Content Basic English Structure in Writing and Thinking Business Communication [Report Writing]...

Content

Basic English

Structure in Writing and Thinking

Business Communication [Report

Writing]

Conceptual 1

2

General Introduction – Communication is an essential function of organisation. Whether written or oral, it is the conduit through which an organisation speaks to its customers. Below are some salient points on communication.

Good communication is an essential

skill of leadership

Bad communicators often loose out on first dates

Bad communica

tion has cost

businessesmillions of

Naira

Good communicators

are more successful at

advancing their careers

Conceptual

3

Excerpts – Many of us, even with great education, from the most expensive Ivy league schools in the world are sadly lacking in good communication skills?Never has there been a greater need to ensure better quality of written and spoken English in the workplace.

Recommended Outline: Sentences Subject and Predicate Types and Kinds of Sentences Punctuation Paragraphs Clauses, Phrases and Phrasal Verbs

Better English(Betty

Kirkpatrick)

• Betty Kirkpatrick has a long and distinguished career as editor, publisher and writer of several English reference books such as Lexical Categories: Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives

Book

Author’s Brief Profile

Conceptual

Better English- Introduction

4

BASIC ENGLISH

Basic English- Introduction

What Exactly Is Good English??Good English refers to your level of written or spoken English. If you have good English skills, it means that you are able to make yourself understood in conversations or written documents.

Conceptual 5

The Sentence and the Paragraph

The Most Important Unit of

Structure is the Sentence

Your most important business tool as a

business person, are your power

business Sentences!!

Imagine what happens when you cannot

construct a correct sentence?!

Conceptual 6


Examples

Conceptual 7

The missionaries are coming to

town.

Two heads are always better than

one, especially

when planning for a program.

The document highlights

the specific deliverables as outlined

in the Service Level Agreement.

The processes in each department should eliminate

waste, and ensure efficiency, as

much as possible.

By Struct

ure

Major Sentences

Minor Sentences

By Purpo

se

8

Classification of a Sentence

By Structure• Declarative Sentence• Interrogative Sentence• Exclamatory Sentence• Imperative Sentence

• Simple Sentence• Compound Sentence• Complex Sentence• Complex-compound Sentence

By Purpose


Conceptual


Major Sentence

Also known as regular sentences

They possess all of the features of a sentence

They usually have a subject and a predicate

• The clients have requested for a Human Resource audit

• My team came up with a rather functional Performance Management System!

• The implementation of the marketing strategy was a thoroughly exciting and rewarding experience

Examples

Conceptual 9


Minor Sentence

Also known as Irregular sentences

They lack some of the other features of a sentence

They often lack a subject and a predicate

•Absolutely!•Great Performance!•Power phrase.•Brilliant speech.

Examples

Conceptual 10


The Subject of a sentence refers to what the sentence is about, often the position or thing that carries out the action of the verbThe subject usually gives a clear idea of what the sentence is about.

The Predicate refers to the part of a sentence or clause that gives information about the subject. It is basically all the parts of a clause or sentence that are not contained in the subject. It can either be a single verb or a number of elements

The subject can be noun, either a common noun or a proper noun or a verbal noun; a noun phrase; a pronoun; a subordinate clause; an infinitive.

Conceptual 11


Object• The object of a sentence is the part of a sentence that is

acted upon or is affected by the verb. It usually follows the verb to which it relates

• The direct object refers to the person or thing that is directly affected by the action described by the verb

• It can be a noun, and in the sentenceDirect Object

Indirect Object

• An indirect object usually refers to the person who benefits from the action described by the verb, often by receiving something.

• An indirect object can be preceded by the word to or for.• Some verbs commonly take an indirect object as well as

a direct object

Conceptual 12

Content

Basic English



Writing]

Conceptual 13

14

Excerpts – Most people think getting the right language, making simpler sentences means good writing or writing clearly. However the truth is “getting the thinking clear is more of a problem than getting the language right when writing”.

One critical cause of unclear writing is the’ structure of a document’ which is more pervasive than the ‘right language’ but much easier to correct. The order in which sentences appears with no regard to whether they’re well or poorly written. When a writer’s ordering of his idea conflicts with the capability of a reader’s mind to comprehend them.

