, Bert Vandenberg, Bunyamin Tar‘an, Kirstin Bett

and Tom Warkentin, Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,

Canada, [email protected]

Traditionally, pulse crops have been used for human consumption around the world. Pulse crops

are known to be important dietary sources of carotenoids. The present study was carried out to

evaluate the effects of genotype, environment, and their interaction on carotenoid accumulation

in pea and chickpea whole seeds. In field pea 12 cultivars grown at 4 locations in Saskatchewan

in 2009 and 2010 were evaluated, and analyzed by HPLC. Pea cultivars were highest in lutein

followed by zeaxanthin, violaxanthin and Î²-carotene. Green cotyledon pea cultivars (14-24

µg/g) had approximately 2X more total carotenoids than yellow cotyledon pea cultivars (7-12

µg/g). In chickpea, 5 kabuli and 3 desi cultivars grown at 3 locations in Saskatchewan 2009 and

2 locations in 2011 were evaluated. Chickpea cultivars were highest in lutein followed by

zeaxanthin, Î²-carotene and violaxanthin. Desi cultivars (16-20 µg/g) had greater concentration of

total carotenoids than kabuli cultivars (11-13 µg/g). In another study, a limited set of pea and

chickpea varieties were evaluated for carotenoid profile in individual tissues, i.e., whole seed,

seed coats, cotyledons and embryo axes. Cotyledons had a greater concentration of individual

and total carotenoids than other tissues in both pea (10-24 µg/g) and chickpea (14-32 µg/g).



55


Poster Sessions 3 and 4

Poster Session 3: CSHS Fruit Science 4:30 pm – 6:30 pm



Seabukthorn productivity in Northern Quebec

*Julie Lajeunesse and Raynald Drapeau, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Research Farm,

1468 Saint-Cyrille St., Normandin, QC, [email protected].

Martin Trépanier and Jacques-André Rioux, Centre de Recherche en Horticulture, Université

Laval, 2480 Hochelaga, Quebec, QC.

The Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean area (Northern Quebec) is host of a variety of wild fruit species

that are well adapted to the climatic conditions of this region. Some of these species, like

blueberries and cranberries, are grown and contribute greatly to the economy of the region. There

is a growing interest in the cultivation of some other species, such as Hippophae rhamnoides

(seabuckthorn), that seems to offer a high potential for production. The objective of this study

was to evaluate the adaptation, the development and the productivity of H. rhamnoides in

Northern Quebec. Eleven female and five male cultivars were planted in 2006 for a total of 240

plants. Fruits were harvested by cutting the fruit-bearing branches from the shrubs. These

branches were frozen to separate the berries. Fruit yields in 2010 ranged between 2446 kg ha-1

and 14762 kg ha-1 and between 1599 kg ha-1 and 11993 kg ha-1 in 2011. The cultivar Russian

Sunshine had high fruit yields with 12983 kg ha-1 and 11993 kg ha-1 of fruits in 2010 and 2011

respectively.


Haskap: A New Berry Crop with High Antioxidant Capacity

Li Juan Yu, Khushwant Bhullar and H.P.Vasantha Rupasinghe, Department of Environmental

Sciences, Nova Scotia Agricultural College, Room 219-3 Cox Building, 50 Pictou Road (PO

Box 550),Truro, Nova Scotia, B2N 5E3, Canada. [email protected]

*Bob Bors, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr.,

Saskatoon, Canada, [email protected]

This study evaluated the antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content as well as total flavonoid

content of three haskap cultivars, ‗Borealis‘, ‗Indigo Gem 915‘ and ‗Tundra‘ grown in

Saskatchewan with comparison to six other commercial fruits using ferric reducing antioxidant

power (FRAP) assay, oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, the 1,1-diphenyl-2-



56

picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay, the aluminum chloride colorimetric

method and the Folin-Ciocalteu (FC) method, respectively. The results indicated that haskap

berries, especially cv. ‗Borealis‘ possessed the highest antioxidant capacities and total phenolic

contents, specifically total flavonoid among tested fruits and could be used as a promising fruit

source of natural antioxidants. The nutritional values of the fruits were also assessed using

proximate analysis. Strawberry possessed the highest amount of most minerals and nutrients

whereas the nutritional values for the three haskap cultivars were among the average.


