Conference Proceedings
June 4-6, 2019
Hong Kong
ISCEAS
International Scientific Conference on Engineering and Applied Sciences
ISESS
International Symposium on Education and Social Sciences
BREFM
International Conference on Business, Economics, Finance and Management
ISCEAS
International Scientific Conference on Engineering and Applied Sciences
ISBN: 978-986-89844-9-3
ISESS
International Symposium on Education and Social Sciences
ISBN: 978-986-5654-45-0
BREFM
International Conference on Business, Economics, Finance and Management
ISBN: 978-986-90827-0-9
1
Content
General Information for Participants ........................................................................................... 3
International Committees of Natural Sciences ............................................................................. 5
International Committees of Social Sciences ................................................................................ 9
Special Thanks to Session Chairs ................................................................................................ 13
Conference Venue Information ................................................................................................... 14
Conference Schedule .................................................................................................................... 18
Natural Sciences Keynote Address ............................................................................................ 20
Social Sciences Keynote Address (1) .......................................................................................... 21
Social Sciences Keynote Address (2) .......................................................................................... 22
Oral Sessions ................................................................................................................................ 24
Mechanical Engineering ..................................................................................................... 24
ISCEAS-0182 ............................................................................................................... 26
ISCEAS-0207 ............................................................................................................... 39
ISCEAS-0208 ............................................................................................................... 41
ISCEAS-0185 ............................................................................................................... 44
Environmental Science/ Fundamental and Applied Sciences / Power & Energy
Engineering .......................................................................................................................... 45
ISCEAS-0183 ............................................................................................................... 46
ISCEAS-0194 ............................................................................................................... 57
ISCEAS-0196 ............................................................................................................... 69
ISCEAS-0206 ............................................................................................................... 72
Education ............................................................................................................................. 74
ISESS-0098 ................................................................................................................... 75
ISESS-0096 ................................................................................................................... 77
ISESS-0097 ................................................................................................................... 78
ISESS-0106 ................................................................................................................... 81
ISESS-0108 ................................................................................................................... 83
Civil Engineering/ Electrical and Electronic Engineering/ Mechanical Engineering ... 84
ISCEAS-0210 ............................................................................................................... 85
ISCEAS-0197 ............................................................................................................... 86
ISCEAS-0191 ............................................................................................................... 87
ISCEAS-0209 ............................................................................................................... 88
ISCEAS-0188 ............................................................................................................... 91
Culture/ Communication / Law ......................................................................................... 93
ISESS-0104 ................................................................................................................... 94
2
ISESS-0112 ................................................................................................................... 95
ISESS-0110 ................................................................................................................. 104
ISESS-0099 ................................................................................................................. 106
Business & Management/ Economics .............................................................................. 117
BREFM-0055 ............................................................................................................. 118
BREFM-0060 ............................................................................................................. 120
BREFM-0057 ............................................................................................................. 133
BREFM-0059 ............................................................................................................. 136
Poster Sessions (1) ...................................................................................................................... 138
Computer and Information Sciences ............................................................................... 138
ISCEAS-0195 ............................................................................................................. 139
ISCEAS-0201 ............................................................................................................. 150
Material Science and Engineering ................................................................................... 152
ISCEAS-0190 ............................................................................................................. 153
ISCEAS-0199 ............................................................................................................. 155
ISCEAS-0189 ............................................................................................................. 157
ISCEAS-0202 ............................................................................................................. 159
Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Mechanical Engineering / Biological
Engineering ........................................................................................................................ 160
ISCEAS-0200 ............................................................................................................. 161
ISCEAS-0186 ............................................................................................................. 170
ISCEAS-0198 ............................................................................................................. 179
ISCEAS-0192 ............................................................................................................. 181
Education ........................................................................................................................... 182
ISESS-0103 ................................................................................................................. 183
3
General Information for Participants
Registration
The registration desk will be situated on the 1st floor at Royal Plaza Hotel during the following
time:
08:30-14:00, Tuesday, June 4, 2019
08:30-14:00, Wednesday, June 5, 2019
08:30-14:00, Thursday, June 6, 2019
A Polite Request to All Participants
Participants are requested to arrive in a timely fashion for all addresses. Presenters are reminded
that the time slots should be divided fairly and equally by the number of presentations, and that
they should not overrun. The session chair is asked to assume this timekeeping role and to
summarize key issues in each topic.
Certificate
Certificate of Presentation or Certificate of Attendance
A certificate of attendance includes participant’s name and affiliation, certifying the participation
in the conference. A certificate of presentation indicates a presenter’s name, affiliation and the
paper title that is presented in the scheduled session.
Certificate Distribution
Oral presenters will receive a certificate of presentation from the session chair at the end of the
session. Poster presenters will receive a certificate of presentation from the conference staff at
the end of their poster session.
The certificate of presentation will not be issued, either at or after the conference, to authors
whose papers are registered but not presented. Instead, the certificate of attendance will be
provided after the conference.
4
Preparation for Oral Presentations
All presentation rooms are equipped with a screen, an LCD projector, and a laptop computer
installed with Microsoft PowerPoint. You will be able to insert your USB flash drive into the
computer and double check your file in PowerPoint. We recommend you to bring two copies of
the file in case that one fails. You may also connect your own laptop to the provided projector;
however please ensure you have the requisite connector.
Preparation for Poster Presentation
Materials Provided by the Conference Organizer:
1. X-frame display & base fabric canvases (60cm×160cm)
2. Adhesive tapes or binder clips
Materials Prepared by the Presenters:
3. Home-made poster(s)
4. Material: not limited, can be posted on the canvases
5. Recommended poster size: 60cm*120cm
A 60cm*160cm poster illustrates
the research findings.
1. Wider than 60cm (left)
2. Copy of PowerPoint slides in A4 papers (right)
5
International Committees of Natural Sciences
Abdelwahab Elghareeb Cairo University Egypt
Abdmalik Serboutel University of physical and sports activities Djelfa Algeria
Abhishek Shukla R.D. Engineering College Technical Campus,Ghaziabad India
Ahmad Zahedi James Cook University Australia
Alexander M. Korsunsky Trinity College, Oxford UK
Almacen Philippine Association of Maritime Trainig Centers Philippines
Amel L. Magallanes Capiz State University Philippines
Amran Bin Ahmed University Malaysia Perlis Malaysia
Anthony D. Johnson Seoul National University of Science & Technology UK
Anthony D. Johnson Seoul National University of Science & Technology Korea
Ashley Love A.T. Still University USA
Asif Mahmood King Saud University, Riyadh Saudi
Arabia
Asmida Ismail University Technology Mara Malaysia
Baolin Wang University of Western Sydney Australia
Byoung-Jun Yoon Korea National Open University South Korea
Chang Ping-Chuan Kun Shan University Taiwan
Chee Fah Wong Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris Malaysia
Chee-Ming Chan Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia Malaysia
Cheng, Chun Hung The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
Cheng-Min Feng National Chiao Tung University Taiwan
Cheuk-Ming Mak The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong
Chia-Ray Lin Academia Sinica Taiwan
Chih-Wei Chiu National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taiwan
Chikako Asada Tokushima University Japan
Chil Chyuan Kuo Ming Chi University of Technology Taiwan
Chi-Ming Lai National Cheng-Kung University Taiwan
Ching-An Peng University of Idaho USA
Chin-Tung Cheng National Kaohsiung (First) University of Science and
Technology Taiwan
Christoph Lindenberger Friedrich-Alexander University Germany
Daniel W. M. Chan The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong
Deok-Joo Lee Kyung Hee University South Korea
Din Yuen Chan National Chiayi University Taiwan
Don Liu Louisiana University USA
Edward J. Smaglik Northern Arizona University USA
6
Farhad Memarzadeh National Institutes of Health USA
Fariborz Rahimi University of Bonab Iran
Fatchiyah M.Kes. Universitas Brawijaya Indonesia
Gi-Hyun Hwang Dongseo University South Korea
Gwo-Jiun Horng Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taiwan
Hae-Duck Joshua Jeong Korean Bible University South Korea
Hairul Azman Roslan Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Malaysia
Hamed M El-Shora Mansoura University Egypt
Hanmin Jung Convergence Technology Research Planning South Korea
Hasmawi Bin Khalid University Teknologi Mara Malaysia
Hikyoo Koh Lamar University USA
Hiroshi Uechi Osaka Gakuin University Japan
Ho, Wing Kei Keith The Hong Kong Institute of Education Hong Kong
Hsiao-Rong Tyan Chung Yuan Christian University Taiwan
Hsien Hua Lee National Sun Yat-Sen University Taiwan
Hung-Yuan Chung National Central University Taiwan
Hyomin Jeong Gyeongsang National University South
Korea
Hyoungseop Kim Kyushu Insititute of Techonogy Japan
Jacky Yuh-Chung Hu National Ilan University Taiwan
Jeril Kuriakose Manipal University India
Jieh-Shian Young National Changhua University of Education Taiwan
Jivika Govil Zion Bancorporation India
Jongsuk Ruth Lee Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information South
Korea
Jui-Hui Chen CPC Corporation, Taiwan Taiwan
Jung Tae Kim Mokwon University South Korea
Kamal Seyed Razavi Federation University Australia Australia
Kazuaki Maeda Chubu Univeristy Japan
Kim, Taesoo Hanbat National University South
Korea
Kuang-Hui Peng National Taipei University of Technology Taiwan
Kun-Li Wen Chienkuo Technology University Taiwan
Lai Mun Kou SEGi University Malaysia
Lars Weinehall Umea University Sweden
Lee, Jae Bin Mokpo National University South Korea
M. Chandra Sekhar National Institute of Technology India
M. Krishnamurthy KCG college of technology India
7
Mane Aasheim Knudsen University of Agder Norway
Mayura Soonwera King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Thailand
Michiko Miyamoto Akita Prefectural University Japan
Minagawa, Masaru Tokyo City University Japan
Mu-Yen Chen National Taichung University of Science and
Technology Taiwan
Norizzah Abd Rashid Universiti Teknologi MARA Malaysia
Onder Turan Anadolu University Turkey
Osman Adiguzel Firat University Turkey
P. Sivaprakash A.S.L. Pauls College of Engineering & Technology India
P.Sanjeevikumar University of Bologna India
Panayotis S. Tremante
M. Universidad Central de Venezuela Venezuela
Patrick S.K. Chua Singapore Institute of Technology Singapore
Pei-Jeng Kuo National Chengchi University Taiwan
Phongsak Phakamach North Eastern University Thailand
Rainer Buchholz Friedrich-Alexander University Germany
Rajeev Kaula Missouri State University USA
Ransinchung
R.N.(Ranjan) Indian Institute of Technology India
Ren-Zuo Wang National Center for Research on Earthquake
Engineering Taiwan
Rong-Horng Chen National Chiayi University Taiwan
Roslan Zainal Abidin Infrastructure University Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
S. Ahmed John Jamal Mohamed College India
Saji Baby Kuwait University Kuwait
Samuel Sheng-Wen
Tseng National Taiwan Ocean University Taiwan
Sergei Gorlatch University of Muenster Germany
Shen-Long Tsai National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taiwan
Sittisak Uparivong Khon Kaen University Thailand
Song Yu Fukuoka Institute of Technology Japan
Sudhir C.V. Caledonian College of Engineering Oman
Suresh. B. Gholse. Rtm Nagpur University India
Thippayarat
Chahomchuen Kasetsart University Thailand
Victor A. Skormin Binghamton University USA
Vivian Louis Forbes Wuhan University China
8
William L. Baker Indiana State University USA
Wong Hai Ming The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
Wong Tsun Tat The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong
Wooyoung Shim Yonsei University South Korea
Ya-Fen Chang National Taichung University of Science and
Tchonology Taiwan
Yasuhiko Koike Tokyo University of Agriculture Japan
Yee-Wen Yen National Taiwan University of Science and Technology Taiwan
Yoshida Masafumi Tokyo City University Japan
Youngjune Park Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology South Korea
Yuan-Lung Lo Tamkang University Taiwan
9
International Committees of Social Sciences
Adeeb Jarrah United Arab Emirates University UAE
Ahrar Husain Jamia Millia Islamia - A Central University Indian
Al Faithrich C. Navarrete University of Santo Tomas Philippines
Alex Yao Tang National Cheng Kung University Taiwan
Alice H. Y. Hon The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong
Amol Gore Università degli Studi di Padova Thailand
Atefeh Ferdosipour Azad University (East Tehran Branch) Iran
Azidah Abu Ziden Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia
Azilawati Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Singapore
Aziz Bin Ahmad University Malaysia Terengganu Malaysia
B. Suresh Lal Kakatiya University India
Badar Alam Iqbal Aligarh Muslim University India
Bayram Akarsu Erciyes University Turkey
Bor-Tyng Wang Feng Chia University Taiwan
Brian Hunt Mahidol University Thailand
Carrie Hagan Indiana University USA
Cathine G. Scott Morris College in Sumter USA
Chang Y. Lee California State University, Chico USA
Chen-Sung Chang Nan Kai University of Technology Taiwan
Cheol Park Korea University South Korea
Chib Datta Meghe Institute of Management Studies India
Ching-Yi Tien I-Shou University Taiwan
Darshan Kaur Narang University of Rajasthan, Jaipur India
David C. Donald The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
David Yoon Universitaire Léonard de Vinci France
Dharam Vir Mahajan CCS university, Meerut India
Donald L. Amoroso Auburn University at Montgomery USA
Donghun Lee Sungkyunkwan University South Korea
E. Daniel Shim Sacred Heart University USA
Eddy K.W. Li The Chinese University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
Edward Hwang Chung Hua University Taiwan
Emiko Tsuyuki Chuo University Japan
Ernest Lim Kok Seng Taylor's University Malaysia
Funda Varnaci Uzun Aksaray University Turkey
Gajendra Singh Satyawati College, University of Delhi India
Halil Ibrahim Gurcan Anadolu University Turkey
10
Hamzeh Dodeen United Arab Emirates University UAE
Henry Ma The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong
Intan Soliha Binti Ibrahim Universiti Malaysia Sabah Malaysia
Irene Guatno Toribio Philippine Christian University Philippines
Jalil Safaei University of Northern British Columbia Canada
Jamie Halsall University of Huddersfield UK
Jian-Horng Chen Chung Shan Medical University Taiwan
Jill Thompson-White Edith Cowan University Australia
John Christian S. Jardin Palawan State University Philippines
Jonas Chao-Pen Yu Takming University of Science and Technology Taiwan
Jongkun Jun Hankuk University of Foreign Studies South Korea
José G. Vargas-Hernández Universidad de Guadalajara México
Joseph Lau The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
Joy Kamakamaewailani
Rodriguez Beijing Forestry University USA
Joyce Zhou Emporia State University USA
Julia Wong Family Justice Courts Singapore Singapore
K. Prakash Vel University of Wollongong Dubai
Kaedsiri Jaroenwisan Silpakorn Univesity Thailand
Kanokphon Chantanarungpak Srinakharinwirot University Thailand
Karen Miranda Fernandez Imus Institute Philippines
Keith H. Sakuda University of Hawaiʻi - West Oʻahu USA
Kim , Kyung Hee Mokpo National University South Korea
Kim Sangho Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University Japan
Kim, Deok Man Baekseok University South Korea
Kimble Byrd Rowan University USA
Krishna Govender AAA School of Advertising South Africa
Kurt W. Ackermann Hokusei Gakuen University Japan
Lin, Hsiao-Tseng Meiho University Taiwan
Linda Oshita University of Hwaii USA
Linda Ross Rowan University USA
Maria Cristina M. De los
Santos Kyungdong University-Global Campus South Korea
Marie Paz E. Morales Philippine Normal University Philippines
Masoud Kavoossi The George Washington University USA
Mehryar Nooriafshar University of Southern Queensland Australia
Michael Kao Chang Gung University Taiwan
Micheal Kon Aletheia University Taiwan
11
Ming-Chang Chih National Chung Hsing University Taiwan
Mingchu (Neal) Luo Emporia State University USA
Mohamad Hafis Amat Simin University Sultan Zainal Abdin Malaysia
N. S. Ravishankar Axis Bank India
Naim Uzun Aksaray University Turkey
Nezaket Memmedli Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences Azerbaijan
Obydullah Al Marjuk Independent University, Bangladesh Bangladesh
Ozgul Keles Aksaray University Turkey
Pete C. Kutschera AMERASIAN RESEARCH NETWORK, Ltd. USA
Peter Morton Chinese Culture University Taiwan
Prasong Tanpichai Kasetsart University Thailand
Qi Wang University of Southern Denmark China
Rajesh U. Chheda Shri. MD Shah Mahila College India
Ramayah Thurasamy Universiti Sains Malaysia Malaysia
Reem Abed Almotaleb
Abuiyada Dhofar University Palestine
Ricky Yuk-Kwan Ng Vocational Training Council, Hong Kong Hong Kong
Ronald Griffin Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University USA
Rotaru Ioan-Gheorghe Timotheus Brethren Theological Insititute of
Bucharest Romania
Ruby Ann L. Ayo Bicol University Philippines
Sadiq Abdulwahed Ahmed
Ismail United Arab Emirates University UAE
Sally dhruva' Stephenson Frosterburg State University USA
Seonjeong Ally Lee Kent State University USA
Shaik. Feroz Caledonian College of Engineering Oman
SHANG Songmin The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong
Shujen Lee Chang Asia University Taiwan
Soon SONG Wonkwang University South Korea
Suzanne Beasterfield Idaho State University USA
Szu-Wei (Chris) Chen I-Shou University Taiwan
T.S.Devaraja University of Mysore, Hemagangothri Campus India
Tan Khay Boon SIM Global Education Singapore
Theeraphab Phetmalaikul Srinakharinwirot University Thailand
Thoedsak Chomtohsuwan Rangsit University Thailand
Vijayaletchumy Subramaniam Universitas Putra Malaysia Malaysia
Vivian Louis Forbes The University of Western Australia Australia
Wang Yu-Shan National Kaohsiung First University of Science Taiwan
12
and Technology
Warren Matthews Belhaven University USA
Wei-Cheng(Joseph) Mau Wichita State University USA
Wen-Pei Sung National Chin-Yi University of Technology Taiwan
William Richeson University of Kentucky USA
Ye PeiShi Family Justice Courts Singapore Singapore
Ying Zhang Southeast University China
Yong Won Seo Chung-Ang University Korea
Yong-Ho Kim Pukyong National University South Korea
Yuki Yokohama Kanto Gakuin University Japan
Zabihollah Rezaee The University of Memphis USA
Zhou Xiao Fudan University China
13
Special Thanks to Session Chairs
14
Conference Venue Information
Royal Plaza Hotel
193 Prince Edward Road West, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Phone: +852 2928 8822
Fax: +852 2606 0088
Location
The Royal Plaza Hotel is centrally located in Hong Kong, within easy reach of international
transport facilities. Situated in Mongkok in the heart of Kowloon, the hotel sits atop the MTR
Station and is only 45 minutes by rail from China as well as the Hong Kong International Airport.
The Hotel is directly linked to MOKO, one of the largest shopping centers in Hong Kong with
over 200 shops. The Hotel is surrounded by numerous tourist attractions and entertainment
venues that will fascinate even the most sophisticated visitors. For a unique Hong Kong
experience in a dynamic location, choose to stay at the Royal Plaza Hotel.
15
Transportation
Expect the unexpected and experience this vibrant city in a dynamic location during your stay
with Royal Plaza Hotel. Situated in the heart of Kowloon, the hotel boasts superb convenience at
its doorstep, allowing you to get around town at unparalleled ease via major transportation
means.
16
Hotel Shuttle Timeline
Due to unforeseen condition, the above schedule is subject to change without prior notice.
Please be reminded to reserve seats in advance; all seats are provided on first-come-first-serve
basis.
17
Royal Plaza Hotel
The 1st floor plan
Registration: 1 floor
Poster Session: 1 floor
Tea Break & Networking: 1 floor
Oral Session: Royal Room 1-3, 1 floor
Poster Session: Royal Room 3, 1 floor
Lunch: La Scala, 2 floor
Recep
tion
Royal Room 1+2
Royal Room 3
18
Conference Schedule
Tuesday, June 4, 2019
Oral Session
Time Schedule Venue
08:30-14:30 Registration 1F, in front of
Royal 1+2
08:45-10:15 Mechanical Engineering Royal Room1+2,
1F
10:15-10:30 Tea Break & Networking Hallway, 1F
10:30-12:00
Natural Sciences Keynote Address
Dr. Kwun Nam Hui
Topic: Defect Engineering of Metal Oxide Materials for
Energy Storage
Royal Room 1+2,
1F
12:00-13:00 Lunch Time La Scala, 2F
13:00-14:30 Environmental Science / Fundamental and Applied
Sciences/ Power & Energy Engineering
Royal Room1+2,
1F
Wednesday, June 5, 2019
Oral Session
Time Schedule Venue
08:30-13:00 Registration 1F, in front of
Royal 1+2
08:45-10:15 Education Royal Room1+2,
1F
10:15-10:30 Tea Break & Networking Hallway, 1F
10:30-12:00 Civil Engineering/ Electrical and Electronic Engineering/
Mechanical Engineering
Royal Room 1+2,
1F
19
Wednesday, June 5, 2019
Poster Session
Time Schedule Venue
09:30~10:30
Poster Session (1)
Computer and Information Sciences / Material Science
and Engineering / Electrical and Electronic Engineering /
Biological Engineering / Mechanical Engineering /
Education
Royal room 3, 1F
Thursday, June 6, 2019
Oral Session
Time Schedule Venue
08:30-13:00 Registration 1F, in front of
Royal 1+2
08:45-10:15
Culture/ Communication / Law Royal Room 1+2,
1F
Business & Management / Economics Royal Room 3,
1F
10:15-10:30 Tea Break & Networking Hallway, 1F
10:30-12:00
Social Science Keynote Address (1)
Dr. Hui-Chun Chu
Topic: Applications and findings of adopting mobile
learning strategies in flipped classrooms
Social Science Keynote Address (2)
Dr. Purrie Ng Pui Yee
Topic: UIC Research Grant (Category I): The Innovation of
Creative Business Strategies on the Regeneration Stage of
Pearl River Delta regions - Case studies on Cultural and
Creative Companies in Hong Kong, Macau, Shenzhen, and
Zhuhai
Royal Room1+2,
1F
12:00-13:00 Lunch Time La Scala 2F,
1F
20
Natural Sciences Keynote Address
Royal Room 1+2, 1 floor
10:30-12:00, Tuesday, June 4, 2019
Topic:
Defect Engineering of Metal Oxide Materials for Energy
Storage
Dr. Kwun Nam Hui
Associate Professor
Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering
University of Macau, Macau, China
Abstract
Transition metal oxide-based supercapacitors are one of the most efficient classes of
electrochemical storage devices because of their higher power density, faster charge–discharge
rate, and longer lifespan than those of lithium-ion batteries. Generally, transition-metal oxides
involve fast reversible Faradaic reactions at the surface or at a near-surface region, producing
high energy densities. However, the high energy density of transition-metal oxides is achieved
by sacrificing power density and cycling lifetime, impeding their large-scale practical application
in supercapacitors. In tackling these problems, several approaches have been explored. For
instance, surface modification, doping, and defect engineering of transition metal oxides have
been considered an effective strategy to accelerate and intensify reaction kinetics, realizing high
electrochemical performance. In this talk, the speaker will present his recent work in the
development and application of nanostructured metal oxide electrode for high-performance
supercapacitors. Several strategies, including the morphology control, core/shell architecture,
and defect engineering, will be discussed to improve the electron transports, electrolyte ions
diffusion kinetics, and electrical conductivity of metal oxide electrodes.
21
Social Sciences Keynote Address (1)
Royal Room 1+2, 1 floor
10:30-12:00 , Thursday, June 6, 2019
Topic: Applications and findings of adopting mobile learning strategies
in flipped classrooms
Dr. Hui-Chun Chu
Department of Computer Science and Information Management
Soochow University
Abstract
The flipped classroom has been recognized as an innovative and effective pedagogy. It inverts
the traditional instruction mode by introducing teaching content before class, and hence teachers
can use class time to help individual students solve their learning problems and improving their
learning outcomes through practicing, interactions and applications. While the effectiveness of
the flipped classroom has been identified, the challenges of applying it to school settings have
also been pointed out, such as the strategies and principles for designing effective in-class
learning activities and helping students actively learn in the before-class context.
In this speech, the challenges, as well as the definition, characteristics, and educational
objectives of flipped learning, are introduced; moreover, the mobile technologies enhanced
flipped learning model is proposed by integrating the features of mobile and wireless
communication technologies into the flipped classroom strategies to provide a guidance for
educators to develop effective flipped learning activities and plans for helping students learn
seamlessly across contexts.
22
Social Sciences Keynote Address (2)
Royal Room 1+2, 1 floor
10:30-12:00, Thursday, June 6, 2019
Topic: UIC Research Grant (Category I): The Innovation of
Creative Business Strategies on the Regeneration Stage of Pearl
River Delta regions - Case studies on Cultural and Creative
Companies in Hong Kong, Macau, Shenzhen, and Zhuhai
Dr. Purrie Ng Pui Yee
Associate Professor
Division of Culture and Creativity
BNU-HKBU United International College
Abstract
For the past two decades, cultural and creative Industries have played a more and more
significant role for restructuring the urban economy in Pearl River Delta regions (PRD).
However, in the midst of all these rapid changes, limited research has been conducted among the
Pearl River Delta regions after their business regenerated in the past few decades. In order to
put the research into focus, four regions of Pearl River Delta are chosen as our case reports.
Since 80's onwards, the PRC government has established all these 4 areas as Special Economic
Zones under the People's Republic of China (SEZs). The common characteristics of choosing
these areas, including Hong Kong[1]
, Macau, Shenzhen and Zhuhai because they are evolving
and diversifying their business models in varying degrees to tertiary industries, including cultural
or creative industries in these few decades. Through the study, we would like to explore any
similarities or differences among these areas. Regarding methodology, this is an exploratory
study involving a set of questionnaires of totally 30 questions (29 semi-structured questions with
1 open question). The first set of questionnaires were sent out to the public as an initial focus
group study. Then some key summary tables were compiled and analyzed afterwards. The
significant outcomes are twofold, firstly, it will contribute some valuable data for creative
business strategies related to Creative Industries; secondly, it will provide teaching materials for
creative services management projects practically.
Keywords: Innovation, Creative Business Strategies, Creative Supply Chain
23
[1] According to the latest statistics, Hong Kong has around 39 200 cultural and creative
industry-related establishments, with about 200 000 practitioners engaged. Cultural and
creative industries represent around 5% of the Hong Kong's Gross Domestic Product.
(Source: http://www.hketco.hk/en/culture/creative/)
24
Oral Sessions
Mechanical Engineering
Tuesday, June 4, 2019 08:45-10:15 Royal Room 1+2
Session Chair: Prof. Kwun Nam Hui
ISCEAS-0182
Multi-Dimensional Evaluation Analysis of Machine Tool Double-Eco Lubrication
Technology for Environmental Conservation
Paulo Da Silva︱Nagaoka University of Technology
Ikuo Tanabe︱Nagaoka University of Technology
ISCEAS-0207
Effects of Asymmetric D-Shaped Inlet Nozzle on Squirrel-Cage Fan Aerodynamic
Performance
Boyan Jiang︱Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Jun Wang︱Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Hui Liu︱Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Yougen Huang︱Ningbo Fotile Kitchen Ware Cor., Ltd.
Weigang Yang︱Ningbo Fotile Kitchen Ware Cor., Ltd.
Bin Li︱Ningbo Fotile Kitchen Ware Cor., Ltd.
ISCEAS-0208
Energy-Saving and Noise Investigation on Bionic Concaved Trailing Edge in an
Open-Type Axial Flow Fan
Xiaopei Yang︱Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Jun Wang︱Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Boyan Jiang︱Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Zhong Liang︱Huazhong University of Science and Technology
25
ISCEAS-0185
Development and Application of Ultra-Large Injection Mold with Complex Conformal
Cooling Channels
Chil-Chyuan Kuo︱Ming Chi University of Technology
Yi-Jun Zhu︱Ming Chi University of Technology
Ying-Zhi Wu︱Ming Chi University of Technology
Shi-Xun Lin︱Ming Chi University of Technology
Zheng-Yan You︱Ming Chi University of Technology
26
ISCEAS-0182
Multi-Dimensional Evaluation Analysis of Machine Tool Double-Eco
Lubrication Technology for Environmental Conservation
Paulo DA SILVA1*
, Ikuo TANABE1
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Japan
*E-mail:[email protected]
Abstract
The developments of technology are significantly changing, at the same time the aim of
producing environmentally-friendly technology is highly demanded. Most technology developers
are not only putting efforts for minimizing costs and maximizing profits, but significant attention
has also given to the environmental protection. The technology innovations need certain
evaluation approach for its environmental optimal performances. There are several studies exist
yet lack of comprehensive approach and mainly profit oriented analysis and do not evaluate to
what degree each category (economy, ecology and performance) is prioritized? Therefore, in
previous study, we proposed a double eco technology (self supply lubricant technology for
machine tool) development evaluation method by considering all the parameters and estimating
its area index. However, it was thought that the overall technology development objective could
much better be achieved if safety for risk aspect is integrated to the ecology, economy and
performance parameters. Therefore, this study was conducted to reconcile all the parameters by
integrating the aforementioned aspect and evaluate its degree of priority. It was done through
Life Cycle Assessment for the ecology, and risk aspects, meanwhile using Mahalanobis Taguschi
System for the mechanical performance in regard to best roller, worst roller and conventional
lubrication categories. It then simply calculated the Double-Eco Index Area for each technology
category. The study concluded that the DE-Index method able to evaluate any developed
technology with its own characteristics and as a first step towards automation to avoid the
current arbitrary approaches. The study shows that there is improvement in all parameters,
environmental pollution output, mechanical performances and costing 87.5 % DE Index opposed
to a 3.25 % for the conventional lubrication method when taking into account the safety related
risks parameter.
Keywords: Eco-efficiency, Life Cycle Assessment, Lubrication, Mahalanobis Taguchi System,
Double-roller
1. Introduction
The advancement of manufacture and technology innovations has significantly changed since the
beginning of the 21st century. Although it offers enormous benefits in many ways, the adverse
impact on environment has become major concerns in nowadays. According to IPCC (2014)
27
globally the average greenhouse gas emissions by gases since 1970 to 2010 that injected to the
atmosphere is significant, around 22.3 CO2 Gt-eq per annum has pumped to the atmosphere from
fuel and energy consumption by technology industries. Therefore the development of
environmentally friendly technology has become main focus through global consensus. The
WBCSD (2010) and UNFCCC (2015) highlighted that manufacturers, technology developers
and entrepreneurs are not only putting efforts on improving their performances to gain better
profits but giving attention to environmental conservation by using energy efficiency
technologies as well as producing less harmful gas emissions are essential. Considering the same
degree of priority of factors such cost, performance and environment need certain measures and
proper technology development evaluation approach.
There are several technology development approaches are exist including the method of triangle
equity approach by McDonough that highlighted the importance of given attention on the
technology design process of “ecology-economy-equity”, (Marinova, 2006). However, the study
tends to fallen either on economy or ecology performances, it is very broad concept and
approach. It is profit driven approach and to what level each evaluation factor prioritized is
unclear. In previous study (PENA-GONZALEZ, DA SILVA and TANABE, 2018), it proposed
“Double-Eco” technology development evaluation method based on a previously developed a
self service machine tool roller lubricant technology for sliders by considering several
parameters including; costing, mechanical performances and ecology at same degree of priority.
However, safety for risk aspects in technology development processes were less acknowledged.
This study thus conducted to reconcile the aforementioned parameters by integrating safety for
risk aspect in the proposed “Double-Eco” evaluation method. Lifecycle assessment was used as
its main study approaches including Mahalanobis Taguchi System method for evaluating the
mechanical performance arrangements of proposed lubricant roller technology.
The DE- Index or eco-efficiency parameters able reconciled all related multi dimensional
technology parameters including mechanical performances, ecology, economical and safety for
risks in the technology developments processes. From the study, it shows that this effective
eco-efficiency evaluation platform can be used to evaluate any developed technology with its
own characteristics, and as a first step towards automation to avoid current arbitrary methods. It
was found that there is a significant improvement in all discussed parameters including
environmental pollution output, mechanical performances and costing 87.5 % DE Index opposed
to a 3.25 % for conventional method. By considering all related safety for risk associated issues,
the technology performances would be optimum and overall development objectives would
better be achieved.
2. The Double-Eco technology and its evaluation approaches
The main approach of this study is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) which is thought to be a key
28
method for the environmental risk management issues (Bevilacqua, 2012, Finkbeiner, 2006). The
major consideration of this LCA analyses was considering different product development stages
from material extractions, processing, waste, recycle and reuse until the final stage of end-life.
The extra advantage of this analysis is the end-life which is then known as bioremediation
process. This means the wasted products can be re-processed back to its nature (Mines, 2014).
Although in general both economic and social aspects are rarely considered in LCA analysis, it
was considered for defining the categories which can directly influence cost category for the
evaluation purposes.
There are some literatures briefly define eco-efficiency term, such as Desimore (1997) stated that
LCA perspective is essential for measuring eco-efficiency. In addition, Heijungs cited in Huppes
(2007) highlighted that currently there is a lack of a quantifiable and communicable term
regarding eco-efficiency and it is important to have an international consensus to develop one.
On the other hand, Tanabe (2011) stated that it is necessary to consider all important factors
(ecology, economy and performance) that directly linked with eco-efficiency analysis in same
degree of priority. This was then formulated in the previous study (Pena-Gonzalez, 2018)
through the “Double-Eco Area Index” concept. The Fig.1 shows the schematic view of existing
approaches; it reveals that less attention given to safety for risk aspect. On the other hand, both
performance and economy get great attention compare with ecology parameter.
Fig. 1: The proposed double-ECO model principle
The Double-Eco concept consists a dimensionless index as indicated by the Equation 1
(Pena-Gonzalez, 2018), it obtained from the comparison between the area of real implementation
and ideal implementation of a technology. The considered areas include ecology, economy,
performance and safety for risk.
29
(1)
Where the DE Index and the input data are non-dimensional parameters
3. Double roller experimental arrangements
In order to validate the Double-Eco evaluation concept, an experiment was done in the previous
study (Tanabe & Watanabe, 2011). It developed double rollers technology which used to collect,
distribute and adjust the thickness of grease throughout the machine tool sliders. As shown in the
Fig.2, the Double-rollers consist of outside roller for collecting, holding and distributing grease,
and the inside rollers control and adjust grease thickness during machining. Rollers were fitted
on the guide way, there were two guide ways in one slider and each slider has four rollers. The
Multinoc (Nippon Oil Corporation) grease was used along with Polyisobutylene with wt 3 %
concentration, as its lubricant properties. The specifications of the rollers are outlined in the
Table 1. About 5 time’s measurement were conducted and reading was taken place once the
grease thickness reaches 5 μm.