Recommended Outline: The Pyramid Structure

o Ordering and Logico Stating the Logico Ordering from top downo Thinking from the bottom up

Structure in Writing & Thinking(Barbara Minto)

Book

Author’s Brief Profile

Conceptual

Structure in Writing and Thinking – Introduction

• Barbara Minto holds an MBA from the Harvard Business School. Her Course reflects insights drawn from more than 30 years of conducting courses worldwide at major consulting firms and corporations. The phrase “Take this and make it Minto” is common in many of these organizations and the Minto Pyramid Principle is considered the ‘lingua franca’ for serious-minded professionals, especially those who want to be listened to and earnestly wish to advance their careers

The mind perceives any sequence of things that occur

together as belonging together

Consequently, it sets about grouping

these things in a logical mannerThe logic behind the

grouping needs to be clearly statedThe clearest

sequence to presenting ideas is

to order from the top down

The top down ordering follows a

pyramidal structure where the main idea is at the top of the

pyramid

• The mind automatically sorts information into distinctive pyramidal groupings in order to understand it

• Any group of ideas is easier to understand if they arrive pre-sorted into their pyramid

The human mind automatically orders information in a way that it can be easily understood

Conceptual 15

The logic of the ordering needs to be clearly stated so that understanding is enhanced

Tables

Desk

Chairs

LEVEL 1

Inanimate Things

FurnitureComputer Hardware

Software

Tablet Adobe Reader

Scanner

Router

Flash

Dreamweaver

LEVEL 2

LEVEL 3

Conceptual 16

“The clearest writing sequence is always to give the summarising idea before giving the ideas being summarised”

“Yoido Full gospel Church has one of the largest Pentecostal congregation in the world”

“The church has a membership strength (2008) of 830, 000 members

“The church has 171 associate pastors, 356 lay pastors and several thousands of cell groups today ”

Conceptual 17


“Rotary International is one of the most philanthropic organisation in the world”

“They have contributed billions of dollars to combat various challenges facing the world”

“The Rotary foundation as at August 2006 has spent over $18 million on peace & conflict resolution alone”

Conceptual 18

“Their areas of focus include: disease prevention, water & sanitation, maternal & child health”


• The challenges involved with stopping Boko Haram for the Joint Task Force (JTF) include: the absence of a central database of information on every Nigerian, lack of proper training for security personnel, lack of up-to-date technologies/gadgets to curb acts of terrorism. The JTF could provide security to locals despite these risks, while seeking to put an end to this menace

• JTF should formulate a strategy to secure civilians while seeking to put an end to the reign of terror of Boko Haram

• To successfully stop Boko Haram, The JTF should create a central data base, train its security operatives and invest in up-to-date, ammunitions and forensic gadgets/ equipment

• These factors if implemented could reduce and ultimately stop the occurrence of disasters caused by the deadly terrorist sect

Clear Sequence

Winding Sequence

Conceptual 19

The reader is going to look for a structure connecting the ideas in the write up – You need to tell him in advance

Ideas in every document should form a pyramid under a single thought

1. Ideas at any level of the pyramid must be summaries of the ideas grouped below them

2. Ideas in each grouping must be the same kind of ideas

3. Ideas in each grouping must be logically ordered

Sentence

Paragraph

Sections

3 Key Rules of Structure

There are typically four Logical ways in which to order a set of ideas:- Deductively: major premise, minor premise, conclusion- Chronologically: first, second, third- Structurally: nucleus, cell, organ- Comparatively : first most important, second most

importantConceptual 20

Substructures within the pyramid enable the writer gather ideas in an orderly manner

Main Point (or highest level of abstraction)

Sub-points (a lower level of abstraction, that supports the

main point)

Sub-point 1: answering the question raised in the idea above. Must logically merit

its position as being the first answer

Sub-point 2: answering the question raised in the idea

above as well. Must logically merit its position as being

the second answer etc.

Horizontal Relationship: between sub

points and sub points; presented

in the proper order

Vertical Relationship: between points and sub points;

creates a question and

answer dialogue

The Narrative flow of the

introduction

Since writing is mostly aimed at communicating information that the reader does not know, the introduction should flow in a way that the origin/history of the subject is explained.

Conceptual 21

Substructures within the pyramid enable the writer gather ideas in an orderly manner

Example:

Red Cross should invest in a local Health Center in Sudan

Why?

Reduce long term humanitarian crisis

Increase overall wellbeing of sick, injured refugees

How?

