BES Review Vol. XX, No. IV October'14 - December’14 Editorial Board Chairman Ashish Bhatnagar Member A. Shanmugam-Advisor M.S. Duhan Published by : P. K. Singh, Hon. Secretary, on behalf of Broadcast Engineering Society (India) 912, Surya Kiran Building, 19, K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001 Tel. : + 91-11- 23316709 Fax : + 91-11- 23316710 E-mail : [email protected]Printed at : Pragati Creations 27/1B, Dilshad Garden Ind. Area, G.T. Road, Delhi-110095 e-mail : [email protected]Ph.: 011-22596695, 9312438440 Views expressed by authors are their own and may not be that of BES(I) Meenakshi Singhvi O.P. Rajpurohit Pradeep Mehra Sunil Bhatia Contents Editorial 2 From the President 3 BES Council 2014-2016 4 Journey of FM Radio in India 6 - B. P. Srivastava Managing Broadcasts during Disasters- 11 - N. Thiyagrajan Cloud Computing 15 - Kailash S Energy Audit 20 -Manisha Shete Single Frequency Network by Rohde & Schwarz 24 - Nirav Bhatia Interactive Broadcasting Technology and its Impact 27 - V. Rajeshwar Restoration of Doordarshan in Srinagar After Flood 34 - W. B. Prasad, O. P. Rajpurohit Interview- Mr. Animesh Chakarborty 38 -By Meenakshi singhvi Planar Transmission Lines- An Overview 40 - Dr. S. Raghavan Implementation of HDTV DVB T2 Transmitters at Metro Cities in India 44 - M. S. Duhan Audio Compression - MPEG-4 HE-AAC-v2 - Audio coding..... 51 - S. K. Biswas Report 61 - National Public Service Broadcasting Day Celebration at Delhi Report : Ahmedabad Chapter 63 -Lecture on “Cloud technology and its application in Broadcasting” Report : Pune Chapter 64 - Workshop on “Various Radio Delivery Platforms– Strengths, Opportunities and Challenges” & NPSB Day Celebration Report : Hyderabad Chapter 68 -Seminar on “Advances in Digital Broadcasting” Report : Thanjavur Chapter 70 -A Seminar on “media Assets Management” Report : Mumbai Chapter 72 -A Seminar on “Web & TV-New Dimensions & Standards” Corporate Members 74 Obituary 76
Transcript
BES ReviewVol. XX, No. IV
October'14 - December’14
Editorial Board
ChairmanAshish Bhatnagar
Member
A. Shanmugam-AdvisorM.S. Duhan
Published by :P. K. Singh, Hon. Secretary,
on behalf of Broadcast Engineering Society (India)
912, Surya Kiran Building,19, K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001
As we move on to 2015, let me just glance back at the wonderful happenings of 2014 in the world of broadcasting in India. BES saw a new dynamic council taking over the reins, amidst lot's of challenges and expectations, We saw one of the worst floods at Jammu and Kashmir and the brave bold brilliant efforts of broadcast engineers to run the transmissions – the lifeline for the stranded people, then we saw Cyclones throwing away the infrastructures and the swift efforts of broadcast engineers to rapidly resume operations. We saw India marching at ABU with quality documentary inputs from AIR and Doordarshan and Jawhar Sircar CEO of India's Public Service broadcaster - Prasar Bharati clinching the prestigious post of ABU Vice President, a pride moment for our country. We also saw some of our beloved senior broadcasters leaving this world and we saw inflow of some of the best latest technologies in the form of Digital Radio and TV in our country. We saw excellent activities at the grass roots – indigenous developments at some Doordarshan stations, Seminars / Workshops at the local chapters - Ahmedabad, Thanjavur, Hyderabad, Pune and Mumbai.
And above all we saw this year's Noble Peace Prize Winner Shri kailash Satyarthi speaking about power of broadcasts at the BES Public Service Broadcast day event at Constitution Club New Delhi on 12 November 2014. A bowl full of happenings – We have tried to report some…
Thanks to the efforts of Editorial team, there has been a good inflow of technical articles too. We have brought for you writings on a broad spectrum – from Cloud computing, Audio compression to Energy Audit, From Interactive broadcasting, Trends in Terrestrial TV to Journey of FM radio in India and Managing broadcasts during disaster – case studies. A To-the-Point interview of Animesh Chakraborty, the Engineer-in-Chief of AIR speaks about the growth potential of broadcasts in India. So our baskets are full….
And now looking ahead, Many of us are meeting on 15-17 January 2015, at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi - at the Hot – Spot of Broadcasting Experts in India –
stThe 21 International Conference and Exhibition on Terrestrial and Satellite Broadcasting, BES Expo 2015. Many of us will witness some of the latest broadcast products and listen to technical lectures from the Industry / Media Experts – but for those, who may not be able to make it, BES Review promises to capture the glimpses and shall bring you at your doorstep soon.
Good bye till then, Best wishes for the New Year and happy Reading….
It's my second chance to interact with you through BES Review and I am happy to state that in these three months BES Council and Executive have done considerable progress on various fronts.
Chairpersons and members of various committees have started working cohesively. Shri II George, Vice President and Chairman BES Conference committee has developed excellent conference Schedule for BES Expo and
stthe delegates who are attending BES Expo 2015, the 21 International Conference and Exhibition of Terrestrial and Satellite Broadcast to be held at
th thPragati Maidan, New Delhi, India from 15 to 17 January 2015 will surely appreciate the sessions. I would request you to visit the website www.besindia.com or www.besexpo.org for further details. Feel free to talk to Executive Members or Council Members for any issue, contact details of whom are given in this publication on later pages.
I am happy to share with you that BES(I) celebrated National Public Service Broadcasting Day on 12 November 2014 at Constitution club, New Delhi in a grand way. Shri Kailash Satyarthi, the Noble Peace Prize winner graced the function as chief guest with many other eminent personalities like Shri Jawhar Sircar CEO, Prasar Bharati and senior officers from AIR and Doordarshan. Our dynamic young Hon. Secretary Shri PK Singh and Shri RC Bhatnagar alongwith the secretariat team deserve sincere appreciation for their efforts and management.
I am also happy to see that this issue of BES Review has got articles on varied topics and has come out of the press at right time. I congratulate the whole Editorial team for their excellent work and hope that the readers will enjoy reading the journal.
While extending my best wishes to all BES members on X-mas and New Year, I will look forward to meeting many of them at BES Expo at 0930 hrs.
thon 15 January 2014 at Hall No. 12, 12A, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi.
As we move on to 2015, let me just glance back at the wonderful happenings of 2014 in the world of broadcasting in India. BES saw a new dynamic council taking over the reins, amidst lot's of challenges and expectations, We saw one of the worst floods at Jammu and Kashmir and the brave bold brilliant efforts of broadcast engineers to run the transmissions – the lifeline for the stranded people, then we saw Cyclones throwing away the infrastructures and the swift efforts of broadcast engineers to rapidly resume operations. We saw India marching at ABU with quality documentary inputs from AIR and Doordarshan and Jawhar Sircar CEO of India's Public Service broadcaster - Prasar Bharati clinching the prestigious post of ABU Vice President, a pride moment for our country. We also saw some of our beloved senior broadcasters leaving this world and we saw inflow of some of the best latest technologies in the form of Digital Radio and TV in our country. We saw excellent activities at the grass roots – indigenous developments at some Doordarshan stations, Seminars / Workshops at the local chapters - Ahmedabad, Thanjavur, Hyderabad, Pune and Mumbai.
And above all we saw this year's Noble Peace Prize Winner Shri kailash Satyarthi speaking about power of broadcasts at the BES Public Service Broadcast day event at Constitution Club New Delhi on 12 November 2014. A bowl full of happenings – We have tried to report some…
Thanks to the efforts of Editorial team, there has been a good inflow of technical articles too. We have brought for you writings on a broad spectrum – from Cloud computing, Audio compression to Energy Audit, From Interactive broadcasting, Trends in Terrestrial TV to Journey of FM radio in India and Managing broadcasts during disaster – case studies. A To-the-Point interview of Animesh Chakraborty, the Engineer-in-Chief of AIR speaks about the growth potential of broadcasts in India. So our baskets are full….