(a) Photograph of the arrangement (b) Arrangement’s schematic view
Fig. 2: The arrangement of Double-roller machine tool technology for lubrication
Table 1. Roller arrangement specifications
30
Fig. 3: Different methods of lubrication thickness Tg and its durations
The Fig.3 reveals the results of the Double-Roller arrangement experiments for the mentioned
categories. The categories (Best condition, worst condition and conventional) of roller
mechanical performances were defined by using Taguchi Method. It was recorded that when the
grease thickness reaches the mentioned value for conventional category lasts for 10 hours, for
worst condition 80 hours and for best condition 1500 hours.
4. Double-Roller technology multi parameter evaluations
In this chapter, four double-roller technology parameters are discussed including its definitions.
It is important to be noted here that the essential parts of costing, mechanical performance and
ecological components of double-roller lubrication technology for machine tool are asserted and
the safety for risk component is comprehensively discussed in this chapter.
4.1 Environmental evaluation
The main approach of this parameter evaluation is Life Cycle Assessment which focuses on three
core observations including supply to production category, the usage of technologies category
31
and the end life of product disposals category. It was drawn from some current literatures which
recorded how the environmental parameter evaluations are handled. Salling (2002) stated that an
environmental evaluation approach which presented by BASF Company is focusing on polling,
surveying and economic analysis are used to define the environmental parameters in an
institutions or in an industry. In addition, Bevilacqua (2012) explained the usage of weighting for
defining essential environmental categories.
Based on this, ten Double-Eco categories were selected and defined for the environmental
analysis. These categories are locality (local to local distance approach), renewability (product
components can be renewed), durability (frequency of a component’s maintenance or repair),
energy efficiency (less energy consumption), emission reduction (less harmful gas emitter
technology), minim waste (lest disposal), By-product safety (no side effects), recyclability
(component can be re produce) and end life waste for bioremediation (products that can be re
processed into the its nature). These categories were then subjectively scored (Table 2) based on
certain considerations. The assigned conditions for the categories were including; first, the times
for the lubrication needed to be changed in one year period; 2 times for best condition, 37 times
for worst condition and 292 times for conventional.
Table 2: Scored values for each environmental categories
It was defined that in a year 365 days, one shifts, 8 hours in a day. Second, the used emission
coefficient factors for the options were based on the previous studies (Tanabe, 2011 and Tanabe
2016), 0.01g for best condition, 0.27g for worst condition and 1.81g for conventional, these were
based on the Japan, Ministry of Environmental coefficient emission factors. Third, the waste
minimization was considering the annual amount of used grease, best 0.38g, worst 7.10g and
32
conventional 47.30g. The aforementioned categories were then compared for the evaluation
purposes, the lowest waste was assigned 100 and highest waste was assigned with 10. On the
other hand, Diphare (2013) stated that grease can be re-refined and properly disposed; the
recyclability, renewability and end life bioremediation were thus assigned with 50.
4.2 Economical evaluation
In this economical evaluation, three main costs for this parameter evaluation including
production, usage and disposal costs are highlighted. Production costs consist of direct material
and labor costs (Hansen, 2007), the acquisition, usage and disposal costs were considered for the
machine tool cost as indicated by Enparantza (2006) and Diaz (2012). The research and
development costs are as non production cost, it is included in the production cost category. On
the other hand, the monitoring and assessment costs consist of usage cost category which is
considered as direct labor costs. Meanwhile the taxation and disposal costs are included in the
overhead costs.
Based on this, several considerations were made for the economical parameter analysis. First,
both production cost and one year usage costs were estimated based on 365 days, one shift and 8
hours in a day, therefore in total around 2920 hours operation. This does not include the research
and development as well as the disposal costs. The electricity usage was calculated based on the
highest electricity rate (USD 0.15/kWh) based on the Japanese Government, the Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Industry (2016) tariffs. Meanwhile the labor hourly wage was about USD
23.6 (Livenson, 2017). Second, the assembly duration was about 5 hours and at least it takes
about 5 minutes in one day for monitoring. Meanwhile it assumed that at least take 10 minutes
for disposing the grease. On the other hand, the assembly and utilities costs were considered in
the procurement costs. Here, it needs to mention that the consumable costs were estimated based
on a 97 % Multinoc grease and 3 % Polyisobutylene mixture. All calculations were done in USD.
With these considerations, the overall costing for the arrangement is shown in the Table 3. As it
can be seen that the best roller option is 18.18 % cheaper compare to the conventional lubricant
option. The cheaper option is assigned with highest value of costing factor with 100; on the other
hand the expensive option is assigned with 10.
Table 3: The total annual cost for each technology
33
4.3 Mechanical performance evaluation
The mechanical performances was conducted by using the existing approach namely
Mahalanobis Taguchi System. It is used to analyze and decide the multivariate data of a
technology. Some studies in regard to this are exist (Taguchi, 2002 and Cudney, 2007). The
method employs Mahalanobis Distance (MD) which measure mean values of a certain data
population that define the Mahalanobis Space (MS) which is also known as Unit Group. By
using MTS software and two steps analysis, the application of Double-Roller Technology
performance evaluation was performed. The two steps were creation of an appropriate
Mahalnobis Space and validation of reference space through abnormal data measurements. In
regard to this, three parameters were selected for the aforementioned technology experimental
analysis. First lubrication thickness at first 2 hours of the initial run Tg2h, second the grease
thickness reaches 5 μm thresholds T5μm, and then the last parameter was the thickness that
changes due to the slope of lubricant graph. As outlined in the Table 4, the roller lubrication data
sets were abnormal data and the normal data was employed for the conventional lubricant to
create Mahalanobis Space. It was able to demonstrate a confirmation run with abnormal
condition using the largest Mahalanobis Distance values and able to create ranking. The largest
MD value was assigned with highest 100 oppose to 10.
Table 4: MTS input and output data in regard to MD values for experimental case
34
4.4 Safety for risk aspects evaluation
The safety for risk aspect is considered as essential and need to be considered in any technology
development evaluations. Aven (2016) states that risk is a severity of the consequences of an
activity with respect to something that human should consider. Therefore, the possible risk
aspects which may hinder technology performances and has adverse effects on both human and
environment are considered. It needs to be identified, assessed and valued for proper
management. In regard to the Double-Eco technology evaluation analysis, three main safety
related risk categories were identified including human health, environmental (ecological) and
business associated risks. These categories are outlined in the Table 5 with its brief definitions.
These categories were selected based on the current related reports and literature reviews,
Schwarz (2015), Madahire (2016), Mirer (2010) and Mckone (2001).
Instead of weighting, the safety for risks analysis for both human and environment due to
lubricant usage, the harmful gas pollutants were calculated by considering the green gas
emission potential for three different technology lubricants used in the mechanical performance
experimental case. The condition for this calculation were grease quantity; best roller 0.38 g/yr,
worst roller 7.10 g/yr and conventional lubricant 47.30 gr/yr. Based on this lubricant quantities,
the equivalent of CO2 green house gas potential was then calculated. The coefficient factor of
grease was obtained from Mantoam (2017). The results show that carbon equivalent emission for
the best roller option 0.002 CO2-eq g/yr, worst roller option 0.037 CO2-eq g/yr and conventional
option 0,251 CO2-eq g/yr. Meanwhile the other safety categories were subjectively weighted
based on the literature review according to its own characteristics. The high potential risk
categories were scored with 10 and the less risk categories were scored with 100, refer to Table 6
for the actual scoring values.
Table 5: Double-eco safety for risk categories and its definitions
35
Table 6: Assigned weight values for each safety for risk categories
5. Double-Eco Technology evaluation results
The comparison of the ideal implementation and real implementation of Double-Eco Index
results is presented in this chapter. The ideal technology implementation means 100 % efficiency
that considered in all parameters in any technology adaption.
Fig. 4: The results of Double – Eco evaluation for each technology in the experimental case
Table 7: Index of Double-Eco efficiency for each technology for machine tool lubrication
36
The real implementation of each technology category is shaded in color. The study shows that
the developed lubrication arrangement with the best condition shows a best performance. The
data for the colored side of the area is presented in the Table 7. The calculation results show that
the DE Index for conventional technology is 3.25 %, roller with worst condition is 34.9 %, and
the roller best condition index is 87.5 %.
6. Conclusion
The study concludes that with the Double-Eco lubrication technology model, the technology
eco-efficiency parameters were able compared with conventional method. The proposed method
was very effective for eco-efficiency parameter evaluation of any technology with its own
characteristic. There is a significant improvement in all discussed parameters including the
environmental pollution output, mechanical performances, costing and safety for risk aspects
87.5 % DE Index opposed to a 3.25 % for conventional method.
7. References
IPCC, (2014). Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II
and III to the 5th report of the IPCC Switzerland, 151 pp.
United Nations Framework Conventional on Climate Change. (2015). Paris Agreement, From:
https://unfccc.int/files/essential_background/convention/application/pdf/english_paris_agre
ement.pdf
WBCSE. (2010). vision 2050: The new agenda for business, From:
www.wbcsd.org/overview/resources?contentType%5B0%5D=109&searchText=&page=21
Marinova D., Annandale D., Phillimore J. (2006). The International Handbook on
Environmental Technology Management, Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc., United Kingdom.
Pena-Gozalez, E., Da Silva, P., Tanabe, I. (2018). Development of Environmentally-Friendly
Technologies Based on the Double-Eco Model-An Evaluation Platform, JME, 18/1, 18-31.
Bevilacqua M., Ciarapica F., Giacchetta G. (2012). Design for Environment as a Tool for the
Development of a Sustainable Supply Chain, Springer-Verlag London, Ltd., UK.
Finkbeiner M., Inaba A., et al. (2006). The New International Standards for Life Cycle
Assessment: ISO 14040 and ISO 14044, the IJLCA, 2, 80-85.
Mines R. (2014). Environmental engineering: principles and practice, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.,
United Kingdom.
37
Desimone L. (1997). Eco-efficiency: The Business Link to Sustainable Development, MIT Press,
United States.
Huppes G., Ishikawa M. (2007). Quantified Eco-Efficiency: An introduction with applications
(Eco-efficiency in industry and science, Volume 22), Springer, The Netherlands.
Saling P., Kicherer A., Dittrich-Krämer B., et al. (2002). Eco-efficiency Analysis by BASF: The
Method, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 7/4, 203-218.
Tanabe I., Watanabe M. (2011). Development of Cost-effective and Eco-friendly Permanent
Grease Lubrication for the Machine Tool Slides, 2011 IEEE International Symposium on
Assembly and Manufacturing (ISAM).
Tanabe I. (2016). Double-ECO model technologies for and environmentally-friendly
manufacturing, Procedia CIRP: 23rd CIRP Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, 48,
495-501.
Diphare M., Pilusa J., et al. (2013). A Review of Waste Lubricating Grease Management, 2nd
International Conference on Environment, Agriculture and Food Sciences, 131-134.
Hansen D., Mowen M., Guan L. (2007). Cost Management: Accounting and Control, Cengage
Learning, United States.
Enparantza R., Revilla O., et al. (2006). A Life Cycle Cost Calculation and Management System
for Machine Tools, 13th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering,
717-722.
Diaz N. (2012). Cost and Energy Consumption Optimization of Product Manufacture in a
Flexible Manufacturing System, 19th CIRP, 411-416.
Levinson M. (2017). U.S. Manufacturing in International Perspective, Congressional Research
Service, United States.
Taguchi G., JUGULUM, R. (2002). The Mahalanobis-Taguchi Strategy: A Pattern Technology
System, Springer-Verlag London, Ltd., United Kingdom.
Cudney E., Hong J., Jugulum R., et al. (2007). An Evaluation of Mahalanobis-Taguchi System
and Neural Network for Multivariate Pattern Recognition, JISE, 1/2, 139-150.
Aven, T. (2016). Risk assessment and risk management: Review of recent advances on their
foundation, European Journal of Operational Research, 253, 1-13.
Schwarz, M., Dado, M., Hnilica, R., Veverkova, D., 2015, Environmental and Health Aspects of
Metalworking Fluid Use, Pol.J.Environment Study, 24/1, 37-45.
Madahire, I., Mbohwa, C. (2016). Lubricant Additive Impacts on Human Health and the
Envionrment, Springer International Publishing, Switzeland. From:
https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda.../9783319313573-c2.pdf?
Mirer, F.E. (2010). New Evidence on the Health Hazards and Control of Metalworking Fluids
Since Completion of the OSHA Advisory Committee Report, AJIM, 53, 792-801.
McKone, T.E., Hertwich, E.G. (2001). The Human Toxicity Potential and a Strategy for
Evaluating Model Performance in Life Cycle Impact Assessment, Int.J.LCA, 6/2, 106-109.
38
Mantoam, E.J., Romanelli, T.L, Gimenez, L.M. and Milan, M. (2017). Energy Demand and
Greenhouse Gases Emissions in the Life Cycle of Coffee Harvesters, Chemical Engineering
Transactions, 58, 175-180.
39
ISCEAS-0207
Effects of Asymmetric D-Shaped Inlet Nozzle on Squirrel-Cage Fan
Aerodynamic Performance
Boyan Jianga, Jun Wang
a, Hui Liu
a, Yougen Huang
b, Weigang Yang
b, Bin Li
b
a School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China b
Ningbo Fotile Kitchen Ware Cor., Ltd., Ningbo, China
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background/ Objectives and Goals
Squirrel-cage fans are widely applied in heating, ventilation and air conditioning devices. But
their intake conditions are usually restricted so they probably operate at an off-design condition
with a low flow rate. The flow pattern in a hood-used squirrel-cage fan were detailed analyzed in
our previous studies. Both measured and simulated results illustrated that a small amount of air
blow through the inlet nozzle reversely under low-flow conditions, which might cause a fan
performance degradation and additional turbulence noise. In this article, the throat shape of the
inlet nozzle was modified to D-shaped and was asymmetric installed, trying to suppress this
abnormal flow phenomenon and improve fan performance.
2. Methods
Three-dimensional simulations were performed in commercial software Fluent by solving
incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations. Shear stress transport k-ω model
was adopted to calculate the turbulent viscosity. Besides, the SIMPLE algorithm was used to
perform the pressure-velocity coupling. Second-order upwind discretization was adopted for
convection terms and central difference schemes for diffusion terms.
The gird model adopted in this study consisted of polyhedral grids. The wall grid was refined
with appropriate boundary layer to meet the requirement of the turbulence model. After
grid-independent verification, the final grid model contains about 6 million cells. The simulated
performance curve matches the experimental data well, indicating that the numerical results are
credible.
In addition, two sets of calculation models were established in this study, one of which contains
the inlet chamber as same as the actual operating, and the other one contains not. Through the
comparison, it is possible to fully explore the applicability of the new collector under conditions
where fan intake boundary is restricted and unrestricted.
3. Expected Results/ Conclusion/ Contribution
40
The numerical results show that the fan performs better when the inlet boundary is unrestricted,
which achieve a uniform velocity distribution at the inlet nozzle. The blade working abilities also
distribute uniform along the circumferential direction. As the throat area of the D-shaped inlet
nozzle is smaller than that of the prototype nozzle, the working abilities of blade passages at a
specific location are impacted, and the fan aerodynamic performance is therefore weakened.
Under the condition with an intake chamber, the intake airflow is concentrated in the lower
region of the nozzle. Therefore, when the notch of the D-shaped nozzle is installed toward the
upper direction, the aerodynamic performance of the machine would not be impacted. Instead,
the new inlet nozzle suppresses the reverse airflow out of the volute under low-flow conditions.
The simulated results show that the chaos flow field in the inlet chamber is significantly
improved, which lead to a higher fan pressure at the same flow rate.
Further research indicates that the design parameters and the installation direction of the nozzle
will also affect the fan performance, either wrong installation direction or too deep D-shaped will
be also detrimental to the fan performance. After optimal selection, the optimal installation
direction is about 90° next to the volute tongue along the circumference direction, and the
optimal depth of the D-shape is about 0.2 times the impeller outer diameter.
In this study, a new type of asymmetric D-shaped inlet nozzle is designed for a hood-used
squirrel-cage fan. Without affecting the fan aerodynamic performance under high-efficiency
conditions, it can suppress the reverse airflow derived from the volute, and thus improve the fan
performance under small flow conditions.
Keywords: squirrel-cage fan, aerodynamic performance, compute fluid dynamic, low-flow
condition, reverse airflow, asymmetric.
Figure. Distributions of lumps of the iso-surface of the Q in the intake chamber under low flow
condition, Q=10000; (a)with prototype nozzle, (b)with D-shaped nozzle.
41
ISCEAS-0208
Energy-Saving and Noise Investigation on Bionic Concaved Trailing Edge in
an Open-Type Axial Flow Fan
Xiaopei Yang, Jun Wang, Boyan Jiang, Zhong Liang
School of Energy and Power Engineering,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background/ Objectives and Goals
The air-conditioner is one of the essential appliances in modern life. As the axial flow fan is the
main work component and noise source of the split type air-conditioner outdoor unit, it is of
great significance to decrease flow losses and increase efficiency. In this paper, three shape of
trailing edge (TE) concaves were designed based on the shape of fish caudal fins. The influence
of the TE concaves on the fan aerodynamic characteristics and noise were investigated through
the numerical simulation and experimental tests. The results demonstrated that the energy
consumption of the outdoor unit was reduced at the same working ability by all the concave
schemes. The experimental noise results also illustrated that the sound energy concentration is
weakened in octave 100 Hz ~125 Hz. The increase in tonal noise caused by the rotate speed at
the blade passing frequency and its harmonics is offset, which maintain the overall sound
pressure level almost unchanged.
2. Methods
The internal flow of an open-type axial flow fan was simulated by solving incompressible
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations in commercial software Fluent. The inlet
boundary condition was set as Pressure inlet, while the outlet boundary was Pressure outlet.
Realizable k – 𝜀 model was adopted to calculate the turbulent viscosity and the SEGREGATED
implicit solution was chosen as the calculation method. Additionally, the turbulent kinetic energy,
the turbulence dissipation term and the momentum equations were second-order upwind
discreteness, while the pressure-velocity coupling used the SIMPLE algorithm.
The calculation domain consists of an inlet domain, a shell domain, an impeller domain, and an
outlet domain. The inlet domain is hemispherical, and the shape of the outlet domain is
constructed according to the actual test bench connecting to the outdoor unit. After
grid-independent verification, the final grid model contains about 5.26 million cells. The
difference between simulation and experiment is considered within an acceptable range,
indicating that the numerical result iscredible.
The experiment was tested on a B-type experimental platform referenced to "GB/T1236-2000
42
Performance Test for Industrial Ventilators with Standard Ducts". Rotating speed, flow-rate,
pressure, and power are respectively measured by fiber optic sensors, multi-nozzle flow meters,
pitot tubes, and electrical measurements. Meanwhile, the noise frequency spectrum is measured
in the semi-anechoic room. The sound radiated from the air-conditioner was measured up to
1200Hz by using the high precision microphone.
3. Expected Results/ Conclusion/ Contribution
With the TE concave, the efficiency of the schemes is improved, indicating that this modification
has an energy-saving effect under the same working ability. In the numerical simulation, the
efficiency improvement rates of the spline, triangle and trapezoidal scheme decreased in turn.
The spline scheme saves the energy best, which reaches 3.14% in experimental tests.
The TE concaving technology significantly changes the pressure distribution on the blades. After
the modification, the high-pressure area of the pressure surface apparently reduced, while the
suction surface’s pressure distribution is nearly unchanged. The pressure difference near the tail
reduced, as the pressure distributes more uniformly. The blade loading decreased as the blade
area reduced. What’s more, the TE concave can effectively weaken the intensity of the tip
leakage vortex and the tip vortex. The tip vortex after modification tends to separate from the
blade in advance. The corner separation at the root of the blade was also inhibitory by the TE
concave structure.
Although the SPLs at 1st and 2nd BPF are raised by the increase of the rotate speed, the sound
energy concentration in octave 100 Hz ~125 Hz is weakened due to the TE concaves’ positive
effects on the flow structures. The TE concave offsets the increase in noise caused by rotate
speed and maintain the overall SPL almost unchanged.
In this paper, three kinds of TE concave were designed referred to the shape of fish caudal fins
with bionics method. The numerical simulation and experimental verification illustrated that the
performance and noise characteristics were improved by TE concave modification.
Keywords: Open-type axial flow fan, aerodynamic performance, concaved trailing edge,
energy-saving, aerodynamic noise.
43
Figure. The experimental efficiency increment rate ∆𝜂 of each scheme under the same
working ability
44
ISCEAS-0185
Development and Application of Ultra-Large Injection Mold with Complex
Conformal Cooling Channels
Chil-Chyuan Kuo, Yi-Jun Zhu, Ying-Zhi Wu, Shi-Xun Lin, Zheng-Yan You Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Taiwan
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background
An injection mold with different cross-sectional cooling channels has been developed. However,
the removing process of the acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) conformal cooling channels is
not environmentally friendly. A low-cost wax injection mold with high cooling efficiency has
been developed. A hot embossing stamp with conformal cooling channels for microreplication
has been developed. The removing process of the wax conformal cooling channels is easy and
environmentally friendly. However, the production cost for an ultra-large injection mold with
complex conformal cooling channels is costly. Thus, developing a cost-effective method for
fabricating an ultra-large injection mold is an important research issue.
2. Methods
The three-dimensional computer models of the mold for producing wax patterns of conformal
cooling channels were also designed using Pro/ENGINEER software. The molds were fabricated
using a three-dimensional printing machine. The material used for manufacturing the molds was
polylactic acid (PLA) due to environmental protection. The wax conformal cooling channels was
manufactured by a wax injection machine (0660, W&W Inc.). An intermediary mold which is
complementary in shape to the injection mold was fabricated by liquid silicone rubber
(KE-1310ST, Shin Etsu Inc.). The liquid silicone rubber was used as surface materials of the
intermediary mold.In order to reduce the production cost of an ultra-large injection mold, the
recycled pieces of Al-filled epoxy resins (TE 375, Jasdi Chemicals Inc.) were machined into fine
powders using a milling machine.
3. Conclusions
The production costs savings about 83.4% can be obtained. An obvious reduction in cooling time
of about 94.7% can be obtained when a wax injection mold with conformal cooling channels
compared to that without cooling channels. Roundness of the conformal cooling channel in the
mold fabricated by rapid tooling technology is obviously superior to that fabricated by selective
laser sintering technology.
Keywords: Ultra-large Injection Mold, Conformal cooling channels, Rapid tooling
45
Environmental Science/ Fundamental and Applied Sciences /
Power & Energy Engineering
Tuesday, June 4, 2019 13:00-14:30 Royal Room 1+2
Session Chair: Prof. Utpal Dutta
ISCEAS-0183
Analysis of 2016 Transit Millage Outcome in Southeast Michigan
Rasha Majzoub︱University of Detroit Mercy
Utpal Dutta︱University of Detroit Mercy
Xiaohui Zhong︱University of Detroit Mercy
ISCEAS-0194
Cloud Base Height Determination by Meteorological Model Simulation over Chiang Mai
during Winter 2016-2017
Piyaon Sapphaphab︱Srinakharinwirot University
Siriluk Ruangrungrote︱Srinakharinwirot University
ISCEAS-0196
Coalescence of Droplets with Suspended Particles in Creeping Flow Bounded by a
Cylindrical Confinement
Masahiro Muraoka︱Tokyo University of Science
Haruhito Sakurai︱Tokyo University of Science
ISCEAS-0206
Application of Viscous Inverse Design Method in Axial Flow Fan
Hui Liu︱Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Boyan Jiang︱Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Xiaopei Yang︱Huazhong University of Science and Technology
Jun Wang︱Huazhong University of Science and Technology
46
ISCEAS-0183
Analysis of 2016 Transit Millage Outcome in Southeast Michigan
Rasha Majzouba, Utpal Dutta
a, Xiaohui Zhong
b
a Department of Civil, Architectural, Environmental Engineering,
University of Detroit Mercy, USA
E-mail address: [email protected]
[email protected] b Department of Mathematics,
University of Detroit Mercy, USA
E-mail address: [email protected]
Abstract
Transportation in metropolitan Detroit, Michigan, USA is provided by a system of transit
services, airports, and network of freeways that interconnects the city of Detroit and the four
counties surrounding Detroit. The Regional Transit Authority (RTA) was established in 2012
through public Act No. 387 to coordinate, plan, and invest in an enhanced regional public
transportation system connecting Detroit to the rest of Wayne, Oakland, Macomb, and
Washtenaw counties. A Regional Transit Master Plan (RTMP) was developed by RTA to support
the development of long-range mass transit services for all four counties. To implement the
developed plan, RTA proposed a 1.2-mills property tax for 20 years within the four counties of
Wayne, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Macomb beginning 2017 (known as transit millage). The
transit millage was on ballots in four counties for voter approval on November 8, 2016. The final
vote count was 893,796 Yes to 912,033 No, giving it 49.5 percent support across the four
counties and losing by just a narrow 1 percent margin.
This research aims to investigate the significant demographic and socioeconomic factors for
failure of the RTA millage proposal by studying the influence of demographic, economic, and
social attributes of the residents of the four counties on the millage votes. For each county, a set
of transit-friendly and transit unfriendly attributes were identified. Degree of influence of the
identified attributes were highlighted.
Based on the findings, key recommendations were generated for increasing positive public
opinion toward public transit and supporting future transit initiatives in Southeast Michigan.
The method used can be generalized to other systems for similar situation, though the outcomes
and recommendations could be different depending on the setting of the communities.
Keywords: Public transit, Election, Millage, Transit friendly.
47
1. Background and Objectives
Most local governments in the United States impose a property tax on real estate, also known as
mill, as a principal source of revenue (Hellerstein & Hellerstein 2001). This revenue funds
education, road and highway construction, public servants, and other services that benefit the
community-at-large. In the United States, one mill is 0.1% per year of the real estate value
accessed by the government. Any government agency may seek additional mill to implement
specific projects such as new school buildings and upgrading public transit system. However,
such effort must be approved by the citizens within the jurisdiction.
Described by Lawrence, E. (2016a), Detroit is “known around the world as the Motor City to
have such a disconnected public transportation system, one that falls so far short of other major
metro areas.” To change this situation, a Regional Transit Master Plan (RTMP) (RTA 2016)
was developed to support the development of long-range mass transit services to enhance current
public transit for all four counties. To implement the plan, RTA proposed a 1.2-mills property tax
for 20 years within the four counties of Wayne, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Macomb beginning
2017 (known as transit millage). The transit tillage was on ballots in four counties for voters’
approval on November 8, 2016. Even though the measure failed in aggregate for just 1 percent
margin, residents of two of the four counties (Wayne and Washtenaw) voted to support it with 53%
and 56% Yes respectively. For Oakland county, the difference between Yes and No was only
1,109 votes, resulting in 49.9 percent support vs. 50.01 percent against. The resistance to this
measure was the greatest in Macomb county, with 60.1 percent No to 39.9 percent Yes. The
degree of support among the counties varies widely from 56 percent to as low as 39.9 percent.
Many people, agencies and advocates seek answers to the results (Larence, 2016b).
Studies have shown that personal family finances can influence voters’ opinion at the ballot box
(Williams, 2014). Other studies also suggest that the voters’ demographic information, transit
mode and time, may also be related to voting outcomes of the transit issue (Werbel & Haas,
2001). However, little systematic research exists on modeling the voting outcomes based on
these factor. This study seeks to determine the relative impacts of various factors in affecting
2016 RTA voting outcome for each county and to quantify their effects.
2. Methods
2.1 Data collection.
The data are from two sources: the city clerk offices and the National Conesus (U.S. Census
Bureau, 2012-2016). Since voting data are available at the city/township level, tract level
census data were converted to city/township level for the sake of compatibility.
2.1.1 The voting outcomes in city/township level.
There are 44, 23, 49, and 23 cities/townships in Wayne, Washtenaw, Oakland and Macomb county
48
respectively. The data on voting outcomes are the number of Yes and No votes for each city.
Table 1 is the summary of the voting outcomes.
Table 1. Outcome on Votes of 2016 RTA Transit Millage
Even though Wayne and Washtenaw Counties voted Yes (shown on Table 1), many cities in those
counties did not vote for more than 50 percent Yes for the millage. Figure 1 displays voting
preference by cities within each county. Cities colored green had Yes votes of more that 50
percent. This figure shows that there is a cluster of Yes votes around the cities of Detroit and
Ann Arbor and all the No votes are further away from both cities. Figure 1 displayed a green
band of cities from Downtown Detroit to Pontiac which voted more than 50 percent Yes for the
transit millage. One common characteristic of all these cities is the presence of Woodward Avenue
as a travel corridor. This is said, even though majority of residents in Oakland County voted No,
all cities along the Woodward corridor voted 50 percent or more Yes. Finally, none of the cities
approved millage in Macomb County.
Figure 1. Outcome on Votes of 2016 RTA Transit Millage on Map
49
2.1.2 The Demographic and Socioeconomic Attributes
After the voting data were collected, information regarding various attributes were collected
from the most recent census data for all cities in Wayne, Oakland, Washtenaw, and Macomb
Counties (U.S. Census Bureau.2012-2016).
Several factors may influence on voting on RTA proposal. These factors described as key factors
of transit riders (Cloark, 2017), including ages and races, education and income level, work
commuting mode and commuting time, and car ownership, influence whether people are willing
to use the public transit or to pay more on tax for it. Another study (She, King & Jacobson, 2017)
shown that demographic, travel and health survey data are associated with income, education,
commuting preferences, amount of non-travel physical activity and healthcare resources. Thus
the following attributes were extracted from a census dataset for each city/township in the four
counties for this study.
● Percentage of Population with Ages 0-19, 20-64, and 64 and up.
● Percentage of White, Black or African American, and Asian Races.
● Percentage of Population that old an education of 12th Grade and Less, High School
Graduate (includes equivalency), Bachelor's Degree, Graduate or Professional Degree.
● Percentage of Population Commuting to Work with Car or Truck or Van-drove alone, Car
or Truck or Van-carpooled and Public Transportation.
● Percentage of Income in household of $34,999 and less, $35,000 to $74,999 and $99,999
to $149,999.
● Percentage of Travel Time to Work of 24 Minutes and Less, 25 to 34 Minutes, and 35 to
89 Minutes.
50
● Percentage of Car Ownership classified as No Vehicle Available, One Vehicle Available,
and Two or More Vehicles Available.
2.2 Data analysis and models
Stepwise linear regression analysis was used to analyze the data. Stepwise regression is a method
of regressing multiple variables while simultaneously removing those that are not statistically
significant. In this study, the “Percentage of Yes” votes were treated as the dependent variable
and the data collected from census were considered as the independent variables for each
city/township. Since the voting outcomes among counties varied widely, we believe that a single
model for all votes in four counties is not adequate to capture the relationships between voting
outcomes and demographic attributes for each county. Thus stepwise regression was applied to
data for each county at city/township level and four models were developed as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Models for Four Counties
As shown in Table 2, these models fit to the data very well because the adjusted R-squared
values are all above 0.7 and low RMSE. The Macomb county model is the best among all with
an adjusted R-squared value of 0.945 and RMSE=1.86.
In each model, the factors with positive coefficients are identified as transit friendly factors, and
the factors with negative coefficients are identified as transit unfriendly factors. Their effects
are summarized in Table 3.
51
Table 3 Significant Attributes with Their Average and Standard Deviation
3 Results
3.1 Discussion of Models
Attributes such as, 1) Percentage of 2 or More Vehicle Owner Occupied, 2) Percentage of
Population between 20 and 64 years, 3) Percentage of Travel Time to Work 24 Minutes and Less,
4) Percentage of Travel Time to Work between 35 to 89 Minutes, and 5) Percentage of High
School Graduate appear in more than one models. The average values of these attribute are very
close among the four counties, showing that the counties are homogeneous in these attributes.
On the other hand, attributes such as White Race, Commuting to Work Using Public
Transportation, Percentage of No Vehicle Owner Occupied and few others only appear in one
model. The impact of different variables on the model prediction are summarized below:
1. The significant attributes are either transit friendly, or transit neutral or transit unfriendly.
There is not any attribute which plays a conflicting role among the four derived models, but
their degree of influence varied.
2. The sensitivities of transit friendly attributes can be ranked from high to low as:
52
a. Percentage of Commuting to Work Using Public Transportation (5.023)
b. Percentage of No Vehicle Owner Occupied (4.871)
c. Percentage of Commuting to Work Using Car, Truck, or Van – Carpooled (1.47)
d. Percentage of Graduate or Professional Degree (0.728)
e. Percentage of Population between 20 and 64 Years (0.479)
f. Percentage of Travel Time to Work 24 Minutes or Less (0.445 and 0.236)
3. The sensitivities of transit-unfriendly attributes can be ranked from high to lows:
a. Percentage of High School Graduates (includes equivalency) (-0.894, -0.852)
b. Percentage of Travel Time to Work between 35 to 89 Minutes (-.0.679 and -0.63)
c. Percentage of 2 or More Vehicle Owner Occupied (-0.498, -0.411 and -0.337)
d. Percentage of White Race (-0.186)
4. Car Ownership (percentage of 2 or more vehicles) seems to be the most common obstacle
for getting the Yes votes. This factor appears in 3 of the 4 models negatively. On one hand,
private cars provide convenient transportation for people but lower the desire for public
transits. On the other hand, poorly planned and funded public transit systems force people
to buy more cars to go to work or places.
5. In Washtenaw County model, “Percentage of No Vehicle Owner Occupied” has positively
impacted the percent of yes votes. This agrees with the conventional wisdom that transit
“captive” riders — lower-income people must use public transit because they don’t own cars
(Schmitt, 2016). This may be why the “Percentage of No Vehicle Owner Occupied”
showed up as a positive factor in the Washtenaw county model.
6. In Wayne County, and Oakland County, “Percentage of Travel Time to Work between 35 to
89 Minutes” is the attribute that negatively impacted the Percent of Yes votes in these two
models. Whereas the “Percentage of Travel Time to Work 24 Minutes and Less” attribute
positively impacted the Percent of Yes votes in both Washtenaw and Macomb County
models. In general, commute times on public transit is about 1.9 times greater than for
those who drove alone. This makes it almost impossible for those who with existing travel
time more than 35 minutes to take transit (Maciag, 2017). Our models captured such
phenomenon.
7. In both Washtenaw and Oakland County models, “Percentage of High School Graduate
(includes equivalency)” is the common attribute that negatively impacted the percent of Yes
votes, however “Percentage of Graduate or Professional Degree” positively impacted the
Percent of Yes votes in the Model of Wayne County. These models show that education
has some impact on people’s preference toward public transit.
8. In case of Macomb County prediction model, “Percentage of Population between 20 and 64
Years” positively impacted the Percent of Yes votes. Literature shows that almost 93% of
existing transit riders are under 65 years and 79% of them are between 25-55 years old
(Cloark, 2017). This may explain why the factor “Percentage of Population between 20 and
64 Years” appeared positively in the Macomb county model.
53
9. Finally, Wayne County model reveals that, “Percentage of White Race” attribute negatively
impacted the Percent of Yes votes. This finding is not in agreement with the recent findings,
where it was observed that the single largest group of riders (40%), consists of white or
Caucasian riders (Cloark, 2017). But in this county, residents in more than half (23) of all
cities do not have any access to public transit because they opted out for such service. More
than 85 percent of these residents are white. This may explain why “Percentage of White
Race” attribute negatively impacted the Percent of Yes votes in the Wayne county model.