Reversing the occurrence of rapid death through

prolonged absence of Medicare

Attending to injured persons who cannot afford quality

Medicare

Conceptual 22

Content

Basic English



Writing]

Conceptual 23

24Conceptual

Excerpts – An organisation that is clear, consistent, and effective in its communication with customers, employees, shareholders, creditors and the community is in a good position to establish trust and to elicit their collaboration.

What is true about communication at the enterprise level applies equally at the individual level. People who are good communicators are more successful at advancing in their careers, other factors being equal.

Recommended Outline: Good Writing Start-Up Strategies Everyday Writing [Reports, Memos, Letters and E-mail]

Harvard Business

Essentials – Business

Communication (Harvard Business

Review Press)

Book

Series Advisers Brief Profile

Business Communication – Introduction

• Professor Mary Munter has taught management communication for over twenty-five years at the Stanford Graduate School of Business and Tuck School of Business at Dartmouth. Among her publication is Guide to Managerial communications, now in its sixth edition and named as one of the five best business books by the Wall Street Journal.

25

Every good piece of writing has a clearly defined objective, scope and approach, so before you begin settle in your mind what the endpoint is and make sure you don’t go out of the scope.

Business Communication – Good Writing

Conceptual

Everyday Writing – Reports

Managers and employees in every facet of business need to communicate clearly and effectively. This is true because of the advancement their organizations derive from communicating everyday thoughts clearly in writing.

One way this can be achieved is through effective report writing. Reports here refers to, monthly reports, meeting notes, memos, financial statements, e-mails, etc.

The important elements in effective report writing are:The planning and general organisation of the report The structure of the content The style of writing The presentation of numerical and graphical data and the

use of references. Each of these will be covered in the slides below.

Conceptual 26

Types of Reports – Reports are designed to convey and record information that will be of practical use to the reader. It is organized into discrete units of specific and highly visible information

Informational

Analytical

Persuasive

• These types of reports are created to show the relationship between to sets of information

• They are written to solve problems whether simple or complex

• Information in this category is usually hybrid (figures and words)

• These type of reports are created to inform or instruct the reader about a specific present situation.

• The reader sees the details of events, activities or conditions

• There is usually no analysis of the situation, conclusion or recommendation

• This is an extension of analytical reports, with the main focus being to sell an idea, service or product

• They are usually captured in a hybrid format (figures & words)

• They are used by consultants and bidders in the process of sealing a deal or contract

• Meeting notes• E-mail reminders• Situational &

Progress report• Essays• Personal

Statements• Curriculum Vitae• Annual reports

Description Types Category

• Investigative reports• Current State

Assessment report• Feasibility report• Periodic operating

report• Financial Statements• White Papers

• Proposals• Bids • Tenders

Conceptual 27

28

Steps to Preparing a Report – Before writing the report you must identify the purpose, plan the contents and research materials. Description Key-

Takeaways Steps

Conceptual

Purpose

Planning

Research

• Writing reports involves gathering facts. It is essential to start off by brainstorming what you have been asked to do. A simple method of doing this is to write down, in the centre of a plain piece of paper, the most important word

or short phrase, then write down any ideas that link to the purpose of the report

• Consider who the report is being written for. This will help you structure your words appropriately and use the right tone or language

• Consider what the reader is going to do with it. This helps you arrange the information in a user friendly way

• Another key point to consider is why you are writing the report. A report should always have a clear objective

• This is a data gathering exercise that aims at finding relevant information to be used in preparing your report

• It would be helpful to state clearly, the scope of your research. This helps to make the research more purposeful, and can save you going off at a tangent or getting distracted.

• Take notes from as many different sources as you practically can – books, journals, magazines, internet documents, etc

• Who is it for?• Why is it

requested?• What do they want

it to cover?• What do they not

want it to cover?

• Think critically about the purpose of the report

• Write down key ideas that are linked to your purpose

• State clearly the scope an the limitations of your research

• Write your notes on a separate piece of paper

29

Effective report writing helps in

building a positive image

for the organisation.

