Consti 1 Sylabus

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW 11st Semester 2014-2015

Atty. Amando Virgil D. Ligutan

I. Preliminary Readings

Pacifico A. Agabin, The Politics of Judicial Review over Executive Action: The Supreme Court and Social Change in Unconstitutional Essays, pp. 167-198 (1996)

Irene C. Cortez, Constitutionalism in the Philippines- A View from the Academia, pp. 338-348, Vol. 59, 4th Quarter (1984)

Walter Murphy, Constitutions, Constitutionalism, and Democracy in Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World, pp. 1-20 (1993)

II. THE CONSTITUTION- Adoption, Interpretation, Amendment & Revision

Provisional Constitution

Proclamation No. 1, 25 February 1986 (Provisional Government) Proclamation No. 3, 25 March 1986 (Provisional Constitution)

1987 Philippine Constitution

1. Adoption and Effectivity

De Leon v. Esguerra, G.R. No. 78059, 31 August 1987

2. Interpretation

Nitafan v. CIR, 152 SCRA 284 (1987)Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 83896, 22 February 1991Filoteo v. Sandiganbayan, 263 SCRA 222 (1996)

3. Amendment and Revision

a. In General (Art. XVII)b. Proposals

i. By Congress as Constituent Assembly

Gonzales v. COMELEC, G.R. L-28196, 9 November 1967

ii. By Constitutional Convention

Del Rosario v. COMELEC, 35 SCRA 367 (1970), G.R. L-32476, 20 October 1970Imbong v. COMELEC, G.R. L-32432, 11 September1970

iii. By People’s Initiative

Santiago v. COMELEC, G.R. 127325, 19 March 1997Lambino v. COMELEC, 505 SCRA 160 (2006)

Note: Emergency Power of the President Sanidad v. COMELEC, G.R. L-44640, 12 October 1976

c. Submission of Proposed Amendments

Tolentino v. COMELEC, 41 SCRA 702 (1971)

d. Ratification

Plebiscite v. Referendum

III. THE CONSTITUTION AND JUDICIAL REVIEW

1. Judicial Review Overview

Art. VIII, 1987 Phil. Const.Sec. 1, 2, 4 (2), 5 (2) (a)

See Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137 (1803) Angara v. Electoral Commission, G.R. No. L-45081, 15 July 1936 2. Requisites

SC Petitions challenging the constitutionality of RA 9372 (October 5, 2010) G.R. Nos. 178552, 178554, 178581, 178890,179157, 179461

a. Case or Controversy

Garcia v. Board of Investments, G.R. 92024, 9 November 1990 Oposa v. Factoran, Jr., G.R. 101083, 30 July 2003 Manila Prince Hotel v. GSIS, G.R. 122156, 3 February 1997Kilosbayan v. Morato, G.R. 118910, 17 July 1995Tańada v. Angara, G.R. 118295, 2 May 1997Santiago v. Bautista, G.R. L-25024, 30 March 1970People v. Ferrer, G.R. L-32613-14, 27 December 1972 Director v. Ang Chio Kho, G.R. L-30001, 23 June 1970J.M. Tuason v. LTA, G.R. L-21064, 18 February 1970

Ripeness

Tan v. Macapagal, G.R. L-34161, 29 February 1972Poe v. Ullman, 367 U.S. 497 (1961)U.S. v. Richardson, 418 U.S. 166 (1974)

Mootness

DeFunis v. Odegaard, 416 U.S. 312 (1974)Land Bank of the Phils. v. Suntay, G.R. 188376, 14 December 2011

b. Legal Standing

Muskrat v. U.S., 219 U.S. 346 (1911)PACU v. Secretary of Education, G.R. L-5279, 31October 1955 Gonzales v. Hechanova, G.R. L-21897, 22 October 1963Gonzales v. Marcos, G.R. L-31685, 31 July 1975People v. Vera, G.R. L-45685, 16 November 1937Flast v. Cohen, 392 U.S. 83 (1968)Sierra Club v. Morton, 405 U.S. 727 (1972)U.S. v. SCRAP, 412 U.S. 669 (1973)Kilosbayan v. Guingona, G.R. 113375, 5 May 1994Kilosbayan v. Morato, G.R. No. 118910, 6 November 1995Steffel v. Thompson, 415 U.S. 452 (1974)

Requisites for Taxpayers, Lawmakers, Voters & Concerned Citizens Suits

Francisco v. House of Representatives, G.R. 160261, 10 November 2003Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. 159085, 3 February 2004

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Kenneth Abarintos, 08/24/14,