And now looking ahead, Many of us are meeting on 15-17 January 2015, at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi - at the Hot – Spot of Broadcasting Experts in India –
stThe 21 International Conference and Exhibition on Terrestrial and Satellite Broadcasting, BES Expo 2015. Many of us will witness some of the latest broadcast products and listen to technical lectures from the Industry / Media Experts – but for those, who may not be able to make it, BES Review promises to capture the glimpses and shall bring you at your doorstep soon.
Good bye till then, Best wishes for the New Year and happy Reading….
It's my second chance to interact with you through BES Review and I am happy to state that in these three months BES Council and Executive have done considerable progress on various fronts.
Chairpersons and members of various committees have started working cohesively. Shri II George, Vice President and Chairman BES Conference committee has developed excellent conference Schedule for BES Expo and
stthe delegates who are attending BES Expo 2015, the 21 International Conference and Exhibition of Terrestrial and Satellite Broadcast to be held at
th thPragati Maidan, New Delhi, India from 15 to 17 January 2015 will surely appreciate the sessions. I would request you to visit the website www.besindia.com or www.besexpo.org for further details. Feel free to talk to Executive Members or Council Members for any issue, contact details of whom are given in this publication on later pages.
I am happy to share with you that BES(I) celebrated National Public Service Broadcasting Day on 12 November 2014 at Constitution club, New Delhi in a grand way. Shri Kailash Satyarthi, the Noble Peace Prize winner graced the function as chief guest with many other eminent personalities like Shri Jawhar Sircar CEO, Prasar Bharati and senior officers from AIR and Doordarshan. Our dynamic young Hon. Secretary Shri PK Singh and Shri RC Bhatnagar alongwith the secretariat team deserve sincere appreciation for their efforts and management.
I am also happy to see that this issue of BES Review has got articles on varied topics and has come out of the press at right time. I congratulate the whole Editorial team for their excellent work and hope that the readers will enjoy reading the journal.
While extending my best wishes to all BES members on X-mas and New Year, I will look forward to meeting many of them at BES Expo at 0930 hrs.
thon 15 January 2014 at Hall No. 12, 12A, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi.
coverage during night time. AIR, therefore, went on expanding its medium wave services so much so that the
It was not that the authorities at AIR were oblivious of third five year plan between 1961 and 1966 had come to the menace of night time shrinkage that was eating into be known as Medium Wave Plan.the coverage area or the advantages of FM. As a matter of fact, a decision to start FM service on an experimental basis in four metros with 3 KW transmitters was taken
Radio broadcasting scenario on medium wave started and the service was commissioned in Chennai on changing from late sixties and more prominently in 23.7.1977, in Calcutta in 7.4.1980, in Mumbai on early seventies. Not only the number of transmitters but 21.9.1980 and in Delhi on 7.9.1984. However, every also their power went on increasing all over the world time the idea of its introduction on a regular manner including the countries of region 3 in which India is came up, the alternative view of of increasing the power situated. With the increase in number and power of of medium wave transmitters prevailed. Besides the transmitters, the sky wave mode of propagation of effect of LF-MF conference, non-availability of medium wave, which was once a boon for long distance reasonably priced FM radio receivers was also playing coverage, became its bane. Co-channel and adjacent in the minds of planners. Yet another reason which channel night time interference gave rise to night time seemed to be more of a psychological and political shrinkage of AIR’s coverage. There were two options nature was, perhaps, the general perception of FM being available before the planners to take care of the a rich man’s medium providing listening of high quality shrinkage. One was to increase the power of the existing music on costly FM sets with roof top aerials, There is, transmitters and the other was to go for an alternative therefore, a school of thought that feels that amongst medium. As it would be, it was the first option that was various reasons for delay in introduction of FM, the continued to be adopted for a longer period than what same reason as that of delay in introduction of colour TV could, perhaps have been. in the country played a big part. In the midst of all these
events and considerations, the primary aim of introduction of FM to take care of the night time shrinkage of radio coverage of the country had, In view of the large increase in requirement of all somewhere, got lost. countries and the availability of limited
spectrum, it became necessary to carry out the world wide planning of stations in a coordinated way. With this aim in view, a Regional Administrative All this brought us to the Seventh Plan period (1985-90) LF-MF conference was convened by International under the leadership of the young Prime Minister Shri Telecommunication Union (ITU) at Geneva in 1975. On Rajiv Gandhi, who wanted to introduce new technology Indian side, lot of preparatory work was done by AIR in various fields. This included FM also. Provision of directorate along with the Research Department under introduction of FM was, therefore, made in the plan. the overall leadership of Shri S. N. Mitra, Additional Side by side, studies and discussions were undertaken to Chief Engineer to present AIR’s case at the conference. take various necessary decisions including the choice of After hard negotiations, particularly with neighbouring technical parameters. For this purpose a group was countries, a large number of allocations were obtained formed under the chairmanship of the author with for the country. It was, therefore, considered a great representation from the Research Department by its two triumph for AIR team and especially for Shri Mitra Directors Ms. Ratna Chakravarty and Shri K M Paul when the Indian delegation came back with large (who later became the Engineer-in-Chief of All India number of medium wave assignments including six Radio). So much was the enthusiasm for the new numbers of 1000KW, more than 170 numbers of 300 technology that Shri S P Bhatikar, the then Engineer- in KW and huge numbers of 1 KW assignments that could Chief, used to occasionally drop in the meetings and be utilized for the emerging concept of local radio. participate in discussions. The euphoria and the hopes Introduction of FM on a regular basis, therefore, took a were, however, soon belied, when earlier thoughts again back seat in the din of that triumph for one more Five seemed to prevail. This was a setback to everybody in Year Plan (Sixth Plan 1980-85). the department, but it was decided not to give up.
Accordingly a committee, comprising of the author who
FM not getting favour
Dawn of Night Time Shrinkage
ITU’s LF-MF Conference in 1975
FM gets the nod
medium wave (MW/MF)
6
Introduction
Invention of FM and Indian Broadcasting Scenario
reducing static and interference that was associated with AM reception. He got his invention patented in 1933
Radio broadcasting, all over the world, started with and brought up an experimental FM station with 410 Amplitude Modulation (AM), the technique which was feet tower in Alpine (New Jersey) in 1939 at a whooping invented and developed during the two decades from personal cost of $ 300,000 after obtaining a permit from 1900 to 1920. For the next thirty years i.e. up to 1950’s- a Federal Communication Service (FCC) in 1933 and period that is called the Golden Age of radio, AM ruled getting an FM broadcast spectrum between 42 and 50 the roost until Frequency Modulation (FM) started to MHZ created. Here it may be of interest to the readers to