Fruit Yield Performance of Saskatchewan-Sourced Strawberry Crowns for Export - A

Fifteen-Year Odyssey

*Karen K. Tanino, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK,

Canada, [email protected]

Craig Chandler, University of Florida, Tampa, FL, USA;3South Coast Research Station, UC

Davis, Irvine, CA,USA

Kirk Larson, South Coast Research Station, UC Davis, Irvine, CA,USA

James Lokken and Gary Sorey, Bioresource Policy, Business and Economics, University of

Saskatchewan

Ruojing Wang, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Saskatoon

Manjula S. Bandara, Crop Diversification Centre South, Alberta Agriculture and Rural

Development, Brooks, AB, Canada.

Northern Vigour was initially observed in seed potatoes where seed potatoes sourced from

northern regions (Saskatchewan, Canada) outperformed seed potatoes sourced from more

southern sites. Subsequently, the potential Northern Vigour response in strawberries (Fragaria x

ananassa Duch.) was examined with the primary objective to develop Saskatchewan as a

supplier of high quality, superior yielding planting material for national and international

markets. Twelve greenhouse and field studies were conducted over a fifteen year period. The

project coordinated research between several U.S. cooperators and up to nine Canadian sites.

‗Camarosa‘ , ‗Festival‘, and ‗Treasure‘ crowns were produced in Saskatchewan and tested in

California and Florida for Northern Vigour potential. Due to space limitations, only fruit yield

and modeling results will be presented. Saskatchewan-sourced crowns expressed higher fruit

yields (40-60%) in the first two months of marketable fruit production compared to other

sources. This response was most consistent in Florida. Modeling studies identified the optimum

crown harvest date and temperature parameters which were associated with subsequent high fruit

yield. Strawberry crown production in Saskatchewan can provide higher quality planting

material for the export market, however, knowledgeable growers with access to labour and sandy

loam soil are among the requirements to launch this industry.



57


Influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and a Root Endophyte on the Biomass and

Root Morphology of Selected Strawberry Cultivars under Salt Conditions

Grant Sinclair and Christiane Charest, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa,

ON, K1N 6N5

Yolande Dalpé, Eastern Cereal and Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

960 Carling Avenue, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0C6

*Shahrokh Khanizadeh, Horticulture Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-

Food Canada, 430 Boulevard Gouin, Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, J3B 3E6, Canada.

[email protected]

The influence of four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus arenarium, G. caledonium, G.

irregulare, and G. mosseae) and a Sebacinales root-endophyte species (Piriformospora indica)

was investigated on four strawberry cultivars (‗Charlotte‘, ‗Mara‘, ‗Albion‘, and ‗Seascape‘) for

their tolerance to salt stress. All cultivars were grown under greenhouse conditions and subjected

to three NaCl levels (0, 50, and 100 mmol/L), 40 days after inoculation. Our results from plant

biomass and root morphology suggest that AMF symbiosis enhanced salt tolerance of strawberry

plants. ‗Seascape‘ appears to be the most resistant to salt stress. The proportion of brown or

wilting leaves increased with increasing salinity, but decreased with the inoculum. Fruit, shoot

and root dry mass decreased with increasing salinity but increased with AMF; Glomus irregulare

alleviated the salt stress effect to a higher degree than the other AMF species. The root to shoot

ratio decreased with the increasing salt level. Root morphology parameters such as length,

surface area, diameter, and volume decreased overall with the increasing salinity, especially from

50 to100 mM. AMF symbiosis tended to increase root length, surface area, and volume, but

decreased average root diameter. In summary, the AMF symbiosis tended to benefit strawberry

plants in their tolerance to salinity.


Antifungal Activities of Essential Oils and its Commercial Formulation Against Botrytis

cinerea.