3.2 Conclusion
The four counties not only had different voting outcomes in the 2016 transit millage voting, the
factors and their degree of influence on these outcomes were also very different according to the
models. To better understand this phenomenon, it is helpful to learn the current public transit
status and characteristics of each county. Then a set of key recommendations can be generated
for increasing positive public opinion toward public transit and supporting future transit
initiatives in Southeast Michigan.
Currently, Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) provides bus
service between downtown Detroit and many cities within Oakland, Macomb and Wayne
Counties. In addition, SMART provides express bus service from cities in Oakland, Wayne, and
Macomb Counties to downtown Detroit in 4 peak routes, of which two are from Macomb County,
one in Oakland, and one in Wayne. However, many cities do not have any public transit
services due to their choices. At the same time, Washtenaw County has its own public transit
system known as RIDE.
Based on the models, extra efforts should be made to reinforce the Yes votes of two counties
-Wayne and Washtenaw. However, the influential variables impacting the Yes votes are very
different, so should be the recommendations. For Washtenaw County, all the Yes vote cities are
clustering around Ann Arbor, which houses the University of Michigan and many high-tech
companies. Two transit-friendly factors from the model, “Percentage of Travel Time 24
Minutes or Less” and “Percentage of No Vehicle Owner Occupied” reflect this fact. There is
already a mature public transit system in the county. Focus should be on convincing the public
about the benefit of joining the bigger regional public transit system, especially connecting to
Metro Airport. Meanwhile, Wayne County, where the city of Detroit is located, has only one
transit-friendly factor- “Percentage of Graduate or Professional Degree” with high sensitivity of
0.728. This county has been attracting many large businesses with professionals, which is in
the right direction to gaining support for public transit in terms of increasing the value of this
factor. However, two main transit-unfriendly factors are “Percentage of Travel Time to Work
between 35 to 89 Minutes” and “Percentage of 2 or More Vehicle Owner Occupied.” To
maintain and increase the Percentage of Yes votes, the values of these two factors need to be
54
decreased. Some quick fix with relatively low cost can be done to reduce the value of first factor.
For example, special designated car-pool/bus lanes can be set up or the traffic signals in main
roads can be adjusted to reduce wait time (Martin, Perrin, Wu, Pen, & Lambert, 2004). Of course,
a long-term effort to reduce the value of “Percent of 2 or More Vehicles Owner Occupied” will
also result in less traffic congestion, which can in turn reduce the value of first factor.
Oakland County is north of the city of Detroit and has many lakes, lush greens, rolling hills,
exemplary schools, and well-developed housing and commercial shops. Many corporate
employees working in Downtown Detroit choose to live here with a large percentage (24.5%) of
population commuting to work between 35-89 minutes. This factor drives down the Yes votes in
the Oakland model. With a not-so-well-developed regional public transit system, it is not hard
to explain why almost 72 percent of households own 2 or more vehicles. This is the major
factor driving down the willingness to vote Yes. Meanwhile, only a very small percentage of
population uses car-van pooling to commute. But the model shows that this factor positively
affects the Yes votes because they already used some sort of “public” transit. It can be
concluded that a well-funded and well-designed public transit system would help lower the
values of negative factors and increase the value of positive factors. The main job on this
county is to educate or campaign on convincing the population of the benefits of the public
transit and its impact on our daily life and environment to win their support (Bernasconi, Zhong,
Hanifin, Slowik, & Owens, 2015).
For Macomb County, though it had only 39.9 Percent of Yes votes, the model identified three
transit-friendly factors. This gives more opportunities to work on. Special attention should be
given to the constituents who already used public transit as a part of their work trips. With a
sensitivity of 5.023, a 1 percent increase in this segment of population will boost the Yes vote up
by 5.023 percent.
Finally, a special campaign should be made to reinforce or increase the Yes votes along the
Woodward corridor. The corridor goes through two counties -Wayne and Oakland. Experience
of other cities such as Denver, Atlanta and Cleveland in attracting business due to their public
transit system should be conveyed (Dutta & Henze, 2015).
In conclusion, for the success of the RTA Transit Millage, it is necessary to connect to all
constituents and try to explain the benefit of transit and explain the return of 1.2 mills. Moreover,
it is important to demonstrate to the residents of the four counties the importance and benefit of
an effective and efficient transit system in metropolitan cities to gain their financial support.
Such a system will only impact the life of residents positively and make the greater Detroit area a
world class region. Finally, for the success of future RTA millage or any other millage, direct
participation and support of all elected officials is a must, without their active support, Millage
55
will not see the light of day. In addition, Strategies to gain elected official supports for SMART
should be explored. Lessons learned from this election and the analysis results can be applied
to future transit proposal planning in the communities similar to the Southeast Michigan.
4 References
Hellerstein, J. H., and Hellerstein, W, (2001) State and Local Taxation, Cases and Materials,
Eighth Edition, page 97
Lawrence, E.(2016 a), What you need to know about the RTA millage, Detroit Free Press.
Retrieved from
https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2016/10/23/rta-millage-michigan-trans
it/92518180/
Lawrence, E.,(2016 b), What went wrong with regional transit millage? Advocates seek answers,
Detroit Free Press. Retrieved from
https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/detroit/2016/11/09/rta-millage-failure/935534
64/
Williams, J. (2014), What Factors Influence the Outcome of an Election. Retrieved from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-factors-influence-the-outcome-of-an-election.html
Werbel, R & Haas, P. (2001) Factors Influencing Voting Results of Local Transportation Funding
Initiatives with a Substantial Rail Transit Component: Case Studies of Ballot Measures in
Eleven Communities,
MINETA Transportation Institute Report # FHWA/CA/OR-2001-26
Regional Transit Authority of Southeast Michigan, (2016), Regional Transit Master Plan Draft
Plan. Retrieved from
http://www.rtamichigan.org/wp-content/uploads/RMTP_DraftPlan_web.pdf
U.S. Census Bureau (2012-2016) American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Retrieved
from www.factfinder.census.gov
Cloark, H. M. (2017). Who Rides Public Transportation. The American Public Transportation
Association. Retrieve from
https://www.apta.com/resources/reportsandpublications/Documents/APTA-Who-Rides-Publ
ic-Transportation-2017.pdf
Tuttle, B. (2013). The Great Debate: Do Millennials Really Want Cars, or Not? Time.
Retrieved from
http://business.time.com/2013/08/09/the-great-debate-do-millennials-really-want-cars-or-no
t
She, Z., King, D., & Jacobson, S. (2017), Analyzing the Impact of Public Transit Usage on
Obesity, Preventive Medicine, Volume 99, Pages 264-268
Schmitt, A. (2016) The “Choice” vs. “Captive” Transit Rider Dichotomy Is All Wrong. Streets
Blog. Retrieved from
https://usa.streetsblog.org/2016/07/12/the-choice-vs-captive-transit-rider-dichotomy-is-all-wrong
56
Maciag, M. (2017). Riding Transit Takes Almost Twice as Long as Driving. Governing.
Retrieved from
http://www.governing.com/topics/transportation-infrastructure/gov-transit-driving-times.ht
ml
Martin, P. T., Perrin, J., Wu, Pen, & Lambert R. (2004). Evaluation of the Effectiveness of High
Occupancy Vehicle Lanes, Mountain-Plain Consortium, Retrieved from
https://www.mountain-plains.org/pubs/pdf/MPC04-158.pdf
Bernasconi, C., Zhong, X., Hanifin, L., Slowik, L., & Owens, M. (2015). Understanding Public
Opinion Regarding Transit in Southeast Michigan, Mineta National Transit Research
Consortium, Report No. CA-MNTRC-14-1236.
Dutta, U & Henze, J. (2015). Economic Impacts of Bus Rapid Transit in Southeast Michigan,
MNTRC Report 12-34. Retrieved from
https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1201&context
=mti_publications
57
ISCEAS-0194
Cloud Base Height Determination by Meteorological Model Simulation over
Chiang Mai during Winter 2016-2017
Piyaon Sapphaphaba,* and Siriluk Ruangrungrote
b
a Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University,
Bangkok, Thailand, 10110
E-mail address: [email protected]
b Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University,
Bangkok, Thailand, 10110
E-mail address: [email protected]
Abstract
Clouds are crucial substances that cause the Earth’s radiation budget. Many properties of clouds
are considered and detected in order to describe the Earth’s atmosphere, especially cloud base
height (CBH). This study determined CBH by both meteorological model simulation via
SkewT/LogP and ground-based measurement via ceilometer. Dataset of Northern area of
Thailand, Chiang Mai during winter 2016-2017, was taken into account. The results obtained by
those two methods were compared and validated by two statistical tests with good agreements of
MBD = 1.29 and R2 = 0.68. Additionally, the deep-down investigation of some CBH
characteristics was achieved from ceilometer, revealing that the most frequent CBH would be
classified into low-level clouds.
Keywords: cloud base height, cloud vertical structure, ceilometer, SkewT/LogP diagram
1. Background/ Objectives and Goals
Clouds are comprised of tiny water droplets or ice crystals that cause incoming and outgoing
solar radiations (Tzoumanikas et al., 2016). Cloud characteristics detection is typical and
effective procedure to better understand the Earth’s atmosphere and provide the accurate
information on climate change. CBH is one of the most significant cloud’s properties in order to
describe the atmospheric condition (Lee et al., 2018). Due to the progress of technology, there
are many kinds of CBH measurements such as ground-based observation and meteorological
model simulations.
Recently, there has been several researches done by the use of ceilometer and cloud simulations.
Costa-Surós et al. studied cloud occurrence, cloud vertical structure (CVS), CBH distributions,
and their behaviors during some seasonal situation observed by ceilometer. The significant
differences of two seasons between winter and summer depending on specific conditions.
58
However, they recommended that ceilometer measurement and radiosonde estimation methods
should be compared for better describing Earth’s atmosphere (M Costa-Surós et al., 2013). Lee
et al. investigated CBH and CVS in Seoul metropolitan site, Korea, during 2014-2016. A
monthly variation of vertical frequency of cloud occurrence revealed that the existence
concentration of lower clouds was found in both summer and winter, and higher clouds more
often detected in spring and autumn (Lee et al., 2018). Peengam and Tohsing determined the
CBH from ceilometer CS135 and Micro Pulse Lidar (MPL), which were located in Chiang Mai.
They revealed that the results were in good agreement with RMSD 19.21% and MBD 1.58%
(Peengam & Tohsing, 2017).
This study focused on obtaining CBH from ground-based observation and meteorological
simulation, then compared the results from ceilometer and SkewT/LogP diagram in order to
verify their performances. In addition, some CBH characteristics observed by ceilometer during
winter 2016-2017 were investigated, including some explicit atmospheric conditions.
2. Methods
2.1 Ground-based observations by ceilometer
For ground-based measurement, ceilometer is used to determine the CBH. It is a
single-wavelength backscatter light detection and ranging (LIDAR) which emits wavelength in
the near infrared between 900 and 1100 nm for avoiding strong Rayleigh scattering. Its pulse
repetition rate is in the order of few kHz, and the pulse energy of the laser is sufficiently low to
allow eye-safe operation (Wiegner et al., 2014).
Ceilometer was set up at Omkoi, Chiang Mai in the Northern of Thailand under a supervision of
Sipakon University. It uses LIDAR technology, and consists of vertically pointing laser and
receiver at the same location. It can provide the information of clouds up to four consecutive
layers, with high spatial and temporal resolutions. In this study, we used CS135 Ceilometer with
the technical specification as shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Technical specification of ceilometer CS135.
The output data was collected and sent to Viewpoint software, a graphical display program,
59
connecting to personal computer or laptop. However, the backscattered profile had to be
analyzed by Campbell Scientific data logger CR1000 which recorded every five minutes.
2.2 Meteorological model simulation by SkewT/LogP diagram (AIR WEATHER SERVICE
SCOTT AFB IL., 1990; Mcmurdie, 2007)
Here, SkewT/LogP diagram has been selected for a cloud simulation. This diagram is the
standard method using worldwide in meteorology, including in Thailand, both for weather
forecast and aviation. According to this chart, the isotherm lines has a 45 degree from horizontal
axis and the isobars are plotted with a logarithmic scale;
e 0P P TBkMgz
, as the name
SkewT/LogP.
Plotting this diagram, the atmospheric sounding data, which is a set of raw data received by
radiosonde at different pressure, are used. Ascending of the balloon, the cloud vertical profile in
the atmosphere is described in terms of temperature, dew point, relative humidity, or wind speed,
etc, allowing us to determine the CBH. The signal is received back every 2 seconds and take
time approximately 2 hours in the atmosphere for a round, leading to 30 km above ground level.
Considering level of cloud base, convective condensation level (CCL) is the altitude due to
thermal convection whereas the condensation begins to occur. While lifting condensation level
(LCL) is the altitude at which the parcel of air becomes saturated, when it is lifted dry
adiabatically. However, the LCL for a surface parcel is always less than the CCL.
2.3 Research site and observation
Ceilometer CS135 is equipped at Radar station of Department of Royal Rainmaking and
Agricultural Aviation, located at Omkoi district, Chiang Mai province in the northern of Thailand
(17.79°N, 98.43°E) as shown in Fig. 1. The landscape of Omkoi is averagely at 1,120 feet
elevation covered by enormous forests and mountains. The average annual temperature is 28.4°C,
and precipitation is 1173 mm leading to be classified as tropical area (Climate data, n.d.;
Peengam & Tohsing, 2017).
The observation number was 122 days of November and December during winter in the year
2016 to 2017. Since the high temporal of measurement, massive data were analyzed and
compiled. Due to the available observation, the retrieved CBH from both methods, were
compared and validated by two statistical tests for the reassurance.
60
Fig. 1: Research site at Omkoi, Chiang Mai modified from
(NordNordWest, 2009; Orange Smile).
3. Results and Discussions
3.1 The cloud vertical structure (CVS)
CBH detection by ceilometer provided information on the vertical structure of the cloud, without
cloud top height (CTH) data. Ceilometer could measure up to consecutive four layers of clouds,
resulting, the CVS study on all aggregated layers, multi-layered (two-layered and three-layered),
single-layered of clouds. In Fig. 2, the most frequent detected layer was single-layered cases with
80.92% , while ceilometer detected all aggregated layers of clouds in 0.30% and 18.77% were
multi-layered (2.53% for three-layered and 16.24% for two-layered cases).
The previous studies about the frequency of vertical cloud layer showed the similar results. For
example, CVS from a 20-Yr global rawinsonde dataset revealed that frequency of 1-layered,
2-layered, 3-layered, and more than three layers over land cases were 63%, 27%, 7%, and 3%,
respectively (Wang et al., 2000). Also, the CVS observation over Nagqu showed that the most
frequent cloud layers observed by ceilometer were single-layered with 65%, while 13% were
multi-layered system (Song et al., 2017).
61
Fig 2: The frequency (%) of CBH aggregated layers, all-layered (cyan), three-layered (yellow),
two-layered (grey), and single-layered (violet).
3.2 The CBH frequency distributions
The CBH distributions retrieved from the ceilometer are presented in this section with the
purpose of profound analyzing on cloud shapes and their characteristics in winter. Fig. 3
illustrates the CBH frequency distribution of each layer cases covering 0 - 10 km. Two year
histograms are bimodal which represent CBH in the different filled pattern. The CBH frequency
distribution for all-layered systems was displayed in Fig. 3a, the most CBH occur under 2.5 km
which was classified into low-level (under 2 km) and mid-level clouds (2 - 6 km). The maximum
frequency, about 45%, is approximately in the range 2 km for the first and second layers,
whereas 2.5 km for the third and fourth layers. They appear a similar trend in both years.
Fig. 3b and 3c presents the CBH frequency distribution for multi-layered cloud cases. For
triple-layered cases, the higher distributions are dominated, about 40%, by low and middle
clouds as the same pattern for double-layered systems of both years. The frequency of third
layers reach a peak at 2.5 km above mean sea level and then slightly decrease to 5% at 4 km
which can be classified into middle clouds. The highest altitude of third clouds is around 8.5 km,
while second cloud in two-layered systems is over 10 km. For the distribution of single-layered,
Fig. 3d also shows the related distribution movement. Zhang et al. determined CBH from
long-term radiosonde measurements in China by soundings and radar. They found that the
frequency over 70% of CBH were located at low levels over Tibetan Plateau, Pearl River Delta
and Sichuan Basin (Zhang et al., 2018). Although ceilometer could perform a measurement up to
four consecutive layer of CBH, it would rather show that signal decrease significantly due to
lower cloud droplets absorption. Therefore, the higher CBH was underestimated (Rémillard et al.,
2012).
62
Fig. 3: CBH distribution frequency in winter 2016 and 2017; (3a) CBH for all 2016 and 2017
layers system, (3b) and (3c) multi-layered systems (three and two layers)
and (3d) the only first layers.
63
Fig. 3: (Cont.) CBH distribution frequency in winter 2016 and 2017; (3a) CBH for all 2016 and
2017 layers system, (3b) and (3c) multi-layered systems (three and two layers)
and (3d) the only first layers.
3.3 The CBH characters in some atmospheric conditions
The recent studies considered that most winter cloudiness was owing to synoptic situations, the
general atmospheric state, with fronts crossing the region. Furthermore fogs and some very low
clouds related with local stability conditions below higher pressure situation (M Costa-Surós et
al., 2013). Rainfall in the northern of Thailand was under an influence of Myanmar’s western
fronts crossing this area, which slowly faded away when encountering the local cold air.
However, they still discarded some rainfall over this region as the side effect.
64
Some rainy days in winter led clouds occurring beneath low pressure systems over Chiang Mai
on 27 to 28 December 2017. There are some characters as shown in Fig. 4, most of them are low
clouds, occurring below 2 km and remaining the same pattern for all day. Fig. 4a and 4b
illustrate cloud image captured by sky view, the hemispheric camera which collects every one
minutes and available during daytime only. The cloudy and foggy effects on 27th
and 28th
are
shown, respectively. In addition, the overcast sky strongly covered by stratus and fog, locating
near the ground. Thus, they may obstruct the higher clouds, although multiple layer clouds were
detected by ceilometer.
Comparing those with the winter sky on 9 December 2017, particularly during 6:00 to 18:00
LCT, as shown in Fig. 5, there were stable clouds at low level in the morning and then clouds
base altitudes fluctuate until the evening because of some thermal convection.
Fig. 4: The CBH behaviors detected by ceilometer on 27 - 28 December 2017 when low pressure
brought over Chiang Mai, (4a) The cloudy day was captured at 12:00:02 LCT on the 27th
and
(4b) the multiple-layered clouds were detected at 16:01:01 LCT on the 28th
.
65
Fig. 5: The single day variations on 9 December 2007 (6:00:00-18:00:00), (5a) there were
broken clouds spreading out through the sky in the morning at 7:20:02 LCT, (5b) the clear sky
was taken by sky view instrumentation, there was no cloud at 8:20:01 LCT, and (5c) the
multiple-layered and mixture clouds were clearly observed at 14:37:01 LCT.
3.4 The distance between adjacent CBH
For multilayered cloud aggregation, distances between consecutive layers of CBH were
measured to examine cloud characteristics. In Fig.6, the different distances varied from a range
of 0 3 - 7.2 km. For three adjacent layers, the distance between 3rd
-2nd
layer was less than 400 m
with 37.76% and 2nd
-1st layer with 39.59%, as the same results as two adjacent layers CBH, the
difference layers were below 400 m with 66.89%. The mean of distance between adjacent CBH
for three-layered clouds was at 342 m and 415 m for 2nd
-1st and 3
rd-2
nd, respectively, while 540 m
was the mean for two-layered system. Vaishnav et.al also investigated the different distance
between two or three CBH layers by ceilometer CL51 over India. They found the most frequent
occurring below 500 m for two-layer cases, and then significantly decreased with increasing
distance. Similar result of our study was established correlating with Lee et al.’s work which the
majority of double layer cases occurred under 500 m (Lee et al., 2018; Vaishnav et al., 2019). In
contrast, the obtainable result perhaps not associate with one observed by Rawinsondes, with the
mean 2.3 km over land region (Wang et al., 2000), because of the different assumption of
distance between the adjacent layers.
66
Fig. 6: The distance between adjacent CBH for multilayers system.
3.5 Comparison of CBH obtained from ceilometer and SkewT/LogP diagram
SkewT/LogP diagram is able to demonstrate the theoretical CBH value and predicts the cloud
base occurrence, while the ceilometer provides a real time CBH information. We compared the
performance of these two methods by two statistical tests: MBD and R2. In this study, the
observer launched radiosonde balloon into the atmosphere around 6:30-7:30 LCT (UTC+7:00)
once a day, while ceilometer was a continuous instrument. Therefore, the retrieved CBH from
ceilometer was in the average value compared with those from skewT/logP at that matching
period. Yet, the lack of CBH dataset may exist due to technical problem or poor weather.
As seen in Fig. 7, the CBH obtained from ceilometer and SkewT/LogP diagram are in a
reasonable agreement with MBD = 1.29 and R2 = 0.68. However, there are slightly difference
which could cause by technical problem from the ascending of radiosonde, being influenced by
wind profile (M. Costa-Surós et al., 2014). Furthermore, the inspector unfortunately did not
launch the balloon as close as the ceilometer location, giving the unexpected error in the final
results.
67
Fig. 7: Linear correlation between CBH retreived from ceilometer vs. cloud simulation.
Ceilometer is a bottom-up instrument, providing the CVS information with real time observation
while SkewT/LogP as a pseudo-adiabatic diagram with the verified assumption on the latent heat
of condensation. Accordingly, the correlation of obtainable and validated results from those two
methods would be advantageous and practical for an enhancement of effective rainmaking, since
the more accuracy CBH data, the more successful cloud seeding would be achieved, including
the potential applications on weather forecast and meteorology.
3.3 Acknowledgments and Legal Responsibility
This work was supported by The Graduate School of Srinakharinwirot University. It was
extremely grateful to the Solar Energy Research Laboratory (SERL), Department of Physics,
Faculty of Science, Silpakorn University and the Royal Rainmaking and Agricultural Aviation
Department for providing the very useful database and helpful suggestions.
4. References
AIR WEATHER SERVICE SCOTT AFB IL. (1990). The Use of the Skew T, Log P Diagram in
Analysis and Forecasting. Revision: Defense Technical Information Center.
Climate data. (n.d.). CLIMATE OMKOI,
https://en.climate-data.org/asia/thailand/chiang-mai-province/omkoi-481435/.
Costa-Surós, M., Calbó, J., González, J. A., & Long, C. N. (2014). Comparing the cloud vertical
structure derived from several methods based on radiosonde profiles and ground-based
remote sensing measurements. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7(8), 2757-2773.
doi:10.5194/amt-7-2757-2014.
68
Costa-Surós, M., Calbó, J., González, J. A., & Martin-Vide, J. (2013). Behavior of cloud base
height from ceilometer measurements. Atmospheric Research, 127, 64-76,
doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.02.005.
Lee, S., Hwang, S.-O., Kim, J., & Ahn, M.-H. (2018). Characteristics of cloud occurrence using
ceilometer measurements and its relationship to precipitation over Seoul. Atmospheric
Research, 201, 46-57, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.10.010.
Mcmurdie, L. (2007). SKEW-T, LOG-P DIAGRAM ANALYSIS PROCEDURES. Retrieved 8
July 2018, from University of washington,
https://atmos.washington.edu/~mcmurdie/classes/370/skew-t/Skew-T.pdf .
NordNordWest. (2009). Thailand Chiang Mai locator map. In T. C. M. l. map.svg (Ed.),
Thailand location map.svg (Vol. 1,052 × 1,849 pixels, pp. Locator map of Chiang Mai
Province, Thailand), Wikipedia: Wikipedia.
Orange Smile. Detailed hi-res maps of Chiang Mai Region for download or print (Vol. 241 X
1755 pixels), http://www.orangesmile.com.
Peengam, S., & Tohsing, K. (2017). An investigation of cloud base height in Chiang Mai. J. of
Physics: Conference Series, 901(1), 1-4, 012040.
Rémillard, J., Kollias, P., Luke, E., & Wood, R. (2012). Marine boundary layer cloud
observations in the Azores, J. of Climate , 25, 7381-7398, doi: 10.1175/jcli-d-11-00610.1.
Song, X., Zhai, X., Liu, L., & Wu, S.-H. (2017). Lidar and Ceilometer observations and
comparisons of atmospheric cloud structure at Nagqu of Tibetan Plateau in 2014 Summer,
Atmosphere, 8(9), 1-17, doi:10.3390/atmos8010009.
Tzoumanikas, P., Nikitidou, E., Bais, A. F., & Kazantzidis, A. (2016). The effect of clouds on
surface solar irradiance, based on data from an all-sky imaging system. Renewable Energy,
95, 314-322, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.04.026.
Vaishnav, R., Sharma, S., Shukla, K. K., Kumar, P., & Lal, S. (2019). A comprehensive
statistical study of cloud base height using ceilometer over western India. Advances in
Space Research, 63(5), 1708-1718, doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2018.11.006.
Wang, J., B. Rossow, W., & Zhang, Y. (2000). Cloud vertical structure and its variations from a
20Yr global rawinsonde dataset, J. of Climate , 13, 3041-3056.
Wiegner, M., Madonna, F., Binietoglou, I., Forkel, R., Gasteiger, J., Geiß, A. & Thomas, W.
(2014). What is the benefit of ceilometers for aerosol remote sensing? An answer from
EARLINET. Atmos. Meas. Tech., 7(7), 1979-1997, doi:10.5194/amt-7-1979-2014.
Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Guo, J., Feng, J., Cao, L., Wang, Y., & Liu, H. (2018). Climatology of
cloud-base height from long-term radiosonde measurements in China. Advances in
Atmospheric Sciences, 35(2), 158-168, doi:10.1007/s00376-017-7096-0.
69
ISCEAS-0196
Coalescence of Droplets with Suspended Particles in Creeping Flow Bounded
by a Cylindrical Confinement
Masahiro MURAOKAa, Haruhito SAKURAI
b
a Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
E-mail address: [email protected]
b Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Japan
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background
Coalescence of droplets immersed in an immiscible another fluid plays important roles in many
natural and industrial processes such as polymer blending and liquid-liquid extraction.
Coalescence of droplets is also found in the flow of multiphase fluids through porous media such
as in enhanced oil recovery (for example, Sheng J.J., 2013,2011). We focus on a pore in porous
media, and if we assume the pore as a cylindrical confinement, coalescence of droplets in
creeping flow through the pore results in that through a cylindrical tube. Muraoka et al.(2013)
found out that coalescence time of droplets with suspended particles was obviously shorter than
that without particle in creeping flow through a cylindrical tube. The coalescence time is defined
as the period between the instant when the relative velocity of the two droplets becomes zero
after their apparent contact and when the coalescence takes place. Based on Aul and Olbricht’s
semi-theoretical formula (Aul and Olbricht,1991), Muraoka et al.(2013) proposed other
semi-theoretical formulas of the coalescence time in terms of the resistance experienced by the
liquid droplet in creeping flow through a cylindrical tube (Higdon and Muldowney,1995). In the
present study, coalescence time of droplets with suspended particles in creeping flow through a
cylindrical tube was experimentally measured and compared with the predictions of
semi-theoretical formulas. Effect of different particle sizes and Reynolds number of the tube
flow on coalescence of droplets were discussed.
2. Methods
The cylindrical tube was a glass tube of inner diameter 2.0 mm, outer diameter 7.0 mm, and
length 1500 mm. Silicone oil with a kinematic viscosity of 3000cSt was employed as the test
fluid of the droplet. Droplets include gold-coated acrylic particles. Two different particle sizes
were employed, 15㎛ in diameter, 1780kg/m3 in density, 0.4% volumetric concentration of
particles in the droplets and 30㎛ in diameter, 1490kg/m3 in density, 0.4% volumetric
concentration of particles in the droplets, respectively. A mixture of glycerol and pure water was
used as the surrounding fluid of the creeping flow through the tube. The density of the droplets
was made equal to that of the surrounding fluid by the addition of carbon tetrachloride. The ratio
70
of the viscosity of the droplet to that of the surrounding fluid was denoted by β; i.e., β = μd/μs,
where the subscript d and s indicate droplet and surrounding fluid, respectively. In the present
experiments, the densities of the droplet and the surrounding fluid were both 1.24×103 kg/m3,
and μs was 0.24 Pa·s, β 1.0. A large volumetric syringe pump was employed to maintain
steady flow through the circular tube at a designated average velocity. The tube was immersed in
temperature-controlled water contained in a tank to maintain constant temperature of the system.
The two droplets were injected into the test tube by micro-syringes placed in front of the inlet of
the tube. The behaviors of the droplets were monitored by a digital camera and two high-speed
cameras placed on a sliding stage. The motion of the stage on which the cameras were mounted
was electrically controlled to follow the movement of the droplets through the tube. The
coalescence time of the two droplets was measured, as well as the diameter of the clearance area
between them just before coalescence. The particle size and the Reynolds number of the tube
flow were varied to investigate their effects on the film drainage and coalescence of the droplets
with suspended particles. Experimentally measured coalescence time compared with the
predictions of semi-theoretical formulas.
3. Conclusion
Effect of particle size and Reynolds number of the tube flow on the coalescence time was
investigated. The coalescence time with suspended particles was obviously shorter than that
without particle (Muraoka et al. 2015) in any of these cases. In the case of the leading droplets
with suspended particles 30 ㎛ in diameter, coalescence time was dramatically shorter than that
in any of these cases, though volumetric concentration of the particles was the same and number
density of particle 30㎛ in diameter was about 12% of that of particle 15㎛ in diameter. It was
found that particle size affected coalescence time of droplets with suspended particles.
Comparison of experimentally measured coalescence time with predictions of coalescence time
by semi-theoretical formulas was discussed.
Keywords: Droplet coalescence, Suspended particles, Cylindrical tube, Creeping flow
4. References
Sheng J.J., (2013). Enhanced Oil Recovery Field Case Studies. ELSEVIER.
Sheng J.J.,(2011) Modern Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery. ELSEVIER.
Muraoka, M. et al.,(2013). Coalescence Phenomena of Droplets with Suspended Particles in a
Tube Creeping Flow. Proceedings of the 8th
World Conference on Experimental Heat
Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Paper No. 96.
Aul, R.W. and Olbricht, W.L., (1991). Coalescence of Freely Suspended Liquid Droplets in Flow
through a Small Pore. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science., 145, No. 2, 478–492.
Higdon, J.J.L. and Muldowney, G.P., (1995). Resistance Function for Spherical Particles,
Droplets and Bubbles in Cylindrical Tubes. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 298, 193–210.
71
Muraoka,M.et al.,(2015).EFFECT OF REYNOLDS NUMBER ON COALESCENCE OF
DROPLETS IN CREEPING FLOW THROUGH A TUBE, Proceedings of the
ASME-JSME-KSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference 2015, AJK2015-15106.
72
ISCEAS-0206
Application of Viscous Inverse Design Method in Axial Flow Fan
Hui Liu, BoYan Jiang, XiaoPei Yang, Jun Wang
School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
China
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background
The turbomachinery inverse design method can directly acquire blade geometry on given
aerodynamic parameters such as pressure loading on the blade surfaces. Although the research of
turbomachinery inverse design method has experienced the development process from potential,
inviscid to Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes RANS-based flow, it is far from mature enough
compared with the analysis method. In this work, a high-quality mesh automatic generation and
deformation technique applied to inverse design is proposed. How to define the Loading
distribution which is a key problem of inverse design is also introduced.
2. Methods
From the perspective of aerodynamic performance, the purpose of the inverse design is to adjust
the airfoil at each section of the blade so that the loading distribution meets the designer's
requirement at a given operating condition. The inverse design method based on solving the
steady-state RANS equations is almost the same as traditional Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) except that the camber lines of blade are periodically modified. The camber lines are
modified due to a virtual driving force which is the imbalance between target loading and current
loading on the blade. When the driving force is 0, the inverse design is completed.
The inverse design requires repeated modification of the blade. Correspondingly, the mesh also
needs to be constantly deformed, so there must be a robust and fast automatic mesh generation
and deformation method. The multi-block mesh generation method in this work uses a
combination of partial differential equation and algebraic equation. Since grid generation is
relatively time consuming, a rapid mesh deformation strategy is necessary within an appropriate
range, and the grid generation program is started only when the mesh deformation reaches a
certain threshold. Mesh deformation strategy used here is an efficient and high-quality dynamic
mesh generation technology based on Radial Basis Functions (RBFs) and TFI methods. The
RBFs method is used to update the ridge lines coordinates of the structural grid block, and then
the transformed surface mesh and volume mesh are reconstructed by the TFI method using the
updated ridge lines.
Loading distribution in the inverse design is obtained based on Boundary Vorticity Flux (BVF)
73
diagnosis. BVF-based diagnostics, specifically finding the BVF peaks can be used to define local
areas that affect the power to the fluid and possibly cause the separation flow. This provides a
basis for adjustment of the blade loading distribution in the inverse design.
3. Conclusion
An axial fan was redesigned to verify the effectiveness of the inverse design method. After BVF
analysis of the original blade and finding the key to impact performance, the redesigned blade
was directly acquired through inverse design based on the targeted adjustment of loading
distribution. It can be seen from the result of inverse design calculation that the loading
distribution of the redesigned blade agrees well with the pre-given loading distribution. The
deviation of total pressure between numerical and experimental data is 5.1% of the experimental
value at rated operating condition. A comparison of BVF diagnosis between redesigned blade
and original blade shows that the BVF peak of the redesigned blade is much smaller than the
original blade and the BVF distribution of redesigned blade is more uniform. In order to better
compare the performance of the redesigned blade and the original blade, the internal flow loss
distribution based on entropy production and the boundary layer thickness distribution of the
blades were analyzed. Entropy production represents the irreversibility of a system and the
magnitude of energy loss in the flow. The result indicates that the redesigned blade loss and the
boundary layer thickness are better than the original blade, furthermore there is a clear
correspondence between BVF, loss, boundary layer and loading distribution. The experiment
data shows that at the rated operating condition, the total pressure is increased by 16.6% and the
efficiency is increased by 6.3%.
This work describes a viscous inverse design method based on Boundary Vorticity Flux
diagnosis. The same non-slip wall boundary condition as analysis mode together with high
quality mesh make it possible to use high order turbulence model in the inverse design. The
high-quality grid automatic generation and deformation scheme not only ensures the accuracy of
the inverse design, but also reduces the time consumption. Accurate calculation of the flow in
turn provides the basis for BVF diagnosis which is the criterion to adjust the loading distribution
in inverse design. The BVF diagnosis can conveniently find the design problems, and the inverse
design can directly achieve design intent for these problems. This study provides a design idea
that is different from the trial and error method usually used in industrial applications.