thdisplace it from its exalted position in the sphere of know that on 27 June 1945, FM spectrum was moved domestic broadcasting in many parts of the world such from Amstrong frequencies to 88 to 108 MHZ that are in as Europe and America. India’s domestic broadcasting use today. While not going into the details of the tragic scene, like that of the most other countries of the world, end of Amstrong on February 1, 1954, it would suffice to was also dominated by Amplitude Modulation. The only say that change of frequencies did have a tremendous perceptible difference between India and some other adverse effect on him. However, Amstrong’s countries had been India’s extensive use of tropical contribution to the cause of FM bore fruit and by 1940, short wave broadcasting to aid and supplement the FM transmission became a commercial reality in efforts of medium wave (MW) in the area of domestic Europe and America.coverage. In India, however, AM continued to remain the sole domestic broadcasting mode for a much larger During the time FM was developing in Europe and time than that in other countries of the world, as America, India was under British raj and broadcasting in introduction of FM was considerably delayed in India. It the country had still not taken wings. An idea about the may look strange that even when smaller countries in the state of development of broadcasting in the country can neighbourhood like Bangladesh, Singapore, Iran & be had from the fact that at the time of independence Turkey introduced FM in their countries in 1965, 1967, there were only six radio stations in the country located 1967 and 1968 respectively, India took much longer to at Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Lucknow and introduce it. It was only in the late nineteen eighties, Trichi. The Government of India had, therefore, a big during the Seventh Five Year Plan period, that it was task in hand to expand decided to introduce it in a regular manner in All India its existing medium Radio, which was the only broadcasting organization in wave network with a the country at that time. But once it was introduced, one back-up short wave initiative led to the other with the result that today India service in each state, already has nearly 650 FM transmitters and is going to which was undertaken add nearly thousand more in two years time to make the through various Five availability of FM in plenty. The journey of FM in India Year Plans. During that from pangs of birth to plenty is quite interesting and period, the power of needs to be told. Since the author has been associated transmitters was not with the introduction and development of FM in the that high and the country at every stage till now, he feels it as a part of his spectrum was also not duty to do so. This paper is, therefore, an attempt in that congested. As such day direction. t ime recept ion of
medium wave services was steady and good w i t h s k y w a v e FM transmission technique was invented in USA in providing extended 1930 by Edwin H Amstrong with the purpose of
Journey of FM Radio in India
B. P. SrivastavaFrom Pangs of Birth to Plenty
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
7
coverage during night time. AIR, therefore, went on expanding its medium wave services so much so that the
It was not that the authorities at AIR were oblivious of third five year plan between 1961 and 1966 had come to the menace of night time shrinkage that was eating into be known as Medium Wave Plan.the coverage area or the advantages of FM. As a matter of fact, a decision to start FM service on an experimental basis in four metros with 3 KW transmitters was taken
Radio broadcasting scenario on medium wave started and the service was commissioned in Chennai on changing from late sixties and more prominently in 23.7.1977, in Calcutta in 7.4.1980, in Mumbai on early seventies. Not only the number of transmitters but 21.9.1980 and in Delhi on 7.9.1984. However, every also their power went on increasing all over the world time the idea of its introduction on a regular manner including the countries of region 3 in which India is came up, the alternative view of of increasing the power situated. With the increase in number and power of of medium wave transmitters prevailed. Besides the transmitters, the sky wave mode of propagation of effect of LF-MF conference, non-availability of medium wave, which was once a boon for long distance reasonably priced FM radio receivers was also playing coverage, became its bane. Co-channel and adjacent in the minds of planners. Yet another reason which channel night time interference gave rise to night time seemed to be more of a psychological and political shrinkage of AIR’s coverage. There were two options nature was, perhaps, the general perception of FM being available before the planners to take care of the a rich man’s medium providing listening of high quality shrinkage. One was to increase the power of the existing music on costly FM sets with roof top aerials, There is, transmitters and the other was to go for an alternative therefore, a school of thought that feels that amongst medium. As it would be, it was the first option that was various reasons for delay in introduction of FM, the continued to be adopted for a longer period than what same reason as that of delay in introduction of colour TV could, perhaps have been. in the country played a big part. In the midst of all these
events and considerations, the primary aim of introduction of FM to take care of the night time shrinkage of radio coverage of the country had, In view of the large increase in requirement of all somewhere, got lost. countries and the availability of limited
spectrum, it became necessary to carry out the world wide planning of stations in a coordinated way. With this aim in view, a Regional Administrative All this brought us to the Seventh Plan period (1985-90) LF-MF conference was convened by International under the leadership of the young Prime Minister Shri Telecommunication Union (ITU) at Geneva in 1975. On Rajiv Gandhi, who wanted to introduce new technology Indian side, lot of preparatory work was done by AIR in various fields. This included FM also. Provision of directorate along with the Research Department under introduction of FM was, therefore, made in the plan. the overall leadership of Shri S. N. Mitra, Additional Side by side, studies and discussions were undertaken to Chief Engineer to present AIR’s case at the conference. take various necessary decisions including the choice of After hard negotiations, particularly with neighbouring technical parameters. For this purpose a group was countries, a large number of allocations were obtained formed under the chairmanship of the author with for the country. It was, therefore, considered a great representation from the Research Department by its two triumph for AIR team and especially for Shri Mitra Directors Ms. Ratna Chakravarty and Shri K M Paul when the Indian delegation came back with large (who later became the Engineer-in-Chief of All India number of medium wave assignments including six Radio). So much was the enthusiasm for the new numbers of 1000KW, more than 170 numbers of 300 technology that Shri S P Bhatikar, the then Engineer- in KW and huge numbers of 1 KW assignments that could Chief, used to occasionally drop in the meetings and be utilized for the emerging concept of local radio. participate in discussions. The euphoria and the hopes Introduction of FM on a regular basis, therefore, took a were, however, soon belied, when earlier thoughts again back seat in the din of that triumph for one more Five seemed to prevail. This was a setback to everybody in Year Plan (Sixth Plan 1980-85). the department, but it was decided not to give up.
Accordingly a committee, comprising of the author who
FM not getting favour
Dawn of Night Time Shrinkage
ITU’s LF-MF Conference in 1975
FM gets the nod
medium wave (MW/MF)
6
Introduction
Invention of FM and Indian Broadcasting Scenario
reducing static and interference that was associated with AM reception. He got his invention patented in 1933
Radio broadcasting, all over the world, started with and brought up an experimental FM station with 410 Amplitude Modulation (AM), the technique which was feet tower in Alpine (New Jersey) in 1939 at a whooping invented and developed during the two decades from personal cost of $ 300,000 after obtaining a permit from 1900 to 1920. For the next thirty years i.e. up to 1950’s- a Federal Communication Service (FCC) in 1933 and period that is called the Golden Age of radio, AM ruled getting an FM broadcast spectrum between 42 and 50 the roost until Frequency Modulation (FM) started to MHZ created. Here it may be of interest to the readers to
thdisplace it from its exalted position in the sphere of know that on 27 June 1945, FM spectrum was moved domestic broadcasting in many parts of the world such from Amstrong frequencies to 88 to 108 MHZ that are in as Europe and America. India’s domestic broadcasting use today. While not going into the details of the tragic scene, like that of the most other countries of the world, end of Amstrong on February 1, 1954, it would suffice to was also dominated by Amplitude Modulation. The only say that change of frequencies did have a tremendous perceptible difference between India and some other adverse effect on him. However, Amstrong’s countries had been India’s extensive use of tropical contribution to the cause of FM bore fruit and by 1940, short wave broadcasting to aid and supplement the FM transmission became a commercial reality in efforts of medium wave (MW) in the area of domestic Europe and America.coverage. In India, however, AM continued to remain the sole domestic broadcasting mode for a much larger During the time FM was developing in Europe and time than that in other countries of the world, as America, India was under British raj and broadcasting in introduction of FM was considerably delayed in India. It the country had still not taken wings. An idea about the may look strange that even when smaller countries in the state of development of broadcasting in the country can neighbourhood like Bangladesh, Singapore, Iran & be had from the fact that at the time of independence Turkey introduced FM in their countries in 1965, 1967, there were only six radio stations in the country located 1967 and 1968 respectively, India took much longer to at Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Lucknow and introduce it. It was only in the late nineteen eighties, Trichi. The Government of India had, therefore, a big during the Seventh Five Year Plan period, that it was task in hand to expand decided to introduce it in a regular manner in All India its existing medium Radio, which was the only broadcasting organization in wave network with a the country at that time. But once it was introduced, one back-up short wave initiative led to the other with the result that today India service in each state, already has nearly 650 FM transmitters and is going to which was undertaken add nearly thousand more in two years time to make the through various Five availability of FM in plenty. The journey of FM in India Year Plans. During that from pangs of birth to plenty is quite interesting and period, the power of needs to be told. Since the author has been associated transmitters was not with the introduction and development of FM in the that high and the country at every stage till now, he feels it as a part of his spectrum was also not duty to do so. This paper is, therefore, an attempt in that congested. As such day direction. t ime recept ion of