It ensures that every part of the

organization is properly

guided/synchronized for

goal achievemen

t

It serves business managers

as a foundation

for planning

and coordinatio

nUsers find it

easy to advance their career

simply because they’ve

mastered the fine art of report

writing

Conceptual

Importance of Good Report Writing

Effect of Poor Report Writing

Conceptual 30

Poorly written reports can cost you a

job/business deal

It can ruin the goodwill built over many years in split

seconds

It can lead to wastage of manpower,

duplicity of work and inefficient

It Leads to poor performance

since employees who can't clearly express themselves are unlikely to get ahead

as their poor communication often

becomes an obstacle to effective teamwork.

Conceptual 31

Every day Writing – Reports

Monthly reports generally describes the achievements of goals and objectives for the reporting period. This can be an account of financial details, partners or first-timers added, materials sold and distributed, etc. It may also includes challenges, successes, failures and recommendations.

Reports are designed to convey and record information that will be of practical use to the reader. There are different types of reports:

Monthly Reports Progress / Status Reports Annual Reports Investigative Report Periodic Operating Report Feasibility Report

Monthly Unit/Departmental Reports

32

Every day Writing – Steps to Preparing a Unit /Departmental Report 1/2

Highlight Significant

Achievements

• Highlight significant achievements, events, developments, progress and predictions in the introduction section

• Mention major challenges, shortfalls and limitations

Describe Goals & Objectives

• Describe the details of the goals/objectives for the reporting period.

• Under each goal/objective, describe successes and challenges, how they were addressed and rationale

• Say what systems were put in place to avoid/address similar challenges in the future

Summarize Key Production

Figures/Output Levels

• Provide relevant information on output attained in current month under review

• Compare with previous reporting period. Add projections for next reporting period.

• Support with visual representations such as tables, graphs and charts as appropriate

Insert On-going Projects

• Describe highlights, developments within the reporting period, difficulties and limitations. Include expectations and shortfalls.

• Use visual representations for input/output information, trends, and predictions

Conceptual

33

Use Separate Sections for New

Activities

• Do this for new activities and projects developed during the reporting period, Its smarter to capture such vital information

• Treat the same as for ongoing projects

Include a separate section

for Budgeting

• Enter amounts allocated, amounts used, balance gains and/or shortfalls.

• Use standard budget format for the particular organization. Use tables, charts and figures where necessary

Discuss Future Projects

• Describe future projects in a separate section on prospects, along with anticipated developments, results and predictions.

• Include goals and objectives for the next reporting period

Discuss Recommendations & Insert Executive

Summary

• Make suggestions for improvement, expansion and/or developments• Include an executive summary to be placed before the introduction• Write this section after the entire report is completed

Conceptual

Every day Writing – Steps to Preparing a Unit /Departmental Report 2/2

34Conceptual

Writing Effective Memos

Why MemoA memo, short for the word memorandum, comes from the Latin word ‘memorandus’, which means "to be remembered”. It is a business-oriented style that is the best suited for interoffice or inter colleague correspondence. More informal in tone and organization than a letter, memos are generally used to provide or ask for information, announce a new policy, update on personnel transfers, or for any other internal issues.

Elements of an Effective MemoAn effective memo:• Grabs the reader's attention• Provides information, makes a

recommendation, or asks for action

• Supports your position or explains benefits to reader

• Mentions next steps and deadlines

There are three basic reasons to write a memo:• To persuade action• To issue a directive• To provide a report

35

Information Memo

Problem solving Memo

Persuasion Memo

Types of Memos: There are four types of memos you might have to write, each with its own organisational format

Internal Memo

• Used to deliver or request information or assistance• First paragraph provides main idea• Second paragraph expands on the details• Third paragraph outlines the action required

• Suggests a specific action to improve a situation• First paragraph states the problem• Second paragraph analyzes the problem• Third paragraph makes a recommendation• When making a recommendation, this includes not

only the positive details but also the drawbacks and diffuse them yourself

• Used to encourage the reader to undertake an action he or she doesn't have to take

• First paragraph begins with an agreeable point• Second paragraph introduces the idea• Third paragraph states benefits to the reader• Fourth paragraph outlines the action required• Fifth paragraph ends with a call to action• Used to convey suggestions to senior management• First paragraph states reason for writing• Second paragraph outlines present situation and states writer's

proposal• Third paragraph describes advantage(s)• Fourth paragraph mentions and diffuses disadvantage(s)• Fifth paragraph ends with a call to action

Conceptual

36

To: All StaffFrom: The Boss Date: June 1, 2006Re: New Memo Format Effective June 1

In order to make interoffice communications easier, please adhere to the following guidelines for writing effective memos:

Clearly state the purpose of the memo in the subject line and in the first paragraph.