Oyeboade Adebayo, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Horticultural Research and

Development Centre, , 430, Gouin Blvd., Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, QC, J3B 3E6 and National

Horticultural Research Institute, P.M.B 5432, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Thao Danga, André Bélangera and *Shahrokh Khanizadeh, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada,

Horticultural Research and Development Centre, , 430, Gouin Blvd., Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu,

QC, J3B 3E6, [email protected]

Increasing concern for food safety has brought about the need for the development of safe plant

disease control strategies. The study was aimed at finding alternative to synthetic fungicides

currently used in the control of Botrytis cinerea Pers, the causal agent of grey mold disease of

strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch). Antifungal activities of essential oil (EO) from Origanum

vulgare L, Monarda didyma L and a commercial formulation of thyme oil vs control were



58

investigated. Contact phase effects of different concentrations of the EO and the commercial

formulation were found to inhibit the growth of B. cinerea. Complete growth inhibition of the

pathogen was recorded at 150 µg/ml of Gloves Off. Reduced pathogen growth was recorded at

the highest concentration of the essential oil of O. vulgare and M. didyma tested at 12.8 µg/ml.

Spore germination and germ tube elongation were also inhibited by the essential oil and Gloves

Off. It seems that the essential oils caused morphological degenerations such as cytoplasmic

coagulation, hyphal shrivelling and protoplast leakage of the fungal hyphae. It seems that

essential oil of Origanum vulgare L and Monarda didyma L have potential and promising

antifungal activity against B. cinerea similar to the commercial formulation ‗Gloves Off‘.


LEaDing the way towards more efficient lighting sources in greenhouse and controlled

environments

Pierre J. Hucl, Crop Development Centre, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University

of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, [email protected]

Adam C. Harrison, Controlled Environment Facility, College of Agriculture and Bioresources,

University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,

[email protected]

*Doug R. Waterer and Gordon R. Gray, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture

and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,

[email protected], [email protected]

While plant physiological and developmental responses to light quantity are well understood,

less is known about the effects of light quality. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) are emerging as an

alternative to the fluorescent or metal halide lamps that have traditionally been used as

supplemental light sources in greenhouses or the primary light sources in controlled environment

facilities. LEDs operate at lower temperatures and have greater efficiency of conversion of

energy to light than other supplemental light sources. Individual LEDs emit radiation within a

narrow band of the light spectrum which allows growers to custom select light qualities that meet

specific crop requirements. However it can be challenging to develop LED lighting systems that

provide all the wavelengths required for normal plant growth and development. The nature of

this challenge is illustrated by the substantial differences in growth of many crop species

observed following a recent change over of light sources in The Controlled Environment Facility

at the University of Saskatchewan. Relatively small changes in spectral distribution between the

previous and current light sources have caused significant changes in crop growth rates, plant

morphology, flowering, nutrient uptake and yield. LED supplementation may provide a cost-

effective alternative to correct this problem.



59

Poster Session 4: CSA Adapting Crops to Change 4:30 pm- 6:30 pm



Seed Dormancy Breakage and Germination: The Role of Biological Stratification and

Mycovitality

Vladimir Vujanovic, Prasada Daida and *Xiakun Yuan, Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College

of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.


Jim Germida, Soil Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of

Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. [email protected]

Stratification is the exposure of seeds to cold conditions in order to break dormancy and enhance

germination. As stratification is presently limited to the role of abiotic factors, this study aims to

render the definition more inclusive by recognizing the role of biotic factors using mycovitality

as a model. This acknowledges the existence of both cold and biological stratifications.

Germination of wheat seeds subjected to cold stratification at 4 ⁰C was compared to that of

inoculated wheat seeds at room temperature. Seeds were inoculated with endophytic SMCD

isolates. Changes in the seed‘s expression pattern of plant growth promoting genes‘ regulators

(RSG and KAO) of phytohormonal gibberellins (GAs); and acquired resistance genes (MYBs) in

abiotic vs. biotic conditions, during the early breakage of seed dormancy and germination, were

assessed. Measurements were made in the coleorhiza tissue using qRT-PCR. The results indicate

that the RSG and KAO genes, coding for enzymes promoting biosynthesis of GAs, and the

MYBs resistance genes are up-regulated in inoculated seeds; whereas dormancy-related abscisic

acid (ABA) genes are down-regulated. Mycovitality, thus, demonstrates a reprogramming effect

in pre- and post-germination events of wheat seed towards enhanced dormancy breakage and

germination, effectively contributing to the prenatal care of cereal crops.


The benefits of pea crops to subsequent barley

*J. R. King, S. M. Ross. Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of

Alberta, 4-10 Agriculture-Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB ([email protected]).