That the Senate, after deliberation and voting, voluntarily and overwhelmingly gave its consent to the WTO Agreement thereby making it “a part of the law of the land” is a legitimate exercise of its sovereign duty and power. We find no “patent and gross” arbitrariness or despotism “by reason of passion or personal hostility” in such exercise. It is not impossible to surmise that this Court, or at least some of its members, may even agree with petitioners that it is more advantageous to the national interest to strike down Senate Resolution No. 97. But that is not a legal reason to attribute grave abuse of discretion to the Senate and to nullify its decision. To do so would constitute grave abuse in the exercise of our own judicial power and duty. Ineludibly, what the Senate did was a valid exercise of its authority. As to whether such exercise was wise, beneficial or viable is outside the realm of judicial inquiry and review. That is a matter between the elected policy makers and the people. As to whether the nation should join the worldwide march toward trade liberalization and economic globalization is a matter that our people should determine in electing their policy makers. After all, the WTO Agreement allows withdrawal of membership, should this be the political desire of a member.


Way klaro


The case before the Court of Appeals was for habeas corpus. The only question to be resolved by the Court of Appeals was whether, or not, the Court of First Instance of Rizal, had rightly dismissed the petition of Ang Cho Kio for habeas corpus. The Court of Appeals was not called upon to review any sentence imposed upon Ang Cho Kio. The sentence against him had long become final, and, in fact, he has served part of the sentence when he was extended pardon on July 4, 1959, upon the condition that he should leave the country, never to return. The opinion of the three justices of the special division of the Court of Appeals, to which the two other justices have concurred, found that the recommitment to prison of Ang Cho Kio was done in the exercise by the President of the Philippines of his power pursuant to the provision of Section 64(i) of the Revised Administrative Code, and the courts should not interfere with the exercise of that power. The majority opinion should have been limited to the affirmance of the decision of the lower court, and no more.


Way klaro


The so-called Committee for Rating Honor Students are neither judicial nor quasi-judicial bodies in the performance of its assigned task. It is necessary that there be a LAW that gives rise to some specific rights of persons or property under which adverse claims to such rights are made, and the controversy ensuring there from is brought in turn, to the tribunal or board clothed with power and authority to determine

Tan v. Macapagal, G.R. L-32979-81, 29 February 1972Demetria v. Alba, G.R. 71977, 27 February 1987Gonzales v. Narvasa, G.R. 140835, 14 August 2000David v. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, G.R. 171396, 3 May 2006Paguia v. Office of the President, G.R. 176278, 25 June 2010

c. Raised at Earliest Opportunity

People v. Vera, G.R. 45685, 16 November 1937

d. Lis Mota of the Case

Luis General v. Urro, G.R. No. 191560, 29 March 2011

IV. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES

Preamble of the 1987 Constitution

1. Principles

a. Sovereignty of the People and Republicanism

Art. II, Sec. 1- 1987 Constitution

Perez v. Suller, G.R. No. L-46710, 18 November 1939Villavicencio v. Lukban, 39 Phil. 778

b. Adherence to International Law


Kuroda v. Jalandoni, 83 Phil. 171, 178 (1949)Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, 18 January 2000Pharmaceutical Association v. Duque, G.R. No. 173034, 9 October 2007

c. Supremacy of Civilian Authority

Art. II, Sec. 3- 1987 Constitution See Art. VII, Sec. 18- 1987 Constitution

See Alih v. Castro, 151 SCRA 279

d. Government as protector of the People; People as defender of the State


See Lagman v. Zosa, 66 Phil. 13

e. Separation of Church and the State

Art. II, Sec. 6- 1987 ConstitutionArt. III, Sec. 5 (Freedom of Religion clause)Art. IX-C, Sec. 2 (5) (religion sect not allowed as registered political party)Art. VI, Sec. 5 (2) (no sectoral representative from religious sector)Art. VI, Sec. 29 (2) (prohibition against appropriation for sectarian benefit)

i. Establishment Clause

Aglipay v. Ruiz, 64 Phil. 201 (1937) Garces v. Estenzo, 104 SCRA 510 (1981)

See Lemon v. Kurtzman, 403 U.S. 602 (1971)

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ii. Free Exercise Clause

American Bible Society v. City of Manila, 101 Phil. 386 Gerona v. Secretary of Education, G.R. No. L-13954, 12 August 1959Ebranilag v. Division Superintendent, G.R. No. 95770, 1 March 1993

Exceptions:

Art. VI, Sec. 28 (3), 29 (2)Art. XIV, Sec. 3 (3), 4 (2)