Keywords: inverse design, axial fan, Boundary Vorticity Flux, grid generation, mesh
deformation, loading distribution
74
Education
Wednesday, June 5, 2019 08:45-10:15 Royal Room 1+2
Session Chair: Michelle Trudgett
ISESS-0098
Attracting First Nation People to Undertake Higher Degree Research Degrees in Australia
Michelle Trudgett︱University of Technology Sydney
ISESS-0096
Building a Better Block Program: Addressing the Needs of the 21st Century First Nations
Student
Corrinne Sullivan︱Western Sydney University
ISESS-0097
Valuing Students’ Voices: Developing Critical Thinking, Leadership and Citizenship
through Practice in Education
Sally Varnham︱University of Technology Sydney
ISESS-0106
A Design Thinking Approach to Co-Creating Structured Work-Based Learning
Programme in the Workplace
Timothy Chan︱Singapore Institute of Management
ISESS-0108
Investigating the Impact of Peer Feedback as a Pedagogical Intervention in Dance
Rehearsal Class
How Wah Susan Yeung︱LASALLE College of the Arts
75
ISESS-0098
Attracting First Nation People to Undertake Higher Degree Research Degrees
in Australia
Michelle Trudgett aCentre for the Advancement of Indigenous Knowledges, University of Technology Sydney,
Australia
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background/ Objectives and Goals
Indigenous Australians represent 2.2% of the working age population, yet account for only 1.4%
of all university enrolments. However, in relation to Higher Degree Research (HDR) students,
Indigenous Australians account for 1.2% of enrolments (Australian Department of Education and
Training, 2017). These disparities become more visible at the doctoral level. This paper reports on
a subset of findings that emerged from our Australian Research Council funded study which aims
to understand how universities can attract Indigenous people to undertake doctoral programs.
2. Methods
The study used qualitative, social studies derived methods and a concurrent, mixed methods
approach involving semi-structured interviews and demographic questionnaires. Indigenous
methodologies were also employed to guide the ethical approach of the study. A total of 50
Indigenous Australians with a doctoral qualification, and 33 of their supervisors took part in the
research.
3. Expected Results/ Conclusion/ Contribution
In the context of comparatively low enrolments, policies and strategies are gradually being
implemented in order to attract more Indigenous Australian students into HDR programs at
Australian universities. Nevertheless, there is limited understanding of the reasons why
Indigenous students decide to undertake research degrees. This paper identifies four clear
reasons underpinning the decision made by Indigenous students to enroll at a particular
institution.
Importantly, this paper will assist other educators and policy makers to attract more Indigenous
Australian students to their institutions. It is essential that universities work collaboratively in
order to best increase the current national statistics on Indigenous Australian higher degree
research students; a most important and crucial aspect to building the socio-economic fabric of
Australia. It will be argue that universities can best improve outcomes for Indigenous HDR
students by recognising the onto-epistemological frame that many Indigenous HDR students apply
to their everyday relations.
76
Keywords: Indigenous Australian, higher degree research, doctoral students.
77
ISESS-0096
Building a better block program: Addressing the needs of the 21st Century
First Nations Student
Corrinne Sullivan
Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Australia
Email: [email protected]
This paper discusses the enormous potential for increasing First Nations student success within
our universities. The critical question is how to release that potential. Universities play a pivotal
role in creating pathways that engage First Nations students and enhance participation and
successful completion. One such pathway are programs specifically designed for First Nation
students that are typically delivered in ‘Block, or Mixed Mode’. These learning modes allow
students, to combine study while maintaining employment, family and community obligations.
Although these programs have shown varying degrees of success in the past they are at risk of
discontinuing due to low enrolment numbers, as well as perceived notions of lower academic
standards (Page, Trudgett &Sullivan 2017). Universities are now in a position of decision, either
to maintain these programs or to discontinue them. This paper suggests that programs that seek
to continue need to adopt active and specific strategies for engaging Indigenous students and
enhancing participation and successful completion. Imagination and a willingness to move away
from traditional higher education approaches are needed to fully address the learning needs of
this cohort of students. Success for universities will lie in their responsiveness to (re)tailoring
these programs to the specific needs of the 21st Century First Nations student.
78
ISESS-0097
Valuing Students’ Voices: Developing Critical Thinking, Leadership and
Citizenship through Practice in Education
Sally Varnham1
‘Citizenship should be done not taught’2
Faculty of Law, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
Email: [email protected]
Keywords: Education, policy, institutional decision-making, student engagement
Abstract
It is estimated that 65% of today’s pre-schoolers will be working in areas which don’t currently
exist.3 They will contribute towards their individual welfare and that of their families,
communities and the wider society as citizens in a changed and changing global world. In this
rapidly evolving environment the skills and attributes for critical thinking, responsibility and
leadership must become ever more vital to their personal and professional development.
This paper outlines recent research which points to the valuable opportunities which exist within
all sectors of education for the development of the attributes needed by these future citizens. In
the context of practising citizenship through the authentic engagement of student voice, it asks
the questions: what, why and how?
It first considers research conducted in the compulsory education systems of New Zealand4 and
Australia5 against a background of developments in comparative sectors worldwide. Focussing
on democratic processes employed in a range of schools in New South Wales, it identified a
number of areas where student voices are effectively engaged in matters relating to the school
environment – from learning and teaching to the maintenance of safety. These were often
couched within the term ‘restorative practice’ and some schools which had a philosophy of
practising citizenship in this way referred to themselves as ‘restorative schools’. They pointed to
many examples of keeping young people connected and in school, and a reduction in anti-social
behaviour through developing principles of responsible citizenship by effectively engaging their
students’ ideas.6
The research then considered the effective and authentic application of student voice in
post-compulsory institutional decision making. While clearly there are considerations attached
to the provision of tertiary education which differ from compulsory education, there is a common
thread. This relates to engaging the voices of those who are central to the systems and for whom
the institutions exist. As one university senior manager said: ‘Universities are the students and
79
the students are the universities’.
This later research was conducted pursuant to a Project and now a Fellowship, both funded by
the Australian Government Department of Education and Training. The Fellowship involved
undertaking a sector-wide collaboration in Australia with valuable dialogue between student
leaders and representatives, academics, institutional professional staff and senior managers.
The outcome was a set of Principles and a Framework, known as STEPUP for quality
enhancement (www.studentvoiceaustralia.com).
Active engagement as citizens in a democratic society in all facets of public and private life is
both a human right and a responsibility. This research sought to understand the extent to which
education is providing the tools for the actualisation of that right. It asked: how may schools
and tertiary institutions model citizenship by actively engaging all students’ voices in matters
affecting their education and the environment in which it is provided? It sought to reach a
common understanding of what is student engagement, why are student voices in education
important, and how may student voice become a central part of education provision at all levels.
This paper provides an overview of this research. It suggests that much is to be gained for
education systems, educators, students and the wider society by the systemic engagement of
student voice in institutional decision making at all levels of education.
1. Professor of Law and National Senior Teaching Fellow, University of Technology Sydney,
Australia. Address for correspondence: [email protected].
2. A statement made by a German high school student in 2005 as he took part in a conference
session launching the Report of the Euridem Project: A Review of Pupil Democracy in
Europe http://www.crae.org.uk/media/26365/euridem-worksheets.pdf.
3. World Economic Forum 2019
http://reports.weforum.org/future-of-jobs-2016/chapter-1-the-future-of-jobs-and-skills/.
4. Varnham S ‘Citizenship in Schools: the gap between theory and practice’ (2005) Education
and the Law Vol 17 (1-2) and ‘Seeing things differently: restorative justice and school
discipline’ (2005) Education and the Law Vol 17 (3) 87-104.
5. Varnham S, Booth T, Evers M & Avgoustinos C ‘Democracy in Schools: Encouraging
Responsibility and citizenship through student participation in school decision making’
(2014) International Journal of Law & Education Vol 19 (1), pp. 73 – 91; Varnham S, Booth
T, Evers M ‘Valuing Their Voices: Student Participation in Decision Making in Australian
Schools’ International Journal of Law and Education, (2014) Vol. 19 (2)
6. Varnham S & Squelch J ‘Legal approaches to social control in Australian schools: Old ideas
and new trends’ in The Palgrave International Handbook of School Discipline, Surveillance,
and Social Control (eds Deakin, Taylor & Kupchik) (Palgrave Macmillan: 2018) pp. 105 –
80
127.
This later research was conducted pursuant to a Project7 and now a Fellowship, both funded by
the Australian Government Department of Education and Training. The Fellowship involved
undertaking a sector-wide collaboration in Australia with valuable dialogue between student
leaders and representatives, academics, institutional professional staff and senior managers.
The outcome was a set of Principles and a Framework, known as STEPUP for quality
enhancement (www.studentvoiceaustralia.com).Active engagement as citizens in a democratic
society in all facets of public and private life is both a human right and a responsibility. This
research sought to understand the extent to which education is providing the tools for the
actualisation of that right. It asked: how may schools and tertiary institutions model citizenship
by actively engaging all students’ voices in matters affecting their education and the environment
in which it is provided? It sought to reach a common understanding of what is student
engagement, why are student voices in education important, and how may student voice become
a central part of education provision at all levels. This paper provides an overview of this
research. It suggests that much is to be gained for education systems, educators, students and the
wider society by the systemic engagement of student voice in institutional decision making at all
levels of education.
7. Varnham S, Olliffe B, Waite K & Cahill A (2018a, 2018b, 2018c & 2018d) Student
Engagement in university decision making and governance: towards a more systemically
inclusive student voice - Final Report. www.studentvoiceaustralia.com.
81
ISESS-0106
A Design Thinking Approach to Co-Creating Structured Work-Based
Learning Programme in the Workplace
Timothy Chan
Academic Division, Singapore Institute of Management, Singapore
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
1. Background/ Objectives and Goals
Structured work-based learning, which is defined as a particular set of knowledge, skills and
competencies to be acquired over a fixed duration with specific funding arrangements and
leading to a recognised qualification, can be an effective mean to maximize opportunities for
learning and professional development in the workplace. However, a recent OECD report (Kis,
2016) cautioned that realising the potential of work-based learning programme requires careful
design and support. For a work-based learning programme to be successful, the design of such
programme must consider, address and balance the interests of all key stakeholders who are
affected by the programme. Programme content, desired programme outcomes, programme
duration, delivery and assessments, funding and financing, trainer and supervisor selection,
requirements regarding employers and educational institutions, governance and monitoring
schemes, and various other considerations must satisfy the needs of various stakeholders. The
societal, organizational and individual benefits of a work-based programme should also be
clearly articulated.
2. Methods;
3. Expected Results/ Conclusion/ Contribution
This paper is a case study of how a work-based programme is conceptualised and co-created
with the various stakeholders, including government agencies, the industry, employers and
employees, and educational institutions by adopting a design thinking approach. Under the
design thinking approach, the construction of the work-based programme builds upon authentic
learning practices to provide trainee with learning experiences that focus on complex real-world
problems and their solutions through learning-by-doing. The programme is targeted at new
recruits of a particular industry and serves as a form of life-long learning while they
simultaneously gain working experience in the workforce. The paper will discuss how design
thinking tools such as personas, stakeholder maps, customer journey maps, ideation, prototyping,
among other principles and practices are used to guide the design of an authentic-learning
work-based programme to be delivered at the workplace.
Keywords: Work-based Learning, Workplace Learning, Design Thinking, Authentic Learning
82
Reference
Kis, V. (2016), “Work, train, win: work-based learning design and management for productivity
gains”, OECD Education Working Papers, No. 135, OECD Publishing, Paris.
ttp://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5jlz6rbns1g1-en
83
ISESS-0108
Investigating the Impact of Peer Feedback as a Pedagogical Intervention in
Dance Rehearsal Class
How Wah Susan, Yeung
Faculty of Performing Arts, LASALLE College of the Arts, Singapore
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
This research examined the impact of peer feedback on students’ acquiring skills and mastering
learning attributes in the dance rehearsal class from August to November 2016 at LASALLE
College of the Arts, Singapore. This thesis is an extension of the action research project
conducted by the researcher from January to April in 2016. With the incorporation of a full
feedback structure as part of the pedagogical intervention in the rehearsal class, students were
able to develop cognitive connections that were aligned to the criteria set by the programmes and
to improve their technical competency in a reflective and collaborative learning environment.
The methodology comprised the statistical analysis of mixed methods online questionnaires
administered to the students during the pre-intervention and post-intervention period, as well as
the structured peer feedback forms collected from the students after each class. Findings from
this research were summarized and compared with the results generated from the previous action
research, in order to inspect the full extent of peer feedback on the learning experiences of
BA(Hons) Level 3 and Diploma Level 3 students from LASALLE’s dance programmes. This
research also offered suggestions showing how peer feedback could be integrated as part of the
pedagogical practice in the dance rehearsal class within tertiary dance education.
Keywords: Tertiary dance education, peer feedback, dance rehearsal class, action research,
feedback process
84
Civil Engineering/ Electrical and Electronic Engineering/
Mechanical Engineering
Wednesday, June 5, 2019 10:30-12:00 Royal Room 1+2
Session Chair: Prof. Cesario Jr Bacosa
ISCEAS-0210
Effect of Bolt Arrangement on Slip Behavior of Thermal Sprayed Coating Joint
Cheng-chih Chen︱National Chiao Tung University
ISCEAS-0197
Determination of Air Temperature Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study in Mactan, Cebu,
Philippines
Estrella C. Macabutas︱School of Engineering, Cebu City
Alejandro F. Tongco︱School of Engineering, Cebu City
ISCEAS-0191
Axial Compressive Strengths of Concrete Column Reinforced with Naturally Treated
Bamboo Sticks as Replacements for Steel Bars.
Cesario Jr Bacosa︱Western Philippines University
Marnie Giduquio︱University of San Carlos
Michael Loretero︱University of San Carlos
ISCEAS-0209
Network Modeling for Distribution System on Feeder Losses Using Artificial Neural
Network
Alfred Rey Vasquez︱Mapua University
Federico Cudia︱Mapua University
Gorgonio II Vallestero︱Mapua University
ISCEAS-0188
Geopolymerization Method to Modify the Structural Properties of Stabilized Silty Clay
Utilizing Coconut Husk Ash, Rice Husk Ash And Sea Water for Wall Construction
John Bryan Villapa︱Western Philippines University
85
ISCEAS-0210
Effect of Bolt Arrangement on Slip Behavior of Thermal Sprayed Coating
Joint
Cheng-Chih Chena , Cheng Chang
b, Sui-Wei Lee
c
Department of Civil Eng., National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan a E-mail address: [email protected] b E-mail address: [email protected]
c E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background/ Objectives
In steel joints, the design philosophy of the slip-critical joint is to utilize the friction force
developed through the clamping force exerted by the pretension of the bolt. This resistance is
affected by the bolt clamping force and slip coefficient between the steel plates. Thermal
spraying coating to the steel plate can increase the slip coefficient. This paper aims to explore the
slip behavior of thermal sprayed coating connection using different bolt arrangement.
2. Experimental Program
Slip tests of the slip-critical connection using eight high-strength bolts were carried out to
explore the effects of different bolt arrangement on the slip coefficient, slip resistance, and stress
on the splice plate. Splice plates of the specimens were thermal sprayed coated with 150 μm
aluminum-magnesium alloy. Eight bolts were arranged in four combinations of permutations
(1x8, 2x4, 4x2, 8x1).
3. Experimental Results/ Conclusion
The test results show that the slip coefficient of different bolt arrangement is between 0.82 and
0.87, and the average slip coefficient is 0.85 that is much higher than the slip coefficients of
unpainted clean mill scale steel surface and unpainted blast-cleaned steel surface, 0.30 and 0.50,
respectively, specified in the code. The bolt pretension loss ratio is not affected by bolt layout.
The loss ratios are between 13.05 and 14.80% with an average of 14.1%. The test results also
show that the slip was incremented from the joint center to the both ends, especially in the
multi-row single-column arrangement. Through the slip resistance, the stress on the splice plate
gradually increased but not uniform. The slip resistance of each bolt increased with the increase
of the applied load. The slip resistance of each row of the bolt was not the same for the multi-row
arrangement. The slip tests shows that the application of thermal sprayed coating technology in
the slip-critical joint can achieve the benefit of reducing the number of bolts and reducing the
joint size in practice.
Keywords: Steel joint, thermal sprayed coating, slip coefficient, resistance.
86
ISCEAS-0197
Determination of Air Temperature Using Remote Sensing: A Case Study in
Mactan, Cebu, Philippines
*Estrella C. Macabutasa, b
, Alejandro F. Tongco c
a College of Engineering and Technology, Western Philippines University, Philippines
E-mail address: [email protected]
b School of Engineering, Cebu City, Philippines
E-mail address: [email protected]
cSchool of Engineering, Cebu City, Philippines
E-mail address: [email protected]
Abstract
The urban heat island is an increasing heat phenomenon due to human activities results in a wide
range of the sources of heat that contribute to the excess air of the atmosphere. This research
estimates the air temperature using remote sensing methods from Landsat 8 images Thermal
Infrared Sensor (TIRS) band 10 and band 11 of Mactan, Cebu which is, the second largest urban
area and most successful industrial ventures in the Philippines. Three methods used to acquire
the surface air temperature, the temperature-vegetation index (TVX), univariate linear regression
method (ULRM), multivariate linear regression method (MLRM). The observed and estimates
air temperature determined the estimated average air temperature depression of TIRS bands 10
and 11, evaluated by regression analyses, compared between the three methods by t-test analyses,
and estimation errors. The ULRM has the lower air temperature depression for the period of
2013 to 2017 whereas the TVX and MLRM have the highest average air temperature depression,
whereas, the TVX method is more accurate between the measurement and estimates air
temperature. The three remote sensing methods are no significant difference, but, the TVX
method has lower estimation errors, all within 1.0°C (band 10) and 1.12°C (band 11).
Keywords: Air temperature, Landsat, Multivariate linear regression method, Remote sensing,
Temperature–vegetation index, Univariate linear regression method.
87
ISCEAS-0191
Axial Compressive Strengths of Concrete Column Reinforced with Naturally
Treated Bamboo sticks as Replacements for Steel Bars.
*Cesario A. Bacosa Jr.a, b
, Marnie B. Giduquio c, Michael E. Loretero
d
a College of Engineering and Technology, Western Philippines University, Philippines
E-mail address: [email protected]
b School of Engineering, Cebu City, Philippines
E-mail address: [email protected]
cSchool of Engineering, Cebu City, Philippines
E-mail address: [email protected]
dSchool of Engineering, Cebu City, Philippines
E-mail address: [email protected]
Abstract
This Development of robust green building technologies that bamboo is a ‘cool’ constructional
material and constructing a bamboo technology for rural and urban islands wherein, bamboo as a
source of reinforcement materials for concrete reinforced with a bamboo stick as substitute steel
reinforcement. The goal of this research to determine the compressive strength of concrete
reinforced with bamboo sticks as a replacement to steel bars. The materials used were different
bamboo species such as Dendrocalamus Asper Schultes, Dendrocalamus Merrillianos Elmer,
Bambusa Vulgaris Schrad ex. J.C. Wendl, Bambusa Blumeana Schultes cut into 60 mm length
sliced, and 10 mm diameter bamboo sticks prepared as reinforcements treated with seawater and
seawater with mango polyphenol extract treated for one week, two weeks, four weeks and two
months respectively. The concrete and aggregates used were by ASTM standards. The sample
was prepared using a cylindrical mold having a diameter of 150 mm and a length of 300 mm.
The results show that the concrete compressive strength depended on the curing age, species of
bamboo used as reinforcement and the treatment of bamboo sticks used. Among the species
tested, Dendrocalamus Asper Schultes and Dendrocalamus Merrillianos Elmer were an excellent
alternative replacement for steel bars as concrete reinforced materials.
Keywords: Axial Compression, Axially loaded, Concrete Column, Bamboo Reinforced
Materials, Bamboo Tensile Strength, Steel Replacements.
88
ISCEAS-0209
Network Modeling for Distribution System on Feeder Losses Using Artificial
Neural Network
Alfred Rey G. Vasqueza, Federico V. Cudia
b, Gorgonio C. Vallestero II
c
a Mapua University, Philippines
E-mail address: [email protected]
b Mapua University, Philippines
E-mail address: [email protected]
c Mapua University, Philippines
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background/ Objectives and Goals
Economic growth in the Philippines nowadays is highly observed. With the development and
population growth, it results to growing electrical energy demand which in turn causes problem
in the electricity supply. Among these problems in electrical power system is the distribution
feeder loss. This study focuses on the concept of distribution feeder loss calculation technique
using artificial neural network, a branch of artificial intelligence. This paper also determines the
amount of feeder losses in a test circuit of the representative distribution utility with respect to
the class of loads connected in an hourly rate since the existing loss estimation method used by
the utility company only determine the average losses on a daily rate.
2. Methods
The data used in this study such as distribution load profile, average distribution losses, and
single line diagram were requested from the Palawan Electric Cooperative as the representative
utility. A three-phase load flow analysis was conducted through MatLab simulation using
Newton-Raphson method to determine input data and distribution losses in a given period of
time. Using the results from the said simulation, three neural network models were developed for
majority residential loads, commercial loads and industrial loads as suggested in the previous
research. Utilizing t-statistical analysis, the results of the load flow and the artificial neural
network analysis, respectively were compared to obtain an absolute error of less than 4%.
3. Results/Conclusion/Contribution
The existing Palawan grid is the network used as a test system in this paper. The Palawan grid is
composed of 24 bus with 69 kV and 13.2/13.8 kV radial distribution system. Initially, the system
is consist of seven (7) substations with nine (9) loads connected with total load of 43.38 MW
(peak load) and with the total active and reactive power loss of 1.992 MW and 5.216 MVar
89
respectively.
The results from load flow and the developed neural network model are presented in table 3.1 for
distribution feeder having majority of residential loads, commercial loads and industrial loads
respectively. Results implied that the developed neural network perform to estimate the
distribution feeder losses for majority of loads by obtaining absolute percent error of less than
4%. Moreover, it was found out that circuit with majority of industrial loads has the highest
feeder losses during peak demand.
Table 3.1 Comparison of LF results and develop neural network for performance evaluation.
*Losses are in MW.
Evaluations of the three neural networks develop for feeder with majority residential,
commercial and industrial loads are presented in the following figures respectively:
Figure 3.1 Results from load flow and neural network for residential loads
90
Figure 3.2 Results from load flow and neural network for commercial loads
Figure 3.3 Results from load flow and neural network for industrial loads
The application of artificial neural network in power system for feeder loss calculation is useful
in this study. Applying the multilayer feedforward neural network in this study proved that the
three developed neural network model for circuits with majority of residential, commercial and
industrial loads were effective and fast in determining feeder losses in an hourly rate. The three
neural network results obtained an absolute percent error minimum of 1.4% for residential,
0.77% for commercial and 0.26% for industrial test feeders, respectively. It constitutes as useful
tool for loss estimation in the distribution system.
Keywords: Artificial Neural Network, Load Flow, Distribution Losses
91
ISCEAS-0188
Geopolymerization Method to Modify the Structural Properties of
Stabilized Silty Clay Utilizing Coconut Husk Ash, Rice Husk Ash And
Sea Water for Wall Construction
John Bryan Coleta Villapa
Civil Engineering Department, Western Philippines University, Philippines
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background/Objectives and Goals
The production and utilization of alternative building materials increase due to the increment on
the price of the commercial building materials used at present time which is normally caused by
the depletion of the natural resources like trees and aggregates. The properties earth-based
materials are enhanced to improve the durability to maximize its full potential. Soil is one of the
major components in construction wherein its application expands in various forms. Utilization
of coconut husk ash and rice husk ash is of vital interest for discovery of the usage for these
wastes might not only help the construction industry but it could also be useful in the
preservation of the natural environment. Generally, this research project intends to analyze the
Structural Properties of Stabilized Silty Clay Utilizing CHA, RHA and Sea Water for Wall
Construction with the overall aim of reducing construction cost and help preserve the natural
environment. Specifically, the research project addressed the (1) determination of the effects of
Coconut Husk Ash (CHA), Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and sea water on the engineering properties of
silty clay, (b) designing a mixture which will gain the highest compressive strength for stabilized
silty clay utilizing CHA, RHA and sea water amd (c) investigate the compressive strength of
stabilized silty clay blocks utilizing CHA, RHA and sea water after 7, 14 and 28 days curing
period
2. Methods
Soil blocks had been used and considered as one of the major components in construction since
the early times (Manikadan, et al., 2016). Improving the characteristics of these soil blocks
should be efficient in terms of its strength and should also be cost effective to make its
application broader in the field of construction. The coconut husk ash and rice husk ash had been
collected in rice and coconut farms in Palawan, Philippines. In this study, a binder composed of
coconut husk ash, rice husk ash and seawater has been used to enhance the structural properties
of stabilized silty clay for wall construction. The volume of the binder had been composed of
40% coconut husk ash, 40% rice husk ash and 20% sea water. Furthermore, proportioning of the
materials to fabricate the stabilized soil blocks were as follows: Treatment 1 was composed of
10% Binder + 90% silty clay; Treatment 2 was formed by mixing 20% Binder + 80% silty clay,
and; Treatment 3 is 30% Binder + 70% silty clay.
92
Soil blocks were formed after thorough manual mixing. These soil blocks were molded to form
blocks with a size of 2” x 4” x 8”. Soil blocks were then subjected to curing, wherein, it has been
air dried before it has been tested for compressive testing on its 7th
, 14th
and 28th
day.
3. Conclusion
The goal of the study was to evaluate the compressive strength of stabilized soil blocks utilizing
coconut husk ash, rice husk ash and sea water for wall construction with the overall aim of
reducing the cost of construction and help preserve green environment by utilizing waste
materials. Based on the results of the test, the following conclusions were drawn; (1) the
compressive strength of soil blocks stabilized with coconut husk ash, rice husk ash and sea water
decreases as the quantity of stabilizer increases on the soil mix. Hence, the compressive strength
of the stabilized soil block is indirectly proportional to the amount of the binder present in the
soil mix, (2) the use of coconut husk ash, rice husk ash and sea water as binder to soil blocks do
not affect the ability of the material to absorb moisture, (3) among other treatments, Treatment 1
– with 10% binder and 90% soil, obtained the highest value in terms of compressive strength., (4)
Soil blocks stabilized with coconut husk ash, rice husk ash and sea water can be used to non-load
bearing wall and (5) utilizing soil blocks as major component in non – load bearing wall
construction will lessen construction cost. Roy (2016) also stated on his research that utilizing
agricultural wastes will lessen the cost of soil modification and can be used as an efficient
sustainable substance.
Based on the results obtained, the researcher recommends the use of silty clay soil blocks
stabilized with coconut husk ash, rice husk ash and sea water on non-load bearing walls and as
material for landscaping like pathway and on plant boxes. Furthermore, a follow up study using
different types of soil with an intent of reducing solid waste and maximize the use of the natural
environment without harming it. Finally, conduct further study on the potential of soil to be used
in construction utilizing non – biodegradable waste materials to help preserve the environment.
Keywords: coconut husk ash, rice husk ash, sea water, geopolymerization method
93
Culture/ Communication / Law
Thursday, June 6, 2019 08:45-10:15 Royal Room 1+2
Session Chair: Prof. Ji Lian Yap
ISESS-0104
Balancing Competing Policy Goals in Sale of Goods Law
Ji Lian Yap︱Singapore University of Social Sciences
ISESS-0112
Science, Anthropocentrism, and Paradox in “The Oblong Box”
Quan Wang︱Beihang University
ISESS-0110
Exploring Design as Semiosis as an Approach to Understand the Ancient Shui’s Writing
Jesvin Puay-Hwa Yeo︱Nanyang Technological University
Pei Jing Tan︱Nanyang Technological University
Chua-Tee Teo︱Nanyang Technological University
ISESS-0099
Restoration of Takayama in Gion Matsuri
Katsuhide Sato︱Konan Women’s University
94
ISESS-0104
Balancing Competing Policy Goals in Sale of Goods Law
Ji Lian Yap
School of Law, Singapore University of Social Science
1. Background
Many aspects of Commercial Law comprise of both legislation and case law. The provisions of
many pieces of Commercial Law legislation are interpreted by constantly developing cases.
2. Methods
A critical examination of some recent developments in a branch of Commercial Law (namely,
the law relating to sale of goods) will be carried out. This paper will consider the connection
between statute and case law, and will carefully examine the policy considerations in certain
aspects of sale of goods law.
3. Results
This presentation would provide a deeper critical understanding of the policy goals in recent case
law in this aspect of Commercial Law.
Keywords: Sale of Goods, Legislation, Case Law
95
ISESS-0112
Science, Anthropocentrism, and Paradox in “The Oblong Box”
Quan Wang
English department, Beihang University, China
Abstract
The story of “The Oblong Box” is propelled by rigorous logical inference. However, its plot has
a logic problem: it is preposterous for the narrator to read the altered passenger list on his initial
boarding. This problem cannot be redressed and in fact, its existence makes the whole story more
coherent and logical. This article, in defining the issue as “Logical Shipwreck,” sets logic on
floating foundations and reveals Poe’s paradoxical attitude toward science. The fisherman’s
adventures in “A Descent into the Maelström” are in furtherance of this underlying theme while
“MS. Found in a Bottle” also extricates the philosophical edifice behind Poe’s ambiguous
attitude. Science expands human knowledge about the world but it also illuminates human
ignorance and their humble position in the infinitely expanding concentric circles of the dark
cosmos.
Keywords: Edgar Allan Poe, Logical Shipwreck, Science, Paradox, Anthropocentrism
Like the Dupin trilogy of Edgar Allan Poe, the story of “The Oblong Box” is advanced by
vigorous detective inference. The narrator possesses both the artistic appreciation of a poet and
the rigorous precision of a mathematician. His aesthetic propensity brings him to a young artist,
Mr. Cornelius Wyatt, who also takes the same trip on the packet-ship “Independence” (Works, 3:
922). Simultaneously, the narrator is a curious observer. He is “in one of those moody frames of
mind which make a man abnormally inquisitive about trifles” (Works, 3: 922-3). “On the
fourteenth” of June, one day before his scheduled departure, the narrator boards the
“Independence” to attend to some pre-departure matters in his state-room. He then observes that
Wyatt’s name “was carded upon three state-rooms” and that two state-rooms, in fact, are
sufficient for four persons (Mr. Wyatt, his wife and two sisters). Why does Wyatt book an extra
state-room? The narrator scrutinizes all the relevant evidences and determines “to resolve the
enigma” (Works, 3: 923). After “a variety of ill-bred and preposterous conjectures,” he reaches a
compelling conclusion: the supernumerary state-room is for the servant. However, when the
story-teller checks the passenger list, he discovers that “the words ‘and servant’ had been first
written and then overscored” (Works, 3: 923). The negation of one answer becomes the gateway
to another possibility. “Oh, extra baggage [of a painting], to be sure!” The narrator becomes
more confident in his conclusion upon recollecting Wyatt’s recent bargains with an Italian art
dealer and considers the matter settled pending later confirmation. On the fourteenth of June,
96
after finishing all his business on “Independence,” the narrator “waited on board an hour longer
than [he] had designed” for Wyatt and party, and the captain also informs him of their arrival.
One hour later, the narrator receives an apology. “Mrs. W was a little indisposed, and would
decline coming on board until to-morrow, at the hour of sailing” (Works, 3: 923). The
confirmation of the narrator’s analysis is suspended, which dramatizes the mystery of the
protagonist and paves the way for the consequent development.
However, in this typical plot of detective stories, there is a crucial error violating the
chronological order of events. It is preposterous for the narrator, on his initial boarding, to read
the altered passenger list from which the servant is erased. Toward the denouement of the story,
readers are informed that Wyatt originally reserves passage for “himself, wife, two sisters and a
servant.” However, “on the morning of the fourteenth of June,” the wife suddenly sickens and
dies (Works, 3: 933). Thereafter, Wyatt informs Captain Hardy of the event who, in turn,
“arranged” that the deceased wife should be “embalmed” and “conveyed on board as
merchandise”, and “some person should personate her during the voyage” (Works, 3: 933).
Likewise, Bonnie Shannon McMullen also endorses this idea of “Wyatt’s dependence on Captain
Hardy’s cooperation, whose idea it was to pack the unacceptable corpse” and help with other
arrangements (209). In other words, the deletion of the servant from the original passenger list
could occur only after the death of the wife and the consequent reportage to Captain Hardy. Thus,
at the moment of the narrator’s initial boarding on the fourteenth of June, the wife has not died
(“Mrs. W was a little indisposed”) and plans to board “Independence” on the fifteenth (she
“would decline coming on board until to-morrow, at the hour of sailing” (Works, 3: 923). Also at
this time, Captain Hardy is completely ignorant of the wife’s demise (“Wyatt and party were also
to visit it — so the captain informed me”), and without any reason to modify the passenger list.
Naturally, readers are confronted with an emerging question: how to redress the illogical
sequence of events advanced?
The most likely chronological rearrangement is to place the altered list at the date of the actual
departure, that is, “nearly a week” after its original schedule. In this fashion, Mr. Wyatt would
have had abundant time to deal with the corpse, such as finding a box of appropriate dimensions
and “a large quality of salt” to embalm and pack the body. Even more importantly, this
adjustment solves the above mentioned logic problem. It does, however, carry a thorny
complication. On his second boarding, the narrator would notice and be puzzled by “the
supernumerary state-room.” He would also be bewildered by another incident. “The box did not
go into the extra state-room. It was deposited in Wyatt’s own” (Works, 3: 925). Two perplexing
events are simultaneously competing for the reader’s attention, engendering a chaotic impression.
After clamoring for position, the extra room would take the upper hand and become the
dominant concern in the plot, diverting the reader’s focus from the theme of the story: the
mysterious box. In contrast, the original design becomes more compelling and achieves a unified
97
artistic effect. The discovery of the unnecessary chamber leads to the possibility of the servant,
whose erasure naturally results in the narrator’s conjecture of a box containing a painting. The
whole detective process follows a rigid linear order (problem—solution—new problem—new
solution) and underlines their interconnected relationship. And the final detective inference in the
first section lands on the cryptic box and reverberates with the titular image of the story.
Another possible approach to recalibrating the chronological problem of the story is to place the
death of the wife long before the departure date. If the narrator placed the wife’s demise one
week before the vessel’s departure, it would be temporally logical for him to read the altered
passenger list. However, this revision presents more problems than solutions. The early decease
of the lady would lead to Captain Hardy’s frank denial of the transportation of the corpse,
because he is keenly aware of “the universal prejudice.” “Nine-tenths of the passengers would
have abandoned the ship rather than take passage with a dead body” (Works, 3: 933). The denial
of the shipping, consequently, deprives the narrator of the chance of meeting Mr. Wyatt, and
finally smothers the birth of the story. In contrast with the revised version, the charisma of the
original plot becomes salient. Just one day before the scheduled journey, the lady suddenly dies.
This becomes a “dilemma.” The hesitation of the captain “in this dilemma” etches the profile of
a blood-and-flesh sailor who is struggling between his sense of responsibility to the passengers
and his conscience toward the suffering of an individual, and his final humane decision to help
the devastated husband earns the understanding of the readers. Moreover, the sudden death of the
lady artistically dramatizes the plot. Her abrupt extinction precipitates the development of the
story, intensifies the conflict, and heightens the theme of “the death of a beauty.”