medium wave services was steady and good w i t h s k y w a v e FM transmission technique was invented in USA in providing extended 1930 by Edwin H Amstrong with the purpose of
Journey of FM Radio in India
B. P. SrivastavaFrom Pangs of Birth to Plenty
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
9
idea behind the decision was to attract private agencies formulated its policy for Phase-II and announced it on thto supplement and complement the efforts of All India 13 July, 2005 offering 337 channels encompassing 91
Radio by operationalizing radio stations that provide cities. All the cities having population equal to or more programmes with local content and relevance, improve than 3 lakhs, barring the few which were technically not the quality of fidelity in reception, encouraging viable, were included in the scheme. All the state participation by local talent and generating capitals, even though not having the desired population employment. Side by side, it also earmarked a channel criteria, were also included in the scheme. Major in each one of these cities for education. It was during deviations made in this policy from Phase-I were the this time that the author was invited to join BECIL replacement of open bidding mechanism by closed bid (Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Ltd), which tendering system and introducing the concept of One played an important role in the introduction of private Time Entry Fee (OTEF) plus an annual revenue sharing FM and also thereafter in all its future phases. arrangement in place of Annual Fee. The scheme was a
great success and 225 channels came up in 2 years time In May 2000, these 108 frequencies were put to auction. raising the total number of channels to 245 in 87 cities. Multiple round open auction mechanism was followed The credit for the success story goes to the policy of to award these licenses which were to be given for a mandatory co-location and sharing of Prasar Bharti’s period of 10 years and the annual license fee was to get land & tower infrastructure together with cooperation escalated by 15% every year. The cities were divided between Private operators, Prasar Bharti and BECIL, into five categories on the basis of population and thus the integrator.for the amount of reserve license fee. The clamour for frequencies and the atmosphere at open auction led to heavy bidding. An idea about the heavy bidding can be
Encouraged by the success of Phase-II and responding had from the fact that 101 frequencies were bid for an to the demand of more channels, Government has amount of Rs 425 crores as against the reserve price of formulated a policy for Private FM Phase-III that about Rs 79 crores. Many of the bidders, however, includes all the cities having population equal to or more defaulted later on and as such the actual collection was than 1 lakh. Phase-III would bring 223 more cities under only Rs, 158.80 crores for 37 frequencies. Out of these the ambit of Private FM Broadcasting by adding 830 37 also, only 22 became operational, with one dropping channels to the existing 245 channels operating in 87 off midstream. These 21 channels, however, cities. With the completion of Phase-III, border areas of revolutionized the scene of radio listening in the country India will also get a taste of FM. Phase-III policy has creating a demand for more channels which led to the
thalready been notified on 25 July 2011 after due launching of Private FM Phase-II.consultation with TRAI and its roll out is awaited. Meanwhile, TRAI has recommended the release of frequencies with 400 KHZ separation for transmitters
Learning from the experiences of Phase-I, the serving the same service area, instead of the present 800 Government took certain bold initiatives before KHZ. The Government is seized of the matter. While finalizing its policy for Phase-II. As a first step, it set up a there is agreement in principle to go for 400 KHZ Radio Broadcast Policy Committee under the separation, there is only a question of time as there are
thchairmanship of DR. Amit Mitra on 24 July 2003. The some logistic problems in introducing it in the present committee made a series of recommendations after set-ups of metro and category A cities, where there having interaction with wide ranging public opinion. seems to be demand for more number of channels. Time Thereafter the Government on February 12, 2004, is, however, not far off when 400 KHZ separation will referred the report of the Radio Broadcast Policy become a reality for transmitters serving a common Committee together with the representations made by service area and more channels would be available to the private FM broadcasters to Telecom Regulatory broadcasters. Authority of India (TRAI), after notifying broadcasting to be a telecommunication service under Section 2 (i) (k(
thof TRAI Act on 9 January, 2004.FM has also been chosen to be the medium for
Taking into account various inputs, the Government community radios, the policy for which was announced
Private FM Phase-III
Private FM Phase-II
FM in Community Radio
8
was in-charge of the planning and development of 2,50,59,275,in 1994-95 Rs. 3,46,96,250, in 1995-96 Rs. transmitter network, Shri O P Khushu, Chief Engineer 4,10,21,034, in 1996-97 Rs Rs.4,18, 85,250, in 1997-98 looking after frequency assignment wing of the Rs. 4,21,96,850 and in 1998-99 Rs 11,44,22,241. Directorate (who later became the Engineer-in-Chief, Among the first private entities to enter the business was Doordarshan and later on the Director of Technical Times FM which had commenced operations in 1993. Department of ABU), and Dr. C S R Rao, Chief So much was the popularity Engineer (Research), was formed to present FM’s case gained by Times FM, that before the Advisor to the Prime Minister. A there was clamour for comprehensive case was accordingly prepared, the allotment of airtime slots by thrust of the case being that FM was primarily needed many other entities. This led for restoring and enhancing the radio coverage of the to litigation resulting in country and was not limited to providing better quality cancellation of allotment of of sound. Stress was also to be made of the choice of all the time slots as per the circular polarization (instead of the horizontal one of directions given in Delhi experimental transmitters), with the objective of High Court judgment. AIR, providing better reception on portable receivers and thereafter, started operating thus to the common man. The team successfully these slots also with effect presented the case before Prof. P S Deodhar, as a result from 26.06.1998.of which FM got the nod. FM was, thus introduced in the country in the Seventh Five Year plan and 100 FM transmitters were planned for AIR in that plan itself.
As if the entry of private entities was destined to continue, there came a landmark Supreme Judgment during that time itself in the case of West Bengal Cricket
After getting the nod, FM made steady progress in AIR. Association v/s Union of India, which held that Out of the total number of stations included in the airwaves were public property and the government’s Seventh Plan, eight numbers came up in the plan period role was restricted to management and regulation. The itself. These were, four of the earlier ones viz Chennai, implication was that private parties had an equal right to Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi with new parameters, fifth broadcast in India thus paving the way for entry of one Kothagudam (Andhra Pradesh) on 24.03.1989, private parties in broadcasting field. The Government of
stsixth one Cochin (Kerala) on 01.10.1989, seventh one India vide its notification dated 1 July 1999 opened the Murshidabad (West Bengal) on 21.01.1990 and the doors of broadcasting to private agencies by announcing eighth one Warrangal (Andhra Pradesh) on 17.02.1990. its policy on Phase-1 Private FM Radio Broadcasting. It Incidentally Warrangal was the hundredth radio station offered therein to allot 108 FM channels in 40 cities. The
thof AIR. After the 8 Plan, the number of FM transmitters
th throse to 98, after 9 it became 130, after 10 it was 158
thand after 11 it became 237. As on date AIR has 391 FM transmitters. By the time, however, this paper is published, the number would have gone up with AIR bringing up more transmitters.
By the early 90’s, the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting had started feeling the need to diversify the content by bringing in private players on AIR’s platform. Hiring of time slots was thus started, in Delhi and Mumbai from 15.09.1993, in Chennai from 01.09.1993, in Kolkata from 20.07 1994 and in Panaji from 13.11.1994. AIR earned quite a bit of revenue from these time slots. In 1993-94, it got a revenue of Rs.
