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Consciousness

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Consciousness through a neurophilosophical looking glass Sydney, April 2011 NeuroLeadership Interest Group blog.emergitect.com
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Page 1: Consciousness

Consciousness  through  a  neurophilosophical  looking  glass  

Sydney,  April  2011  NeuroLeadership  Interest  Group   blog.emergitect.com  

Page 2: Consciousness

Why  – Neuroscience  can  help  us  be7er  understand  how  people  are  mo:vated  and  behave  •  Provides  clues  on  more  effec:ve  management  techniques    –  Our  understanding  is  incomplete  and  will  evolve  over  :me  

–  Change  strategies  are  more  persuasive  when  underpinned  by  a  scien:fic  ra:onale  •  Not  everyone  will  be  easily  convinced  

–  A  cri:cal  apprecia:on  can  help  us  be7er  deal  with  objec:ons  

Socrates  

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Page 3: Consciousness

Defini:on  

– A  testable  defini:on  has  not  been  formulated,  e.g.  Locked-­‐in  Syndrome  

"Anything  that  we  are  aware  of  at  a  given  moment  forms  part  of  our  consciousness,  making  conscious  experience  at  once  the  most  familiar  and  most  mysterious  aspect  of  our  lives.“  

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Page 4: Consciousness

Neurophilosophy  –  or  philosophy  of  neuroscience  is  the  interdisciplinary  study  of  neuroscience  and  philosophy.  Two  dis:nct  methods.    

–  The  first  method  a7empts  to  solve  problems  in  philosophy  of  mind  with  empirical  informa:on  from  the  neurosciences.    

–  The  second  method  a7empts  to  clarify  neuroscien:fic  results  using  the  conceptual  rigor  and  methods  of  philosophy  of  science.  

David  Chalmers  

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Page 5: Consciousness

Making  Inferences  about  the  Brain  •  Traumas/Lesions.  Phineas  Gage  (1848)  an  

accidental  explosion  of  a  charge  he  had  set  blew  his  tamping  iron  through  his  head.    (AUer  accident)  was  impa:ent  and  obs:nate,  yet  capricious  and  vacilla:ng,  unable  to  se7le  on  any  of  the  plans  he  devised  for  future  ac:on.    

   •  fMRI.  Blood  Oxygena:on  Level  Dependent  signal  

indirect  measure  of  neural  ac:vity.    Neural  correlates  …  

   

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Page 6: Consciousness

Philosophy  of  Mind  –  is  a  branch  of  modern  analy:c  philosophy  that  studies  the  nature  of  the  mind,  consciousness  and  their  rela:onship  to  the  physical  body,  par:cularly  the  brain.  

–   The  mind-­‐body  problem,  i.e.  the  rela:onship  of  the  mind  to  the  body,  is  commonly  seen  as  the  central  issue  in  philosophy  of  mind,  e.g.  dualism  vs  monism  

Daniel  Dennet  

Descartes  

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Page 7: Consciousness
Page 8: Consciousness

Physicalism  is  a  philosophical  posi:on  holding  that  everything  which  exists  is  no  more  extensive  than  its  physical  proper:es;  that  is,  that  there  are  no  kinds  of  things  other  than  physical  things.    

"the  language  of  physics  is  the  universal  language  of  science  and,  consequently,  any  knowledge  can  be  brought  back  to  the  statements  on  the  physical  objects.”  

O7o  Neurath  

Democritus  

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Page 9: Consciousness

The  Hard  Problem  •  Someone  could  know  all  the  physical  truths  about  the  world  and,  in  par:cular,  

all  the  physical  informa:on  about  the  brain  and  the  neurophysiology  of  vision,  and  s:ll  not  know  what  it  is  like  to  see  red  (Jackson  1982;  1986).    Mary  the  color  blind  neuroscien2st.  

•  Someone  could  know  all  the  physical  truths  about  bats  and  s:ll  not  know  what  it  is  like  to  be  a  bat  (Nagel  1974).    Problem  of  Subjec2vity.  

Thomas  Nagel  

•  We  can  conceive  of  an  individual  that  is  physically  iden:cal  to  me,  molecule  per  molecule,  but  does  not  have  any  phenomenally  conscious  state  whatsoever  (Chalmers  1996).    Philosophical  Zombie.  

•  Shows  that  we  cannot  explain  consciousness  in  physical  terms  (Levine  2001),  or  even  that  phenomenal  consciousness  is  not  physical  and  therefore  physicalism  is  false  (Chalmers  1996;  2002).  The  Explanatory  Gap.  

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Page 10: Consciousness

On  Youtube  •  The  Mary  Argument  –  h7p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ERtHFw_fw9Y    

•  David  Chalmers  –  h7p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NK1Yo6VbRoo&feature=related    

•  Patricia  Churchland  –  h7p://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2DPKLRBuio    

   

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Page 11: Consciousness

Some  Implica:ons  •  Is  there  such  a  thing  as  Free  Will  

•  When  can  I  switch  off  the  Life  Support  

•  What  are  the  limita:ons  of  Neuroscience  

•  Why  should  physical  processing                                                      give  rise  to  a  rich  inner  life  at  all?  –  The  Hard  Problem  of  Consciousness  

The  Diving  Bell  and  the  Bu7erfly  

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