In short, neither the postponement nor the advancement could solve the logic problem in the
story, and in fact, it is an intrinsic dilemma. Paradoxically the illogic incident makes the whole
story more coherent and logical. I define this paradoxical relationship between logic and illogic
as “Logical Shipwreck.” The term provokes a dynamic relationship between terrestrial and
marine worlds. Land is often associated with logic, order, and hierarchy, while the ocean “gives
us the idea of the indefinite, the unlimited, and the infinite” (Hegel 90). “Logical Shipwreck”
sets logic on floating foundations and accentuates the tension between them rather than simply
identify with either side of the binary opposition. Moreover, “Logical Shipwreck” also suggests
the crisis of human logic and intelligence when confronted with nautical forces. On the other
hand, it is the perilous situation of shipwreck that has the full potential to stimulate human beings
to use their intelligence to survive such a disaster. The challenge of human logic and the accolade
of human rationality simultaneously coexist in “Logical Shipwreck” and behind the phenomenon
lies the author’s ambiguous attitude toward logic and science. Therefore, this paper argues for
“Logical Shipwreck” in “The Oblong Box.”
The preposterous arrangement of the narrator’s initial encounter with the altered passenger list,
98
in fact, builds an ingenuous inception for the unfolding of the story, and makes the whole story
logical and compelling. The extra state-room, in the narrator’s analysis, is reserved for the
servant; then the servant is replaced by a possible baggage/box containing a painting. And the
story-teller’s keen interest in the servant and box is largely driven by his desire to be introduced
to Wyatt’s beautiful and accomplished wife. Within the first page of the story, Poe skillfully
establishes the dynamic relationship among the key triangular elements in the plot: the servant,
the box and the wife. Before the departure, the relationship between the servant and the box is
obviously linked together by the supernumerary state-room while the wife remains latent in the
first section. During the voyage in the second segment, the story gradually shifts from its primary
concentration on the ambiguous relationship between the servant and wife to the ascendance of
the mysterious contents of the box. In the last part, the thematic unity culminates in the terrestrial
revelation of the enigmatic package: the death of the beautiful wife who is entombed in the
oblong box.
In addition, the thematic progression also dovetails with the ingenious design of the setting and
builds an intriguing relationship between the terrestrial and the maritime. The following diagram
facilitates our comprehension of the textual structure both on microcosmic and macrocosmic
levels.
On the microcosmic level, the illogical inception initiates a series of interconnected steps.
Wyatt’s superfluous room triggers the curiosity of the narrator who launches an investigation.
The nullification of his tentative answer by the factual deletion of the servant from the list
compels him to seek another possible solution. Synthesizing the current situation with Wyatt’s
artistic propensity, the narrator arrives at a more compelling conclusion: an oblong box
containing a painting. The question is then provisionally settled. The clarification of the baffling
state-room coincides with terrestrial boundary.1 Land epitomizes logical procession and
hierarchical order. In contrast, the liquid modernity of the ocean undermines the stability of
land-based order and turns everything into a state of drifting uncertainty. “The sea narrative
questions not only its own foundations but also reaches beyond itself to question the foundations
of a world that for several centuries had been run in all sorts of ways from ships – in questioning
itself, it questions the whole world” (Casarino 12).
99
After the departure from land, all the hitherto settled issues become afloat as the ship is voyaging
further and further into the ocean. The development of the story bifurcates into two interweaving
threads: the ambiguous entanglement of the servant with the wife,2
and the mystifying contents
of the box. As for the wife, Wyatt describes “her as of surpassing beauty, wit, and
accomplishment” (Works, 3: 923). Wyatt’s artistic appraisal is highly reliable because he is “so
refined, so intellectual, so fastidious, with so exquisite a perception of the faulty, and so keen an
appreciation of the beautiful!” (Works, 3: 926) To the narrator’s astonishment, such a legendary
beauty turns out to be “a decidedly plain-looking” and even very “ugly” woman. Why does Mr.
Wyatt who is so fastidious about beauty marry such a bad-looking woman? Beauty is excluded
and replaced by another likely answer: intelligence. “I had no doubt that she had captivated my
friend’s heart by the more enduring graces of the intellect and soul” (Works, 3: 924). After a few
days of observation, this possibility is also eliminated. Mrs. Wyatt becomes a laughing stock
among the ladies, and she is “totally uneducated, and decidedly vulgar” (Works, 3: 926). Neither
does wealth provide an answer to the predicament, as “she neither brought him a dollar nor had
any expectation from any source whatever” (Works, 3: 926). The logical process of a
stage-by-stage process of elimination crumbles in this maritime space. The narrator’s penetrating
detective capability is frustrated. “The great wonder was, how Wyatt had been entrapped into
such a match.” As for this enigma, the narrator honestly admits his confusion. “I confess that I
felt indescribably puzzled” (Works, 3: 926). Tyler Roeger makes a very compelling interpretation
of the sea in “The Oblong Story.” The ocean “becomes a space of depth that refuses mapping”
because of its ability to “swallow and overwhelm the investigative” efforts.3
The deadlock of the first thread directs us to the unfolding of the story’s other line: the
ascendance of the enigmatic box. The logical inference of the box’s contents, a painting, awaits
corroboration. However, the process of attestation engenders more enigma than clarification.
First of all, the addressee of the box is “Mrs. Adelaide Curtis, Albany, New York,” instead of Mr.
Wyatt who resides on Chambers Street of New York City. The misleading address becomes an
inviting riddle. The narrator “looked upon the whole address as a mystification, intended
especially for myself” (Works, 3: 925). To ferret out the buried secret, the narrator decides to
“commence a series of covert insinuations, or innuendoes, about the oblong box” (Works, 3: 927).
Wyatt’s bizarre responses startle and then shock us. “He began a loud and boisterous laugh,
which, to my astonishment, he kept up, with gradually increasing vigor.” After approximately ten
minutes, “he fell flat and heavily upon the deck. When I ran to uplift him, to all appearance he
was dead” (Works, 3: 928). What on earth is inside the box which is capable of bereaving a
person of his sanity and even his life? His cryptic responses make the contents of the box more
obscure but intensify the reader’s curiosity to quest for its concealed object. The unidentified
contents are further mystified by the narrator’s secret observation. The vantage position of his
chamber enables the narrator to scrutinize the activities in Wyatt’s state-rooms during night.
“During two nights (not consecutively) while I lay awake, I clearly saw Mrs. W., about eleven
100
o’clock upon each night, steal cautiously from the state-room of Mr. W., and enter the extra
room.” And when Wyatt is alone, the narrator observes, “he had opened his oblong box, in order
to feast his eyes on the pictorial treasure within” (Works, 3: 929). However, “a low sobbing, or
murmuring sound” confuses the narrator: how could Mr. Wyatt sob when he is “indulging in one
of his fits of artistic enthusiasm”?
Then the mystery plunges into the darkness of the ocean. A hurricane devastates the ship, and the
passengers narrowly escape in a “jolly-boat.” However, Wyatt swims back to the wreck to
salvage the cryptic box. He “dragged, bodily, the oblong box,” lashed himself to the box with a
rope, jumped into the sea, and immediately disappeared. Eccentric Wyatt and the arcane object in
the box are forever buried deeply at the bottom of the ocean.4 The rapid velocity of the
descending box which is supposed to contain a painting becomes “an exceedingly singular thing”
for the narrator. The ocean suspends the answer, challenges the order and sets everything adrift.
Toward the denouement, the story offers a terrestrial answer. One month after the disaster, the
narrator encounters Captain Hardy “in Broadway” in New York City who reveals the secret. The
dead wife was packed “with a large quantity of salt” in the oblong box,5 and the wife on board
was actually his servant.
On a micro level, the story unfolds itself in a logical procession, accentuates the cause and effect
relationship, and achieves a unified artistic effect. On a macro level, the plot follows the rhythm
of “ashore—afloat—ashore,” dovetails the setting with the thematic climax, and builds an
intricate relationship between land and ocean. The micro level integrates with macro level and
forges a perfect unity between form and content. However, this impeachable design is based on
an illogical foundation: the fallacious erasure of the servant from the passenger list. In other
words, it is the illogical item that builds a more logical and coherent detective plot. This
constitutes “Logical Shipwreck” and reflects Edgar Allan Poe’s paradoxical attitude toward logic,
observation, and science.
Observations enable human beings to gain knowledge about the world that in turn balloons
human confidence. The narrator “I” epitomizes such an instance. The narrator, an “inquisitive”
observer, has scrutinized Wyatt for a long time, and accumulates a comprehensive understanding
of his friend. Michel Foucault’s concept of panopticism sheds much light on our comprehension
of the issue. A panopticon is a central tower surrounded by jail cells whose windows face inward.
A warden or guard within is thus able to observe the behaviors of the prisoners. Frequent
observations, with the assistance of the “apparatus of writing,” enable the observer to accumulate
“a permanent corpus of knowledge” of the persons being observed. This knowledge empowers
the observer to formulate a more targeted approach to reform the criminals.6 Likewise, the
narrator has been silently observing Wyatt. During the sultry nights on the ship, the doors of
many state-rooms are open. The narrator “could see into the after-cabin quietly distinctly, and
101
just at that portion of it, too, where were situated the state-rooms of Mr. Wyatt.” From constant
observations, the narrator gains the knowledge of Wyatt’s furtive separation with his wife, and
also accesses “one of his hobbies” — his artistic ardor of “feast[ing] his eyes on the pictorial
treasure within” (Works, 3: 929). Bonnie Shannon McMullen makes a homonymous
interpretation of the narrator’s ability to “see.” The voyeuristic narrator is a graduate of
“C—university (‘see,’ compare the C. Auguste Dupin)” and represents the “hidden” “mode of
seeing” (212). But McMullen stops short of seeing and does not go further to discuss the
consequences entailed by the visual faculty. With this kind of observation and knowledge, the
narrator gradually acquires the power to win ascendancy over Wyatt. Because of “his
incommunicativeness in the matter of the ‘Last Super,’” the narrator I “resolved to have my
revenge” (Works, 3: 927). The point is repeated for emphasis. “I resolved to quiz him well, now
and hereafter” (Works, 3: 925). Very soon, in the face-to-face communication with Wyatt, the
narrator actually defeats the artist with insinuations. “He grew very red—then hideously pale”
and finally “he fell flat and heavily upon the deck” (Works, 3: 928).
Poe is ambiguous about rational observations that expand human knowledge and empower
human beings but also ignite human arrogance. The logical thinking of the narrator, backed up
with his curious observations, entitles him to knowledge, but also kindles his narcissism. At the
sight of the oblong box, “no sooner had I seen it, than I took credit to myself for the accuracy of
my guessing.” “I chuckled excessively when I thought of my acumen” (Works, 3: 925).
Gradually, the narrator grows too confident about his perspicacity to see the reality as it is. In his
night observations of Wyatt, he does hear “a low sobbing, or murmuring sound,” but he is so
obsessed with his painting inference that he concludes that the almost inaudible noise is
“produced by [his] own imagination” (Works, 3: 929).
Immediately after the narrator’s nighttime voyeuristic observations, Poe presents a
counterexample to redirect our thinking about knowledge and observation. The narrator “gazed
in the extremity of astonishment” at Wyatt who jumped into the ocean with the oblong box. He
“disappear[ed] suddenly, at once and forever.” The observers in the jolly-boat “lingered awhile
sadly upon our oars, with our eyes riveted upon the spot” (Works, 3: 932). Contrary to the
Foucaultian complex of gaze-knowledge-power, the observation in the maritime background
does not evoke knowledge or understanding but engenders confusion, perplexity, and a
“resistance to empirical understanding” (Blum 179). “When a man falls overboard at sea and is
lost, there is a suddenness to the event, and a difficulty in realizing it, which gives to it an air of
awful mystery.” Henry Richard Dana continues to elaborate on the terrestrial and maritime
differences. “A man is shot down by your side in battle, and the mangled body remains an object,
and a real evidence; but at sea, the man is near you, —at your side—you hear his voice, and in an
instant he is gone, and nothing, but a vacancy shows its loss.” For the observers of the nautical
death, it breaches a hole in their comprehension and brackets them squarely into a complete loss.
102
This brief disruption of human understanding is immediately reintegrated into anthropocentric
coding. Toward the end of the story, the captain explicates the mysterious contents of the box.
The dead wife is embalmed and packed in the box and the servant assumes the role of the
deceased lady. David Herman’s insightful analysis of the function of animals in literature is very
instructive in this context. Animals are used to “illustrate the emplotment, resistance to plotting,
and re-emplotment” in novels (Herman 433). The disruption is provisional and circumscribed,
and it must be re-inserted into the general plotting of human intention. Likewise, Poe’s detective
story seems to follow a similar pattern, and the final solution suggests the triumph of human
rationality. Behind the façade of his acquiescence with the mainstream culture, the narrator ends
the story with some subtle and disturbing sentences. “But of late, it is a rare thing that I sleep
soundly at night. There is a countenance which haunts me, turn as I will.” The seemingly
supremacy of logic is overshadowed by nightly dreams in which the narrator is “haunted.”
“There is an hysterical laugh which will forever ring within my ears” (Works, 3: 934). Reason
cracks. Stylistically, the human agent in those sentences is thwarted with negative “rare” and the
descent of human actors is accompanied with the ascendency of non-human agents. “A
countenance” and “an hysterical laugh” become the active doers with their own intentions, and in
turn, the narrator is rendered into a passive recipient.
The illogical inception of “The Oblong Box” makes the unfolding of the story more coherent and
logical. The dynamic relationship between logic and illogic reveals Poe’s equivocal view on
rational thinking and science. This underlying theme is also reverberated and amplified in Poe’s
other stories.
1. Scott Peeples and Michelle Van Parys point out that the specific setting of the story is
Sullivan’s Island in South Carolina where Poe was discharged in April 1829. This place of
Poe’s hidden “Army stint” alters the landscape of the tale, foregrounds “the strange and
impressive environment,” and condenses the “image of the artist caught between angelic
aspirations and earthly realities” into the suffocating coffin-like box (15). Scott Peeples and
Michelle Van Parys, “Unburied Treasures: Edgar Allan Poe in the South Carolina
Lowcountry,” Southern Cultures 22, no.2 (2016): pp.5-22.
2. As for the complicated relationship between the wife and servant, McMullen parallels the
metaphorical interpretation of the wife inside the oblong box and the wife outside the box
with the comparison between Poe’s hidden message and surface story published in popular
magazines. “Hence Poe’s fondness for masquerades, hoaxes, and cryptograms, for carrying
his meaning in an oblong box, the secret contents of which are accessible only to himself,
while a ‘chatty’ pseudo-wife, vulgar and amusing, holds sways ‘in the public society of the
main cabin.’” Bonnie Shannon McMullen, “Lifting the Lid on Poe’s “Oblong Box,” Studies
in American Fiction 23, no. 2 (1995): 208.
3. Tyler Roeger, “The Ocean and the Urban: The Horrors of Space and Impossible Knowledge
in Poe’s ‘The Oblong Box’ and Detective Fiction,” The Edgar Allan Poe Review 14, no.1
(2014): 120. Different from the binary opposition between land and sea, Dan Walden
103
accentuates the middle area of the coastline. He asserts that the liminality of the coastal
world between “the commonly knowable world of the land and the unfathomable world of
the sea” is conceptualized as the “Gothic frontier” in many of Poe’s stories (118). Dan
Walden, “Ships and Crypts: The Coastal World of Poe’s ‘King Pest,’ ‘The Premature Burial,’
and ‘The Oblong Box,’” The Edgar Allan Poe Review 10, no.2 (2009): 104-121.
4. J. Gerald Kennedy brackets the sinking of the oblong box into the large picture of the
wreckage of “Independence,” and argues for Poe’s critique of nationalism. In terms of time,
the ship departs from the coast “nearly a week” after its scheduled date of 15 June, and
“seven days” later they meet a hurricane. After “forty-eight hours,” the ship survives, but it
breaks apart the next day. “On the third day after the wreck,” Wyatt swims back to salvage
the box and disappears into the sea with the box. After his sophisticated calculation,
Kennedy concludes the sinking date is 4 July. Apart from time, Kennedy interprets the wife
as “an ironic personification of Liberty” which is frequently “represented as a beautiful
woman in nationalist iconography” (18). Piecing all the information together, Kennedy
concludes that Wyatt’s “decision to join his wife in death on Independence Day” manifests
Poe’s interrogation of nationalism culture (18). J. Gerald Kennedy, “A Mania for
Composition: Poe’s Annus Mirabilis and the Violence of Nation-building,” American
Literary History 17, no.1 (2005): 1-35.
5. Naomi Miyazawa intergrates the invention of the daguerreotype with the historical context
of the story, and argues for Poe’s remonatic passion about holding on to the irreversibale
past. The embalming of the departed bride “with a large quantity of salt” resembles the
fuction of the daguerreotype of “preserving the dead in a lifelike manner,” and reflects Poe’s
“vexed romantic desire to bring back what has been eternally lost” (89). Naomi Miyazawa,
“Poe, the Portrait and the Daguerreotype: Poe’s Living Dead and the Visual Art,” Poe
Studies 50 (2017): 88-106.
6. Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison, trans. Alan Sheridan (NY:
Vintage Books, 1979): 188. Panopticon originates from Jeremy Bentham’s concept of
prison design. Poe criticizes Bentham’s unwholesome influence on American decoration,
especially the “exaggerated employment of mirrors.” Poe comments in “The Philosophy of
Furniture” that “In fact, a room with four or five mirrors arranged at random is, for all
purposes of artistic show, a room of no shape at all.” G. W. Sherman makes a detailed
analysis of the detrimental influence of the “Benthamite values” on “the corruption of
American taste” in his article of “Poe and the Panopticon” (32). However, Foucault’s study
goes beyond the narrow scope of gaze, expands the concept of Panopticon into the larger
complex of gaze-knowledge-power, and heralds it as an epitome of the mechanism of
modern society. For more information, please refer to the chapter of “Panopticism” in
Discipline and Punish, 195-228. G. W. Sherman, “Poe and Panopticon,” Poe Studies XVIII,
no.1 (1981): 31-32.
104
ISESS-0110
Exploring Design as Semiosis as an approach to understand the ancient Shui’s
writing
Jesvin Puay-Hwa Yeoa,
, Pei Jing Tanb, Chua-Tee Teo
c
a School of Art, Design and Media, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
E-mail address: [email protected]
b School of Art, Design and Media, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
E-mail address: [email protected]
c National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background/ Objectives and Goals
Interdisciplinary research and teaching has become increasingly important for higher education,
in particular in the area of design disciplines. Design research has become more prevalent in
recent years, and by nature it is a transdisciplinary endeavour involving the technological
processes, the soft humanities-based and creative forays. The proposed paper seeks to gain
broader views and define new territory from the intersection between design and intangible
cultural heritage. It is part of a bigger research project that aims to expand knowledge on the role
of design research within interdisciplinary research and collaboration.
2. Methods
The proposed paper employed Design as Semiosis as a documentary approach to investigate the
writing of the Shui minority, one of the 56 ethnic groups in China. The proposed paper will
present the study in three stages. Firstly, in the Analytical Stage, the study investigated how
meanings were created through the pictograms of the Shui writing. Next in the Strategic Stage,
guidelines were established for meaning articulation. Lastly, in the Executive Stage, graphic
concepts were crafted and generated from the research findings.
3. Expected Results/ Conclusion/ Contribution
The used of the Design as Semiosis approach facilitated an efficient process of creation and
made possible with the realization of experienced conditions related to culture and activities of
the people of the Water Clan. The concept of social activities (the living and the dead) has
evolved tremendously from the time of the Water Clan’s society to the current society, where
technology plays a huge part in the concept of living. The idea of rituals, birth, travel,
construction of buildings, business, marriage and divinity for the living continue to exist but are
105
no longer interpreted in the same way as view in the pictograms of the Water Clan’s writing. The
proposed paper has contributed a small part of understanding to the Shui writing from a design
research perspective.
Keywords: Intangible cultural heritage, Design research, Shui minority, Ancient Shui writing,
Visual communication
106
ISESS-0099
Restoration of Takayama in Gion Matsuri
Katsuhide Sato
Associate Professor, Department of Japanese Language and Japanese Culture, Faculty of Letters,
Konan Women’s University
Abstract
Gion Matsuri (meaning festival) is one of the three major festivals in Japan with a history of over
1150 years. Although Gion Matsuri is related to a ritual of the Yasaka Shrine, it is not a festival
started by the Imperial Court or a potent temple/shrine. It was started mainly by the townspeople
to pray for recovery from the prevailing epidemic at the time, with 66 “Hoko” (meaning pike)
floats (floats with a metal piece at the tip of a pole) parading to drive out the evil spirits thought
to be causing the epidemic from Kyoto. Through twists and turns in its long history, Gion
Matsuri has gradually taken in artistic and entertaining aspects. An example of such transition of
the Gion Matsuri is the appearance of the “Yama” (meaning mountain) (also called “Hikiyama”
[“Hiki” meaning pull]) floats (floats with a tree instead of a pole) on which acts originating from
Noh or Kyogen plays were performed. Although Gion Matsuri has been challenged many times
by disastrous fires and storms throughout its history, its restoration from each disaster is said to
be a result of the strong will, dedication, and enthusiasm of the townspeople rather than actions
taken by the authorities. Gion Matsuri is a festival reflecting the thoughts and notions of Kyoto’s
townspeople of each time/generation.
This paper introduces the history, characteristics, and transition of Gion Matsuri, and then looks
into the restoration of Takayama now in process. Takayama (“Taka” meaning hawk) is said to be
the last “Yasumiyama” (Yama float in recess) not participating in the float procession for more
than 150 years. Takayama is in process of restoration aiming at returning to the float procession
in 2022. Literature suggests that Takayama, before entering its recess, assumed a pioneering role
as a Hikiyama float, actively planning to become a Hoko-like float. Literature also suggests that
the acts performed on Hikiyama floats were not mere entertainment but performances showing
the new way of thinking against evil spirits of the townspeople at the time. In other words,
compared to the early stage of Gion Matsuri in which the purpose of the festival was to drive out
evil spirits from Kyoto by threatening them with metal pieces, Hikiyama floats such as
Takayama encouraged the evil spirits to leave with music and rhythm called “Hayashi,” and
calmed/soothed the spirits through performance of acts. Giving the spiritual aspect of Gion
Matsuri, this suggests the change of the townspeople’s way of thinking against Shinto/Buddhist
deities. The early townspeople looked at “Kamisama” (deities including evil spirits) with awe,
107
but in time, that changed to a thought of gratefulness to and worshiping of an “Ujigami” which is
a guardian deity that is always close by to protect humans. Takayama can be regarded as an
example of such change.
Keywords:
Gion Matsuri, Takayama, Japanese culture/tradition
1. Objective of this Research
Gion Matsuri is said to have been started to drive out the prevailing epidemic from Kyoto, and
the townspeople have always been at the center of the festival. When thinking of Gion Matsuri as
a spiritual event, the change of the festival can be regarded as the change of the way of thinking
of the townspeople of Kyoto against Shinto/Buddhist deities.
This paper will show the role that Takayama, in process of restoration after more than 150 years
of recess, takes in Gion Matsuri through its history and change of form, as well as indicate how
the way of thinking of the townspeople against Shinto/Buddhist deities had changed.
2. Gion Matsuri
2-1 Origin and History of Gion Matsuri
In early Heian Era (869) when an epidemic prevailed in Kyoto, 66 (the number of states at the
time) Hoko floats were built in the large garden of Shinsenen (in Nakagyo-ku at present) to
invite the God of Gion (Susanoo no Mikoto) and pray for removal of the disaster. This is said to
be the origin of Gion Matsuri. The festival was discontinued during the Onin War (1467 to 77),
but was resumed in 1500 by the townspeople. 64 Yama/Hoko floats had participated in the float
procession before the Onin War. The names and locations of the 64 floats are known, but their
forms (how they looked) are not. At the first float procession after recovery from the Onin War,
25 floats participated in the “Sakimatsuri” (first festival) and 10 floats in the “Atomatsuri” (later
festival). There have been some increases and decreases since then, and at present, 33 floats are
participating in the procession, and 2 floats are in recess.
Tapestries, etc., from China, Persia, Belgium, and other regions are used to decorate the
Yama/Hoko floats. With these gorgeous decorations, the Yama/Hoko floats are often called a
“moving art museum.” Many floats were burned in a disastrous fire in the Edo Era, but the
tradition of the festival has been kept and continued to date by the effort of the townspeople. The
festival was registered in the UNESCO’s Cultural Heritage list in 2009.
108
Gion Matsuri Byobue (picture drawn on a folding screen)
2-2 Hoko and Yama
There are 33 floats participating in the procession at present, of which 9 are Hoko floats and 24
are Yama floats. Hoko floats have a symbolic metal piece at the tip of a pole (for example, a
Naginata [long-handled sword] for the Naginataboko and a moon for the Tsukiboko), and Yama
floats use a tree instead of a pole.
Example of Yama/Hoko floats
As aforementioned, Gion Matsuri was started to drive out the prevailing epidemic. The role of
the Hoko floats was to chase the evil spirits causing the epidemic outside of Kyoto, therefore, all
floats at the beginning of Gion Matsuri were Hokos. However, from the Muromachi Era onwards,
as the scale of the festival became larger, the festival became more like an attraction. People
performed acts on the floats as entertainment, leading to the appearance of Yama floats.
2-3 Gionbayashi
Gionbayashi (Gion’s Hayashi) is said to be remnant of the Noh and Kyogen plays that used to be
109
performed on the Yama/Hoko floats, and is comprised of Japanese drums, Japanese flutes, and
Japanese gongs. Since Gion Matsuri was a festival to drive out the prevailing epidemic, the
Hayashi played an important role in luring out evil spirits causing the epidemic. The
townspeople would lively play the Hayashi to lure out the evil spirits, intoxicate the spirits with a
joyful atmosphere, bring back the spirits to their town, and contain the spirits in the town’s
storehouse.
A single Gionbayashi is about 1 to 1.5 minutes long, and a combination of about 20 to 30 pieces
are played. Pieces played are selected according to the progress of the procession, for example
during the routes to and from and at the so-called Tsujimawashi (turning of the floats). The
Hayashi has been uniquely arranged by each town and handed down through generations.
From left: Japanese drum, flute, and gong
2-4 Chimaki
“Chimaki” (originally a rice dumpling wrapped with bamboo leaf) is an amulet made of bamboo
leafs to avoid epidemics and disasters, originating from a story of Gozu Tenno, the enshrined
deity of Yasaka Shrine. It is said that Gozu Tenno, disguised as a traveler, came to the house of a
man named Somin Shorai and asked to let him spend the night there. Although Somin was poor,
he welcomed and treated Gozu Tenno hospitably. Gozu Tenno was very happy with Somin’s
hospitality and said to Somin “I shall protect your descendants forever. Hang a kaya grass (a
sedge family plant) ring from the waist as a sign” before he left. This ring called “Chinowa” is a
bundle of kaya (the kanji character for kaya is also read as “chi”) that is winded (“maki” in
Japanese) into a circle, thus believed to be the origin of the word Chimaki.
110
Chimaki of Kakkyoyama and Naginataboko
3. History and Transition of Form of Takayama
3-1 Takayama Prior to the Warring State Period
Takayama was one of the Yama/Hoko floats participating in the float procession before the Onin
War. It is described as “Takatsukaiyama” in the “Gion-e Yamahokoji” (a document describing
events of Yama/Hoko floats in Gion Matsuri) written in 1500. The name of Takayama also
appears in old documents written in 1560, but its form at the time is not known.
Takayama is drawn on the “Hie-Sanno Gion Saireizu Byobu” (folding screen on which Gion
Matsuri is drawn) which is a historical picture source showing Gion Matsuri in the mid-16th
century. This is believed to be the oldest visual evidence of how Takayama looked then. The
bottom part of Takayama cannot be seen since it is hidden behind foreground scenery, and
therefore, whether it had wheels or not cannot be confirmed. However, since there are nine
people drawn on the platform of the float, this suggests that Takayama took the form of a
Hikiyama at the time. Among the three “Shintais” (dolls, etc., subject to worship) drawn here,
the “Takatsukai” (hawker) and “Inutsukai” (dog handler) are wearing pantaloon-styled “Hakama”
pants and a sedge hat. The “Taruoi” (person in charge of food) is wearing a “Kasuri” patterned
(splashed patterned) Kimono but not a hat, and seems to not have an official “Mage”
(old-fashion knot-like hairstyle). The Taruoi drawn is holding a bundle of Chimakis in both
hands and eating them, which is the same form as expressed in later times.
Notably in this drawing, there are two or three people disguised as red bears, as well as three
people wearing white gowns on the platform of the float. This suggests that some kind of act was
being performed on the platform, but there are no written records nor other historical picture
sources found to date describing such performance. The red bears drawn, however, can be
regarded as indicating the specific characteristic of Takayama. It suggests that, in addition to the
original role of Yama floats of luring out evil spirits, acts were performed to calm and encourage
the lured out spirits.
111
3-2 17th Century to Beginning of 18th Century
In the Edo Era, Takayama was a fixed-order float of the Atomatsuri, parading right in front of the
Ofunehoko which always paraded last. This can be confirmed in the “Gion Sairei Byobuzu” and
other sources. On the platform at this time, seven people playing the Japanese drum/flute/gong
can be seen together with the Takatsukai, Inutsukai, and Taruoi.
3-3 Mid-18th Century Onwards
The form of Hikiyamas greatly changed in the mid-Edo Era. A roof was attached in front of the
mountain-shaped part of the Yama float. A visual evidence of this is the “Gion-e Saiki” (a
detailed description of Gion Matsuri) written in 1757. There were four Hikiyamas at the time,
namely Iwatoyama, Minamikannonyama, Kitakannonyama, and Takayama. Takayama was the
first to attach a roof in 1742. As seen in the “Gion-e Saiki,” this roof was probably intended as a
sun shade, but the form was more full-scaled. Compared to other Hikiyamas’ roofs drawn like
tents, Takayama’s roof is drawn as a painted gabled roof.
3-4 After Renovation in 1782
In 1782, Takayama was renovated to have a two-layered roof divided into a front part and rear
part. The front roof was to cover the three Shintais, and the rear roof was to cover the
mountain-shaped part. This division of the roof was not seen in the other Hikiyamas that
renovated from a tent-like roof to a full-scaled large roof. This transition to a two-layered roof or
large roof seems to indicate a movement towards becoming a Hoko-like float, and Takayama
seems to be pioneering this movement.
3-5 Takayama After the Disastrous Fire of Tenmei Era
The disastrous fire of the Tenmei Era that occurred in January 1788 kept on burning for two
nights and days, and almost fully burned out Kyoto city. The renovated Takayama was also
burned due to this fire. Kyoto has been challenged by disastrous fires from time to time.
Although Shintai dolls and decorations, etc., that can be carried out by manpower were saved,
heavy wooden structures, etc., could not be carried out right away and thus often were burned.
Many Yama/Hoko floats were damaged by the disastrous fire of the Tenmei Era. Therefore, in
the summer after the fire, only 6 out of 23 floats participated in the Sakimatsuri procession, and 6
out of 11 floats participated in the Atomatsuri procession. For ten years up to 1797, Takayama
participated in the procession as a Kakiyama (“Kaki” meaning carrying on one’s shoulders)
rather than a Hikiyama.
3-6 From Front/Rear Roofs to Large Roof
112
In the process of recovering from the disastrous fire of the Tenmei Era, three Hikiyamas
(Iwatoyama, Minamikannonyama, and Kitakannonyama) renovated to have a full-scaled large
roof aiming at becoming a Hoko-like float. It can be confirmed through several literatures that
Takayama also changed to a large roof, but details are not known.
In 1826, Takayama was heavily destroyed due to strong wind and rain during the float procession,
and thus refrained from participating in the procession from the next year. There are reports
found stating that Takayama could not participate for years from then, and after it was almost
fully burned (except for some dolls) in a disastrous fire in 1864, Takayama became a
Yasumiyama in recess, as is today.
4. Restoration of Takayama
4-1 Form of Takayama
Based on various evidential documents and on the form of decorations used on other Yama/Hoko
floats today, characteristics of Takayama as a Hikiyama were pieced together. As a result of
research, it was made known that Takayama led the movement of Hikiyamas becoming
Hoko-like floats and that its roof changed from a sunshade-like roof to front/rear roofs to a large
roof. On the other hand, while many Yama/Hoko floats originally expressed mythological stories
or Noh plays, etc., Takayama is extremely unique in that its theme is hawking, which has been
handed down through generations from before the Onin War. Putting these into consideration,
the following four concepts were set as the draft basic design for restoration of Takayama:
(1) The roof shall be a large roof which is the final form of a Hikiyama
(2) The basic concept of the Yama float shall be to show the Shintai dolls, therefore,
auxiliary pillars shall not be built to support the large roof
(3) The float shall be restored to the form in the Bunka/Bunsei Era, which is the last period
that Takayama participated in the float procession
(4) Above all, safety comes first
4-2 Overall View of Takayama
The following draft restoration drawing shows that the float has a large roof which is the final
form of a Hikiyama, and that there are large pillars indicating that it shall be a Hoko-like float.
113
Conceptual drawing of restored Takayama (source: “Hoyo”)
4-3 Shintai
There are three Shintai dolls. The model of the Takatsukai is said to be a historical figure
(Minamoto Yoritomo or Ariwara Yukihira). The Taruoi eating a big Chimaki is a motif used ever
since the Warring State Period. The third Shintai doll is the Inutsukai. In drawings, a pheasant is
often drawn together with the hawk and dog.
114
Upper left: Takatsukai, upper right: Taruoi, below: Inutsukai (source: “Hoyo”)
115
Photo of the three Shintai dolls (source: “Hoyo”)
5. Summary and Acknowledgment
Takayama is a Hikiyama with a history of over 500 years. It played a major role in the
Atomatsuri, especially in the movement when four Hikiyamas aimed at becoming a Hoko-like
float. This reflects the strong will, dedication, and enthusiasm of the townspeople of Takayama at
the time. The acts performed on the Hikiyamas not only expressed the entertainment aspect of
Gion Matsuri, but also played a role of treating deities (including evil spirits). In that sense, it
can be regarded as suggesting the change of the way people looked at deities, that is, from awe
against deities to worshiping of Ujigamis.
Takayama’s decision, owing to the great effort of many people, to return to the float procession
in 2022 after 150 years of recess is great news for not only Kyoto but for the whole Japanese
culture. However, although the road leading to restoration has become visible, there still are
many issues and challenges to overcome. The author of this paper shall continue to follow-up on
the restoration of Takayama.
Finally, the author of this paper wishes to thank Mr. Junji Yamada, Director interested of the
Takayama Preservation Association and others for answering to interviews and providing
documents/materials in preparation of this paper.