2. State Policies

Art. II- 1987 Constitution

a. Independent Foreign Policy and Nuclear-Free Philippines (Sec. 7, 8)b. Just and Dynamic Social Order (Sec. 9)

i. Promotion of Social Justice (Sec. 10) See Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil 726

ii. Respect for Human Dignity and Human Rights (Sec. 11)iii. Sanctity of Family and Promotion of Youth (Sec. 12, 13)iv. Equality of Men and Women (Sec. 14)v. Promotion of Health and Ecology (Sec. 15, 16)

See Oposa v. Factoran, 224 SCRA 792vi. Priority to Education, Science and Technology (Sec. 17)vii. Protection of Labor (Sec. 18)viii. Self-reliant and Independent Economic Order (Sec. 19, 20)

See Tańada v. Angara, supra.ix. Land Reform (Sec. 21)x. Indigenous Cultural Minorities (Sec. 22)xi. Independent People’s Organizations (Sec. 23)xii. Communication and Information (Sec. 24)xiii. Autonomy of Local Governments (Sec. 25)xiv.Equal Access of Opportunities for Public Service (Sec. 26)xv. Honest Public Service and Full Disclosure (Sec. 27, 28)

V. STATE: SOVEREIGNTY, TERRITORY, PEOPLE & GOVERNMENT

State in General

Collector of Internal Revenue v. Campos Rueda, 42 SCRA 23

1. Sovereignty

People v. Gozo, 53 SCRA 476People v. Perfecto, 43 Phil. 887Macariola v. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77

i. Dominium v. Imperium

A. Sovereign Immunity- Doctrine of Non-Suability of State

Art. XVI, Sec. 3- 1987 Constitution

Kawawanakoa v. Polybank, 205 U.S. 349 (1907)Republic v. Villasor, 54 SCRA 83

i. Suit against the State

Republic v. Feliciano, 148 SCRA 242 (1987)Sanders v. Veridiano, 162 SCRA 88

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Lansang v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 102667, 23 February 2000 Tan v. Director of Forestry, 125 SCRA 302

Veterans Manpower v. Court of Appeals, 214 SCRA 286PNB v. Commission on Internal Revenue, 81 SCRA 314Farolan v. Court of Tax Appeals, 217 SCRA 298

ii. Need for Consent- Express or Implied

Republic v. Feliciano, supra.Lansang v. Court of Appeals, supra.Froilan v. Pan Oriental Shipping, G.R. No. L-6060, 30 Sept. 1950U.S. v. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487U.S. v. Guinto, 182 SCRA 644Republic v. Villasor, supra

iii. Suability v. Liability of State

Merrit v. Government, 34 Phil 311 (1916)Fontanilla v. Maliaman, 194 SCRA 486Commissioner of Public Highway v. San Diego, 31 SCRA 616 (1970)

2. Territory

Art. I-1987 Constitution

See Exec. Ord. No. 292 (1987), Book 1, Sec. 3Republic Act No. 9522 (2009)

Magallona v. Ermita, et al, G.R. No. 187167, 16 July 2011The Province of North Cotabato v. GRP Peace Panel, G.R. No. 183591, 14 October 2008

3. People

Art. IV, Sec. 1-5- 1987 ConstitutionSee Exec. Ord. No. 292 (1987), Book 1, Sec. 5-9

a. Citizens of the Philippines

Tecson v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 161434, 3 March 2004Bengson III v. HRET, G.R. No. 142840, 7 May 2001Valles v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 137000, 9 August 2000Co v. HRET, G.R. No. 92191-92, 30 July 1991Balgamelo Cabiling, et al v. Commissioner, G.R. No. 183133, 26 July 2010

b. Loss and Reacquisition of Citizenship

Aznar v. COMELEC, 185 SCRA 703 (1990)Mercado v. Manzano, G.R. No. 135083, 26 May 1999Willie Yu v. Santiago, G.R. No. 83882, 24 January 1989Labo, Jr. v. COMELEC, 176 SCRA 1 (1989)Frivaldo v. COMELEC, 174 SCRA 245 (1989)Angat v. Republic, G.R. No. 132244, 14 September 1999Altarejos v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 163256, 10 November 2004

c. Dual Citizenship; Dual Allegiance

Republic Act No. 9225 (2003)

Mercado v. Manzano, supra.AASJS Member Calilung v. Datumanong, G.R. No. 160869, 11 May 2007

4. Government (see next chapters)

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VI. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT

1. Definition

2. By the People

a. Initiativeb. Referendum

3. By Congress

a. Composition, Qualification & Term of Office

Sec. 1, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution

1. Senate

Secs. 1-4, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution

2. House of Representatives


i. District Representatives

Macias v. COMELEC, No. L-18684, 14 September 1961Mariano v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 118577, 7 March 1995Montejo v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 118702, 16 March 1995Marcos v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 300Aquino v. COMELEC, 248 SCRA 400Torayno v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 137329, 9 August 2000

ii. Party-List Representatives

Republic Act 7941

Veterans Fed. Party v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 136781, 6 Oct. 2000Bagong Bayani v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 147589, 26 June 2001Atong Paglaum v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 203766, 2 April 2013Partido ng Manggagawa v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 164702, 15 March 2006BANAT v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 179271, 21 April 2009; Resolution 8 July 2009Ang Ladlad-LGBT v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 190582, 8 April 2010Phil. Guardians Brotherhood v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 190529, 29 April 2010

iii. Sectoral Representatives

b. Election


Tolentino v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 148334, 21 January 2004Macalintal v. COMELEC, G.R. 157013, 10 July 2003

c. Organization & Sessions

i. Election of Officers

Sec. 16 (1), Art. VI, 1987 Constitution

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ii. QuorumSec. 16 (2), Art. VI, 1987 Constitution

Avelino v. Cuenco, 83 Phil. 17Santiago v. Guingona, 298 SCRA 756

iii. Rules of Proceedings

Secs. 16 (3), 21, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution

Arroyo v. de Venecia, G.R. No. 127255, 14 August 1997Pimentel v. Senate Committee, G.R. No. 187714, 8 March 2011

iv. Discipline of Members


Alejandrino v. Quezon, 46 Phil. 83Osmena v. Pendatun, 109 Phil. 863Santiago v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 128055, 19 April 2001Pimentel v. Senate Committee, supra.

v. Journal and Congressional Records


a. Enrolled Bill Theory

Mabanag v. Lopez Vito, 78 Phil 1Phil. Judges Assoc. v. Prado, 27 SCRA 703

b. Probative Value of the Journal

U.S. v. Pons, 34 Phil. 729

c. Matters to be entered in the Journal

d. Journal Entry v. Enrolled Bill Theory

Astorga v. Villegas, 56 SCRA 714Morales v. Subido, 27 SCRA 131Arroyo v. de Venecia, supra.

vi. Congressional Record


vii. Sessions

a. Regular Sessions

Secs. 15, 16 (5), Art. VI, 1987 Constitution

b. Special Sessions

Sec. 15, Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSecs. 10-11, Art. VII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 18, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution

c. Joint Sessions

1. voting separately

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Secs. 4, 11 (4), 9, Art. VII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 23 (1), Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 1 (1), Art. XVII, 1987 Constitution

2. voting jointly

Sec. 18, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution

d. Salaries, Privileges and Disqualifications

i. Salaries

Sec. 10, Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 17, Art. XVIII, 1987 Constitution Philconsa v. Mathay, 18 SCRA 300

ii. Privileges

1. Freedom from Arrest


People v. Jalosjos, G.R. No. 132875, 3 Feb. 2000

2. Privilege of Speech & Debate


Jimenez v. Cabangbang, 17 SCRA 876Pobre v. Santiago, AC No. 7399, 25 August 2009

iii. Disqualifications

Secs. 13, 14, 12, 20, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution

Adaza v. Pacana, 135 SCRA 431Puyat v. de Guzman, 113 SCRA 31Liban v. Gordon, G.R. No. 175352, 15 July 2009 & 18 Janaury 2011Villegas v. Legaspi, G.R. No. 53869, 25 March 1982

e. Electoral Tribunals

Secs. 17 & 19, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution

Vera v. Avelino, 34 Phil 725Tanada v. Cuenco, G.R. No. L-10520, 28 Feb. 1957Pimentel v. HRET, 141489, 29 Nov. 2002Codilla v. de Venecia, G.R. No. 150605, 10 Dec. 2002Barbers v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 165691, 22 June 2005Vilando v. COMELEC, G.R. Nos. 178831-32, 1 April 2009Vilando v. HRET, G.R. Nos. 192147 & 192149, 23 August 2011

f. Commission on Appointments

Secs. 18 & 19, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution

Daza v. Singson, 180 SCRA 496Coseteng v. Mitra, 187 SCRA 377Guingona v. Gonzales, 214 SCRA 789Drilon v. de Venecia, G.R. No. 180055, 31 July 2009

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g. Legislative Powers

i. General Plenary Powers


Sema v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 1775597, 16 July 2008

ii. Limitations on Legislative Power

1. Substantive Limitations

a. Express

Art III, 1987 ConstitutionSecs. 25, 28, 29, 30, 31, Art. VI, 1987 Constitution

Sec. 4 (3), Art. XIV, 1987 Constitution

Abakada Guro Party List v. Purisima, G.R. No. 166715, 14 August 2008

b. Implied

- Non-Delegation of Legislative Powers

Exceptions:

1) Delegation to the President (Secs. 23 (2) & 28 (2) Art. VI, 1987 Constitution

2) Delegation to the People (Sec. 32, Art. VII)3) Delegation to Local Governments

- Non-Passage of Irrepealable Laws

2. Procedural Limitations

Secs. 26-27, 1987 Constitution

a. only one subject expressed in the title

b. three readings on separate days

iii. Question Hour


iv. Legislative Investigation


Bengzon v. Blue Ribbon Committee, 203 SCRA 767

v. Board of Canvassers for Presidential Elections

Sec. 4 (4), Art. VII, 1987 Constitution

vi. Call for Special Election for President & Vice-President


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vii. Revoke or Extend suspension of privilege of writ of habes corpus or Declaration of Martial Law


viii. Approve Presidential Amnesties


ix. Confirm Certain Appointments

Secs. 9 & 16, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution

Sarmiento v. Mison, G.R. No. 79974, 17 Dec. 1987

x. Concur in Treaties


Bayan Muna v. Romulo, G.R. No. 159618, 1 Feb. 2011

xi. Declare War & Delegate Emergency Powers


xii. Judge President’s Fitness

Sec. 11, par. 4, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution

xiii. Power of Impeachment

Art. XI, 1987 Constitution

1. Impeachable Officers

Sec. 2, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution

In re Gonzales, 160 SCRA 771

2. Grounds


3. Procedure

Romulo v. Yniguez, 141 SCRA 263 Francisco, Jr. v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 160261, 10 Nov. 2003Gutierrez v. House of Representatives, G.R. No. 193459, 15 Feb. 2011 & 8 March 2011

4. Effects

Sec. 3 (7), Art. XI, 1987 Constitution

xiv.Allow Utilization of Natural Resources

Sec. 2, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution

xv. Amend or Revise the Constitution

Secs. 1-2, Art. XVII, 1987 Constitution

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h. Legislative Process

i. Requirement as to bills

1. titles of bills


Cruz v. Paras, 123 SCRA 569 (1983)Giron v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 188179, 22 January 2013

2. as to specific laws

a) Appropriation Laws

Secs. 24-25, 29, Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 3, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution

Demetria v. Alba, 148 SCRA 208 Guingona v. Carague, 196 SCRA 221Tolentino v. Sec. of Finance, 235 SCRA 630 LAMP v. Secretary of Budget, G.R. No. 164987, 24 April 2012Pichay v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 196425, 24 July 2012

b) Tax Laws

Sec. 28, Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 4 (3) & (4), Art. XIV, 1987 Constitution

Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, G.R. No. 115455, 25 Aug. 1994John Hay PAC v. Lim, G.R. No. 119775, 24 October 2003Lung Center v. Quezon City, G.R. No. 144104, 29 June 2004

ii. Procedure for Passage of Bills


Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, supra.Gonzales v. Macaraig, G.R. No. 87636, 19 November 1990Farinas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 147387, 10 December 2003

iii. Veto by President


Gonzales v. Macaraig, supra.Bolinao Electronics v. Valencia, 11 SCRA 486PHILCONSA v. Enriquez, G.R. No. 113105, 19 August 1994

iv. Effectivity of Laws

Tanada v. Tuvera, 136 SCRA 27E.O. 200, 18 June 1987PVB Employees v. Hon. Vera, G.R. No. 105364, 28 June 2001

VII. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

1. The President

a. Qualifications, Election, Term & Oath

Secs. 2, 4-5, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution

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Pormento v. Estrada, G.R. No. 152154, 15 July 2003Macalintal v. Presidential Electoral Tribunal, G.R. No. 191618, 23 Nov. 2010; 7 June 2011

b. Privilege and Salary


c. Prohibitions


Doromal v. Sandiganbayan, 177 SCRA 354 (1989)Civil Liberties Union v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 83896, 22 Feb. 1991Public Interest Center v. Elma, G.R. No. 138965, 30 June 2006

Exceptions:

i. Vice-President as member of the cabinet [Sec. 3 (2), Art. VII, 1987 Constitution]

ii. DOJ Secretary as Judicial and Bar Council (JBC) member

[Sec. 8 (1), Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution]

d. Succession

i. vacancy at the beginning of term [Secs. 7, 10, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution]

ii. vacancy during the term

[Secs. 8, 10, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution]

Estrada v. Desierto, G.R. Nos. 146710-15, 2 March 2001 Estrada v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 146738, 3 April 2001

iii. temporary disability

[Secs. 11-12, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution]

Estrada v. Desierto, supra.