Entry of Private Players
Growth of FM in AIR
FM gains popularity
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
9
idea behind the decision was to attract private agencies formulated its policy for Phase-II and announced it on thto supplement and complement the efforts of All India 13 July, 2005 offering 337 channels encompassing 91
Radio by operationalizing radio stations that provide cities. All the cities having population equal to or more programmes with local content and relevance, improve than 3 lakhs, barring the few which were technically not the quality of fidelity in reception, encouraging viable, were included in the scheme. All the state participation by local talent and generating capitals, even though not having the desired population employment. Side by side, it also earmarked a channel criteria, were also included in the scheme. Major in each one of these cities for education. It was during deviations made in this policy from Phase-I were the this time that the author was invited to join BECIL replacement of open bidding mechanism by closed bid (Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Ltd), which tendering system and introducing the concept of One played an important role in the introduction of private Time Entry Fee (OTEF) plus an annual revenue sharing FM and also thereafter in all its future phases. arrangement in place of Annual Fee. The scheme was a
great success and 225 channels came up in 2 years time In May 2000, these 108 frequencies were put to auction. raising the total number of channels to 245 in 87 cities. Multiple round open auction mechanism was followed The credit for the success story goes to the policy of to award these licenses which were to be given for a mandatory co-location and sharing of Prasar Bharti’s period of 10 years and the annual license fee was to get land & tower infrastructure together with cooperation escalated by 15% every year. The cities were divided between Private operators, Prasar Bharti and BECIL, into five categories on the basis of population and thus the integrator.for the amount of reserve license fee. The clamour for frequencies and the atmosphere at open auction led to heavy bidding. An idea about the heavy bidding can be
Encouraged by the success of Phase-II and responding had from the fact that 101 frequencies were bid for an to the demand of more channels, Government has amount of Rs 425 crores as against the reserve price of formulated a policy for Private FM Phase-III that about Rs 79 crores. Many of the bidders, however, includes all the cities having population equal to or more defaulted later on and as such the actual collection was than 1 lakh. Phase-III would bring 223 more cities under only Rs, 158.80 crores for 37 frequencies. Out of these the ambit of Private FM Broadcasting by adding 830 37 also, only 22 became operational, with one dropping channels to the existing 245 channels operating in 87 off midstream. These 21 channels, however, cities. With the completion of Phase-III, border areas of revolutionized the scene of radio listening in the country India will also get a taste of FM. Phase-III policy has creating a demand for more channels which led to the
thalready been notified on 25 July 2011 after due launching of Private FM Phase-II.consultation with TRAI and its roll out is awaited. Meanwhile, TRAI has recommended the release of frequencies with 400 KHZ separation for transmitters
Learning from the experiences of Phase-I, the serving the same service area, instead of the present 800 Government took certain bold initiatives before KHZ. The Government is seized of the matter. While finalizing its policy for Phase-II. As a first step, it set up a there is agreement in principle to go for 400 KHZ Radio Broadcast Policy Committee under the separation, there is only a question of time as there are
thchairmanship of DR. Amit Mitra on 24 July 2003. The some logistic problems in introducing it in the present committee made a series of recommendations after set-ups of metro and category A cities, where there having interaction with wide ranging public opinion. seems to be demand for more number of channels. Time Thereafter the Government on February 12, 2004, is, however, not far off when 400 KHZ separation will referred the report of the Radio Broadcast Policy become a reality for transmitters serving a common Committee together with the representations made by service area and more channels would be available to the private FM broadcasters to Telecom Regulatory broadcasters. Authority of India (TRAI), after notifying broadcasting to be a telecommunication service under Section 2 (i) (k(
thof TRAI Act on 9 January, 2004.FM has also been chosen to be the medium for
Taking into account various inputs, the Government community radios, the policy for which was announced
Private FM Phase-III
Private FM Phase-II
FM in Community Radio
8
was in-charge of the planning and development of 2,50,59,275,in 1994-95 Rs. 3,46,96,250, in 1995-96 Rs. transmitter network, Shri O P Khushu, Chief Engineer 4,10,21,034, in 1996-97 Rs Rs.4,18, 85,250, in 1997-98 looking after frequency assignment wing of the Rs. 4,21,96,850 and in 1998-99 Rs 11,44,22,241. Directorate (who later became the Engineer-in-Chief, Among the first private entities to enter the business was Doordarshan and later on the Director of Technical Times FM which had commenced operations in 1993. Department of ABU), and Dr. C S R Rao, Chief So much was the popularity Engineer (Research), was formed to present FM’s case gained by Times FM, that before the Advisor to the Prime Minister. A there was clamour for comprehensive case was accordingly prepared, the allotment of airtime slots by thrust of the case being that FM was primarily needed many other entities. This led for restoring and enhancing the radio coverage of the to litigation resulting in country and was not limited to providing better quality cancellation of allotment of of sound. Stress was also to be made of the choice of all the time slots as per the circular polarization (instead of the horizontal one of directions given in Delhi experimental transmitters), with the objective of High Court judgment. AIR, providing better reception on portable receivers and thereafter, started operating thus to the common man. The team successfully these slots also with effect presented the case before Prof. P S Deodhar, as a result from 26.06.1998.of which FM got the nod. FM was, thus introduced in the country in the Seventh Five Year plan and 100 FM transmitters were planned for AIR in that plan itself.
As if the entry of private entities was destined to continue, there came a landmark Supreme Judgment during that time itself in the case of West Bengal Cricket
After getting the nod, FM made steady progress in AIR. Association v/s Union of India, which held that Out of the total number of stations included in the airwaves were public property and the government’s Seventh Plan, eight numbers came up in the plan period role was restricted to management and regulation. The itself. These were, four of the earlier ones viz Chennai, implication was that private parties had an equal right to Kolkata, Mumbai and Delhi with new parameters, fifth broadcast in India thus paving the way for entry of one Kothagudam (Andhra Pradesh) on 24.03.1989, private parties in broadcasting field. The Government of
stsixth one Cochin (Kerala) on 01.10.1989, seventh one India vide its notification dated 1 July 1999 opened the Murshidabad (West Bengal) on 21.01.1990 and the doors of broadcasting to private agencies by announcing eighth one Warrangal (Andhra Pradesh) on 17.02.1990. its policy on Phase-1 Private FM Radio Broadcasting. It Incidentally Warrangal was the hundredth radio station offered therein to allot 108 FM channels in 40 cities. The
thof AIR. After the 8 Plan, the number of FM transmitters
th throse to 98, after 9 it became 130, after 10 it was 158
thand after 11 it became 237. As on date AIR has 391 FM transmitters. By the time, however, this paper is published, the number would have gone up with AIR bringing up more transmitters.
By the early 90’s, the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting had started feeling the need to diversify the content by bringing in private players on AIR’s platform. Hiring of time slots was thus started, in Delhi and Mumbai from 15.09.1993, in Chennai from 01.09.1993, in Kolkata from 20.07 1994 and in Panaji from 13.11.1994. AIR earned quite a bit of revenue from these time slots. In 1993-94, it got a revenue of Rs.
Entry of Private Players
Growth of FM in AIR
FM gains popularity
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
101010101010101010106 111111111111111111
During the recent cyclone "Hud Hud", that hit coastal Managing broadcasts prior to the disaster:Andhra Pradesh on 12/10/14 the entire city of
Since there was adequate warning about the impending Visakhapatnam was devastated and thrown off the gear
cyclone, a contingency plan was worked out and all completely. The damage caused by the cyclone not only
necessary preparatory actions were taken at both AIR changed the landscape of the port city but also made it
and Doordarshan to effectively manage the broadcast the first city in the country to be directly hit by a cyclone
services during and after cyclone. As during any since 1891.
disasters, the power supply is the first casualty, the All modes of connectivity both physical and electronic stations were directed to adequately stock fuel so that got snapped. Due to fallen trees, the road transport was the transmitters and essential broadcast activities could disturbed for a couple of days. Train services were not be sustained on Diesel Generators for several days.through till 15th of October. Air transport was
Since there would be dislocations in transport, staff suspended for about a week. The Airport was severely
were asked to be prepared to stay for longer durations. damaged. One could see fallen trees, electric poles and
Necessary stocking of food and beverages were made. cellular towers everywhere. Wherever fibre sheets were
They were also asked to keep standby programmes to be used as roof, it was completely shattered and blown
aired in case of any exigencies. Such a plan has helped in away. There was no power supply or water. ATMs and
handling the transmission for a week to 10 days even banking services were not through for more than a week.
after cyclone without regular power supply.Prior to the Communication was very difficult with only a few
cyclone, the public broadcaster aired programmes landline and cellular phones functioning intermittently.
informing the public on the cyclone at regular intervals.It was like a war-torn city.
AIR SETUP Visakhapatnam :Despite all this....the public broadcaster was ON AIR, broadcasting programmes. 1. 100 KW MW BEL HMB 140 TRANSMITTER ON
TWO MW MASTS ( 140 MT NEC & 140 MT HBB AIR FM services, Terrestrial TV for both DD1 and DD2
) DA SYSTEM With Phasing & Branching unit & 6 at HPT as well as LPT was functional uninterruptedly on
WIRE 230 OHMS FEEDER LINE24 x 7 basis during and after cyclone. These services were run on DG sets. 2. 10 KW NEC TRANSMITTER WITH 'L' AERIAL
& 6 WIRE FEEDER LINE
3. A 10 KW FM transmitter at Studio site.
DD SETUP at Visakhapatnam :
Doordarshan has two high power transmitters and two low power transmitters at different locations at Vizag, broadcasting DD National/ Regional and DD News.
The day Hud Hud hit the city of Vizag:
On 12.10.2014, the cyclonic storm HUD-HUD was centered at and crossed over the land of Visakhapatnam. This Cyclone was experienced from 0600 hrs – 2000 hrs with the heavy rains and wind at a speed of 190-210 kms.
N. Thiyagrajan
Managing Broadcasts during Disasters-A report on sustaining and restoration of broadcast services prior to, during and after Hud Hud Cyclone at Visakhapatnam
10
About The Author
Shri B P Srivastava has now been associated with radio broadcast engineering for more than 60 years and is still continuing to work actively for development of radio broadcasting in the country. His association with FM dates back to its inception in the country. It was under his charge that FM was introduced in All India Radio in a big way in the late nineteen eighties and the technical policy on FM was formulated along with the planning for 100 FM transmitters across the country. He was decorated with “Akashvani Annual Award for Technical Excellence” for his work in this field. Later on, he again came to the centre stage of FM when Private FM Broadcasting was introduced in the country by playing a pivotal role in the preparation of policy frame work of its various schemes and in their unfolding from Phase I to III. During this period itself, he has published more than a dozen papers on FM broadcasting. In recognition of his
overall contribution towards the growth of radio broadcasting in the country, he has been honoured with the “Life Time Achievement Award” at Radio Congress 2011.
