Construction Hazards and Standards

MODULE 21

2 ©2006 TEEX

Construction vs. General Industry

“Construction, alteration and/or repair, including painting and decorating” is under 29 CFR 1926 – 29 CFR 1910.12

Repair of existing facilities; replacement of structures and their components

Interpretation: Construction vs. Maintenance

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29 CFR 1926 Organization

A. GeneralB. General InterpretationsC. General Safety and Health ProvisionsD. Occupational Health and Environmental

ControlsE. Personal Protective and Life Saving

EquipmentF. Fire Protection and PreventionG. Signs, Signals, and BarricadesH. Materials Handling, Storage, Use, and

Disposal I. Tools – Hand and Power

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29 CFR 1926 Organization

J. Welding and CuttingK. ElectricalL. ScaffoldsM. Fall ProtectionN. Cranes, Derricks, Hoists, Elevators, and ConveyorsO. Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and

Marine OperationsP. ExcavationsQ. Concrete and Masonry ConstructionR. Steel Erection

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29 CFR 1926 Organization

S. Underground Construction, Caissons, Cofferdams, and Compressed Air

T. DemolitionU. Blasting and the Use of ExplosivesV. Power Transmission and DistributionW. Rollover Protective Structures; Overhead

ProtectionX. LaddersY. Commercial Diving OperationsZ. Toxic and Hazardous Substances

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Hazards and Standards

What hazards are employees exposed to: When they set up a drilling site? When they grade land or excavate? When they clear a site for use?

Regulations in 29 CFR 1926: Subpart P – Excavations Subpart O – Motor Vehicles, Mechanized

Equipment, and Marine Operations If blasting: Subpart O

Excavations29 CFR 1926 Subpart P

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Excavation Hazards

Excavating is recognized as one of the most hazardous construction operations

Fatality rate for excavations is twice that of construction as a whole

Cave-ins: More likely to result in fatalities than other excavation hazards

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Hazards of Excavation Work

Cave-ins Underground utilities Materials/equipment falling into

excavation sites Asphyxiation Explosion Falls Drowning

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Soil Mechanics

Unit weight of soils: Varies with type and moisture content 1 cubic foot can weigh 100 to >140 lbs 1 cubic meter can weigh >3000 lbs

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Types of excavation collapse

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Heaving or Boiling

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Definitions

Excavation: any man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression in an earth surface, formed by earth removal.

Trench (Trench excavation): a narrow excavation (in relation to its length) made below the surface of the ground. Depth>width; width <15 feet <15 feet between structure and side

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Definition – Competent Person

Training, experience, and knowledge of: Soil analysis Use of protective systems Requirements of 29 CFR Part 1926 Subpart P

Ability to detect: Conditions that could result in cave-ins Failures in protective systems Hazardous atmospheres Other hazards including those associated with confined

spaces Authority to take prompt corrective measures to

eliminate existing and predictable hazards and to stop work when required

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1926.651 Specific Excavation Requirements

a. Remove or support surface encumbrances (competent person)

b. Determine location of all underground utilities before opening excavation

OneCall system / 811 Use safe means to determine exact

locations & protect underground utilities

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1926.651(c) Access & Egress

Structural ramps for access and egress designed by competent person & constructed according to design Bar is higher for equipment ramps

Access & egress ramps designed to avoid slipping or tripping

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1926.651(c) Access & Egress

Stairway, ladder, ramp, other safe egress within 25 feet of employees in trenches >4 feet deep Ladder requirements apply, including

extending 3 feet above top surface

Every 25'

4' or greater

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1926.651 Specific Excavation Requirements

d. In traffic areas, reflective vests required

e. No workers underneath loads handled by lifting or digging equipment.

f. Barricades, stop logs or hand signals for mobile equipment operating near excavations

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1926.651(g) Hazardous atmospheres

In excavations 4 feet or more where hazardous atmospheres are likely to exist must test atmosphere before entering and retest as necessary Unsafe below 19.5% oxygen Stay below 20% of lower flammable limits

Ventilation or PPE must be used as required

Rescue equipment available

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1926.651(h) Water Accumulation

Precautions required before working for water in excavations

Competent Person must monitor control measures

If diverting surface water, must take steps to prevent water from entering trench

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1926.651(i) Stability of adjacent structures

Structures adjacent to excavations must be supported if stability is affected

No excavation below adjacent footings unless underpinned, or stable rock, or approved by PE

No undermining pavements unless supported

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1926.651 Specific Excavation Requirements

j. Protect employees from falling rock, soil, or materials/equipment falling into excavations.