6. References
(1) “Takayama Futatabi” (Takayama Again), Public Utility Foundation for Gion Festival
116
Preservation Associations
(2) “Hoyo” (Hawking), Public Utility Foundation for Takayama Preservation Association
(3) “Gion Matsuri Takayama Kihon Sekkei-an” (Draft Basic Design for Takayama in Gion
Festival), Public Utility Foundation for Gion Festival Preservation Associations
(4) “Takayama no Ayumi” (History of Takayama), Chozaburo Hirota
117
Business & Management/ Economics
Thursday, June 6, 2019 08:45-10:15 Royal Room 3
Session Chair: Prof. Chai-Lee Goi
BREFM-0055
The Wave of Industry Revolution 4.0 is Coming: Are We Ready for the New Trend in
Marketing
Chai-Lee Goi︱Curtin University
BREFM-0060
IT Investment Decision Making: Case Studies on the Implementation of Contactless
Payments in Commercial Banks of Kazakhstan
Symbat Moldabekova︱University of Edinburgh Business School
BREFM-0057
Consumers’ Perceptions of Social Media Brand Community Engagement
Amy Ooi Mei Wong︱Singapore University of Social Sciences
Carmen Kar Hang Lee︱Singapore University of Social Sciences
BREFM-0059
A Financial Methodology to Participants Selection in Public Contracting Processes in
Colombia
Laura Vanegas Rendón︱Universidad de los Andes
Julio Villarreal Navarro︱Universidad de los Andes
118
BREFM-0055
The Wave of Industry Revolution 4.0 is Coming: Are We Ready for the New
Trend in Marketing
Chai-Lee Goia
a Department of Marketing, Faculty of Business, Curtin University, Malaysia
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background/ Objectives and Goals
The digital transformation especially after 2011 has created industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 is
interconnected (1) digitalisation and integration of simple technical, economical relation to
complex technical, and economical complex networks, (2) digitalisation of products and services
offer, and (3) new market models (Zezulka et al, 2016).
Industry Revolution 4.0 has changed the landscape of new trend in marketing. Marketers use
artificial intelligence (AI) to better target ads and to predict customer behaviour (Davis, 2016).
With the internet of things (IoT), data is mushrooming in size and scope (Patel, 2015). Customer
analytics, operational analytics, fraud and compliance, new product and service innovation and
enterprise data warehouse optimisation are among the most popular big data use cases in
marketing (Columbus, 2016). Fan et. al (2015) identified that the data sources, methods, and
applications related to five important marketing perspectives, namely people, product, place,
price and promotion, that lay the foundation for marketing intelligence. Also, augmented Reality
has moved from marketing gimmick to strategy (Scholz, 2018).
However, there are some issues and problems that will arise. First, whether the community ready
for the new trend in marketing? Second, whether the community moving at the same speed with
this trend? Lack of understanding (Institution of Mechanical Engineers, 2016), low awareness
and adoption due to the lack of market size (The Sunday Daily, 2017).
The main objective of this paper is to study whether the community is ready for the new trend in
marketing due to the wave of Industry Revolution 4.0 (IR 4.0). The second objective is to study
the impact of IR 4.0 on marketing, especially marketing mix.
2. Methods
After reviewing articles from various journal databases, a research model has been created. The
articles from the Referenced Database include Emerald, Taylor and Francis, Sage, Science Direct,
SpringerLink and Wiley. Only articles published between 2009 and 2019 are selected. The
reviewing process is based on Pautasso and Bourne’s (2013) 5 steps: (1) keep track of the search
items we use; (2) keep a list of articles whose pdfs we cannot access immediately; (3) use a
119
journal management system; (4) define early in the process some criteria for exclusion of
irrelevant articles; and (5) refer to research articles in the area and also previous reviews.
3. Expected Results/ Conclusion/ Contribution
As discussed by PWC (2016), Revolution Industry 4.0 is driven by 11 areas and most research
outputs show the effectiveness and importance of 4.0 in the formation of new trends in marketing,
especially the marketing mix. The previous research outputs can be referred to the following
articles: (1) mobile devices (Müller et al., 2018; Högberg et al., 2018; Scholz and Duffy, 2018;
Jimenez et al., 2018; Natarajan et al., 2018; and Faulds et al., 2018); IoT platforms (Lo and
Campos, 2018; Hu et al., 2018; and Dimitris et al., 2018); location detection technologies (Costa
et al., 2014; and Xin et al., 2011); advanced human-machine interfaces; authentication and fraud
detection (Gunson et al., 2011; Majadi et al., 2017; and Wang et al., 2018); 3D printing (Huang
et al., 2013); smart sensors (Ardito et al., 2018; and Petit et al., 2019); big data analytics (Fan et
al., 2015; Xu et al., 2016; Amado et al., 2018; Cao et al., 2019; Boone et al., 2019; and France
and Ghose, 2019); multilevel customer interaction and customer profiling (Apeh et al., 2014; and
Ruyter et al., 2018); augmented reality (Yim and Park, 2018; Flavián et al., 2018; Farshid et al.,
2018; and Boyd and Koles, 2018); and cloud computing (Ratten, 2013; Balco et al., 2017; and
Hosseini et al., 2019).
The review of previous studies shows two key results. First, marketers in general are ready to
face or rather to adapt to Industry Revolution 4.0. Marketers have modernised their marketing
strategies and positioned themselves to be effective in influencing customers. Results from Roy
et al. (2018)’s research show relationships among perceived technology readiness, perceived ease
of use, perceived usefulness, superior functionality, perceived adaptiveness, and reputation in
determining customers’ attitudes and behavioural intentions towards smart technologies. Second,
there is a dark side of Industry Revolution 4.0. As discussed by Kim et al. (2011), the dark side
has emerged and bedeviled the world. This includes spam, malware, hacking, phishing, denial of
service attacks, click fraud, invasion of privacy, defamation, frauds and violation of digital
property rights. Thus, this paper provides an overview of readiness and acceptance of Industry
Revolution 4.0, as well as it is important for marketers to rethink their marketing strategies for
the future in Industry Revolution 4.0.
Keywords: Industry revolution 4.0, marketing, marketing mix
120
BREFM-0060
IT Investment Decision Making: Case Studies on the Implementation of
Contactless Payments in Commercial Banks of Kazakhstan
Symbat Moldabekova
University of Edinburgh Business School, UK
Abstract
Keywords: actor groups, decision making, technology investment, retail banks.
This research explores the practice of decision-making in commercial banks in Kazakhstan. It
focuses on recent technologies, such as contactless payments and QR code, and uses interviews
with bank executives and industry practitioners to gain an understanding of how decisions are
made and the role of financial assessment methods. The aim of the research is (1) to study the
importance of financial techniques in evaluating IT investments; (2) to understand the role of
different expert groups; (3) to explore how market trends and industry features affect decisions;
(4) to build a model that defines the real practice of decision-making on IT in commercial banks
in Kazakhstan.
The theoretical framework suggests that decision-making on IT is a socially constructed process,
where actor groups with different backgrounds interact and negotiate with each other to develop
a shared understanding of IT and to make more effective decisions. Theory and observations
suggest that the more parties involved in the process, the higher the possibility of disagreements
between them. As each actor group has their views on the rational decision, it is worth exploring
how the final decision is made in practice.
Initial findings show that the financial assessment methods are used as a guideline and do not
play a big role in the final decision. Decision makers in tend to study the experience of
neighboring countries before adopting innovations. First-to-market innovations are considered as
priorities. Therefore, such decisions can be made without including certain actor groups in the
process. Customers play a significant role and they participate in testing demo versions of the
products before bringing the innovation to market.
The study identifies the viewpoints of actors in the banking sector on what constitutes a rational
decision, and the ways decision-makers from a variety of disciplines interact with each other in
order to make a decision on IT.
121
1. Introduction
Information Technology (IT) is a core element of the banking system. According to Dangolani
(2011) IT benefits the banking system in three ways: IT helps clients and workers to save time,
IT reduces expenses, and IT facilitates network transactions. IT is a tool to provide and improve
services, but requires investment, which requires organizations to properly assess projects and
make the right decision on them.
Retail banks rely on gathering, processing, analyzing and providing information in order to meet
the needs of clients. The banking sector was one of the earliest adopters of automated
information processing technology and today banks are devoting significant resources to IS/IT
investments to maintain competitiveness.
For financial intermediaries, IT is not only a technical engine that provides service, but also an
investment that require proper assessment and decision-making. IT projects have several
differences compared to standard capital investments. For instance, the benefits of IT are
intangible and may only be realized over a long period of time. These strategic and competitive
advantages of IT are difficult to quantify. In addition, because of novelty, there is a high level of
risk and uncertainty in investing in new technology. According to theory, such characteristics of
IT require not only the application of financial assessment methods, but also negotiation and
interaction of expert actor groups to make an effective decision (Galbraith, 1972; Hage, 1980;
Bijker and Pinch, 1984; Scarbrough and Corbett, 1992; Fincham et.al, 1994; Samakovitis, 2007;
Lempinen and Rajala, 2014.
Although the accounting and finance literature deals with the assessment methods of investments
and suggests applying Net Present Value (NPV), one of the Discounted Cash Flows (DCF)
methods, there are limitations to this technique. Considering the abovementioned features of IT,
and the limitations of NPV technique that this method does not address the risks, uncertainties,
organizational and behavioural factors in decision-making, it is worth examining the actual
practice of decision-making process for IT projects.
Prior studies suggest that relevant groups of social actors interact and negotiate with each other
to make a decision on IT (Galbraith, 1972; Hage, 1980; Bijker and Pinch, 1984; Scarbrough and
Corbett, 1992; Fincham et.al, 1994; Samakovitis, 2007; Lempinen and Rajala, 2014). Theory and
observations suggests that the more human agents are involved in decision-making, the higher
the possibility of disagreements between them. Although there are proposed reasons for conflicts,
such as different background knowledge, experience, values and interests of involved groups,
there is little empirical evidence on the reasons for disagreements. Consequently, one of the
focuses of the research will be on exploring reasons for tensions in group decision-making and
122
their resolution in practice. As each actor group has their views on the rational decision on an IT
project, it is worth exploring how the final decision is made in practice.
Theory and empirical evidence reveal that there are established beliefs and unchallengeable
standard rules that dictate the right way of assessing IT investments. It is said that each era of
technological development and implementation shapes such attitudes. The motivation of the
research is to identify unchallengeable perceptions towards technology within retail banks and
practitioners involved in the process. The research provides insights into the reality of
decision-making on IT projects in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is a developing, post-Soviet Union
country, and the 9th
largest in the world with a population of 18 million. Currently the country is
improving its socio-economic condition by realization of strategic program ‘Informational
Kazakhstan’, which aims to create an advanced information environment, and prepare citizens,
public institutions, businesses, and state authorities at all levels for the information society. The
study identifies the viewpoints of the banking sector of the country on a rational decision, and
the ways decision-makers from a variety of disciplines interact with each other in order to make
a decision on IT in retail banks.
There are two reasons why the research is important. Firstly, the research will make a scientific
contribution to IT research, as the study provides empirical evidence on IT value creation in
retail banks in the emerging market. As such, the research aims to examine the reality of IT
projects decision-making in retail banks more comprehensively by considering: (1) reasons for
disagreements between actor groups; and (2) the practice of tensions resolution.
Secondly, broad explanations of the existing perceptions of a “community of conventional
wisdom” will help researchers to understand the ways in which unchallengeable attitudes are
created, how they influence interactions and the reasons they are considered as a rational way of
making decisions on IT.
To sum up, the research motivation is to examine the decision-making process on IT projects
according to recent experience of case studies, such as contactless payments and QR code
implementation in Kazakhstan. The research aims to address the following questions:
Q1: How do organizations decide on their IT investments and how should they decide?
What is the role of financial assessment methods on a final decision?
Q2: What is a more rational decision on IT according to the viewpoints of involved actor
groups?
What are organizations’ perception of ‘IT value’?
What are the unchallengeable standards of assessing IT investments within banks?
123
2. Methods
The choice of methodology is strongly related to the nature of the studied topic. According
Samakovitis (2007), decision making on IT is a social process, where continuous interaction and
negotiation between human agents takes place, rather than a measurable entity, thus it should be
looked at through qualitative means. In addition, it is the process that involves both formal and
informal procedures and highly depends on companies’ policies, procedures and values.
Therefore, I adopt a social constructivist approach, as I follow the perspective that decision
making on IT is informed by participants’ education and training, and shaped by their past
experience. I take the view that the viewpoints of involved actor groups, the corporate culture of
organizations and the industry dynamics of the country shape attitudes and beliefs of both
participants and companies towards technology, which also indicates a social constructivist
epistemology.
Secondary research plays an important role, as publicly available data enables me to obtain a
better understanding of the shapes of Kazakhstan banking. In addition, during using desk
research, I give attention to identifying the pertinent contemporary issues and problems the
industries faces. Selecting the financial institutions on which case studies are drawn are made
with reference to (1) the key industry players, (2) the higher levels of publicity of IT projects and
(3) accessibility of the relevant experts in companies. It is a continuous process beginning with
early secondary research and continuing through a networking process and conducting
interviews. The study will be conducted by considering the banking system, the historical
evolution of banking technologies, current industry trends and dynamics in Kazakhstan. The
result is a view of the landscapes – geographical, economic, social and political – in which
decision-making on IT is generated and developed as a problem.
A social constructivist approach to this research is sufficiently accommodated by the case-study,
interview-based methodology. For this study, I conduct 23 semi-structured interviews with bank
practitioners and there are several reasons why this method is chosen as the primary one.
Blaxter et.al. (2006) declare that semi-structured interviews are associated with asking
open-ended questions rather than strictly ordered questions, therefore more appropriate for
explorative research. The research questions are broad and require actor groups to disclose their
attitudes, perceptions and assumptions on IT. Semi-structured interviews enable the researcher to
ask a set of predefined open-ended questions and to get reliable qualitative data. I am also able to
ask additional and emerging questions in an interactive way and can refine a pre-prepared guide
by considering the preferences of participants. According to Bernard (1988) semi-structured
interviews are helpful when interviewers have only one chance to interview someone. As I am
conducting interviews with practitioners in dіffеrent departments and who аrе еngаgеd іn
124
investment assessment of IT projects, I һаvе only оnе interview with еасh оf tһеm. All
interviews are transcribed and analyzed using the software Nvivo.
This paper uses 23 semi-structured interviews with bank practitioners in 7 financial organizations
of Kazakhstan and addresses the introduction of contactless payments and QR code technologies.
As the research is in progress, this paper outlines the initial findings. The research adopts
Informed Grounded Theory (Thornberg, 2011), which is a variant of Grounded Theory (Glaser
and Strauss, 1967) that starts with collecting empirical data (Grounded) and being informed by
existing research literature and theoretical framework (Informed). Financial institutions are
chosen as case studies according to their role in the market, publicity of IT projects and
accessibility of potential interviewees. Explorative and descriptive case studies are conducted
and enable a focus on particular firms and their IT projects by examining the interactions
between the parties involved in IT projects decision-making. Interviews are conducted using a
non-directive technique, which allows subjects to focus on specific issues but permits them the
freedom to expand on areas of personal interest. Secondary research enables me to build a
topography of the retail banking market by considering contemporary issues the industries faces.
As it can be seen in Table 1, the interviewees are from a wide variety of backgrounds and
positions.
Table 1. Characteristics of interviewees
125
3. Initial findings
From the 23 interviews and their analysis an understanding the role of financial assessment
methods, relevant groups’ capacity and power, how perceptions and interests of actor groups
diverge, and how consensus around a final decision is achieved.
Role of financial assessment methods
Applicability of Traditional Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) methods to assess IT investments is
widely discussed and criticized by prior studies (Ballantine and Stray, 1998; Ashford et.al., 1988;
Weaver et.al, 1989; Brealey and Myers,1988; Brigham and Gapenski, 1991; Van Home, 1986;
Weston and Brigham, 1987). The most familiar methods are Net Present Value (NPV), Return on
Investment (ROI) and payback period.
Interview results show that cost/benefit analysis, ROI and breakeven analysis are widely used in
the banks. According to interviews (13,18,23), costs can be calculated easily, while benefits
126
tend to be intangible, hence measured predictively. Breakeven analysis is considered to be one of
the important factors and calculated by accountants (Interviews 7, 21). Interview 7:
“The key department was cash management department. This department was an appraiser in
terms of how much loss the product would bring to the bank. They are always concerned about
the loss. If there is a very harmful type of transfer and so many commissions, the final decision
was always made by them, especially during migration to production. There were software
developers, business people, testers, but the final decision was always made in this department.
When cash management department stated that the process works harmful or leads to so much
loss, the product was not implemented even if it was already approved by CEO. However, usually
CEO has dominancy. Cash management department always has actual data on cash. Since
everyone want to implement something, everyone want to do something there and in fact, don't
care what, how, but at the end when this department said ‘no’, we cannot allow you and will not
sign the act, then the process could have stopped or this situation could be reconsidered. Before
that, everything was always fabulous, but after their disapproval the process had been stopped.”
According to Interview 11:
“here I can say that this is a client service, for example, several key indicators, such as
conversion from each client, for example, just traffic. From my experience, I can say that the
adoption takes place despite positive or negative NPV or IRR if the project is connected with the
need of the company to achieve some goals. Indicators can be negative financially, but it can be
quite functional in terms of achieving some goals of companies”.
This supports the statements of prior studies that the role of financial assessment is not essential
and decisions on IT are usually made on strategic ground. “Formal financial and risk analysis
techniques in fact have remarkably little impact on strategic investment decisions” (Carr et al.,
1994; Van Cauwenbergh et al., 1996). Projects priorities are also defined by strategy of the
companies (Interviews 16, 17,18,10,20,21). According to Interview 7:
“I remember how financial risks were written for apple pay, they wrote them very neatly like we
will implement apple pay, there is that much number of suppliers, that much of things, but there
was no proper financial assessment I am giving the experience of our bank, there was no such
evaluation”.
Interview 19:
“We usually calculate ROI, repayment of the initial investment, but there is no such goal, this is
not a product that brings big profit to the bank”.
127
Apple pay and QR codes are considered to be innovative projects and were mostly implemented
for better brands of the banks (Interviews 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 19). Interview 12:
“These are the projects that influence image and appearance of the bank. Banks mostly
implement such trendy projects like apple pay or some new innovative things and these
innovative things always get the highest priority”.
Interview 19:
“By itself, innovation is not needed, it is needed to improve the image, respectively, it affects
competitiveness, for advertising purposes, that clients will know the bank. Brand and reputation
may be considered as a benefit by the strategy, so it can be easily used”.
It can be seen that the financial assessment does not play an important role in the final decision
and there is a high impact of companies’ strategy, customer experience, brands of organizations,
innovativeness of product on decision-making on IT.
Role of users
According to the interviews, capital budgeting methods such as NPV, IRR are not widely used
for assessing IT investments, rather there are financial metrics such as Net Promoter Score (NPS)
and Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI), which are considered to be more important (Interviews 4,
6, 15, 19). Interview 15:
“…we use customer satisfaction measurements, NPS, which is also return on investment, there is
no promotion and we look explicitly. Let’s say, if we see that after introducing service or product,
we managed to raise NPS, we consider it as a good product and satisfied customers, we consider it
as good investment”.
Interview 6:
“I will say if earlier banks did not pay enough attention to customers and thought that banks
should provide a list of some standard services, cover some range of basic needs and customers
will find suitable ones for themselves, now banks are trying to assess customers’ attitude through
NPS, they are guided by this, how much introduction of products affect this indicator”.
These indicators are calculated after the implementation of the technologies.
128
The role of users is also essential before adoption of the technologies. As several interviewees
clarified, customers are involved in the process of the product development, certainly in testing
Minimum Viable Product (MVP) or demo versions of technologies. Clients are engaged in
individual testing, interviews and focus groups to provide retail banks with feedback on their
personal use of the product. Interview 20:
“This is usually not at the software developing stage, but at the stage of implementation and
testing. There is a pre and post environment, where, for example, testing is done with focus groups,
where customers respond whether or not they understand where the button located and how they
need to click it, etc. Yes, we carried out such focus groups, but it was already before the
introduction itself. It went through the tests, after that there were some adjustments, so it was
literally 5% change, no global ones were made.”
It can be seen that the role of users is essential, and they also participate in the decision-making
process. Hence, when defining roles of involved different actor groups to build a new theory, the
role of users will be studied comprehensively in further research.
Role of practitioners
According to the interviews, business departments are described as those which are familiar with
the business development of the organizations, corporate goals and strategies, therefore most
ideas of technology implementation are generated by these departments. There are constant
interactions between business and IT departments to clarify and moderate Business
Requirements. Business Analytics, Project Managers, Tech and Team Leads are described as an
intermediaries between IT and Business, as they are able to communicate in both languages.
According to interviews, previously IT had been driven by Business and this experience was
explained as unsuccessful.
Interview 7:
“…when IT submits to business, it does not develop if the business is not new itself there. That is
why the reputation of our bank has always been bad, because these business people, who made
decisions on IT projects, they are old-fashioned. It can be said that it is not even fault of IT
specialists that our bank was not IT sophisticated, it was more of a business problem”.
According to the interviews, during last 5 years several banks created digital departments. These
departments involve experts with different backgrounds and are intended to function as a project
office. Interview 9:
129
“digital department is always the focus, and my team is always under some pressure, but let's say
we are in the center of attention, and we interact. There is separate online department that was
created recently, too.” Interview 21: “At the moment the digital bank department is the people
who are the first, the fastest and strategically undergone the digital transformation. Now we carry
it inside the entire bank, because if you don’t have a digital core, you will never create digital
bank.”
Also, it can be seen that this department plays the dominant role, interview 21:
““….in terms of adoption decision-making the bank focuses on the digital bank
department”….“digital bank department always leads locomotive”
IT departments are identified as executors, as they carry out commands and wishes of business
departments. In the banks, where waterfall methodology is still practiced, IT department
participates in decision-making only at the level of their competency. Certainly, after receiving
business requirements they evaluate available resources, conduct systems analysis and indicate
the solutions they can offer. In addition, IT departments are in charge of communicating with
other functional departments such as finance, risk, and legal. Currently agile methodology is
widely used in some banks, which makes the process of technology implementation flexible and
quick. After the introduction of this methodology the IT department is given a right to offer their
ideas about new technologies.
Regulatory barriers are common in the Kazakhstani banking sector. Interviewed practitioners
noted that usually a delay to IT projects happens due to strict policies of National Bank of
Kazakhstan. Legal departments and project managers tend to have several interactions to find a
way to circumvent regulatory barriers. Project managers and legislative practitioners enter into
negotiations in a problem-solving manner. Interview 1:
“We mostly have debates with legal department. They say this is not legally, then we start to think
everything with legal department, because we are one team, although they tell us this is wrong,
then they say let's see here”.
Role of neighboring and developed countries’ experience
According to interviews, experience of neighboring (Russia, Ukraine, and China) and developed
countries (USA, Germany, UK) is important, as Kazakhstani banks tend to study these markets
and adopt technologies that are popular in foreign countries. Tinkoff Bank, Russian digital bank,
was mentioned by several interviewees (Interviews 3, 5, 7, 14, 16, 21). Interview 16:
130
“I know during the development stage Tinkoff Bank in Russia was considered, as we always
compare ourselves with this bank. There were moments, when our business customers together
with IT, deputy chairman traveled to other countries, for instance, USA. They need to share their
experience and also learn from them. You cannot achieve more if you sit inside in one place.
Maybe you don’t have to reinvent the wheel, rather find out how it works there, accept this
experience and start doing it. Besides that, of course, inside Kazakhstan, every bank looks at other
banks, we look at other banks and vice versa.”
WeChat, Chinese messenger, which includes both social media and different types of payments
in one app, was noted as successful technology (Interviews 3, 5, 15) and its features also widely
studied in Kazakhstan. Therefore, currently, the banks are focused on offering all services under
one ecosystem (Interviews 3, 5, 12, 14). For instance, when implementing QR code, some
additional services such as personal QR for cash withdrawal, transferring money, opening
deposits and taking loans from ATMs were offered by Kaspi Bank. Interview 5:
“QR, for example, it is already popular everywhere, for example, in China, where WeChat was
created, all payments go through QR. Our management started from small, in payments with
scanning cards, for example, for transport. We built prototype, showed that we can do this and
based on payments we simply showed to our director that we have QR code on any transport
card. Director made some plans, presentations that we can use this product, where it can be used
and showed to managers and directors. They already made a decision there that it could be used,
and they give a command to research to analysts, researchers to see where it can be used and
where we can apply this thing at all… then, we started to implement in some processes.”
The influence of the industry features
As it was noted by interviewees, the small population in Kazakhstan is one of the barriers for
technology development in the banking sector. According to statistics of July 2017, the number
of economically active people in Kazakhstan is 9,032,075. There are only four big cities (Almaty,
Astana, Karagangy, Shymkent) and people who earn middle income and access to the Internet is
still a problem in some remote areas. According to 2017 statistics, 77% of population has access
to the Internet.
One of the 5 key directions of the state’s strategic program ‘Digital Kazakhstan 2020’ is
digitalization of economic sectors, which includes the development of financial technologies and
non-cash payments. Open API is also one of the focus of the strategic program, which aims to
create open banking, so FinTech organizations will have open access to bank accounts and can
provide new financial services to clients. European PSD2 (Payment Services Directive
2015/2366, PSD2) experience is considered to be essential and it is in the process of being
131
studied. Due to the fact that Open API is still in process and Fintech companies are currently at
the stage of early development and limited with providing clients with only payments and credits,
commercial banks tend to handle and develop innovations by themselves. For instance, having a
marketplace that provides loans for home appliances is usual for Kazakhstani banks but is not
common in other developed countries.
4. Further plans
According to empirical data, decisions on IT in commercial banks of Kazakhstan are made on
strategic ground and role of financial assessment methods is not essential. First-to-market
products take high priority, as they affect brand of the banks. Role of clients is also important
and currently the banks are paying more attention to customer experience. Customers are
involved in the product development stage by testing the products and providing feedback.
Customer satisfaction is one of the important indicators for the banks and it is considered as
return on investment. Experience of neighboring and developed countries is also essential, as the
banks tend to study foreign industries and adopt innovations that are popular and successful in
these markets. Such products are studied and adopted by considering the features of
Kazakhstan’s own industry. Role of practitioners and involved groups’ capacity and power will
be studied in depth in the future, as one of the aims of the research is to examine reasons for
disagreement, conflicts resolution and the way how a final decision on IT is made in practice. In
addition, group decision making under uncertainty and how shared understanding of IT is
achieved will be studied further.
The research is at an early stage and thus far the literature review and methodology part of the
research are completed. Data collection is mostly completed. The next stage will be studying the
features of retail banking in Kazakhstan, conducting 7 more interviews, reflecting on data and
prior studies and building a model. In this context, it is worth considering the features of the
market, the socio-economic condition of Kazakhstan.
References
Ashford, R., Dyson, R. and Hodges, S. (1988). The Capital-Investment Appraisal of New
Technology: Problems, Misconceptions and Research Directions. Journal of the
Operational Research Society, 39(7), pp.637-642.
Ballantine, J. and Stray, S. (1999). Information systems and other capital investments: evaluation
practices compared. Logistics Information Management, 12(1/2), pp.78-93.
Bernard, H. Russell. (1988). Research Methods in Cultural Anthropology. Newbury Park,
California: Sage.
Bijker, W., Hughes, T. and Pinch, T. (n.d.). The social construction of technological systems.
Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2006). How to Research (3rd Edition). Buckingham: Open
University Press.
132
Brealey, R.A. and Myers, E. Principles of Corporate Finance, 3rd edition, McGraw Hill Book
Co., New York, NY, 1988
Brigham, E.F. and Gapenski, L.C. Financial Management: Theory and Practice, 6th edition, The
Dryden Press, New York.
Dangolani, S. (2011). The Impact of Information Technology in Banking System (A Case Study
in Bank Keshavarzi IRAN). Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, pp.13-16.
Fincham, R. (1994). Expertise and innovation information technology strategies in the financial
services sector. Oxford: Clarendon.
Galbraith, J. (1972). The new industrial state. London: Deutsch.
Glaser, B.G. and Strauss, A.L. (1967), The discovery of grounded theory: Strategy for qualitative
research. Aldine Publishing Company, Hawthorne: New York.
Hage, J. (1980). Theories of organizations. New York: J. Wiley.
Lempinen, H. and Rajala, R. (2014). Exploring multi-actor value creation in IT service
processes. Journal of Information Technology, 29(2), pp.170-185.
Samakovitis, G. (2007). Technology Investment Decision Making: An Integrated Analysis in UK
Internet Banking. Doctor of Philosophy. The University of Edinburgh.
Scarbrough, H. and Corbett, J. (1992). Technology and organization. London: Routledge.
Thornberg. R. (2012). Informed Grounded Theory. Scandinavian Journal of Educational
Research, 56, Issue 3, pp. 243-259.
Van Horne, J. Financial Management and Policy, 7th edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
NJ, 1986.
Weaver, S.C., Peters, D., Cason, R., and Daleiden, J. 1989. Panel Discussions on Corporate
Investment: Capital Budgeting. Financial Management, 18(1), pp. 10-17.
Weston, J.F. and Brigham, E.F. Essentials of Managerial Finance, 8th edition, The Dryden Press,
New York, NY, 1987.
133
BREFM-0057
Consumers’ Perceptions of Social Media Brand Community Engagement
Wong, Amy Ooi Mei a
and Lee, Carmen Kar Hang b
School of Business, Singapore University of Social Sciences, Singapore a E-mail address: [email protected]
b E-mail address: [email protected]
1. The Growth of Online Brand Communities
In the recent years, companies are increasingly using social media to engage their customers and
build brand relationships. Social media platforms such as social networking sites (i.e., Facebook,
LinkedIn), video sharing channels (i.e., Youtube, Facebook Live) and photo sharing sites (i.e.,
Instagram, Pinterest) facilitate consumer-brand interactions. The dynamic interactions between
consumers and brands on social media have led to the formation of online brand communities
(Zaglia, 2013). Currently, Facebook is the most popular global social network, with 2.23 billion
active users (Statista, 2018). Although Facebook is widely used by brand communities as their
main virtual platform, little is known about the factors leading to social media engagement
(Demiray and Burnaz, 2019). Marketers need to understand why and how consumers engage in
brand communities, as such insights can help companies manage their online brand communities
effectively (Dessart, 2017). This study seeks to examine consumers’ perceptions of social media
dependency, online interaction propensity, community identification, consumer involvement and
their relationships with social media engagement and purchase intentions. As seen in Figure 1,
five hypotheses are advanced and investigated in this study.
Fig 1. A model of social media brand community engagement
134
2. Method
Data for this study will be collected via an online questionnaire. Respondents will be recruited
via the Facebook social media platform, as this platform is the dominant global social media
network for online brand communities (Vernuccio et al., 2015). The survey will not ask
participants to specify any products or services, as the focus of the study is on brand
communities. A screening question will be asked to exclude unqualified participants who are not
part of any social media Facebook groups. The questionnaire consists of several multi-item
scales derived and adapted from the literature, measured on five-point Likert type scale (1=
“strongly disagree” and 5= “strongly agree”). Social media dependency is measured with four
items from Tsai and Men (2017) and online interaction propensity is assessed by four items from
Wiertz and De Ruyter (2007). Community identification is assessed via three dimensions:
evaluative social identity (three items), cognitive social identity (three items) and affective social
identity (three items), taken from Zeng et al. (2009), while consumer involvement is measured
with ten items from Zaichkowsk (1994). Social media engagement is measured via three
dimensions: affective engagement (six items), cognitive engagement (six items) and behavioral
engagement (eight items), taken from Dessart et al. (2016). Finally, purchase intentions is
measured via four items from Filieria et al. (2018) and Martins et al. (2019). Other questions
pertaining to social media platforms preferences and demographics, such as age, gender,
education, country of residence and nationality are included.
3. Expected Results/ Conclusion/ Contribution
Social media platforms provide companies with the opportunities to interact and engage with
their customers. These ongoing dialogues allow for better customization of products/services,
crowdsourcing of new ideas, co-creation and co-production, which will further strengthen
consumer-brand relationships, leading to long term customer relationships and profitability for
the firm. Specifically, the findings will determine the nature and type of relationships between
the variables understudy, and pinpoint the best predictors of both social media engagement and
purchase intentions. As such, marketers and brand managers can then allocate their budget and
resources to develop effective social media strategies to improve the significant predictors,
which can help strengthen the brand’s social media presence and consumer-brand engagements.
Moreover, the findings extend the current academic debate on the role of online brand
communities and its effect on outcomes such as loyalty and word-of-mouth. The results,
discussion and implications of the study will be presented at the conference.
Keywords: Social media engagement, brand communities, purchase intentions
References
Dessart, L. (2017). Social media engagement: A model of antecedents and relational outcomes.
Journal of Marketing Management, 33(5-6), 375-399.
135
Dessart, L., Veloutsou, C., & Morgan-Thomas, A. (2016). Capturing consumer engagement:
Duality, dimensionality and measurement. Journal of Marketing Management, 32(5–6),
399–426.
Demiray, M. & Burnaz, S. (2019). Exploring the impact of brand community identification on
Facebook: Firm-directed and self-directed drivers. Journal of Business Research, 96,
115-124.
Filieri, R., McLeay, F., Tsui, B. & Lin, Z. (2018). Consumer perceptions of information
helpfulness and determinants of purchase intention in online consumer reviews of services.
Information & Management, 55(8), 956-970.
Martins, J., Costa, C., Oliveira, T., Gonçalves, R. & Branco, F. (2019). How smartphone
advertising influences consumers’ purchase intention. Journal of Business Research, 94,
378-387.
Statista. (2018). Global social networks ranked by number of users 2018. [Online]. Retrieved
from
https://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-use
rs/
Tsai, W. S. & Meng, L. R. (2013). Motivations and antecedents of consumer engagement with
brand pages on social networking sites. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 13(2), 76-87.
Vernuccio, M., Pagani, M., Barbarossa, C. & Pastore, A. (2015). Antecedents of brand love in
online network-based communities. A social identity perspective. Journal of Product &
Brand Management, 24(7), 706-719.
Wiertz, C. & de Ruyter, K. (2007). Beyond the call of duty: why customers contribute to
firm-hosted commercial online communities, Organization Studies, 28(3), 347-376.
Zaglia, M. E. (2013). Brand communities embedded in social networks. Journal of Business
Research, 66(2), 216–223.
Zaichkowsky, J. L. (1994). The personal involvement inventory: Reduction, revision, and
application to advertising. Journal of Advertising, 23(4), 59–70.
Zeng, F., Huang, L. & Dou, W. (2009). Social factors in user perceptions and responses to
advertising in online social networking communities. Journal of Interactive Advertising,
10(1), 1 – 13.
136
BREFM-0059
A Financial Methodology to Participants Selection in Public Contracting
Processes in Colombia
Laura Vanegas Rendóna,
, Julio Villarreal Navarrob
aIndustrial Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
E-mail address: [email protected]
b Industrial Engineering, Universidad de los Andes, Colombia
E-mail address: [email protected]
The selection and the public procurement processes must ensure that two things are fulfilled: (i)
Be a process in which anyone who has the will to participate can participate (ii) Select a
participant who has all the necessary skills and qualities to execute the contracts. In this way, it is
left to the public entities to evaluate the technical, legal and financial capacities of the
participants to classify them and select the best participant.