Mr. Srivastava has also worked as Panel Expert with AIBD - an organization working under the aegis of ITU. In this capacity, he has conducted international courses in Pacific region and for Asian region in Papua New Guinea and Pakistan respectively. He was also acted as an expert to advise the national broadcaster of Papua New Guinea on the matters connected with Medium Wave broadcasting. Mr. Srivastava is presently working as Senior Advisor with Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Ltd (-BECIL) – a Government of India Enterprise.
country. At the time of writing this paper, 173 community radio stations are in operation in the country while 216 applications are under scrutiny.
FM has already come of age in India and is poised to play a dominant role in the sphere of domestic coverage of the country, may it be by the public broadcaster or private agencies. Besides providing overall radio coverage in the country, it will play a big role in boosting the concept of local radio. It has already been chosen as a medium for community radios, which by itself is turning into a movement and is expected to bring up thousands of stations. Presently FM is in analog mode in the in December 2002. The policy was initially meant for country, but ultimately it will go digital. However as educational institutions and later modified in 2006 to long as it is analog, it will require more spectrum in the bring into its ambit NGOs and other non-profit 87-108 MHZ band for exclusive use. More and more organizations. Community radios are low powered chunks in this band will, therefore, have to be earmarked transmitters intended to serve a community within its for exclusive use of Broadcasting, as was done before geographical coverage area with a maximum ERP of the second phase of Private FM by carving out the chunk 100 watts and maximum EHAAT of 30 meters. There is of 91.5-95.0 MHZ exclusively for Broadcasting. a huge demand for getting licenses for them across the
Concluding
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
101010101010101010106 111111111111111111
During the recent cyclone "Hud Hud", that hit coastal Managing broadcasts prior to the disaster:Andhra Pradesh on 12/10/14 the entire city of
Since there was adequate warning about the impending Visakhapatnam was devastated and thrown off the gear
cyclone, a contingency plan was worked out and all completely. The damage caused by the cyclone not only
necessary preparatory actions were taken at both AIR changed the landscape of the port city but also made it
and Doordarshan to effectively manage the broadcast the first city in the country to be directly hit by a cyclone
services during and after cyclone. As during any since 1891.
disasters, the power supply is the first casualty, the All modes of connectivity both physical and electronic stations were directed to adequately stock fuel so that got snapped. Due to fallen trees, the road transport was the transmitters and essential broadcast activities could disturbed for a couple of days. Train services were not be sustained on Diesel Generators for several days.through till 15th of October. Air transport was
Since there would be dislocations in transport, staff suspended for about a week. The Airport was severely
were asked to be prepared to stay for longer durations. damaged. One could see fallen trees, electric poles and
Necessary stocking of food and beverages were made. cellular towers everywhere. Wherever fibre sheets were
They were also asked to keep standby programmes to be used as roof, it was completely shattered and blown
aired in case of any exigencies. Such a plan has helped in away. There was no power supply or water. ATMs and
handling the transmission for a week to 10 days even banking services were not through for more than a week.
after cyclone without regular power supply.Prior to the Communication was very difficult with only a few
cyclone, the public broadcaster aired programmes landline and cellular phones functioning intermittently.
informing the public on the cyclone at regular intervals.It was like a war-torn city.
AIR SETUP Visakhapatnam :Despite all this....the public broadcaster was ON AIR, broadcasting programmes. 1. 100 KW MW BEL HMB 140 TRANSMITTER ON
TWO MW MASTS ( 140 MT NEC & 140 MT HBB AIR FM services, Terrestrial TV for both DD1 and DD2
) DA SYSTEM With Phasing & Branching unit & 6 at HPT as well as LPT was functional uninterruptedly on
WIRE 230 OHMS FEEDER LINE24 x 7 basis during and after cyclone. These services were run on DG sets. 2. 10 KW NEC TRANSMITTER WITH 'L' AERIAL
& 6 WIRE FEEDER LINE
3. A 10 KW FM transmitter at Studio site.
DD SETUP at Visakhapatnam :
Doordarshan has two high power transmitters and two low power transmitters at different locations at Vizag, broadcasting DD National/ Regional and DD News.
The day Hud Hud hit the city of Vizag:
On 12.10.2014, the cyclonic storm HUD-HUD was centered at and crossed over the land of Visakhapatnam. This Cyclone was experienced from 0600 hrs – 2000 hrs with the heavy rains and wind at a speed of 190-210 kms.
N. Thiyagrajan
Managing Broadcasts during Disasters-A report on sustaining and restoration of broadcast services prior to, during and after Hud Hud Cyclone at Visakhapatnam
10
About The Author
Shri B P Srivastava has now been associated with radio broadcast engineering for more than 60 years and is still continuing to work actively for development of radio broadcasting in the country. His association with FM dates back to its inception in the country. It was under his charge that FM was introduced in All India Radio in a big way in the late nineteen eighties and the technical policy on FM was formulated along with the planning for 100 FM transmitters across the country. He was decorated with “Akashvani Annual Award for Technical Excellence” for his work in this field. Later on, he again came to the centre stage of FM when Private FM Broadcasting was introduced in the country by playing a pivotal role in the preparation of policy frame work of its various schemes and in their unfolding from Phase I to III. During this period itself, he has published more than a dozen papers on FM broadcasting. In recognition of his
overall contribution towards the growth of radio broadcasting in the country, he has been honoured with the “Life Time Achievement Award” at Radio Congress 2011.
Mr. Srivastava has also worked as Panel Expert with AIBD - an organization working under the aegis of ITU. In this capacity, he has conducted international courses in Pacific region and for Asian region in Papua New Guinea and Pakistan respectively. He was also acted as an expert to advise the national broadcaster of Papua New Guinea on the matters connected with Medium Wave broadcasting. Mr. Srivastava is presently working as Senior Advisor with Broadcast Engineering Consultants India Ltd (-BECIL) – a Government of India Enterprise.
country. At the time of writing this paper, 173 community radio stations are in operation in the country while 216 applications are under scrutiny.
FM has already come of age in India and is poised to play a dominant role in the sphere of domestic coverage of the country, may it be by the public broadcaster or private agencies. Besides providing overall radio coverage in the country, it will play a big role in boosting the concept of local radio. It has already been chosen as a medium for community radios, which by itself is turning into a movement and is expected to bring up thousands of stations. Presently FM is in analog mode in the in December 2002. The policy was initially meant for country, but ultimately it will go digital. However as educational institutions and later modified in 2006 to long as it is analog, it will require more spectrum in the bring into its ambit NGOs and other non-profit 87-108 MHZ band for exclusive use. More and more organizations. Community radios are low powered chunks in this band will, therefore, have to be earmarked transmitters intended to serve a community within its for exclusive use of Broadcasting, as was done before geographical coverage area with a maximum ERP of the second phase of Private FM by carving out the chunk 100 watts and maximum EHAAT of 30 meters. There is of 91.5-95.0 MHZ exclusively for Broadcasting. a huge demand for getting licenses for them across the
Concluding
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
1010101010101010101012 111111111111111113
have to travel up to Vijayawada by train and thereafter by road to reach Visakhapatnam.