Keep materials 2 feet from edge Retaining devices/barricades

k. Inspections by competent person, daily and as needed during shift

l. Walkways to cross excavations

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1926.652 Requirements for protective systems

Protection of employees in excavations

Design of sloping and benching systems

Design of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems

Materials and equipment Installation and removal

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1926.652(a) Protection of employees in excavations

Use adequate protective system, except Excavations entirely in stable rock <5 feet and competent person sees no

potential for cave-in

Capacity for all reasonably expected loads

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1926.652(b) and (c) Design of sloping and benching systems

Four choices for sloping: Slope for type ‘C’, no steeper than 34° Use sloping choices from Appendices A, B Tabulated data determined by a PE Designed by a PE

For support systems, shield systems, other: Design using Appendices A, C, D Manufacturer’s tabulated data Other tabulated data determined by a PE Designed by a PE

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1926.652(d) Materials and equipment

Materials for protective systems free from damage & defects

Used according to manufacturer’s specifications

If damaged, competent person must determine suitability for continued use

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1926.652(e) Installation and removal of support

Support system members securely connected together

Installed & removed to assure employee safety

Keep within design capacity

Remove from bottom first, and backfill as you remove

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1926.652(f) Sloping and benching systems

No working on sloped or benched faces unless employees below are protected

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1926.652(g) Shield systems

Shield systems not subject to loads exceeding their capacity

Installed to restrict lateral movement Employee protection provided while

entering/exiting shields No employees in trench during installation or

removal of shields May excavate up to 2 feet below shield with

proper conditions

Subtitles & TransitionsFOR EXAMPLE…Trench box

Shielding

Shoring

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1926 Subpart P Appendix A - Soil Classification

A method of categorizing soil and rock deposits in a hierarchy: Stable Rock Type A – cohesive soil >1.5 tsf – with

exceptions Type B – cohesive soil >.5-1.5 tsf or

granular, disturbed, vibrated, fissured, layered

Type C – cohesive soil <.5 tsf or granular, submerged, layered…

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Soils - Types & Particle Size

Gravel larger than 2 millimeters

Sand Between 0.075 and 2 millimeters

Silt Between 0.002 and 0.075 millimeters

Clay Smaller than 0.002 millimeters

.

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Additional soil classification

Layered geological strata: based on weakest layer

May be classified individually if weaker is on top of stronger

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1926 Subpart P Appendix A - Soil Classification

Each soil and rock deposit shall be classified by a competent person

Classification made based on at least one visual and one manual analysis

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Visual tests: Particle size

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Visual tests

Clumping Cracks or spalling Existing utilities/previously disturbed soil Layers and slope Water in surface, seeping, water table Vibration sources

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Manual tests

Plasticity Dry strength Thumb penetration Pocket penetrometer or shearvane Drying test

Motor Vehicles, Mechanized Equipment, and Marine Operations

29 CFR 1926 Subpart O

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Organization of Subpart O

1926.600 - Equipment. 1926.601 - Motor vehicles. 1926.602 - Material handling equipment. 1926.603 - Pile driving equipment. 1926.604 - Site clearing. 1926.605 - Marine operations and equipment. 1926.606 - Definitions applicable to this

subpart.

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1926.600(a) Equipment - General Requirements

Lights/reflectors on unattended equipment next to highway

Protection for tire changes on split rims Elevated equipment: protect from falling Parking brake, plus chocks for inclines Batteries: by Subpart K Cab glass: safety glass with no visible

distortion Movement around power lines or transmitters Stops for railroad cars on spurs

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1926.601 – Motor Vehicles

a. Coverage. Motor vehicles that operate within an off-

highway jobsite, not open to public traffic Not for material handling equipment

covered under 1926.602.