A rotational study investigated the effects of pulse crops on subsequent crops at two sites in

central Alberta (Barrhead and St Albert). In year 1 of the rotation (YR1), pea, faba bean, lupin,

barley (with and without N fertilizer), and canola (with and without N fertilizer) were grown.

Year 2 (YR2) crops were pea, barley, canola, CPS wheat, CWRS wheat, flax, perennial ryegrass

and triticale. Barley was seeded in 2010 and 2011 as Year 3 (YR3) of the rotation. YR2 crop had

dramatic effects on YR3 barley yield and N yield, and minor effects on grain protein. Following

YR2 pea, barley yields were 30% higher at Barrhead and 48% higher at St Albert than following

cereals (barley, wheat and triticale). Barley N yields were 32% higher at Barrhead and 45%



60

higher at St Albert following pea than following cereals. Results indicated that growing peas in

cropping systems can improve the grain and protein yields of subsequent barley.


Temporal dynamics of nitrogen rhizodeposition of field pea

Melissa Arcand and Richard Farrell, Dept. of Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan,

Saskatoon, SK, [email protected], r.farrell@usask,ca.

Presented by *J.Diane Knight

Completing the N balance of pulse cropping systems requires better quantification of

belowground contributions of N to soil, including those from rhizodeposits. This greenhouse

study used the stem-wick method to 15N-label pea (Pisum sativum) continuously with 15N-

enriched urea to determine N rhizodeposition at the vegetative stage, early flowering, and

maturity of pea. Recovery of the added 15N label ranged from 83 to 92% over all growth stages,

with a higher proportion of 15N recovered in the aboveground plant components â€― an artifact

of the stem-wick labeling technique. Enrichment of rhizosphere soil with 15N decreased as

plants matured with a concomitant increase in rhizodeposits recovered in the bulk soil with time,

suggesting translocation of root derived N outside of the rhizosphere. Belowground plant N

(roots, nodules, and rhizodeposits) comprised 47, 26, and 12% of total plant N at vegetative,

flowering, and maturity. At each growth stage, rhizodeposition comprised a higher proportion of

belowground N than roots and nodules. Moreover, in this study 82% of total plant N was

removed in the pea grain at maturity, while 9.6% remained in straw, chaff and intact roots and

8.4% recovered in rhizodeposits, highlighting the importance of rhizodeposits to the total plant N

balance.


The effect of hydrogen production in legume nodules on nitrous oxide emissions

Morgan Sather and Richard Farrell, Dept. Soil Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,

SK, [email protected], [email protected]

Presented by *J.Diane Knight

Hydrogen gas (H2) is a byproduct of legume biological nitrogen fixation. Hydrogen is thought to

create soil conditions favouring denitrification, resulting in N2O production. When legume-

rhizobium symbioses possess the hydrogenase uptake (HUP+) enzyme, most of the H2 gas is

recycled. When the HUP enzyme is lacking (HUP-), the H2 diffuses into the rhizosphere. A

tenfold increase in N2O emissions from soils treated with H2 compared to air-treated soils was

reported recently (Golding and Dong, 2010, Environ. Chem. Lett. 8: 101-121).

The objective of this study was to determine if HUP- symbiosis in pea (Pisum sativum) increased

N2O production compared to HUP+ symbiosis. Pea plants were inoculated with HUP+ or HUP-

Rhizobium leguminosarum. Gas samples were collected from the rhizosphere and soil surface to

quantify amounts of N2O and H2 produced and emitted. Results showed that HUP- rhizobia in

nodules produced significantly more H2 than HUP+ or un-inoculated pea roots. However, the



61

increased H2 did not translate into increased N2O emissions from HUP- treatments. In contrast,

the HUP- treatments produced less N2O than the control and HUP+ treatments. This suggests

that H2 from HUP- rhizobia may not be linked to increased N2O emissions from legumes.


Wheat Grain Nutrient Content as Affected by Environment

Thomas Jensen, NGP Region, International Palnt Nutrition Institute, 102-411 Downey Road,

Saskatoon, SK, [email protected]

The mineral nutrients in the harvested portion of a wheat crop originate from the soil along with

any added nutrient source such as fertilizer or bio-solids. In most cropping systems if fertilizers

are added to the soil only three or four mineral nutrients are added, for example nitrogen,

phosphorus, potassium and sulfur. However there are all the other are used by the plant and a

portion of total uptake of these nutrients are translocated to the grain. This poster will report the

results of a study comparing plant available nutrients in the soil, as measured by soil analysis

before planting, to the concentration of those nutrients in the harvested grain of wheat. The study

design consisted of ten different wheat genotypes (five bread wheat , three durum and two feed

cultivars) grown at six different locations in 2010. The correlation between soil test nutrient

availability level and nutrient content of the harvested grain was different for each nutrient.