In the mean time, the restoration works commenced. To quickly restore the transmission, it was decided to put through the damaged 'L' aerial first, as it was easier and therefore was serviced fully and hoisted back by AIR, Visakhapatnam. Necessary Impedance measurements of 'L' aerial were carried out and the old 10 KW NEC standby transmitter (more than five decades old) was connected to the “L” aerial. The service was restored at 6.30 pm on 14.10.2014, on 63 KVA DG supply.
mast (140 mt HBB) was re-designed so as to obtain On 15.10.2014 the work began on the 100 KW MW proper matching between the base impedance of this transmitter. Three teams viz., AIR Vizag, HPT Avadi mast and the 230 ohm feeder line. The ATU components and Mast Technician from SPT Bangalore under the were mobilized from fallen mast ATU and were re-supervision of officers from Zonal office, were
ndinstalled in the 2 mast ATU as per the new design. deployed at Transmitter, ATU and Feeder Lines,
threspectively. At the transmitter, the water logged inside On 16 October, 2014 center live wires of feeder line the Transmitter cubicles was cleaned and dried with were laid with new 8swg copper wire to the entire length blowers. The cubicle was kept heated up with filaments and the feeder line repairs got completed by 3 pm on the 'On” condition. Restoration of 6 wire feeder line was same day. On completion of feeder line repairs & ATU also taken up simultaneously. Tilted feeder poles were modification, the impedance figures of full RF Chain straightened. Outer wires (4 WIRES) of feeder line were like Mast----ATU-----Feeder------Transmitter Output repaired to the entire length. network------ PA valve were confirmed to be of the
specified /required figures. The other team worked on de-connecting phasing & nd
branching unit and bypassed the ATU. The ATU for 2 On 400 KVA DG supply, the 100 KW transmitter was switched 'On” with repaired feeder line / modified ATU on single mast (140 mt HBB) and transmitter was tested for full power of 100KW. Service was made operational
thw.e.f 5 pm on 16 October 2014 onwards.
At Doordarshan, the damages were comparatively less. One of the uprooted PDAs at HPT, was re-installed quickly and smaller PDAs and DTH units were procured and installed at both HPT and LPT for receiving the Programmes through satellite. The transmission was maintained even during cyclone and after, at the HPT and LPTs.
The team of Engineers from HPT Avadi, SPT Bengaluru, AIR Vizag, HPT, DMC and LPT Vizag performed with great zeal and enthusiasm along with the officers from Zonal office in restoring the services. It involved a lot of coordination and even support from the State Government was taken for continuous availability of Diesel. All these restoration works have been completed even before power supply, banking, ATM & air transport services could be restored to the city.
Prior to the cyclone, information on precautionary measures, alerts/ warnings and voice bites of Director,
all electrical poles in staff quarters have fallen. The sheets on the DG shed roof at transmitting center got damaged and thrown away. Water pipelines got damaged. Many trees got uprooted and fa l len , caus ing lo t o f obstruction in studio center, transmitting center and staff quarters. Scooter sheds and internal roads in all the centers got damaged.
While at HPTV Vizag, the transmission was carried in an un-interrupted manner on both the Transmitters
Local Electricity department on precautionary measures on Diesel Generators. However, here too there were a had already shut down the HT supply on their feeders few damages. The PDAs got damaged due to heavy before the storm. Hence, there was no power supply wind. Big trees had fallen in the campus and over armed
th guard dormitory. There were damages to the compound available to the entire city from 11 evening onwards. As wall too. At LPTV, both the transmitters were reported by AIR, Visakhapatnam, first transmission on operational on DG sets. The PDAs got damaged.12/10/2014 was on air on 100 KW MW setup as usual
(continuous transmission since previous day), but at Details of restoration works carried out :
around 10.30 am, upon noticing heavy swing on one of The Zonal Office had already directed all the coastal the two masts ( 140 Mt NEC mast), the service was stations in the cyclone prone areas to take all taken on standby system, i.e., 10 KW NEC with 'L' aerial contingency arrangements including over stay of staff at as a precautionary measure. However, at 11.00 am, a big technical areas, adequate food arrangements and tree near 'L' aerial got fully uprooted and fell over the stocking diesel, etc to ensure uninterrupted feed point & subsequently due to heavy wind the 'L' transmission. aerial also collapsed to ground. Service got shutdown
w.e.f 11.20 am on 12/10/2014.On receiving information from AIR, Visakhapatnam about the effects/damages of HUD HUD cyclonic At around 11.30 Hrs , the top most guy of 140 mt MW storm, restoration of MW transmission service was NEC mast got snapped due to heavy wind and the top planned by ADG(M), SZ, Chennai and accordingly a portion of tower got bent down and slowly entire tower team of engineering officials was deputed to AIR, collapsed to ground along the space in between NEC hut Visakhapatnam on 13.10.2014. The team could reach and old ATU hut. The top portion of the 100 mt FM Visakhapatnam only at 4.30 pm on 14.10.2014 as there tower at the studio center got bent due to heavy winds at were no train / flight services to Visakhapatnam. They 88 mt height and three out of six branch feeder cables
got damaged. However, because of this, transmission did not get affected. VSWR was checked to be within limit. The Microwave studio transmitter link dish got disoriented to a large extent at the transmitting end and the VHF yagi antenna got damaged and the elements got thrown away by the wind.
The compound wall at transmitting center has fallen at many places. All feeder lights and most of the street lights in studio center, transmitting center & staff quarters got damaged. Many glass panes of windows broke and door shutters got damaged in all the buildings. Electrical substation at studio center got damaged and
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
1010101010101010101012 111111111111111113
have to travel up to Vijayawada by train and thereafter by road to reach Visakhapatnam.
In the mean time, the restoration works commenced. To quickly restore the transmission, it was decided to put through the damaged 'L' aerial first, as it was easier and therefore was serviced fully and hoisted back by AIR, Visakhapatnam. Necessary Impedance measurements of 'L' aerial were carried out and the old 10 KW NEC standby transmitter (more than five decades old) was connected to the “L” aerial. The service was restored at 6.30 pm on 14.10.2014, on 63 KVA DG supply.
mast (140 mt HBB) was re-designed so as to obtain On 15.10.2014 the work began on the 100 KW MW proper matching between the base impedance of this transmitter. Three teams viz., AIR Vizag, HPT Avadi mast and the 230 ohm feeder line. The ATU components and Mast Technician from SPT Bangalore under the were mobilized from fallen mast ATU and were re-supervision of officers from Zonal office, were
ndinstalled in the 2 mast ATU as per the new design. deployed at Transmitter, ATU and Feeder Lines,
threspectively. At the transmitter, the water logged inside On 16 October, 2014 center live wires of feeder line the Transmitter cubicles was cleaned and dried with were laid with new 8swg copper wire to the entire length blowers. The cubicle was kept heated up with filaments and the feeder line repairs got completed by 3 pm on the 'On” condition. Restoration of 6 wire feeder line was same day. On completion of feeder line repairs & ATU also taken up simultaneously. Tilted feeder poles were modification, the impedance figures of full RF Chain straightened. Outer wires (4 WIRES) of feeder line were like Mast----ATU-----Feeder------Transmitter Output repaired to the entire length. network------ PA valve were confirmed to be of the
specified /required figures. The other team worked on de-connecting phasing & nd
branching unit and bypassed the ATU. The ATU for 2 On 400 KVA DG supply, the 100 KW transmitter was switched 'On” with repaired feeder line / modified ATU on single mast (140 mt HBB) and transmitter was tested for full power of 100KW. Service was made operational
thw.e.f 5 pm on 16 October 2014 onwards.
At Doordarshan, the damages were comparatively less. One of the uprooted PDAs at HPT, was re-installed quickly and smaller PDAs and DTH units were procured and installed at both HPT and LPT for receiving the Programmes through satellite. The transmission was maintained even during cyclone and after, at the HPT and LPTs.
The team of Engineers from HPT Avadi, SPT Bengaluru, AIR Vizag, HPT, DMC and LPT Vizag performed with great zeal and enthusiasm along with the officers from Zonal office in restoring the services. It involved a lot of coordination and even support from the State Government was taken for continuous availability of Diesel. All these restoration works have been completed even before power supply, banking, ATM & air transport services could be restored to the city.
Prior to the cyclone, information on precautionary measures, alerts/ warnings and voice bites of Director,
all electrical poles in staff quarters have fallen. The sheets on the DG shed roof at transmitting center got damaged and thrown away. Water pipelines got damaged. Many trees got uprooted and fa l len , caus ing lo t o f obstruction in studio center, transmitting center and staff quarters. Scooter sheds and internal roads in all the centers got damaged.