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1926.601(b) General requirements

Brake system in operable condition: Service brake system Emergency brake system Parking brake system

2 headlights & 2 taillights if needed, depending on visibility

Brake lights regardless of visibility

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1926.601(b) General requirements

Audible warning device (horn) Obstructed rear view: must have

Reverse signal alarm audible above surrounding noise level or

Backed up only when observer signals that it is safe

Windshields & powered wipers on cabs Fix cracked glass Defogger/defroster where necessary

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1926.601(b) General requirements

Haulage vehicles: cab shield and/or canopy adequate to protect the operator from shifting or falling materials

Secure tools and material from movement in compartments with employees

Seats firmly secured and adequate for employees being carried

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1926.601(b) General requirements

Seat belts and anchorages meeting 49 CFR Part 571

Dump bodies supported, locked into position for maintenance or inspection

Latch on hoisting/dumping devices to prevent accidental operation

Trip handle of dump truck tailgate: operator must be clear when dumping

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1926.601(b) General requirements

Rubber-tired equipment must have fenders or mud flaps

Vehicles checked at beginning of shift: All brake systems Tires Horn Steering Coupling Seat belt

ControlsSafety devicesLights/reflectorsWipers/defrostersFire extinguishers

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1926.602 – Material Handling Equipment

Application: Scrapers, loaders, crawler or wheel

tractors, bulldozers, off-highway trucks, graders, agricultural and industrial tractors, and similar equipment

Compactors and rubber-tired "skid-steer" equipment: reserved

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1926.602(a)(2) Seat belts

Provided and must meet standards Not necessary for standup operations Not necessary for equipment without

roll-over protective structure (ROPS) or canopy protection ROPS: See 1926 Subpart W

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1926.602(a) Earthmoving equipment; General

Access roadways and grades Must be constructed and maintained for

safe movement of equipment involved Emergency access ramps or berms to

restrain and control runaway vehicles Service braking system

Capable of stopping and holding fully loaded equipment

SAE standards apply

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1926.602(a) Earthmoving equipment; General

Fenders on pneumatic-tired earth-moving equipment >15 mph Suspended pending reevaluation

ROPS and overhead protection: Subpart W

Horns for bidirectional machines Reverse signal alarm Guard all scissor points

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1926.602(b) Excavating and other equipment

Seatbelts for tractor operation Power Crane and Shovel Associations

Standards No. 1 and No. 2 of 1968, and No. 3 of 1969 adopted

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1926.602(c) Lifting and hauling equipment

Other than that covered by Subpart N 1926.600 and:

Ratings clearly visible and not exceeded No modifications or additions without

manufacturer’s written approval Multiple trucks together: proportion of load

must not exceed capacity Steering knobs not attached unless

spinning prevented

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1926.602(c) Lifting and hauling equipment

Overhead guards for high lift rider industrial trucks

ANSI B56.1-1969 Riding on industrial trucks:

No unauthorized personnel Safe place to ride

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1926.602(c)(1)(viii) Lifting Personnel

Only where designed for that purpose by manufacturer! (interpretation)

Safety platform secured to lifting carriage or forks

Riding personnel must be able to shut off power to truck

Falling object protection

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Powered industrial truck training

Identical to 1910.178

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1926.603 Pile driving equipment

General requirements Barges or floats: 1926.605 Pile driving equipment

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1926.604 Site clearing

Protect from toxic/irritant plants Instruct in first aid treatment

Rollover guards Overhead and rear canopy guards:

At least 1/8” steel plate or 1/4” wire mesh with up to 1” openings

Rear of canopy: at least 1/4” wire mesh with up to 1” openings

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1926.605 Marine operations and equipment

Material handling: 1918, Longshoring Access to barges Working surfaces of barges First-aid and lifesaving equipment Commercial diving operations: 1926

Subpart T

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1926 Subpart W: Rollover Protective Structures (ROPS)

This construction equipment must have ROPS meeting minimum performance standards: Rubber-tired, self-propelled scrapers Rubber-tired front-end loaders Rubber-tired dozers Wheel-type agricultural and industrial tractors Crawler tractors Crawler-type loaders Motor graders, with or without attachments NOT sideboom pipe laying tractors

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Rollover Protective Structures

Purpose: Prevent complete overturn; minimize possibility of crushed operator

Driver could still be crushed if not wearing a seatbelt!

Also in subpart W: Testing provisions Rule for overhead protection

Scaffolds29 CFR 1926 Subpart L

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Application of Scaffold Regulations

What is a scaffold? What is covered by 29 CFR 1926

Subpart L? Where are scaffolds used in oil and

gas?