Impact Foliar Fertilization of Canola with a Nitrogen-Zinc Product

*R. E. Karamanos, Viterra Inc., 10517 Barlow Trail SE, Calgary, AB, Canada T2C 4M5,

[email protected]

N. A. Flore, Viterra Inc., 10517 Barlow Trail SE, Calgary, AB, Canada T2C 4M5,

[email protected]

J.T. Harapiak, deceased.

This study is a record of 40 experiments from the Westco annals that were carried out over a

period of six years (1989-94) and involved application of a foliar product (NZn) on canola. The

experiment at each experimental site was set as a split-plot design with and without application

of NZn as the main plot and a variety of other treatments as sub-plots. In total, thirteen different

experimental designs were employed involving rates and method of application of nitrogen (N),

phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) or their combination. Soil samples were taken from 0 to 15

and 15 to 30 and 30 to 60 cm depths of all plots. Foliar application of NZn was employed at the

flowering stage. Numerically, a response to the foliar application was obtained in 85% of the

time; however, statistically this occurred only in 60% of the cases. Statistically significant yield

increases varied between 84 and 672 kg ha-1. These findings suggest that follow up tests with

current canola cultivars should be conducted to ascertain the benefit of such a product in current

agriculture.



62


Genetic Enhancement of Perennial Cereal Rye for Biomass and Grain

*Beasely, D., Acharya, S.N., Graf, R.J., Randhawa, H.S., Laroche, A., Eudes, F., and Larsen,

R.J., Lethbridge Research Centre, 5403 1st Avenue South, Lethbridge, Alberta T1J 4B1

Perennial cereal rye variety ACE-1 was developed and released for forage producers in Western

Canada. Although not commercially successful, this preliminary breeding effort provided proof

of concept that perennial cereal rye can be selected for adaptation in Western Canada. Using

ACE-1 as a building block, further efforts are being pursued to improve perennial cereal rye,

including: traditional breeding efforts to expand the current adaptation range, increase biomass

yield and quality and increased grain yield, as well as, exploring novel approaches to break up

chromosome pairing problems resulting from the interspecific derived genetic background. The

ultimate goal of this research program is to improve all aspects of perennial cereal rye and then

use it as a source of perenniality to create perennial triticale. Perennial triticale developed by this

breeding program will couple with the Canadian Triticale Biorefinery Initiative (CTBI) currently

ongoing at the Lethbridge Research Centre and across Canada. This presentation will outline the

history of perennial cereal rye, difficulties involved in improving it, proposed methodology that

will be used to improve it, and future goals and traits that are targeted by perennial cereals

biomass breeding program at Lethbridge.


In Vitro Fibre Digestibility of Annual Forage from the Field Crop Development Centre

*P. Juskiw, M.L. Swift, J.H. Helm, J. Nyachiro, M. Aljarrah, Field Crop Development Centre,

Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development, Lacombe, AB [email protected] mary-

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],

[email protected]

Small grain cereals can be important forage sources for ruminant animals. Little was known

about the in vitro forage digestibility (IVFD) of the barley and triticale lines under development

at the Field Crop Development Centre (FCDC) prior to this project. Tests were run from 2008 to

2011 to see the effects of locations on the forage quality of barley and triticale lines in advance

yield trials. While forage quality differed between the two locations, little GxE interaction was

found for the barley lines tested with ranges of fibre digestibility from 44 to 51. A good range of

variability was found in the different classes of barley without negative associations to other

yield and quality traits. For the triticales, not only were the locations different, but the GxE

interaction was often significant. For the triticales lines tested, IVFD ranged from lows of 37 to

highs of 50. The triticale lines were generally lower in IVFD than the barley lines, but there was

still a range in this trait within the triticale germplasm. We should be able to select within the

naturally occurring variation for improved IVFD within all classes of barley and triticale if IVFD

is set as a selection priority.