Keep language professional, simple and polite.Use short sentences. Use bullets if a lot of information is conveyed. Proofread before sending.

Address the memo to the person(s) who will take action on the subject, and CC those who need to know about the action.Attach additional information: don’t place it in the body of the memo if possible.

Please put this format into practice immediately. We appreciate your assistance in developing clear communications.If you have any questions, please don’t hesitate to call me.

Thank you.

Sample Memo

Conceptual

37

Meeting Notes – Also known as ‘minutes’, these are meant to record basic information and can be used as reference for future meetings on similar topics.

They capture the essential information of a meeting – decisions and assigned actions.

Helps Answer

the following

question

s

• What we decided in the meeting• What we accomplished in the

meeting• What we agreed to in terms of

next steps (action items)

Conceptual

38

This is true because readers like to skim through for the information they need.

Therefore your template should include the following:

• Subjects • Attendees • Date and location• Key highlights • Actions agreed upon• Person responsible• Deadline

Key Point – Meeting notes must be as straight to the point as possible

CHRIST EMBASSEY ZONE 4 MEETING NOTES

Date

Subject

Location

Time

Attendees Name Position Email Address

Task Owner Deadline

Meeting Notes(Contains the discussion or deliberations of the meeting)

Key Insights(Contains the key highlight of the meeting)

Conceptual

Discussion

Emails

Email is world-wide electronic communication system in which a computer user can compose a message at one terminal that can be regenerated at the recipient's terminal when the recipient logs in.

Point making/ information Email – The email itself is the point. It is used to tell the receiver something, or state a point, make a compliment or pass and information. No reply is required.

Inquiries – this is used to gain information from the receiver in the form of a reply. It could be in form of seeking an advice or asking questions. Reply is your desired outcome.

Open-Ended Dialog – this type of email helps to keep communication lines open, for the purpose of some future result or benefit.

Action Emails – This mail is to instruct the receiver to carry out certain actions as stated in the mail. The goal is not the reply, but some action on the part of the receiver.

Responding This is a mail in response to an instruction given or a report on instructions carried out. In can be used as reply to enquiry

Emails can be categorized into Formal (Work mails, client mails) and Informal emails (mails to a friend, parents, siblings) NOTE: In a work environment, communication is by the use of formal emails.

Category

Structure

Types

39Conceptual

How to Compose an Email

• Open your email box by typing in your email address and password

• Click on new as illustrated below

• Follow the guidelines as described in the picture

40Conceptual

Structure • Subject Contents: The content of an email helps the

reader know what the email is about and helps them

decide how important or urgent the email is.

• Keep the subject short and clear but avoid such

headings as:

‘Good News’, ‘Hello’, ‘Message from Mary’. These

headings are common in messages containing viruses.

Short but specific headings are needed, e.g. Delay in

sending my April Monthly Report. Permission to be

absent from training on 17-05-2012

• Subjects: This is a very vital part of an Email. Every

email should have a subject/title. Subject informs the

reader of what the email is about. Note that it is very

easy to forget to type this important information hence

special attention should be made to ensure it is written.

Structure of an Email

41Conceptual


Greetings: Start the message with a greeting so as to

help create a friendly but business-like tone. When

greeting, it is preferred and safer to use the Surname of a

person in addressing them than their first name except

you are familiar with such a person or of equal levels

e.g. Dear Pastor Izevbigie, Dear Mrs. Ododo.

Purpose: Start with a clear indication of what the message

is about in the first paragraph. Give full details in the

following paragraph(s). Make sure that the final paragraph

indicates what should happen next.

Action: Any action that you want the reader to do should

be clearly described, using polite phrases. Subordinates

should use expressions such as 'Could you...' or ' I would be

grateful if...'. Superior staff should also use polite phrases,

for example, 'Please...'.

Structure

42Conceptual

Structure

Attachments

Make sure you make reference to any attachment you are

adding in the main message and of course make sure that

you remember to include the attachment(s).

Also make sure the file name describes the content, and is

not too general; e.g. 'message.doc' is bad, but ' Cell Group

Report_ April 2012.doc' is good.