e. Removal

Secs. 2-3, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution

f. Powers and Functions

i. Executive Power


Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668 (1989)Birago v. Philippine Truth Commission, G.R. No. 192935, 7 Dec. 2010

ii. Control of Executive Departments


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De Leon v. Carpio, 178 SCRA 457 (1989)Dadole v. Commission on Audit, G.R. No. 125350, 3 Dec. 2002DENR v. DENR Employees, G.R. No. 149724, 19 August 2003

iii. General Supervision over Local Governments & Autonomous Regions

Secs. 4, 16, Art. X, 1987 Constitution

Drilon v. Mayor Lim, G.R. No. 112497, 4 August 1994

iv. Appointment Power


Government v. Springer, 50 Phil. 257 (1927)

a. With consent of the Commission on Appointments

1. Heads of Departments2. Ambassadors, Public Ministers & Consuls3. AFP Officers from Colonel & Naval Captain4. Constitutional Commissions Chairpersons & Members5. Regular Members of the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC)

[Sec. 8 (2), Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution]6. Sectoral Representatives

[Sec. 7, Art. XVIII, 1987 Constitution]

Sarmiento v. Mison, supra.Quintos-Deles v. Comm. on Appointments, 177 SCRA 259 (1989)Calderon v. Carale, G.R. No. 91636, 23 April 1992Matibag v. Benipayo, G.R. No. 149036, 2 April 2002Rufino v. Endriga, G.R. No. 139565, 21 July 2006

b. Upon Recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council (JBC)

1. Members of the Supreme Court & all other courts[Sec. 9, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution]

2. Ombudsman & deputies[Sec. 9, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution]

c. Appointment of Vice-President as cabinet member[Sec. 3, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution]

d. Appointments solely by the President


1. Appointments not otherwise provided by law2. As maybe authorized by law to appoint

e. Limitations to Appointing Power

1. Prohibited & Midnight Appointments


Arturo de Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002, 17 March 2010

2. Interim or Recess Appointments

Sec. 19, Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 16 (2), Art. VII, 1987 Constitution

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Matibag v. Benipayo, supra. v. Executive Clemency

Sec. 19, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution Sec. 5, Art. IX, C, 1987 Constitution

a. pardon distinguished from probation

People v. Vera, 65 Phil. 56

b. pardon distinguished from parole

Torres v. Gonzales, 152 SCRA 272 (1987)

c. pardon distinguished from amnesty

Barrioquinto v. Fernandez, 82 Phil 642

1. who may avail of amnesty

Macagaan v. People, 152 SCRA 430

d. effect of pardon

Monsanto v. Factoran, Jr., G.R. No. 78239, 9 Feb. 1989

vi. Commander-in-Chief

Sec. 18, Art. VII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 3, Art. II, 1987 Constitution

IBP v. Zamora, G.R. No. 141284, 15 August 2000Lacson v. Perez, G.R. No. 147780, 10 May 2001Sanlakas v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 159085, 3 Feb. 2004David v. Ermita, G.R. No. 171396, 3 May 2006Fortun, et al v. Gloria Arroyo, G.R. No. 190293, 20 March 2012

vii. Emergency Powers


David v. Arroyo, G.R. No. 171390, 3 May 2006

viii. Contracting and Guaranteeing Foreign Loans

Secs. 20-21, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution

ix. Power over Foreign Affairs


Pimental v. Ermita, G.R. No. 158088, 6 July 2005Lim v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 151445, 11 April 2002Bayan v. Executive Secretary, G.R. No. 138570, 10 Oct. 2000Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, G.R. No. 139465, 17 Oct. 2000Go Tek v. Deportation Board, 79 SCRA 17 (1977)

x. Power over Legislation

a. to address congress


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b. budget preparation & submissionSec. 22, Art. Vii, 1987 Constitution

see Guingona v. Carague, supra.

c. veto power


see Gonzales v. Macaraig, supra.see Bolinao Electronics v. Valencia, supra.see PHILCONSA v. Enriquez, supra.

d. emergency powers


xi. Executive Immunity

Beltran v. Makasiar, G.R. No. 82585, 14 Nov. 1988 Estrada v. Desierto, supra.

xii. Executive Privilege

Senate v. Ermita, G.R. No. 169777, 20 April 2006

2. The Vice-President

a. Qualifications, Election, Term & Oath

Secs. 3-5, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution

b. Privilege and Salary


c. Prohibitions


d. Succession


e. Removal


VIII. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT

Judicial Power

Sec. 1, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution

Santiago v. Bautista, 32 SCRA 188 (1970)Echegaray v. Secretary of Justice, G.R. No. 132601, 19 January 1999