63


Effect of Heat on Pea Yield and Reproductive Performance in Variety Trials

*Rosalind Bueckert, Plant Sciences, Univ. Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK,

[email protected];

Tom Warkentin, Crop Development Centre, Univ. Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon,

Canada is a leading exporting nation of field pea. Pea cultivars are generally heat-sensitive so our

goal was to investigate how weather impacted growth and yield in recent cultivars in the Co-

operative pea yield trials (2000 to 2009) for a dryland (Saskatoon) and an irrigated location

(Outlook). We explored relationships between days to maturity, days spent in reproductive

growth (flowering to maturity), yield and various weather factors. Yield and the length of

reproductive growth increased with seasonal rainfall. Pea was sensitive to heat but heat units did

not satisfactorily describe growth and yield in all environments. Strong relationships were

observed with crop growth and mean maximum daily temperature experienced during

reproductive growth, as well as mean minimum temperature. The higher the mean maximum

temperature (>25.5 °C), the less days (<35) spent in reproductive growth at the dryland site. At

Outlook, 35 to 40 days in reproductive growth occurred in a much wider temperature range from

24.5 to 27 °C. More than 20 days in the season above 28 °C were associated with less time in

reproductive growth and less yield for dryland pea. Future research will investigate pea nodal

development, flowering and abortion patterns in a range of pea cultivars in summer conditions.


Evaluation of Barley Varieties for Forage and Grain Production

Tarlok Sahota, Thunder Bay Agricultural Research Station, 435 James St. S, Thunder Bay,

Ontario, P7E 6S7, Canada, e-mail: [email protected]

A replicated field experiment in CRBD was conducted at Thunder Bay to evaluate ~12 barley

varieties during 2009-‘11. In 2009, Bentley (7,642 kg ha-1

) and CDC Coalition (7,235 kg ha-1

)

had the highest forage dry matter yield (DMY). CDC Coalition (6,405 kg ha-1

), Chapais (6,375

kg ha-1

), and Trochu (6,115 kg ha-1

) topped in grain yield. In 2010, CDC Coalition (7,202 kg ha-

1) surpassed Bentley (6,901 kg ha

-1) in forage DMY. Grain (5,848 kg ha

-1) and straw yields

(7,642 kg ha-1

) were highest with Cyane and Bentley, respectively. In 2011, CDC Coalition

(5,942 kg ha-1

)/Bentley (5,901 kg ha-1

) had the highest grain yield; followed by Cyane (5,587 kg

ha-1

), that had the highest silage yield (5,829 kg ha-1

) Bentley (5,772 kg ha-1

), Conlon (5,696 kg

ha-1

), Major (5,649 kg ha-1

) and CDC Coalition (5,617 kg ha-1

). Cyane, Millhouse, CDC

Coalition, Bentley, and Chigwell were common in all the years. Averaged over three years,

Cyane and CDC Coalition tied for grain yield (5,485 kg ha-1

); whereas CDC Coalition and

Bentley had the highest forage yields. CDC Coalition could be a good dual purpose variety!

Chigwell had the highest protein in grain (12.0%) and silage (12.2%); Millhouse had the highest

straw yield.



64

P37

Pedigree history of spring wheat, western Canada

R. Cuthbert et al – no abstract available

P38

Will Foliar Fungicides Increase the Quality and Yield of Oats?

W.E. May1, R. B. Irvine, H. R. Kutcher, G.P. Lafond, C. McCartney and S.J. Shirtliffe

1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Indian Head Reseach Farm, Indian Head, SK, S0G 2K0,

[email protected]

Prophylactic fungicide applications are increasingly being recommended to oat growers.

Reports coming out of Manitoba suggest yeild response in oats to fungicides in the absence of

crown rust. Growers need to know if they are spending their money wisely. In this project we

hope to provide growers, using current cultivars and agronomic practices, with better information

on the timing and level of severity of crown rust infection on oats that warrant a fungicide

application. The second objective is to provide growers with independent information on the

benefits of a fungicide application on oats in the absence of crown rust in their geographic area

and how it differs among regions in western Canada.divers as you move from region to another.