Endings

End the message in a polite way. Common endings are:

Yours sincerely, Best regards, Best wishes, Regards,

If you did not put a comma after the greeting at the

beginning of the message, then do not put a comma after

the ending.


43Conceptual

4444

Structure

Quick Tips on Writing a

Formal Email

Names: Make sure your Name is Included at the end of the

message. It is most annoying to receive an email which

does not include the name of the sender. The problem is

that often the email address of the sender does not

indicate exactly who it is from.

• Always fill in the subject line with a topic that means

something to your reader. Not "Decals" or "Important!" but

"Deadline for New Parking Decals.“

• Put your main point in the opening sentence. Most readers

won't stick around for a surprise ending

• Never begin a message with a vague work or phrase, always

specify what you're writing about. "This." ("This needs to be

done by 5:00.") What do you mean by ‘this’ ?

Structure and quick tips for Emails

Conceptual

Quick Tips on Writing a

Formal Email

• Don't use ALL CAPITALS (no shouting!), or all lower-

case letters

• As a general rule, PLZ avoid chat-room abbreviations

acronyms you may be ROFLOL (rolling on the floor

laughing out loud), but your reader may be left wondering

WUWT (what's up with that)

• Be brief and polite. If your message runs longer than two

or three short paragraphs, consider (a) reducing the

message, or (b) providing an attachment. But in any case,

don't snap, growl, or bark in your mails

• Remember to say "please", "thank you" “sorry” when

necessary and mean it.

• Add a signature block with appropriate contact

information (in most cases, your name, business address,

and phone number, along with a legal disclaimer if

required by your company

• Edit and proofread before hitting "send." sweat the small

stuff, but unfortunately your reader may think you're a

careless dolt

45Conceptual

Quick tips for Emails

Conceptual

Charts/GraphsA pictorial device, such as a pie chart or bar graph, used to illustrate quantitative relationships. Also a diagram that exhibits a relationship, often functional, between two sets of numbers as a set of points having coordinates determined by the relationship

46

Using Charts and Graphs for Your Reports

Graphs are an important part of our everyday life. It may not seem that way, but without graphs, we would be lost in heaps of data. Without even knowing it, important decisions are made daily throughout the world based on what a graph can tell us. Here are some of the main reasons why we use graphs:

• Making sense of a company’s data• Present information easily and quickly• Serious fun

Key Thoughts to Consider

The Problem of Business ReportsBusiness reporting is not always easy. Too often we can get swamped down in paper work and long, exhaustive reports that offer entirely too much information. Your business reporting does not have to end up like that. If you find yourself caught in this trap of creating long boring reports that nobody wants to read then perhaps it is time you find a new way to present your findings.

47

Difference between Charts and GraphsThere is a very little difference between these two terms both are used to embody visual and spatial elements that aid in our understanding and interpreting the information.


Charts are usually used to represent simple two variable data, such as Bar charts or pie charts. These can also be used to refer quantities that refer complex data-dense maps.

Charts

Graph is usually referred to be used in some mathematical sense because it usually contains X, Y or Z-axis. In a graph no data is represented without using axes and sometimes it is also divided into grids for easier classification of data.

Graphs

Conceptual

48

Types of Graphs and ChartsThere are many types of graphs and charts that are commonly used for showing business reports. These are listed as below:


Line graphs• A way of representing two pieces of information, which is usually

related and vary with respect to each other. This is useful when comparisons are needed

Pie Charts• A type of a graph normally used in showcasing a wholesome

quantity; we have to show that how this whole quantity is broken into parts.

Bar Charts

Area Graphs

Waterfall Chart

Polar Chart

• This is a type of chart, which contains labeled horizontal or vertical bars showing a piece of information and an axis

• These graphs are used to show how something changes with respect to time. An area graph shows the contribution of each data series in the form of a picture

• This contains floating vertical columns that shows the increase or decrease in an initial value through a series of intermediate steps leading to a final value.

• A Polar Chart is a circular chart in which data is displayed in terms of values and angles.

Conceptual

ExampleBelow is an example of how charts and graphs can easily display and interpret voluminous data:


49Conceptual 49Conceptual

14%

86%

Gender distribution across the Zone

Male Female

Discussion

• The gender analysis reveals that 77% of the staff are females

• The marital status chart shows that a huge concentration of staff are single

74%

26%

Marital status distribution across the Zone

Single Married

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