See: Chapter III

1. Supreme Court

a. Composition

Page 15 of 23


Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil. 297 (1948)

b. Appointments and Qualifications

Sec. 7, 8, 9, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution

Kilosbayan v. Ermita, G.R. No. 177721, 3 July 2007Arturo de Castro v. JBC, G.R. No. 191002, 17 March 2010, supra.

c. Salary

Sec. 10, Art. VIII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 17, Art. XVIII, 1987 Constitution

Nitafan v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, G.R. No. 78780, 23 July 1987

d. Security of Tenure


Vargas v. Rilloraza, 80 Phil. 297 (1948)De La Llana v. Alba, 112 SCRA 294

e. Removal

Sec. 11, Art. VIII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 2, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution

f. Fiscal Autonomy


g. Jurisdiction

Sec. 1, 2, 5, Art. VIII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 30, Art. VI, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 18, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution

Bengzon v. Drilon, G.R. No. 103524, 15 April 1992Joya v. PCGG, G.R. No. 96541, 24 August 1993Macasiano v. NHA, G.R. No. 107921, 1 July 1993Mariano v. COMELEC, G.R. No. 118577, 7 March 1995TELEBAP v. Comelec, G.R. No. 132992, 21 April 1998Gonzales v. Narvasa, G.R. No. 140835, 14 August 2000

h. Presidential Electoral Tribunal

Sec. 4, par. 4, Art. VII, 1987 Constitution

i. Administrative Powers

i. Supervision of Lower Courts


Maceda v. Vasquez, G.R. No. 102781, 22 April 1993

ii. Temporarily assign judges to other stations

Page 16 of 23

Sec. 5 (3), Art. VIII, 1987 Constitutioniii. Order change of venue/trial

Sec. 5 (4), Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution

iv. Discipline of judges


v. Appointment of officials and employees

Sec. 5 (6), Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution

j. Rule Making

Sec. 5 (5), Art. VIII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 14 (2), Art. XII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 18 (3), Art. XIII, 1987 Constitution

Bustos v. Lucero, 81 Phil. 648 (1948)In re Cunanan, 94 Phil. 534 (1954)Javellana v. DILG, G.R. No.102549, 10 Aug.1992

k. No quasi-judicial and administrative work for judges


In re Judge Mariano, 166 SCRA 246 (1988)

l. Report on the judiciary


m. Manner of sitting and votes required

Sec. 4, Art. VIII, 1987 ConstitutionSec. 11, Rule 56, Rules of CourtSec. 23, Rule 125, Rules of Court

Fortich v. Corona, G.R. No. 131457, 19 August 1999People v. Dy, G.R. Nos. 115236-37, 16 January 2003People v. Ebio, G.R. No. 147750, 29 Sept. 2004

n. Requirements as to decisions

Secs. 13-14, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution

Air France v. Carrascoso, 18 SCRA 155 (1956)Valdez v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 85082, 25 Feb. 1991People v. Lizada, G.R. Nos. 143468-71, 23 Jan. 2003

i. Period for deciding cases

Sec. 15, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution Sec. 18 (3), Art. VII, 1987 Constitution Secs. 12-14, Art. XVIII, 1987 Constitution

2. Lower Courts

a. Jurisdiction


Page 17 of 23

b. Appointments and Qualifications

Sec. 7 (1) (2), 8 (5), 9, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution

c. SalarySec. 10, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution

d. Tenure

Sec. 1, 2 (2), 11, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution

e. Removal


f. Requirements as to preparation of orders


i. Period for deciding cases

Sec. 15, Art. VIII, 1987 Constitution Secs. 12-14, Art. XVIII, 1987 Constitution

3. Judicial and Bar Council


IX. NATIONAL ECONOMY AND PATRIMONY

A. Objective


B. Natural Resources

1. Regalian Doctrine

Lee Hong Kok v. David, 48 SCRA 372, 377 (1972)

2. Citizenship Requirement

Secs. 2 & 7, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution

Chavez v. PEA and AMARI, G.R. No. 133250, 9 July 2002

3. Classification, Size, & Conditions for grant of public lands


Director of Lands v. IAC, 146 SCRA 509 (1986)Republic v. Court of Appeals, 155 SCRA 344 (1987)

4. Conservation of forest lands and national parks


5. Protection of ancestral lands of indigenous cultural communities


See: Cruz v. DENR, 347 SCRA 128

Page 18 of 23

C. Private Lands

1. Citizenship requirement


Godinez v. Pak Luen, 120 SCRA 223 (1983)

a. Exceptions

i. legal succession

Ramirez v. vda. De Ramirez, 111 SCRA 704 (1982)

ii. acquisition by former natural-born citizens


2. Agrarian Reform

Secs. 4-8 Art. XIII, 1987 Constitution

3. Urban land reform and housing

Secs. 9-10, Art. XIII, 1987 Constitution

D. Economic Activities

1. Rationale

Secs. 6, 12 & 13, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution

2. Organization and regulation of private corporations


NADECO v. PVB, 192 SCRA 257

3. Operation of public utilities

Secs. 11, 17 & 18, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution

Albano v. Reyes, 175 SCRA 264Tatad v. Garcia, Jr., G.R. No. 114222, 6 April 1995Associated Communications v. NTC, G.R. No. 144109, 17 Feb. 2003JG Summit v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 124293, 24 Sept. 2003