To do this three agronomic practices were examined,seeding date (mid may and early june),

cultivar (AC Morgan, CDC Orrin, CDC Boyer and Leggett) and fungicide use (Headline or no

headline). The study was conducted at 6 locations betwee Portage le Priaire, MB to Saskatoon,

SK every year for three years. Seeding date had the largest effect on yield and test weight.

Benefits from fungicides appear to be related to the cultivars susceptibility to crown rust when

crown rust is present in the oat crop. Under normal growing conditions benefits from fungicides

have been limited in the absence of crown rust.






Author Index

65

Author Index

Acharya ......................................... 12, 49, 62

Adebayo .................................................... 57

Aljarrah ..................................................... 62

An .............................................................. 44

Arcand ....................................................... 60

Arganosa ................................................... 54

Bai ............................................................. 47

Bailey ........................................................ 31

Bandara ..................................................... 56

Banik ......................................................... 29

Banniza ............................................... 14, 52

Barker .......................................................... 8

Beach........................................................... 6

Beasely ...................................................... 62

Bélangera .................................................. 57

Ben Salah .................................................. 31

Benaragama............................................... 15

Beres ......................................................... 53

Bett .......................................... 19, 45, 52, 54

Bhullar....................................................... 55

Biligetu ................................................ 51, 52

Bittman ...................................................... 38

Bonham-Smith .......................................... 32

Borondics .................................................. 28

Bors ......................................... 27, 41, 48, 55

Bruulsema ................................................. 37

Bueckert .............................................. 50, 63

Bullock ...................................................... 15

Bykova ...................................................... 44

Cao ............................................................ 46

Cárcamo .................................................... 53

Casler ........................................................ 38

Ceplis .......................................................... 6

Chandler .................................................... 56

Charest ...................................................... 57

Chibbar ...................................................... 48

Clapperton ................................................. 24

Classen ...................................................... 45

Cober ......................................................... 36

Coulman .................................................... 49

Coyne ........................................................ 19

Cutforth ....................................................... 3

Cuthbert....................................................... 3

Daba .......................................................... 48

Daida ......................................................... 59

Dalpé ......................................................... 57

Danga ........................................................ 57

Dawson ..................................................... 27

Debnath ......................................... 42, 43, 44

Deery ......................................................... 22

DePauw ....................................................... 3

Dion........................................................... 51

Dosdall ...................................................... 53

Drapeau ..................................................... 55

Drinkwater ................................................ 46

Duddu ........................................................ 47

Eberius ...................................................... 22

Eudes ......................................................... 62

Evenden..................................................... 53

Eynck .......................................................... 7

Fabijanski .................................................... 6

Falk ........................................................... 18

Farrell ........................................................ 60

Fedoruk ..................................................... 19

Filmore ...................................................... 13

Flore .......................................................... 61

Fowler ....................................................... 21

Frick .......................................................... 24

Fry ............................................................. 32

Fu .............................................................. 52

Furbank ..................................................... 22

Garcia ........................................................ 17

Gates ........................................................... 8

Gerbrandt .................................................. 48

Germida............................................... 17, 59

Glahn ......................................................... 45

Goyali ........................................................ 26

Graf ........................................................... 62

Gravel ........................................................ 39

Gray........................................................... 58

Gredig ......................................................... 5

Gruber ....................................................... 31

Grusak ....................................................... 19

Grushcow .................................................... 7

Gulden ....................................................... 39

Gunawardena ............................................ 13

Haile .......................................................... 39

Hammermeister ............................. 27, 39, 47


Author Index

66

Han ............................................................ 50

Hannoufa ................................................... 32

Hao ............................................................ 11

Harapiak .................................................... 61

Harrington ................................................... 8

Harrison..................................................... 58

Hawkes ...................................................... 13

He ................................................................ 3

Helm .......................................................... 62

Hill ............................................................ 53

Hobson ................................................ 27, 47

Holmes ...................................................... 23

Holowachuk .............................................. 32

Hubbard..................................................... 17

Hucl ........................................................... 58

Hunt........................................................... 38

Igamberdiev .............................................. 26

Irvine..........................................................64

Iwaasa ................................................. 12, 49

Jamieson .................................................... 43

Janzen .......................................................... 4

Jefferson .................................................... 49

Jensen ........................................................ 61

Jiang .......................................................... 36