In the case of financial evaluation, in Colombia, public entities usually use a methodology called
"Financial Qualifying Requirements", which traditionally consist of a series of indicators taken
from Financial Statements (Balance Sheet and Income Statement) that seek to guarantee the
financial aptitude of the proposers. The financial Qualifying Requirements ends saying each
participant if it is financially qualify or not to get the contract. When evaluating some of the
public processes during 2015, related to the infrastructure sector (buildings, drinking water,
sanitation and transportation), it is observed that about 50% of the public processes had three or
fewer participants and additionally 50% of these same processes had only one qualified
proponent, according to the methodology of “Financial Qualifying Requirements”.
The previous situation shows that in the current model of “Evaluation of Qualifying
Requirements”, there are not only limitations in terms of number of participants in public
procurement processes, but also qualifying the participants. This situation restrict the
competition of the process that ensures efficient prices in the public procurement processes.
Having said that, it is important to propose a methodology that attacks the weaknesses presented
in the qualification process.
In this way, we proposed a new methodology to participant’s selection in public contracting
processes with the aim of increase flexibility in terms of rating, without neglecting the main
objective of the process that is to guarantee the financial aptitude of the proponents, in order to
conduct a public contract. This methodology propose three phases, In which one we evaluate risk
default of the company (participant) from three different points of view: i) Financial Statements,
137
ii) bankruptcy models, iii) Market opinion.
The methodology was applied in a public bidding process for the cleaning of Bogotá City,
concluding that with the new methodology, more participants are enabled to get the contract and
better prices and the Government could contract better prices for the services.
Keywords: Qualifying requirements, financial indicators, public procurement.
138
Poster Sessions (1)
Computer and Information Sciences
Wednesday, June 5, 2019 09:30-10:30 Royal Room 3
ISCEAS-0195
Design and Testing of a 25 Gb/s NRZ and 50 Gb/s PAM-4 Optical Receiver Module for 400
Gb/s Short-Reach Applications
Kuan-Ting Lin︱National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
Yu-Cheng Lin︱National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
Tien-Tsorng Shih︱National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
Jau-Ji Jou︱National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
Po-Jui Chiang︱National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
Yaw-Dong Wu︱National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
ISCEAS-0201
A Method to Defend against Activity Hijacking Attack by Using Shared-Memory Side
Channel
Zhehui Liao︱National Tsing Hua University
Hung-Min Sun︱National Tsing Hua University
139
ISCEAS-0195
Design and Testing of a 25 Gb/s NRZ and 50 Gb/s PAM-4 Optical Receiver
Module for 400 Gb/s Short-Reach Applications
GuanTing Lina,*, YuCheng Lin
b
a b
Department of Electronic Engineering,
National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
E-mail address: [email protected]
TienTsorng Shihc, JauJi Jou
d, Po-Jui Chiang
e, YawDong Wu
f
cdef Department of Electronic Engineering,
National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan c E-mail address:[email protected]
Abstract
In this paper, we propose a signal-channel 25 Gb/s non-return-zero (NRZ) and 50 Gb/s 4-level
pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) optical receiver module for 400 Gb/s short-reach
applications. The optical receiver module was designed on a six-layer printed circuit board (PCB)
including a four-channel GaAs photodiode array and a four-channel linear transimpedance
amplifier integrated circuit. On the PCB,the distance of vias and the ground vias around the
through-hole via were optimized. For testing the receiver module, a simple vertical cavity
surface emitting laser module was designed as a PAM-4 signal light source. Using the optical
receiver module, 25 Gb/s non-return-zero and 50 Gb/s PAM-4 signal eye diagrams were
measured. Contains the meaning of analyzing these eye diagrams.
Keywords: PAM4, optical, receiver, eight-channel, signal integrity
I. Introduction
At present, there are about 7.6 billion people in the world, and the number of mobile users is also
about 7.6 billion, which is about 4% annual growth rate. (J. D'Ambrosia, P. Mooney, M.
Nowell,2013).
When such a large amount of data enters the relay station, and then enters the data center or
outputs to each area, in order to shorten the data transmission and processing time, the data
transmission rate must be increased. Therefore, 400 Gigabit Ethernet (400GbE) and 200 GbE
standards developed by the IEEE P802.3bs Task Force using broadly similar technology to 400
GbE. (IEEE P802.3ba 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task Force,2010),(IEEE P802.3bs 200 Gb/s
and 400 Gb/s Ethernet Task Force,2018),( Small Form-factor Pluggable Transceiver MultiSource
Agreement ,2000).
140
For short reach applications, the 400GBASE-SR16 uses 16-channel non-return-zero (NRZ) 25
Gb/s optical transceiver over 70 m or 100 m multi-mode fiber (MMF) transmissions. For long
reach applications, the 400GBASE-FR8 and 400GBASE-LR8 uses 8-channel 4-level pulse
amplitude modulation (PAM-4) 50 Gb/s optical transceiver over 2 km and 10 km single-mode
fiber (SMF) transmissions. However, the high channel density makes the small-size optical
transceiver to be not easily designed. The PAM-4 technology can be used to reduce the number
of channels by half. The vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) is usually used in short
reach optical transmissions, but the VCSEL is a low-power light source to be not very suitable in
the PAM-4 modulation.([email protected],2018),(Melgar-Evangelista, Alirio A., et
al.,2017),(Kao, Hsuan-Yun, et al.,2017),(Lavrencik, Justin, et al.,2017),(Pavan, Sriharsha Kota,
Justin Lavrencik, and Stephen E. Ralph.,2017).
Therefore, herein, we will design and fabricate a 50 Gb/s PAM-4 optical receiver module for
short reach applications, and also use a simple 50 Gb/s PAM-4 VCSEL optical transmitter
module for testing the 50 Gb/s PAM-4 receiver module. (Lavrencik, Justin, et al.,2017),(You,
Yue, et al.,2017).
Table 1. IEEE P802.3bs 400Gb/s specification
II. Design the PCB Structure
Because the loss in board trace length is terrible, we need to evaluate the low-loss board material
first to make my board stack. In this section we divide into several parts: First, the choice of
plates; Second. The stack of six-layer boards and the use of each layer; Third, we mainly focus
on the optimization of circuit design.
Different material will have different characteristics when they are simulated. So we need to start
with the simulation, we use the microstrip line of the coplanar waveguide structure as our
transmission line. Including the distance of through holes, the diameter of through hole or how
far the through holes are from the signal line, etc., are all pre-production operations before we
ask the manufacturer to make them.
We used ROGERS 4350B as the material for the high-speed signal layer on the PCB. The reason
141
for choosing 4350B is because of its low Dissipation Factor/low Dielectric constant/low water
absorption and high processing stability. These are very important for us to design high
frequency circuit boards. As for the low-speed layer, we use FR4 as our ground plane/power
plane or other circuits applications.
To meet the four-channel small form factor pluggable (QSFP) specification, the overall thickness
of the PCB is adjusted to approximately 1 mm±0.1 mm. In the six-layer PCB, the top and bottom
layers are designed for high-frequency signal layers, the second and fifth layers are designed for
ground planes, and the third and fourth layers are designed for low-frequency signals and power
layers.
Our optical receiver module uses a six-layer printed circuit board (PCB). The stacking
configuration of the six-layer PCB is shown in Figure 1. On the top and ground planes of the
PCB, the high frequency signal traces are designed as differential 100 Ω coplanar waveguides.
We optimized the following three specials, namely the grounding via, the signal line changing
layer and the Anti-Pad design of the coupling capacitor on the high frequency signal. (Kun-Lin
Sie,2017).
Through holes typically affect the integrity of the transmitted signal. We made three sets of
simulations for the grounding vias: 0.5 mm, 1 mm, and 1.25 mm, respectively. The result is
shown in Figure 3(a) and Figure 3(b). The result is 1.25 mm, and the reflection and transmission
loss are relatively small.
In the PCB, each copper layer around the signal vias can remove a portion of the copper for
impedance matching. For PCBs with high channel density modules, the high frequency signal
path on the top layer sometimes needs to pass through the via signal path to the bottom layer. As
shown in Figure 2. We need to make a through hole around the place where we change signal
line layer. We simulated the distances of 0.5 cm, 1 cm and 1.25 cm. The result is shown in Figure
4(a) and Figure 4(b), which is 1 cm is more stable.
In signal transmission, in order to avoid direct damage to the driver IC, using coupling capacitors
in order to block the DC signal.However, because of using the anti-pad can cause impedance
mismatches and cause signal reflection,anti-pad design must be used on the pad. The copper
which directly under the pad must be removed to increase the distance between the anti-pad and
the reference ground for impedance matching purposes.
According to the results of the simulation, our circuit board is based on the grounding via
spacing of 1.25 mm, and the part of the signal line changing layer is made with a rule of 1mm
around each hole, which can get the best design and improve the transmission signal integrity.
142
Using the 50 Gb/s PAM-4 technology, a 400 Gb/s optical transceiver module needs 8-channel
transmitter and receiver. However, our optical receiver was designed as a 4-channel module. A
4-channel high-speed GaAs PIN photodiode (PD) array chip was used. Fig. 5 shows the
4-channel PD array. A 4-channel linear transimpedance amplifier (TIA) integrated circuit (IC),
MACOM MATA-03819, was used in our receiver module. The 3-dB bandwidth of the TIA is
about 30 GHz, and the TIA IC has the automatic gain control (AGC) and response equalization
functions.
Fig. 1 Stacked configuration of the six-layer PCB.
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram of the distance between via and via.
Fig. 3 Through-hole signal via with ground vias on the PCB.
143
Fig. 3(a) Rogers 4350B for through-hole distance simulation S11.(b) Rogers 4350B for
through-hole distance simulation S21.
Fig. 4(a) ROGERS 4350B signal line change layer simulation S11. (b)ROGERS 4350B signal
line change layer simulation S21
The PD array chip was connected with the signal input pads of the TIA IC through wire bonding
on the PCB. The data signal output pads of the TIA IC were also connected with the
high-frequency traces through wire bonding. The intervals between the PD array chip and the
TIA IC and between the TIA IC and the data signal traces have to be as short as possible for the
shortest bond wires. A better high-frequency transmission performance can be obtained using a
shorter bond wire. Fig. 6. shows the die and wire bonding of the PD array chip and the TIA IC on
the PCB.
We designed the PCB of a whole 4-channel transceiver module, but the components of the
transmitter were not assembled. A lens array over the PD array chip and a mechanical transfer
(MT) connector were used in the module. A microcontroller, Silicon Labs C8051F390, was also
designed to control the TIA IC in our receiver module. The electrical output interface of the
optical receiver module was designed as gold finger structure for QSFP28 pin definition. Fig. 7
shows the realistic photograph of our optical receiver module.
144
Fig. 5 4-channel GaAs PIN PD array chip.
Fig. 6 Die/wire bonding of the PD array chip and the TIA IC on the PCB
Fig. 7 Realistic photograph of the optical receiver module.
III. Testing of 50 Gb/s PAM-4 Optical Receiver Module
For measuring the 25 Gb/s NRZ signal, the transmitter of a 100GBASE-SR QSFP28 module was
as a test light source. Because the optical receiver module was also expected to apply in 50 Gb/s
PAM-4 operations, a simple optical transmitter module was designed as a PAM-4 test light
source using a 4-channel VCSEL diode array chip. The threshold current of the VCSEL was
about 0.5 mA. The light power of the VCSEL was about 2.4 mW at 8 mA injection current. Fig 8.
shows the die and wire bonding of the VCSEL array chip on a test PCB. Fig 9. shows the L-I
curve of a VCSEL source.In the PAM-4 test optical transmitter module, the lens array was also
used over the VCSEL array chip. The optical signal transmission between the receiver module
and the simple transmitter module can be connected through the optical fiber ribbon with an MT
connector.
The block diagram of the measurement architecture for eye diagrams is shown in Fig. 10. A
differential 25 Gb/s NRZ pseudo-random bit sequence (PRBS) signal with a pattern length of
27-1 was used to encode the transmitter of the QSFP28 module, and a 50 Gb/s PAM-4 signal was
145
used to encode the simple optical transmitter module. The optical transmitter was linked with the
receiver module through a multi-mode fiber patch cord. The output electrical signal of our
optical receiver module was analyzed using a wide-bandwidth oscilloscope.
Fig. 8 The VCSEL die/wire bond diagram
Fig. 9 The VCSEL die/wire bond diagram
Fig. 10 Block diagram of measuring eye diagram.
Fig. 11(a) shows the 25 Gb/s NRZ eye diagram from the optical transmitter of the QSFP 28
module. The NRZ eye diagram exhibited a rise time of 14.21 ps, a fall time of 17.14 ps, a
peak-to-peak time jitter of 11.973 ps, a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 6.01, and a mask margin of
31.5%. Fig. 11(b) shows the 25 Gb/s NRZ eye diagram from our optical receiver module while
the AGC function was set at 450 mVpp swing and the equalizer (EQ) was turned off. The NRZ
eye diagram showed a rise time of 30.06 ps, a fall time of 30.59 ps, a peak-to-peak time jitter of
16.193 ps, and a SNR of 4.4. Fig. 11(c) shows the eye diagram from the receiver module while
the AGC function was set at 500 mVpp swing and the equalizer (EQ) was turned on. The eye
146
diagram exhibited a rise time of 21.53 ps, a fall time of 19.81 ps, a peak-to-peak time jitter of
12.575 ps, and a SNR of 5.5. The EQ in the TIA can improve the NRZ signal quality.
Fig 11. 25 Gb/s NRZ eye diagrams from (a) the transmitter of the QSFP 28 module, (b) the
receiver without equalization function, and (c) the receiver with equalization function.
Fig. 12(a) shows the 25 Gb/s PAM-4 eye diagram from the pattern generator, and the PAM-4 eye
diagram had a good performance. Fig. 12(b) shows the PAM-4 eye diagram from the simple
optical transmitter module, the eye heights of the PAM-4 eye diagram were equal, and the eye
width of the bottom eye was narrower than the top and middle eyes. Fig. 12(c) shows the 25
Gb/s PAM-4 eye diagram from our optical receiver module while the EQ was turned on and the
AGC was set at 500 mVpp swing. The eye width of the middle eye was wider and the eye height
of the middle eye was higher than the top and bottom eyes. The AGC was set at 700 mVpp swing,
and the 25 Gb/s PAM-4 eye diagram was similar to the PAM-4 eye diagram with AGC 500 mVpp
swing, as shown in Fig. 12(d). In our receiver module, the signal quality for 25 Gb/s PAM-4
operations was still permissible.
Fig. 12. 25 Gb/s PAM-4 eye diagrams from (a) the pattern generator, (b) the simple transmitter
module, (c) the receiver with AGC 500 mVpp swing, and (d) the receiver with AGC 700 mVpp
147
swing.
Fig. 13. 50 Gb/s PAM-4 eye diagrams from (a) the pattern generator, (b) the simple transmitter
module, (c) the receiver with AGC 500 mVpp swing, and (d) the receiver with AGC 700 mVpp
swing.
Fig. 13(a) shows the 25 Gb/s PAM-4 eye diagram from the pattern generator, and the PAM-4 eye
diagram still had a good performance. Fig. 13 (b) shows the 25 Gb/s PAM-4 eye diagram from
the simple optical transmitter module, but the performance of the PAM-4 eye diagram was not
good. Fig. 13(c) shows the 25 Gb/s PAM-4 eye diagram from our optical receiver module with
EQ and AGC 500 mVpp swing, Fig. 13(d) shows the PAM-4 eye diagram with AGC 700 mVpp
swing, and the performance of the two PAM-4 eye diagrams was bad. Although a good 25 Gb/s
PAM-4 eye diagram cannot be observed in our optical receiver module with EQ, the bad
performance of the PAM-4 signal could be from the simple optical transmitter with insufficient
bandwidth.
The block diagram of the measurement architecture for bit error rate (BER) is shown in Fig. 14.
The one output of differential output of our receiver module was connected to a wide-bandwidth
oscilloscope, and the other one output was connected to an error bit detector. When the best 25
Gb/s NRZ eye diagram for setting the EQ and AGC functions of our receiver module was
observed, the error bit started to be counted. Using a 25 Gb/s NRZ signal with 27-1 of pattern
length, the BER can be below 10-12
within 40 seconds of testing time, as shown Fig. 15.
148
Fig. 14. Block diagram of measuring BER.
Fig. 15. Result of BER test.
IV. Conclution
We designed a 25 Gb/s NRZ and 25 Gb/s PAM-4 optical receiver module for 400 Gb/s short
range applications. The optical receiver module consists of a four-channel PD array on a
six-channel PCB and a four-channel linear TIA IC.
Through-hole signal vias and ground vias are optimized on the PCB. To test the receiver module,
a simple vertical cavity surface emitting laser module was designed as a PAM-4 signal source.
With our optical receiver module, 25 Gb/s NRZ and 25 Gb/s PAM-4 operation is possible, but a
good 50 Gb/s PAM-4 eye diagram cannot be observed.
If the test light source can have a sufficient bandwidth, our optical receiver module can be
expected to achieve at 50 Gb/s PAM-4 operation. Our optical receiver module design can be
extended to the design of a 16-channel 25 Gb/s NRZ or 50 Gb/s PAM-4 receiver module to
achieve 400 Gb/s operation.
V. Acknowledgment
This paper is supported by the Taiwan Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST
107-2218-E-992-304).
149
VI. Reference
(J. D'Ambrosia, P. Mooney, M. Nowell,2013). "400Gbs Ethernetwhy now? "
Ethernet Alliance, pp 1-8, 2013
(IEEE P802.3ba 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s Ethernet Task Force,2010). "IEEE P802.3ba Task Force
Objectives [Approved: July-16th-2009] " Retrieved from : http://www.ieee802.org/3/ba/
(IEEE P802.3bs 200 Gb/s and 400 Gb/s Ethernet Task Force,2018). " Objectives" Retrieved
from : http://www.ieee802.org/3/bs/
(Agilent Technologies, Blaze Network Products, E2O Communications, Inc., ExceLight
Communications, Finisar Corporation, Fujikura Technology America Corp., Hitachi Cable,
Infineon Technologies Corp., IBM Corp., Lucent Technologies, Molex, Inc., Optical
Communication Products, Inc., Picolight, Inc., Stratos Lightwave, Tyco Electronics,2000).
"Small Form-factor Pluggable (SFP) Transceiver MultiSource Agreement (MSA) "
Retrieved from : http://www.schelto.com/sfp/sfp%20msa.pdf
([email protected],2018). "QSFP-DD specification" Retrieved from :
http://www.qsfp-dd.com/specification/
(Melgar-Evangelista, Alirio A., et al.,2017). "Experimentally benchmarked fiber propagation
model for 50Gbps PAM-4 MMF links employing multimode VCSELs. " Optical Fiber
Communications Conference and Exhibition (OFC)
(Kao, Hsuan-Yun, et al.,2017). "Modal linewidth dependent transmission performance of
850-nm VCSELs with encoding PAM-4 over 100-m MMF." IEEE Journal of Quantum
Electronics 53.5.
(Lavrencik, Justin, et al.,2017). "DSP-Enabled 100 Gb/s PAM-4 VCSEL MMF Links." Journal
of Lightwave Technology 35.15.
(Pavan, Sriharsha Kota, Justin Lavrencik, and Stephen E. Ralph.,2017). "VCSEL-Based PAM-4
Links up to 62 Gbit/s Over OM3, OM4, and WB-MMF: Performance Comparison at 850
nm and 1050 nm." Journal of Lightwave Technology 35.9.
(Lavrencik, Justin, et al.,2017). "4λ× 100Gbps VCSEL PAM-4 transmission over 105m of wide
band multimode fiber." Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Optical Society of
America.
(You, Yue, et al.,2017). "Amplitude and time skew aware equalization of 100-Gb/s PAM4
signals at the transmitter side for VCSEL-based short reach optical interconnects. "
Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) and Photonics Global
Conference (PGC), 2017. IEEE.
(Kun-Lin Sie,2017). "High-frequency Characteristics of printed circuit board structure and
design of QSFP-DD Optical transceiver module."
150
ISCEAS-0201
A Method to Defend against Activity Hijacking Attack by Using
Shared-Memory Side Channel
Zhehui Liao and Hung-Min Sun
Department of Computer Science, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
E-mail address:[email protected]
1. Background/ Objectives and Goals
In the recent years there are lots of researches on mobile device’s security techniques to make
our mobile devices much safer. However, Activity hijacking attack is a special attack on Android
which can leak user’s sensitive information but needs no sensitive permission and never directly
access to the sensitive data, so that the mainstream antivirus techniques are very hard to defend
against this kinds of attack. In this paper, with studying the characteristics of the Activity
hijacking attack, we proposed a new method to defend against Activity hijacking attack on the
user level by using shared-memory side channel, which can effectively detect the Activity
hijacking attack in real-time and users can actually get benefit from. Our method is a general
method able to run on currently all devices with Android without using any special permission or
rooting the phone or changing any part of the Android. So that It is very suitable to be used in
third-party security tools on Android.
2. Methods
We use Samsung Galaxy Nexus I9250 with Android 5.1 (CyanogenMod 12.1). The device’s
main display resolution is 1280 x 720 Pixels and the full-screen GraphicBuffer size is about 920
pages according to our measurement. We monitor the shared-memory of a specific app on this
device.
2.1 Detecting the Activity transition signal
Even though the Activity transition signal has a lot of advantages for being detected, to real-time
detect it accurately in a real device is still challenging. Luckily, the method of attack detecting
descripted in 4.2 actually gives us some convenience to do it in a much easier way.
We notice that, if we run the attack detection without Activity transition signal, which means
there is no Activity transition takes place, not to mention Activity hijacking attack, the result of
the attack detection is no attack, which is exactly the fact. Therefore, the false positive rate of the
Activity transition detection does not affect the accuracy of attack detection, so that we have a
huge tolerance on false positive rate of the Activity transition detection. In another word, we can
just focus on the recall without care about the precision.
So, here we just simply detect if there is a Δshared_vm of one or more full-screen GraphicBuffer
sizes taking place. If there are positive and negative ones taking place in a very short period, we
151
judge that an internal transition takes place; if there are only negative ones but no positive one
taking place in a very short period, we judge that an external transition takes place.
However, the Δshared_vm of one full-screen GraphicBuffer sizes does not always equal to one
full-screen GraphicBuffer size, because when we do the sampling there is noise in the same
sampling period as the GraphicBuffer so that the Δshared_vm will be a little less or more that the
full-screen GraphicBuffer size. To deal with it, we set an error range of the full-screen
GraphicBuffer size and count every Δshared_vm within the error range.
This method is super simple with low but still can keep a high recall at the same time. Because
for the positive Δshared_vm, it takes place 3 times in an Activity transition signal which it is very
hard to miss all; and for the negative Δshared_vm, because of the sampling it usually takes place
once but group up as a very big number of pages so that it is very hard be influenced by noise.
2.2 Getting the current foreground app’s package name
Before Android 5.0, it is very easy to get the current foreground app by using method
getRunningTasks() of the class ActivityManager with a permission GET_TASKS, which is no
longer available to third party applications on Android 5.0 (API level 20) and was deprecated on
Android 5.1 (API level 21).
Android 5.0 and above provide us a new API UsageStatsManager which we can accurately get
the information of the current foreground app’s package name. However, besides a regular
permission PACKAGE_USAGE_STATS, this API need a special permission named “Apps with
usage access” to work. Unlike the regular permissions that only need to simply be declare in
AndroidManifest.xml, to grant this permission we need to guide the user to Setting -> Security
-> Apps with usage access, and turn it on manually for the app.
3. Expected Results/ Conclusion/ Contribution
In this paper, with studying the characteristics of the Activity hijacking attack, we proposed a
new method to defend against Activity hijacking attack on the user level with high accuracy,
which can effectively detect the Activity hijacking attack in real-time and users can actually get
benefit from. Our method uses only a shared-memory side channel and call some regular
Android API without using any special permission or rooting the phone or changing any part of
the Android, which means it is a general method able to run on currently all devices with
Android. Therefore, it is very suitable to be used in third-party security tools on Android.
Keywords: Security, Mobile Devices, Android Malware, Activity Hijacking Attack
152
Material Science and Engineering
Wednesday, June 5, 2019 09:30-10:30 Royal Room 3
ISCEAS-0190
Enhanced Magnetic Properties of Multiferroic (1-x)GaFeO3-(x)CoFe2O4 Nanocomposites
Yu-Hsin Wang︱National University of Kaohsiung
Tai-Chun Han︱National University of Kaohsiung
ISCEAS-0199
The Influence of Structure on Nonlinear Optical Properties in YMnO3 and YbMnO3
Tzu Fang Hsu︱National Pintung University
Tai Chun Han︱National Kaohsiung University
Meng Xiu Xie︱National Pintung University
Jin An Lee︱National Pintung University
ISCEAS-0189
Effects of Ytterbium Substitution on Dielectric Properties in Multiferroic Tb1-xYbxMnO3
Ceramics
Tai-Chun Han︱National University of Kaohsiung
Bo-Hong Chen︱National University of Kaohsiung
ISCEAS-0202
Pilocarpine-Loaded Polycaprolactone Nanocarriers for Glaucoma Treatment
Jui-Yang Lai︱Chang Gung University
153
ISCEAS-0190
Enhanced Magnetic Properties of Multiferroic (1-x)GaFeO3-(x)CoFe2O4
Nanocomposites
Yu-Hsin Wanga, Tai-Chun Han
b
a Department of Applied Physics, National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
E-mail address: [email protected]
b Department of Applied Physics, National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background
Throughout the last decade, multiferroic materials have rendered a revival of intensive research
due to their application potential as next generation devices. Among various multiferroic
materials, gallium ferrite, GaFeO3 (GFO), is the most promising candidate which exhibits
ferrimagnetism, piezoelectricity and magnetoelectric effects [1, 2]. GFO has a ferrimagnetic
structure of the spin along the c-axis, and a spontaneous polarization along the b-axis. Although
the magnetization has been enhanced by substitution of various divalent or trivalent ion-doped
GFO [3,4], but few attempt has been made to enhance the magnetization of the multiferroic
system like GFO by using some other strong magnetic host of ferrite family in the
nanocomposite state. In this work, therefore, we report on the characterization of
(1-x)GaFeO3-(x)CoFe2O4 (denoted as GFO-CFO) nanocomposites with x = 0, 0.17, 0.375, 0.5
and 1. The main objective of this work is to enhance the magnetic properties of GFO in
GFO-CFO nanocomposite at room temperature.
2. Experimental Methods
First, the GFO and CoFe2O4 (CFO) nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol-gel method using
nitrates as starting materials. The details of sample preparation were given in an earlier paper [4].
And then, the (1-x)GaFeO3-(x)CoFe2O4 nanocomposites with x = 0, 0.17, 0.375, 0.5 and 1 were
prepared by the conventional solid-state reaction method from GFO and CFO nanoparticles.
Initially the both nanoparticulate powders were mixed stoichiometrically in a mortar and
reground. Finally, the mixture was placed in an alumina crucible and sintered at 500 oC for 2h.
The crystalline structure and the phase purity of the samples were determined by using a typical
X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) system with Cu K1 radiation. And then, the XRD data were fit
using the General Structure Analysis System (GSAS) Rietveld refinement program. The
crystallite sizes of the nanoparticles were estimated from the broadening of the well-defined
peaks using the Debye-Scherrer equation. Surface morphologies of the GFO-CFO
nanocomposites were examined using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The
154
field-dependent magnetizations were measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM).
3. Results/ Conclusion
The crystallographic phase of each sample was confirmed by observing the XRD patterns. From
the results of XRD patterns of GFO-CFO nanocomposites, all the observed peaks were duly
assigned with the help of the JCPDS files (no. 26-0673 for GFO, and no. 22-1086 for CFO). It is
interesting to note that no extra peak due to any other impurity phase has been found in the
patterns for each sample. Profile fitting using GSAS Rietveld refinement program showed that
the structure of GFO is orthorhombic with space group Pc21n and the structure of CFO is cubic
with space group Fd3m. Both of these orthorhombic and cubic phases are retained in the
nanocomposite state of GFO-CFO. The average crystallite sizes of the nanocomposites were
estimated from the broadening of the well-defined peaks using the Debye-Scherrer equation [5].
As an example, the estimated crystallite sizes of GFO and CFO are 14.7 and 32.6 nm,
respectively. The average crystallite size of GFO and CFO in the 0.5GaFeO3-0.5CoFe2O4
nanocomposite sample are, respectively, 15.6 and 33.5 nm.
In addition, the magnetization of GFO was considerably enhanced due to incorporation of GFO
in the matrix of CFO. We also observed that the magnetic hysteresis curve of
(1-x)GaFeO3-(x)CoFe2O4 nanocomposites with x = 0.17 and 0.375 exhibit two-phase-like
magnetic behavior consisting of hard and soft magnetic phases. Furthermore, the coercive field,
residual magnetization and saturation magnetization of GFO-CFO nanocomposites increase
systematically with increasing CFO-content. The remarkable enhancement of magnetic behavior
of the multiferroic system of GFO by the encapsulated of CFO would be quite interesting for the
applications of spintronic and magnetoelectric devices.
Keywords: Multiferroic, magnetization, nanocomposite, ferrite
References
[1] M. B. Mohamed, A. Senyshyn, H. Ehrenberg, and H. Fuess, J. Alloys Compd. 492 (2010)
L20.
[2] S. Mukherjee, V. Ranjan, R. Gupta, and A. Garg, Solid State Commum. 152 (2012) 1181.
[3] A. Thomasson, S. Cherifi, C. Lefevre, F. Roulland, B. Gautier, D. Albertini, C. Many, and N.
Viart, J. Appl. Phys. 113 (2013) 214101.
[4] T. C. Han, Y. C. Lee, and Y. T. Chu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 105 (2014) 212407.
155
ISCEAS-0199
The Influence of Structure on Nonlinear Optical Properties in YMnO3 and
YbMnO3
Tzu Fang Hsua,
, Tai Chun Hanb, Meng Xiu Xie
c, Jin An Lee
d
a Department of Applied Physics, National Pingtung University, Taiwan
E-mail address: [email protected]
b Department of Applied Physics, National Kaohsiung University, Taiwan
E-mail address: [email protected]
c Department of Applied Physics, National Pingtung University, Taiwan
E-mail address: [email protected]
d
Department of Applied Physics, National Pingtung University, Taiwan
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background
The RMnO3 (R=rare earth) are getting many research interests because of coexistence of
ferroelectric and antiferromagnetic transitions. The RMnO3 family has the orthorhombic
perovskite structure for large rare earth atom R and has non-cetrosymmetry hexagonal structure
for the smaller rare earth atom R. [1,2]. Besides, because the third order nonlinear optical effect
would be resulted in the structure, we measure the third order nonlinear optical effect of these
two materials. Hence, we discuss the relationship between the structure and third order
nonlinear optical effect in YMnO3 and YbMnO3 nanoparticles.
The Z-scan technique was first proposed by Sheik-Bahae [3,4] to measure the optical nonlinear
properties. In z-scan technique, the sample is scanned along the Z axis which defined the optic
axis direction in the focal region of a single focused laser beam. The nonlinear refraction
behavior which would resulted in the nonlinear optical Kerr effect could be measured by
closed-aperture Z-scan (CA) and nonlinear absorption behavior could be observed by
opened-aperture Z-scan (OA).
2. Methods
The nanoparticle RMnO3(R=Y, Yb) have been prepared by standard solid-state reaction method.
The crystalline structures of RMnO3 was determined by X-ray diffraction system (XRD) with
Cu Kα1 radiation. The shapes and size of particles were determined by SEM and AFM.
156
The third order nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient was determined
which was measured by Z-scan system, Nanoparticle powders of RMnO3 dissolved into solvent.
In the Z-scan system, the focused laser beam of double frequency solid state laser with
wavelength at 532nm incident on the sample. The nanoparticle solution was moved on the z-axis
by motor stage so that the nonlinear optical behavior of sample could be observed by the
measured transmission curve. Hence, the third order nonlinear optical coefficient could be
determined by fitting the measured transmission curve.
3. Results/ Conclusion
The XRD results showed that the structure of YMnO3 was hexagonal and YbMnO3 was
orthorhombic. Furthermore, The CA and OA transmission curves of YMnO3 and YbMnO3
shows that these two sample all exhibit third order nonlinear refractive index and absorption
coefficient.
Besides, the trend of CA results also depicts that the nonlinear refractive index was negative. In
addition, the value of transmission difference between the peak and valley, ΔTPV, of YMnO3
was larger than that of YbMnO3 which indicated that the YMnO3 nanoparticles had larger
nonlinear refractive index than YbMnO3. The results demonstrated that the symmetrical structure
of YbMnO3 and nonsymmetrical hexagonal structure of YMnO3. The nonsymmetrical structure
of YMnO3 also exhibit larger nonlinear absorption coefficient so that it has larger optical limiting
effect than that of YbMnO3.
Keywords: YMnO3, YbMnO3, Z-scan, third order nonlinear optical effect,
References
[1] Yakel, H. L. Acta Crystallogr. 1955, 8, 394.
[2] Yakel, H. L.; Koehler, W. C.; Bertaut, E. F.; Forrat, E. F. Acta Crystallogr. 1963, 16, 957.
[3] M. S. Bahae, A. A. Said, and E. W. van Stryland, Opt. Lett. 14, 955-957(1989)
[4] M. S. Bahae, A. A. Said, Tai-Huel Wei, David J.Hagan, and E. W. van Stryland, IEEE J.
Quantum Electron. VOL. 26. NO. 4,760-769(1990)
157
ISCEAS-0189
Effects of Ytterbium Substitution on Dielectric Properties in Multiferroic
Tb1-xYbxMnO3 Ceramics
Tai-Chun Hana, Bo-Hong Chen
b
a Department of Applied Physics, National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
E-mail address: [email protected]
b Department of Applied Physics, National University of Kaohsiung, Taiwan
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background
For the last few years, the orthorhombic TbMnO3 multiferroics have brought a lot of interesting
research works. In particular, the TbMnO3 magnetics with ferroelectricity due to their magnetic
order of Mn3+
-ions translated from paramagnetism to incommensurate sinusoidal order below 41
K. And then, an incommensurate sinusoidal translation to a commensurate noncolinear spiral
spin ordering below 27 K, which induced ferroelectricity along c-axis simultaneously [1].
Moreover, TbMnO3 ceramics not only presented the high dielectric constants at room
temperature, but also display the relaxation behavior [2]. It can be applied in information storage,
sensors, and other new devices.
Currently, the single characteristic of TbMnO3 is supposed to be improved by partly doping ions
in Tb or Mn site such as Fe and Bi [3]. However, the physical properties of Yb-doped TbMnO3
ceramics has not been completely established, and the reported works are focus on the
multiferroic properties at low temperature. In this work, therefore, we prepared a series of
Tb1-xYbxMnO3 (0 x 0.15) ceramics by a conventional solid-state reaction method to
systematically study the effects of Yb doping on their structural and dielectric properties.
2. Experimental Methods
The polycrystalline samples of Tb1-xYbxMnO3 (0 x 0.15) have been prepared by the standard
solid-state reaction method. First, the high purity terbium oxide (Tb4O7), manganese dioxide
(MnO2) and ytterbium oxide (Yb2O3) dried at 150 oC in the furnace for 2 h before use,
respectively. Then, those high purity powders were mixed stoichiometrically in a mortar. The
mixtures were ground and calcined in air at 1200 oC for 24 h. Finally, to ensure better
homogeneity the mixed powders were ground again, compacted into small pellets and sintered in
air at 1350 oC for 24 h.