4. State Operation of private enterprises

Secs. 17-18, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution

5. Practice of Professions


6. Money, Banking and Credit

Secs. 20-21, Art. XII, 1987 Constitution

7. Cooperatives


Page 19 of 23

8. Monopolies, Combinations & Unfair Competition


Eastern Assurance v. LTFRB, G.R. No. 149717, 7 Oct. 2003

X. ACCOUNTABILITY OF PUBLIC OFFICERS

A. Public Office as Public Trust


Hipolito v. Mergas, A.M. No. P-90-412, 11 March 1991

1. Disclosure of assets, liabilities and net worth


2. Ban on financial accommodation


B. Impeachment by Congress

See: Chapter VI

C. Sandiganbayan

Sec. 4, Art. XI, 1987 ConstitutionP.D. 1606, 10 December 1979

Nunez v. Sandiganbayan, 111 SCRA 433 (1982)Mayor Lecaros v. Sandiganbayan, 128 SCRA 324 (1984)

D. Ombudsman

1. Composition


2. Powers and Functions


Raro v. Sandiganbayan, G.R. No. 108431, 14 July 2000Acop v. Ombudsman, 248 SCRA 566 (1995)Deloso v. Domingo, 191 SCRA 545 (1990)

3. Qualifications


4. Appointment and Term

Secs. 9 & 11, Art. XI, 1987 Constitution

5. Rank and Salary


6. Disqualification


Page 20 of 23

Sec. 2, Art. IX-A, 1987 Constitution

7. Fiscal Autonomy


8. Appointment of Personnel


9. Office of the Special Prosecutor


Zaldivar v. Sandiganbayan, 160 SCRA 843 (1988)

XI. CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSIONS

A. Civil Service Commission

1. Scope of Civil Service

Art. IX, B, Sec. 2 (1)

Gamogamo v. PNOC Shipping, G.R. No. 141707, May 7, 2002Leyson v. Ombudsman, G.R. No. 134990, April 27, 2000PNOC v. Leogardo, G.R. No. 58494, July 5, 1989

2. Commission- Composition and Qualifications

Art. IX, B, Sec. 1 (1)Art. VII, Sec. 13, par. 2

3. Commissioners- Appointment and Term of Office

Art. IX, B, Sec. 1 (2)

4. Personnel- Appointment

Art. IX, A, Sec. 4

5. Salary

Art. IX, A, Sec. 3Art. XVIII, Sec. 17

6. Disqualifications and Removal

Art. IX, A, Sec. 2Art. XI, Sec. 2

7. Review of Decisions

Art. IX, A, Sec. 7

8. Fiscal Autonomy

Art. IX, A, Sec. 5

B. Commission on Elections


Page 21 of 23

Art. IX, B, Sec. 2 (1-9)


Art. IX, C, Sec. 1 (1)Art. VII, Sec. 13 (2)


Art. IX, C, Sec. 1 (2)


Art. IX, A, Sec. 4

10. Salary





Art. IX, C, Sec. 2 (2)Art. IX, A, Sec. 4

13. Fiscal Autonomy

Art. IX, A, Sec. 5

C. Commission on Audit


Art. IX, D. Sec. 2-3Art. VI, Sec. 20


Art. IX, D, Sec. 1 (1)Art. VII, Sec. 12 (2)


Art. IX, D, Sec. 1 (2)


Art. IX, A, Sec. 4

15. Salary




Page 22 of 23


Art. IX, A, Sec. 7

18. Fiscal Autonomy

Art. IX, A, Sec. 5

XII. NATIONAL COMMISSIONS

A. Commission on Human Rights

Art. XIII, Sec. 17 (1-4)


Art. XIII, Sec. 18 (1-9)

B. National Police Commission

Art. XVI, Sec. 6

C. National Language Commission

Art. XVI, Sec. 9

D. Commission on Indigenous Cultural Communities

Art. XVI, Sec. 12

XII. LOCAL GOVERNMENTS (See: Atty. Amando Virgil Ligutan’s Syllabus on Local Government)

---END---

“The future does not belong to the fainthearted, it belongs to the brave. “

-Ronald Reagan

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