Jimenez-Berni ........................................... 22

Juskiw ....................................................... 62

Kaban ........................................................ 41

Kadoor....................................................... 31

Kaliyaperumal ........................................... 54

Karamanos ................................................ 61

Kempler..................................................... 43

Kessel ........................................................ 29

Khanizadeh ......................................... 43, 57

King........................................................... 59

Knox ............................................................ 3

Kutcher..................................................... .64

Lafond ................................................... 9, 64

Lajeunesse ................................................. 55

Laroche ..................................................... 62

Larsen .................................................. 18, 62

Lasinger..................................................... 22

Li ..........................................................11, 31

Liu ........................................... 18, 28, 45, 46

Lokken ...................................................... 56

Luan .......................................................... 26

Luo ............................................................ 11

Lynch .................................................. 27, 47

Ma ............................................................. 46

Mahmoudi ................................................. 31

Martel ........................................................ 51

Marwan ..................................................... 19

May........................................................... 64

McAllister ........................................... 12, 49

McAndrew ................................................ 36

McCartney..................................................64

McDonald ................................................. 29

McGee ....................................................... 19

McKenzie .................................................. 53

Miller......................................................... 23

Mirck ......................................................... 34

Mkhabela................................................... 15

Morrison .................................................... 36

Myers .......................................................... 8

Nair ........................................................... 42

Nayidu ....................................................... 32

Nelson ....................................................... 24

Nemeth ...................................................... 29

Niehaus ..................................................... 22

Niziol......................................................... 24

Nyachiro .................................................... 62

O‘Halloran ................................................ 29

Pageau ....................................................... 51

Papadopoulos ...................................... 13, 38

Park ........................................................... 50

Phelps .......................................................... 9

Podder ....................................................... 52

Poire .......................................................... 22

Poon .......................................................... 46

Pozniak ...................................................... 21

Pritchard .................................................... 50

Prithiviraj .................................................. 13

Pruski .................................................. 27, 47

Quideau ..................................................... 24

Raju ........................................................... 34

Randhawa .................................................. 62

Rioux ......................................................... 55

Robinson ................................................... 44

Rodd .......................................................... 13

Ross ........................................................... 59

Rupasinghe ................................................ 55

Saha ........................................................... 52

Sahota ...................................... 26, 37, 38, 63


Author Index

67

Saik ........................................................... 10

Sari ............................................................ 52

Sather ........................................................ 60

Savard ....................................................... 39

Savidov ..................................................... 34

Schellenberg ........................................ 51, 52

Schroeder .................................................. 34

Schwartz .................................................... 22

Shirtliffe ............................ 14, 15, 39, 47, 64

Shunmugam .............................................. 19

Sinclair .................................................. 3, 57

Singh ........................................................... 3

Sirault ........................................................ 22

Soolanayakanahally .................................. 34

Sorey ......................................................... 56

Sorokin ...................................................... 41

Sottie ................................................... 12, 49

Spaner ................................................. 24, 53

Speranzini ................................................. 29

Stefner ....................................................... 34

Stypa ........................................................... 7

Su .............................................................. 46

Swift .................................................... 38, 62

Syrovy ....................................................... 14

Taheri ........................................................ 32

Tahir .......................................................... 50

Tai ............................................................. 29

Tanino ................... 28, 29, 33, 42, 45, 48, 56

Tar‘an ........................................................ 54

Taran ................................................... 19, 48

Thilakarathna ............................................ 13

Thomas ...................................................... 12

Trépanier ................................................... 55

Tullu .......................................................... 52

Undersander .............................................. 38

Vachon ...................................................... 51

Vanasse ..................................................... 51

Vandenberg ......................................... 52, 54

Vujanovic ............................................ 17, 59

Wang ......................................... 3, 12, 49, 56

Warkentin .......................... 19, 45, 48, 54, 63

Waterer .......................................... 27, 33, 58

Weaver ...................................................... 53

Wei ............................................................ 31

Whalen ...................................................... 46

Whetter ........................................................ 5

Willenborg ................................................ 47

Wolyn ........................................................ 46

Xu .............................................................. 44

Yang .......................................................... 53

Yu .................................................. 31, 32, 55

Yuan .......................................................... 59

Zhang ........................................................ 35

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Conference Abstracts - University of Saskatchewan

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