The crystalline structures of samples were determined by using a typical X-ray diffraction (XRD)
158
system with Cu K1 radiation. The measurements of permittivity were performed by LCR-Meter
(Agilent E4980A) with a closed-cycle low temperature system. For the dielectric measurements,
the powders were pressed into the disk pellets under a pressure of 1.5 GPa and then coated with
around 100 nm thick silver layers on both the top and bottom sides of the disk as electrodes.
3. Results/ Conclusion
From the results of XRD patterns of Tb1-xYbxMnO3 ceramics, all the observed peaks can be
indexed in orthorhombic perovskite structure of space group Pbnm, suggesting that all four
samples are pure phases without any impurity. Lattice parameters and unit cell volume change
systematically with increasing Yb concentration (x) implies that the Yb-ions do replace the
Tb-ions. This could be attributed to the smaller ionic radius of Yb3+
(0.858 Å ) than that of Tb3+
(0.923 Å ), which clearly confirms that the Yb is successfully doped in the lattice of
Tb1-xYbxMnO3.
In addition, the dielectric spectrum of the Tb1-xYbxMnO3 ceramic samples was obtained, all the
Yb-doped TbMnO3 samples exhibit the relaxation behavior. The dielectric loss peak which
follows the Arrhenius behavior that gives the activation energies between 0.25 ~ 0.29 eV. The
nearly value of activation energies for all samples, indicating the relaxations are from the grain
boundaries [2,4]. We also found that the impedance spectra for all samples show two
semicircular arcs indicate that contribution from both grain and grain boundary affects. The
strong frequency-dependent dielectric constant, considerably high value at low frequency and
low value at high frequency, may be due to the Maxwell-Wagner (M-W) polarization effect [5].
Furthermore, the dielectric characterization also indicates that the sample of Tb0.95Yb0.05MnO3
presents the largest dielectric constants (~ 5000) at low frequency. Our results reveal that the
dielectric properties of TbMnO3 could be enhanced with the small amount of Yb replacement
with Tb.
Keywords: Multiferroic, orthorhombic, dielectric relaxation, ceramics
References
[1] T. Kimura, T. Goto, H. Shintani, K. Ishizaka, T. Arima, Y. Tokura, Nature 426 (2003) 55.
[2] C. C. Wang, Y. M. Cui, L. W. Zhang, Appl. Phys. Lett. 90 (2007) 012904.
[3] J. Xu, Y. Cui, H. Xu, Results in Physics 6 (2016) 811.
[4] J. L. Izquierdo, A. Astudillo, G. Bolaños, V. H. Zapata, O. Morán, Ceram. Int. 41 (2015)
1285.
[5] W. Li and R. W. Schwartz, Phys. Rev. B. 75 (2007) 012104.
159
ISCEAS-0202
Pilocarpine-Loaded Polycaprolactone Nanocarriers for Glaucoma Treatment
Jui-Yang Laia*
a Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background
Glaucoma is the second global leading cause of blindness and may eventually lead to vision loss.
Given that the glaucoma is usually caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP),
pharmacological therapy becomes the mainstay of treatment for ocular hypertension. Although
topical eye drop administration is a common way to treat glaucoma, this formulation requires
frequent dosing with high drug concentrations. To overcome the low ocular bioavailability of
anti-glaucoma medications, this study aims to develop pilocarpine-loaded polycaprolactone
(PCL) nanocarriers for glaucoma treatment.
2. Methods
Two types of PCL nanoparticles such as nanospheres (NS: solid spheres capable of harboring the
drug in their solid mass) and nanocapsules (NC: hollow spherical structures for encapsulating the
drug) were synthesized and characterized. The effect of vesicular structure of PCL nanocarriers
on the drug loading efficiencies and release was investigated.
3. Results
Our results showed that the loading of pilocarpine in the PCL NC groups was approximately 3
times higher than that in the PCL NS counterparts. Furthermore, pilocarpine-loaded PCL NC
(PILO-PCL NC) exhibited a sustained drug release profile. Effective pharmacological responses
(i.e., IOP reduction and pupillary constriction) were observed in rabbits receiving intracamerally
administered pilocarpine-loaded PCL nanocarriers. The PILO-PCL NC exhibited long-term
therapeutic ability in alleviating ocular hypertension-induced corneal and retinal injuries under
physiological conditions, even after 42 days. Our findings suggest that the PCL NC is
advantageous for use as intraocular drug delivery system in the treatment of chronic ocular
hypertension in glaucomatous eyes.
Keywords: Polycaprolactone, Nanocarrier, Pilocarpine, Glaucoma
160
Electrical and Electronic Engineering / Mechanical Engineering
/ Biological Engineering
Wednesday, June 5, 2019 09:30-10:30 Royal Room 3
ISCEAS-0200
Design of a 25-Gb/s PAM-4 Transimpedance Amplifier with High Linearity in 90-nm
CMOS Technology
Ting-Chia Lu︱National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
Chih-Chen Peng︱National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
Jau-Ji Jou︱National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
Bing-Hong Liu︱National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
Shao-I Chu︱National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
Chien-Liang Chiu︱National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
ISCEAS-0186
Study of a DC-DC Flyback Converter with High Step-Down Voltage Conversion
Lung-Sheng Yang︱Far East University
Chih-Kun Cheng︱Far East University
Chia Ching Lin︱Far East University
ISCEAS-0198
Fabrication and Characterization of Multi-Functional Nanostructures on Curved Surface
Doo-In Kim︱Pusan National University
ISCEAS-0192
The Effect of Helminthostachys Zeylanica Extract on High Fat Diet-Fed Mice
Ting-Chen Chang︱Taipei Medical University
Yu-Chih Liang︱Taipei Medical University
Cheng Huang︱National Yang Ming University
161
ISCEAS-0200
Design of a 25-Gb/s PAM-4 Transimpedance Amplifier with High Linearity in
90-nm CMOS Technology
Ting-Chia Lu1, Chih-Chen Peng
2, Jau-Ji Jou
3, Bing-Hong Liu, Shao-I Chu, Chien-Liang
Chiu
Department of Electronic Engineering ,National Kaohsiung University of Science and
Technology ,Kaohsiung City 800, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
E-mail address: [email protected],
Abstract
Herein, a wide bandwidth and high linearity transimpedance amplifier (TIA) was designed in
TSMC 90-nm CMOS technology. The regulated cascade (RGC) topology was used in the input
stage of the TIA. The TIA used an active negative feedback to improve the bandwidth and the
linearity. PMOS transistors as variable resistors were paralleled in the feedback loop of the TIA
to adjust the circuit gain and bandwidth. The gain of the TIA was 52.28 dBΩ, the bandwidth
was 13.78 GHz, and the input referred current noise density is below 28.2 pA/√Hz. The TIA can
be applied in 25 Gb/s 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) optic receivers. The power
consumption of the TIA chip was about 28 mW, and the chip area was 0.339 mm × 0.460 mm.
Keywords: Transimpedance amplifier (TIA), 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4),
Regulated Cascade (RGC)
1. Introduction
Since the advent of optical fiber transmission, transmission speed has been increasing in recent
years and has been widely used in regional networks, local area networks, and data exchange
centers. Therefore, more people have invested in the research and promotion of high-speed fiber
optic circuit design. Current multi-level modulation signals can reduce the channel symbol rate
and make high-speed circuit design easier. The 4-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4)
signal is in the same bandwidth as the non-return to zero (NRZ) signal. but the data bit rate of the
PAM-4 signal can be doubled. Therefore, in the 200 and 400 Gb/s Ethernets, the PAM-4 signal is
defined as a kind of the standard signal formats.
In the optical receiver module, the transimpedance amplifier (TIA) and the main amplifier are
usually used. If nonlinear distortions can be tolerated, the limiting amplifier (LA) can be the main
amplifier. However, due to the superposition of multi-level signals, the PAM-4 signal is highly
dependent on linearity. The LA can introduce nonlinear distortions and will degrade the PAM-4
signal quality. Therefore, in the PAM-4 optical receiver, the high-linearity TIA will be needed and
162
the LA cannot be used. In this paper, a high- linearity TIA is designed in 90 nm CMOS
technology for 25 Gb/s PAM-4 transmissions.
2. Circuit Architecture
Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of our TIA circuit. The TIA was designed as a differential circuit
structure. A differential circuit can effectively reduce the noise interference from the power supply
or the substrate, and can increase the voltage swing. In addition, the nonlinear distortion and
even-order harmonics can be also reduced. The input stage of the TIA used a regulated cascade
(RGC) (Lu, 2012) (Taghavi, 2015) circuit. The active negative feedback was used in the TIA to
obtain high bandwidth, and the voltage output of the TIA is not resistively load by the feedback
device. The variable resistors were paralleled in the feedback loop of the TIA to improve linearity
and to adjust the gain and bandwidth of the TIA.
Fig. 1: The bolck diagram of the PAM-4 TIA.
Fig. 2 shows the schematic diagram of the RGC circuit. The photodiode is used as an optical
detector that converts the optical signal to a current signal. The current signal is amplified to be a
voltage by the common gate stage (M2). The common source stage (M1) operates as a local
feedback and can reduce the input impedance. In the RGC circuit, the resistive loads are also
replaced as active loads (Mp1 and Mp2).
163
Fig. 2: Schematic diagram of the RGC circuit.
Fig. 3 shows the schematic diagram of the TIA circuit. The TIA is a two-stage differential
amplifier (M3, M4, and M5, M6), and the active loads (Mp3, Mp4, and Mp5, Mp6) are also used
for reducing the layout area. The second differential amplifier is designed as a cascade topology
(M7 and M8) to enhance the voltage gain and to reduce the Miller capacitors. Active negative
feedback (Mf1 and Mf2) is used in the TIA to enhance the bandwidth and the linearity, and the
feedback impedance will not influence the output impedance of the TIA. Variable resistors are
paralleled in the feedback loop of the TIA to adjust the circuit gain and bandwidth, and the
variable resistors are implemented with PMOS transistors (Mp7 and Mp8) operating in the linear
regime.
Fig. 3: Schematic diagram of the TIA.
Fig. 4 shows the layout diagram of the TIA circuit. The TIA was designed in TSMC 90 nm
CMOS technology. The chip area including the pad is 0.339 × 0.460 mm2. The Input pad can be
164
connected the photodiode, the two Vout pads are the differential output ends, the Vb pad can
adjust the currents of the current mirrors, and the Vcont pad can control the feedback resistors.
Fig. 4: Layout diagram of the TIA.
3. Results and Discussions
For the post simulations, the DC transfer curve of the TIA is shown in Fig. 5 By the curve, the
transimpedance gain of 52.28 dBΩ was estimated. For the linear operation, the peak-to-peak input
current is below 900 μA, while the output swing reaches 80% of the fully limited value of the
TIA.
Fig. 5: Simulated DC transfer curve of the TIA.
For PAM-4 signals, the linearity of the circuit or system seriously influences the signal quality.
Therefore, the total harmonic distortion of the TIA was simulated using a 1 GHz input sine-wave
signal for the peak-to-peak input current, as shown in Fig. 6 The total harmonic distortion can be
below 5%, when the peak-to-peak input current is below 900 μA [9]. The condition for the linear
operation was also correspondent with the evaluation from the DC transfer curve.
165
Fig. 6: Simulated total harmonic distortion of the TIA.
The frequency response of the TIA was simulated, as shown in Fig. 7 In the simulations, the
equivalent capacitance and resistance of the photodiode was 0.3 pF and 2 kΩ, respectively. For
the lower frequency range, the gain was about 53 dBΩ and correspondent with the estimation for
the DC analysis. The 3-dB bandwidth of the TIA was about 13.78 GHz and then to suitable for the
25 Gb/s PAM4 operation.
Fig. 7: Simulated frequency response of the TIA.
The input referred current noise density of the TIA was simulated, as shown in Fig. 8 Within the
bandwidth, the input referred current noise density is about 28.2 pA/√Hz (García López, 2017).
The TIA had low-noise performance.
166
Fig. 8: Simulated input referred current noise density of the TIA.
The 25 Gb/s (12.5 Gbaud/s) PAM-4 output voltage eye diagrams were simulated, as shown in Fig.
9(a) and 9(b) for the peak-to-peak input current of 250 μA and 500 μA, respectively. For the 25
Gb/s PAM-4 operation, the top, middle, and bottom eye of the eye diagrams of the TIA can obtain
the same eye-height, because the TIA had good linearity.
Fig. 9: Simulated PAM-4 eye diagrams of the TIA for the peak-to-peak input current of (a) 250
μA and (b) 500 μA.
This TIA chip have been realized. Using a test fixture with a high resistor as a voltage-to-current
167
converter and a 0.15 pF capacitor as the parasitic shunt capacitance, the eye diagrams were
measured, as shown in Fig. 10. Fig. 10(a) shows the 25 Gb/s NRZ and 25 Gb/s PAM-4 eye
diagrams from the pattern generator. Fig. 10(b) shows the eye diagrams from the output of the test
fixture with 2 kΩ resistor for NRZ signals and with 1 kΩ resistor for PAM-4 signals, and the
signal quality was not very good. The eye diagrams from the TIA are shown in Fig. 10(c). The
performance of the eye diagrams was also not good because the test fixture had not a good output
current signal. Besides, the output impedance of the TIA was not designed as 50 Ω, and the
mismatched impedance caused the output amplitude reduction.
Fig. 10: Measured 12.5 Gb/s NRZ and 25 Gb/s PAM-4 eye diagrams from (a)the pattern
generator, (b) the test fixture, and (C) the TIA.
Although the measured performance of the TIA was not very good, the design skills of the TIA
can be still applied for a high-linearity TIA. If the output impedance of the TIA can be designed to
match the impedance of the output load, the better performance can be obtained for 25 Gb/s
PAM-4 operation. According to the post simulations of the TIA, the performance of our TIA
circuit and the comparison with other literatures are summarized in Table 1. The figure of merit
(FOM) was defined as (1). Our TIA had a high FOM value because the TIA had low power
consumption and small chip area.
168
(1)
Table 1: Comparison of the performance of the TIA circuits.
4. Conclusion
We propose a wide-bandwidth, high-linearity, and low-noise differential TIA circuit. The TIA was
designed using 90 nm CMOS technology. The TIA used an active negative feedback to improve
the bandwidth and the linearity. The transimpedance gain, bandwidth, and input referred current
noise density were about 52.28 dBΩ, 13.78 GHz, and 28.2 pA/√Hz, respectively. The power
consumption of the TIA chip was about 28 mW, and the chip area was 0.339 × 0.460 mm2.
Below the peak-to-peak input of 900 μA, the TIA can have good linearity to be suitable for the
PAM-4 operation. The 25 Gb/s PAM-4 eye diagrams of the TIA have been simulated and had
good performance. The TIA can be used in 25 Gb/s PAM-4 optical receivers for high-speed
optical transmissions. The design skills of the TIA can be also used for 50 Gb/s PAM-4 TIA in
smaller size CMOS technology.
5. Acknowledgments
This paper is supported by the Taiwan National Chip Implementation Center and the Taiwan
Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST 107-2218-E-992-304).
6. Referrences
169
Szczerba, K., et al. (2012). 4-PAM for high-speed short-range optical communications.
IEEE/OSA Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, 4(11), 885-894.
Park, S., Wilson, J. E., Ismail, M. (2006). The chip-peak detectors for multistandard wireless
receivers. IEEE Circuits and Devices Magazine, 22(6), 6-9.
Lu, T., Lee, H., Wang, C., Wang, C. (2012). A 4.9-mW 4-Gb/s single-to-differential TIA with
current-amplifying regulated cascode. Proceedings of Technical Program of 2012 VLSI
Design, Automation and Test, 23-25.
Taghavi, M., Belostotski, L., Haslett, J. W., Ahmadi, P. (2015). 10-Gb/s 0.13-μm CMOS
inductorless modified-RGC transimpedance amplifier. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and
Systems I: Regular Papers, 62(8), 1971-1980.
Liao, C., Liu, S. (2007). A 40Gb/s transimpedance-AGC amplifier with 19dB DR in 90nm CMOS.
IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers, 11-15.
Han, J., et al. (2010). A 20-Gb/s transformer-based current-mode optical receiver in 0.13-μm
CMOS. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, 57(5), 348-352.
Gyun, K., et al. (2014). A 50-Gb/s differential transimpedance amplifier in 65nm CMOS
technology. 2014 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference, 10-12.
Bhagavatheeswaran, S., et al. (2017). A 56 Gb/s PAM-4 linear transimpedance amplifier in
0.13-μm SiGe BiCMOS technology for optical receivers. 2017 IEEE Compound
Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Symposium, 22-25.
Jin, J., Hsu, S. (2006). A 40-Gb/s Transimpedance Amplifier in 0.18-μm CMOS Technology. 2006
Proceedings of the 32nd European Solid-State Circuits Conference, 19-21.
Peng, C., Jou, J., Shih, T., Chiu C. (2017). High linearity transimpedance amplifier in 0.18-μm
CMOS technology for 20-Gb/s PAM-4 receivers. 2017 International SoC Design Conference
(ISOCC), 5-8.
García López, I., et al. (2017). A 60 GHz bandwidth differential linear TIA in 130 nm sige:C
BiCMOS with < 5.5 pA/√Hz. 2017 IEEE Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology
Meeting (BCTM), 19-21.
170
ISCEAS-0186
Study of a DC-DC Flyback Converter with High Step-Down Voltage
Conversion
Lung-Sheng Yang*, Chih-Kun Cheng, Chia Ching, Lin
Department of Electrical Engineering, Far East University, Taiwan, R.O.C.
E-mail address*: [email protected]
Abstract
A DC-DC flyback converter with high step-down voltage conversion is presented in this paper.
Two transformers with same turns are employed in this converter. The pulse-width modulation
technique is utilized to control the active switches. The two transformers are charged by series
during switches ON-period and are discharged by parallel during switches OFF-period. Thus,
high step-down voltage conversion can be achieved. Moreover, the leakage energies of the
transformers can be recycled. The operating principles are described. Some simulation results of
this converter are shown to verify the feasibility.
Keywords: flyback converter, pulse width modulation, leakage energy
1. Introduction
The DC power sources are widely used for many electronics products. The switching mode
DC-DC converters have the advantages, including high power density, high stability, and fast
regulation. These converters can be used for the non-isolated and isolated applications. The
non-isolated topologies have buck, boost, and buck-boost types [1]-[3]. Also, the isolated
topologies have flyback, forward, half-bridge, full-bridge, and push-pull types [4]-[8]. The
flyback types are attractive due to simple structure and low cost for low-power and isolation.
However, the disadvantage of the flyback converter is the issue of the leakage inductor. This
issue will result in high voltage spike and power losses. In order to improve this issue, a
two-switch flyback converter is utilized to recycle the leakage energy [9]. In this paper, two
transformers are employed for the two-switch flyback converter, as shown in Fig. 1. The two
transformers are charged by series during switches ON-period and are discharged by parallel
during switches OFF-period. Thus, high step-down voltage conversion is achieved. Moreover,
this topology can be applied for higher power.
2. Operating Principles
The equivalent circuit of proposed converter is shown in Fig. 2. The switches S1 and S2 are
controlled by using the pulse-width modulation technique. The transformer is modeled as the
ideal transformer, magnetizing inductors Lm1/Lm2, primary leakage inductors Lk11/Lk21, and
secondary leakage inductors Lk12/Lk22. The magnetizing inductors Lm1/Lm2 have same inductance.
171
Also, turn-ratio n = N11/N12 = N21/N22. Some key waveforms of the proposed converter are shown
in Fig. 3. The operating principles are described as follows.
Mode 1, [t0, t1]:
The switches S1 and S2 are turned on. The current-flow path is shown in Fig. 4. The energies
stored in the magnetizing inductors Lm1/Lm2 and secondary leakage inductors Lk12/Lk22 are
released to the output capacitor Co and load R. Thus, the leakage energies of the secondary
leakage inductors Lk12/Lk22 can be recycled. Also, the energy of the input Vin is transferred to the
primary leakage inductors Lk11/Lk21. Thus, the magnetizing-inductor currents iLm1/iLm2 and
secondary leakage-inductor currents iN12/iN22 are decreased linearly. The primary
leakage-inductor currents iLk11/iLk21 are increased linearly. At t = t1, the secondary leakage-current
iN12 and iN22 equal zero. The leakage energies of the secondary leakage inductors Lk12/Lk22 are
recycled completely. This mode is end.
Fig. 1: Circuit configuration of the proposed converter
172
Fig. 2: Equivalent circuit of the proposed converter
Fig. 3: Some key waveforms of the proposed converter
173
Fig. 4: Current-flow path of the proposed converter in mode 1
Mode 2, [t1, t2]:
The switches S1 and S2 are still turned on. The current-flow path is shown in Fig. 5. The energy
of the input Vin is transferred to the magnetizing inductors Lm1/Lm2 and primary leakage inductors
Lk11/Lk21. The energy of output capacitor Co is discharged to the load R. Thus, the
magnetizing-inductor currents iLm1/iLm2 and primary leakage-inductor currents iLk11/iLk21 are
increased linearly. At t = t2, the switches S1 and S2 are turned off. This mode is end.
Fig. 5: Current-flow path of the proposed converter in mode 2
174
Mode 3, [t2, t3]:
The switches S1 and S2 are turned off. The current-flow path is shown in Fig. 6. The energies
stored in the primary leakage inductors Lk11/Lk21 are recycled to the input Vin via the diodes D1
and D2. The energies stored in the magnetizing inductors Lm1/Lm2 are released to the secondary
leakage inductors Lk12/Lk22, output capacitor Co and load R via the ideal transformers. Thus, the
primary leakage-inductor currents iLk11/iLk21 and the magnetizing-inductor currents iLm1/iLm2 are
decreased linearly. The secondary leakage-inductor currents iN12/iN22 are increased linearly. At t =
t3, the primary leakage-inductor currents iLk11/iLk21 equal zero. Meantime, the energies stored in
the leakage-inductor Lk11 and Lk21 are recycled completely. This mode is end.
Fig. 6: Current-flow path of the proposed converter in mode 3
Mode 4, [t3, t4]:
The switches S1 and S2 are still turned off. The current-flow path is shown in Fig. 7. The
energies stored in the magnetizing inductors Lm1/Lm2 and secondary leakage inductors Lk12/Lk22
are released to the output capacitor Co and load R. Thus, the magnetizing-inductor currents
iLm1/iLm2 and secondary leakage-inductor currents iN12/iN22 are decreased linearly. This mode is
end when the switches S1 and S2 are turned on at the beginning of the next switching period.
175
Fig. 7: Current-flow path of the proposed converter in mode 4
3. Steady State Analysis
In order to simply the analysis, the impact of leakage-inductor is ignored. From Fig. 5, the
voltages across the magnetizing-inductor are expressed as
1 22
inLm Lm
Vv v (1)
From Fig. 7, the voltages across the magnetizing-inductor are written as
1 2Lm Lm ov v nV (2)
Using the voltage-second balance principle on the magnetizing inductor Lm1, the following
equation is obtained from (1) and (2).
( )(1 ) 02
ins o s
VDT nV D T (3)
Thus, the voltage gain is found as follows.
2 (1 )
o
in
V DM
V n D
(4)
The voltage gain of traditional flyback converter is D/n(1-D). Therefore, the proposed converter
can provide high step-down voltage conversion.
4. Simulation Results
In order to display the performance of this converter, the simulation results are shown in this
section. The electric specifications and component parameters are chosen as input voltage Vin =
200 V, output voltage Vo = 24 V, switching frequency fs = 100 kHz, output power Po = 250 W,
capacitor Co = 200 μF, magnetizing indictors Lm1 = Lm2 = 294 μH, and turn-ratio n = 3. Some
simulation results are shown in Fig. 8. Fig. 8(a) shows the waveforms of the input voltage Vin
176
and output voltage Vo. One can see that the output voltage Vo is controlled at 25 V. Thus, this
converter can provide high step-down voltage conversion. Fig. 8(b) shows the waveforms of the
magnetizing current iLm1 and primary leakage-inductor current iLk11, it is seen that this converter
is operated in continuous conduction mode. Also, the leakage energy can be recycled. Figs. 8(c)
and 8(d) show the waveforms of the primary/secondary winding currents iN11/iN12, switch current
iS1, and diode current iD1. It is seen that these waveforms agree with the operating principles.
5. Conclusion
The paper presents a flyback converter with high step-down voltage conversion. The converter
utilizes two transformers with same turns, which are charged by series during switches
ON-period and are discharged by parallel during switches OFF-period. From the simulation
results, this converter can achieve high step-down voltage conversion. Also, the leakage
energies of the transformers can be recycled.
(a) Vin and Vo
(b) iLm1 and iLk11
177
(c) iN11 and iN12
(d) iS1 and iD1
Fig. 8: Some simulation waveforms under Vin = 200 V, Vo = 24 V, and Po = 250 W
6. References
[1] Tsai, J.C., Huang, T. Y., Lai, W. W., and Chen, K. H. (2011). Dual modulation technique for
high efficiency in high-switching buck converters over a wide load range, IEEE
Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 58(7), 1671-1680.
[2] Wang, Y. X., Yu, D. H., and Kim, Y. B. (2014). Robust time-delay control for the DC-DC
boost converter, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 61(9), 4829-4837.
[3] Wei, C. L., Chen, C. H., Wu, K. C., and Ko, I. T. (2012). Design of an average-current-mode
noninverting buck-boost DC-DC converter with reduced switching and conduction losses,
IEEE Trans. on Power Electronics, 27(12), 4934-4943.
[4] Sang, H. K., Maksimovic, D., and Cohen, I. (2012). Efficiency optimization in digitally
controlled flyback DC-DC converters over wide ranges of operating conditions, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, 27(8), 3734-3748.
178
[5] Wu, H., Xu, P., Liu, W., and Xing, Y. (2013). Series-input interleaved forward converter with
a shared switching leg for wide input voltage range applications, IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, 60(11), 5029-5039.
[6] Mao, H., Deng, S., Qahouq, J. A., and Batarseh, I. (2005). Active-clamp snubbers for isolated
half-bridge DC-DC converters, IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 20(6), 1294-1302.
[7] Cha, W. J., Kwon, J. M., and Kwon, B. H. (2016). Highly efficient asymmetrical
PWM full-bridge converter for renewable energy sources, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Electronics, 63(5), 2945-2953, 2016.
[8] Lim, T. C., Williams, B. W., Finney, S. J., Zhang, and H. B. (2012). Energy recovery snubber
circuit for a dc-dc push-pull converter, IET Power Electronics, 5(6), 863-872.
[9] Yang, M. K. and Choi, W. Y. (2015). Actively clamped two-switch flyback converter with
high efficiency, Journal of Power Electronics, 15(5), 1200-1206.
179
ISCEAS-0198
Fabrication and Characterization of Multi-Functional Nanostructures on
Curved Surface
Na Eun Yeoa, Myung Young Jeong
a, Doo-In Kim
b
a Department of Cogno-mechatronics Engineering, Pusan National University, Korea
b Opto-mechatronics Engineering Research Institute, Pusan National University, Korea,
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background/ Objectives and Goals
Intense research on functional surfaces have been conducted to implement functionalities
enhanced by micro- and nano-scale surface structures, which was inspired by nature. It was
found that the micro- and nano-scale surface features alter the intrinsic surface properties of
materials, such as wettability and reflection of incident light. The conventional anti-reflection
coating (ARC) having multiple thin layers with different reflective indices can be replaced by the
nano-scale structres on the surface. However, one of the critical issues with this approach is
manufacturing process for practical applications. The complicated fabrication process of small
scale patterns typically hinders their practical applications, in particular, surfaces with curvature.
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is one of the most suitable methods to engrave uniform small
patterns on the surface. Another critical issue is mechanical reliability of the nano-scale
structures owing to the weak structural stiffness of the nano-structure.
In this study, we have fabricated anti-reflective nano-structures on the curved optical
devices by the ultraviolet imprint lithography (UV-NIL) using a film mold. The optical property
such as reflectance and wettability of the prepared nanostructures were evaluated validity of the
proposed imprint process. In addition, mechanical stability of the nano-patterned surface was
characterized for practical application.
2. Methods
Adopting sacrificial layer (SL) on the nano-patterned film was adopted to fabricate the replica
mold film for the UV-NIL, which was conducted to imprint nanoscale patterns on the curved
surface. A thin poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) SL was spin-coated on the imprinted
nano-patterns on the flat PMMA film to protect nanostructures during thermal nanoimprint
lithography (t-NIL) for replication of targeting surface curvature. The formability was evaluated
by comparing the nano-structures on the master stamp and the fabricated surfaces using a
scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optical property and wettability of the structures were
evaluated by measuring reflectance and contact angle of deionized water. In addition,
performance of the worn surface with nano-structures after wear test was evaluated to
characterize for practical applications.
180
3. Expected Results/ Conclusion/ Contribution
The SEM analysis exhibited that the formability of nano-scale patterns on the curved surface
fabricated by the replica film mold was similar to that of nanoscale pattern prepared on the flat
surface by the conventional UV-NIL imprint process. The characterization of the prepared
nanoimprinted surface showed that reflectance and wettability were 0.74 % and 134°,
respectively. The contact angle measurements on the nano-patterned surface after wear test
confirmed that the mechanical stability of the fabricated surface is suitable for practical
applications.
Keywords: nano-structures, curved surface, nanoimprint lithography, reflectance, wettability.
181
ISCEAS-0192
The effect of Helminthostachys zeylanica extract on high fat diet-fed mice
Ting-Chen Chang,a Yu-Chih Liang,
b and Cheng Huang,
c,*
a Ph.D. Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei
Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
E-mail address: [email protected]
b School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and
Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
E-mail address: [email protected]
c Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, National Yang-Ming
University, Taipei, Taiwan.
E-mail address: [email protected]
1. Background/ Objectives and Goals
Among the treatment of metabolic syndrome, the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has been
proved as one of alternative medicines with rational and substantial biological functions.
Helminthostachys zeylanica (HZ), which was considered as an anti-cancer fruit, showed
significant inhibitory effects on obesity and insulin resistance phenomenon in our model.
2. Methods
After 12 weeks of high-fat dietary with lyophilized HZ treatment, mice were released from
hyperlipaemia and hyperglycemia. In addition, the fat accumulation was reduced in hepatocytes,
which suggested us the fatty liver was reversed by HZ.
3. Expected Results/ Conclusion/ Contribution
Moreover, the insulin sensitivity-associated index that evaluates insulin function was also
significantly restored. In conclusion, HZ dietary supplement has a therapeutic effect on
non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and high-fat-diet induced insulin resistance.
Keywords: Helminthostachys zeylanica / hepatic steatosis / insulin resistance/ obesity
182
Education
Wednesday, June 5, 2019 09:30-10:30 Royal Room 3
ISESS-0103
Service-Learning Approach in the Leisure Studies
Bob Lee︱Bowling Green State University
183
ISESS-0103
Service-Learning Approach in the Leisure Studies
Bob Lee
School of Human Movement, Sports and Leisure Studies
Bowling Green State University, USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: Service-learning, Community engagement, Leisure studies
Abstract
This paper will demonstrate to attendees how to implement service learning pedagogy in the
development of leisure study curriculum. Presenters will display a real case that used service
learning method to create an interactive learning atmosphere that enriches a students’ experience
of civic engagement beyond their academic learning outcome. In the end, the reflection of civic
engagement and incorporated methodology was discussed.
Introduction
A growing body of literature have concentrated on to promote collaboration and build
partnership between university and community in higher education in the past few decades.
The trend of this research is involving in many disciplines including leisure and recreation
profession. Leisure study is a “people-oriented” discipline, dealing with humans and human
behaviors (Douglas, 1996; Dare, Welton, & Coe, 1987; Kaplan, 1960). Implementing service
learning pedagogy in leisure study may create an interactive atmosphere that not only enriches
students’ experience of civic engagement but also empowers them with leadership skills,
self-orientation in the real world, as well as experiences in communication and integration within
a non-homogenous cultural environment. However, little has been done on the impact of
leisure-service-based learning outcomes in the format of a quantitative measurement. Therefore,
we conducted this study in an attempt to investigate the reflection of student’ involvement in the
service-learning.
Service-learning method was applied into a courses taught during Spring Semester, 2008,
recreation Programming. This approach was employed to encourage students working as a group
to complete a deliverable recreational program targeting local community residents. This
exercise includes three phases: Planning, Service, and Reflection.
In the phase one - a planning stage, students were organized into groups who set up a weekly
meeting to develop a project proposal. This process focused on goal establishment, feasibility
analysis, activity analysis, budgeting, and management plans. In phase two, the representatives
184
of assigned groups initiated the contacts with community service providers to establish a
dialogue for service opportunities. As student groups reached the consensus with community
service sectors on the planned projects, they delivered the proposed service to the residents of the
local community. Upon the completion of the first two phases, the final stage of the project was
initiated, which concentrated on the reflection of their experience in civic engagement.
Method and Results
To evaluate the learning outcomes of implementing service-learning, we administered an
end-of-semester survey to the students who participated in service-learning projects. The survey
instrument used for the study is the Community-Based Learning: Student Survey, which was
designed by Gelmon, Holland, Driscoll, Spring, & Kerrigan (2001). The instrument investigates
a few aspects regarding learning objectives, including students’ attitudes toward this pedagogy,
the perception of the engagement related to their professional orientation, as well as their
perceived personal growth through this educational methodology. All measurements were
operationalized with five-point Likert scales, where 1 equals strongly disagree and 5 equals
strongly agree.
A total of 93 surveys were collected by the end of spring semester, 2013. The results showed that
the highest mean scores were observed on three perspectives: “combining work in the
community with university course work should be promoted” (M=4.03), “I feel comfortable to
work with a culture other than my own” (M=4.06), and “I can make a difference in my
community” (M=4.21). Additionally, a comparison of female and male students regarding the
experiences of doing voluntary work and the ability gained through working experience in the
community was examined. The results indicated that male students had lower scores than female
students (Mm=2.57 vs. Mf=3.24 for experiences of doing voluntary work; Mm=3.44 vs. Mf=3.84
for leadership skills gained through working experience in the community), suggesting female
students have more positive attitudes toward service-learning experiences. However, every
research has its limitation; for this study, we did not include a control group to rule out possible
placebo effect. In future research, we would determine differences between treatment and control
groups as well as explore pre- and post–test outcomes.
References
Dare, B., Welton, G., & Coe, W. (1987). Concept of leisure in Western thought. Dubuque, IA:
Kendall/Hunt Publishing.
Douglas, H. (1996). Leisure and human behavior [Review of the book Leisure and Human
Behavior]. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(2), 135-138.
Gelmon, S., Holland, B., Driscoll, A., Spring, A., & Kerrigan, S. (2001). Assessing
service-learning and civic engagement: Principle and techniques. Providence, RI: Campus
Compact.
185
Kaplan, M. (1960). Leisure in America: A social inquiry. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