While at HPTV Vizag, the transmission was carried in an un-interrupted manner on both the Transmitters
Local Electricity department on precautionary measures on Diesel Generators. However, here too there were a had already shut down the HT supply on their feeders few damages. The PDAs got damaged due to heavy before the storm. Hence, there was no power supply wind. Big trees had fallen in the campus and over armed
th guard dormitory. There were damages to the compound available to the entire city from 11 evening onwards. As wall too. At LPTV, both the transmitters were reported by AIR, Visakhapatnam, first transmission on operational on DG sets. The PDAs got damaged.12/10/2014 was on air on 100 KW MW setup as usual
(continuous transmission since previous day), but at Details of restoration works carried out :
around 10.30 am, upon noticing heavy swing on one of The Zonal Office had already directed all the coastal the two masts ( 140 Mt NEC mast), the service was stations in the cyclone prone areas to take all taken on standby system, i.e., 10 KW NEC with 'L' aerial contingency arrangements including over stay of staff at as a precautionary measure. However, at 11.00 am, a big technical areas, adequate food arrangements and tree near 'L' aerial got fully uprooted and fell over the stocking diesel, etc to ensure uninterrupted feed point & subsequently due to heavy wind the 'L' transmission. aerial also collapsed to ground. Service got shutdown
w.e.f 11.20 am on 12/10/2014.On receiving information from AIR, Visakhapatnam about the effects/damages of HUD HUD cyclonic At around 11.30 Hrs , the top most guy of 140 mt MW storm, restoration of MW transmission service was NEC mast got snapped due to heavy wind and the top planned by ADG(M), SZ, Chennai and accordingly a portion of tower got bent down and slowly entire tower team of engineering officials was deputed to AIR, collapsed to ground along the space in between NEC hut Visakhapatnam on 13.10.2014. The team could reach and old ATU hut. The top portion of the 100 mt FM Visakhapatnam only at 4.30 pm on 14.10.2014 as there tower at the studio center got bent due to heavy winds at were no train / flight services to Visakhapatnam. They 88 mt height and three out of six branch feeder cables
got damaged. However, because of this, transmission did not get affected. VSWR was checked to be within limit. The Microwave studio transmitter link dish got disoriented to a large extent at the transmitting end and the VHF yagi antenna got damaged and the elements got thrown away by the wind.
The compound wall at transmitting center has fallen at many places. All feeder lights and most of the street lights in studio center, transmitting center & staff quarters got damaged. Many glass panes of windows broke and door shutters got damaged in all the buildings. Electrical substation at studio center got damaged and
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
Cyclone Warning Center and District Collectors of power/ DG supply, electrical/ plumbing repairs, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram & Srikakulam and other removal of uprooted trees, etc., was informed to the district officials were aired both on MW and FM public through AIR FM channel. Continuous
th transmission was given on air on AIR FM, Srikakulam channels at regular intervals, from 10 October and FM relay center, Kakinada for the benefit of the onwards. Messages of AP Chief Minister were also
th thbroadcast. After the MW mast collapsed, AIR FM public in those areas on 11 and 12 October 2014.Rainbow Saagarika 102 was the only source of
The public service broadcaster played a vital role and information to the public during/ after the cyclone with
thereby received good appreciation from the public for periodical special news bulletins received from AIR,
the services rendered at the time of calamity. This is Hyderabad and updates on cyclone status from Indian
confirmed from the numerous calls from the public as Meteorological Department. All the four Private FM
well as the quick feedback telephonic survey conducted thchannels were off the air from the evening of 12 by the Audience Research Unit of AIR, Vizag. The October till next day morning. After the cyclone also, listenership of FM Rainbow has increased considerably information on restoration activities in the city and after the cyclone.telephone nos. of sources of various utility services arranged by local district administration, namely, water,
About The Author
Mr. N. Thiyagarajan, A 1986 batch officer of Indian Engineering Services, Mr.Thiyagarajan has been serving in Doordarshan for the last 26 years and held various positions in major Doordarshan Kendras and DG, Doordarshan.
He has wide ranging experience in the field of broadcasting encompassing programme production, post production and transmission.
As the Regional Engineering Head of Prasar Bharati, he presently oversees the operation and maintenance of All India Radio and Doordarshan installations in South Zone. His mandate includes Human Resource Development, and provides strategic direction in modernisation and digitalisation of existing infrastructure.
During his career Mr.N.Thiyagarajan has technically coordinated the common wealth games from Melbourne and New Delhi in the year 2006 and 2010 respectively and was instrumental in the installation of robotic camera system in the Indian Parliament.
He has participated in many national & international conferences and represented Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union in ITU conference held at Hyderabad in the year 2010.
He has been closely associated with Broadcast Engineering Society (I) for several years and is the council member since 2012.
He is presently Additional Director General (E) of South Zone, Chennai.
15
Cloud Computing
In the recent years, almost entire IT industry is migrating towards cloud computing irrespective of their business
The background inspiration of cloud computing is the domain. The latest hardware industry products are conventional electrical grid. In electrical grid, the power cloud enabled. The software industry products are cloud generation units are interconnected and through proper enabled. The mobile industry products and services are distribution mechanism, the power supply delivered to cloud enabled. Embedded systems are cloud enabled. consumers. From the consumer point of view, the end As the products are cloud enabled their applicable user is not concerned of from where the power is domains are on cloud. To state few, Banking, Education, generated, how it is distributed, how transmitted and so e-Governance, Media, Communication, Healthcare and on. All the concern of user is that, whenever he needs so on are marching towards cloud. power supply for his needs, he should get it in his
The term Cloud computing was coined in to the industry required quantity. For example, whenever he plugs in during 2007 – 2008. At the infantry stage of cloud, there the power cable of his devices into the power socket, he was different opinion about the technology that cloud should get power with regard to his required capacity. computing is not a new technology instead it's a wrapper From the Power grid point of view, the service provider around existing technology. During the early stages is concerned about how to deliver the power generated there was no standard for cloud. From that stage, now , distribution, maintenance of power units cloud has penetrated into all the domains in and management. At every consumer location, a meter collaboration with all the technology. In the is placed which measures the usage of power units. The forthcoming parts, we shall discuss on what is cloud consumption is converted into numerical value with computing all about and its architecture. regard to usage such as whether used for high power
electrical devices or low power electronic devices. The phrase cloud computing can be split up into two parts such as CLOUD + COMPUTING. The word The cloud environment operation methodology is computing refers to all the operations that we perform similar to that of power grid. The cloud users are not on computers, with computers. The word Cloud refers to concerned of how the services are delivered, from where internet. In network diagrams, Internet is represented and so on. All the concern of the cloud users is that, he with the symbol cloud. So in simple terms, Cloud should get the cloud services when he plugs in his computing denotes that computing operations are computing devices into the network. The concern of the performed with internet / on internet / through internet. cloud service provider is to deliver the services, make
the services available, secure the environment and so on. Similar to the electrical meter, a meter runs at the service provider location measuring the cloud services consumed by the users and billing generated accordingly.
The evolution of cloud computing started with the networks such as local area network to Internet, and from internet to Virtualization technology. Virtualization is the backbone of cloud computing. Virtualization in simple terms means the computing services are virtually available. After virtualization technology evolved grid computing. Grid computing is the computing environment offered through web
Background
Evolution
to consumers
Kailash S
CLOUD CENTRE
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
1010101010101010101014
Cyclone Warning Center and District Collectors of power/ DG supply, electrical/ plumbing repairs, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram & Srikakulam and other removal of uprooted trees, etc., was informed to the district officials were aired both on MW and FM public through AIR FM channel. Continuous
th transmission was given on air on AIR FM, Srikakulam channels at regular intervals, from 10 October and FM relay center, Kakinada for the benefit of the onwards. Messages of AP Chief Minister were also
th thbroadcast. After the MW mast collapsed, AIR FM public in those areas on 11 and 12 October 2014.Rainbow Saagarika 102 was the only source of
The public service broadcaster played a vital role and information to the public during/ after the cyclone with
thereby received good appreciation from the public for periodical special news bulletins received from AIR,
the services rendered at the time of calamity. This is Hyderabad and updates on cyclone status from Indian
confirmed from the numerous calls from the public as Meteorological Department. All the four Private FM
well as the quick feedback telephonic survey conducted thchannels were off the air from the evening of 12 by the Audience Research Unit of AIR, Vizag. The October till next day morning. After the cyclone also, listenership of FM Rainbow has increased considerably information on restoration activities in the city and after the cyclone.telephone nos. of sources of various utility services arranged by local district administration, namely, water,
About The Author
Mr. N. Thiyagarajan, A 1986 batch officer of Indian Engineering Services, Mr.Thiyagarajan has been serving in Doordarshan for the last 26 years and held various positions in major Doordarshan Kendras and DG, Doordarshan.
He has wide ranging experience in the field of broadcasting encompassing programme production, post production and transmission.
As the Regional Engineering Head of Prasar Bharati, he presently oversees the operation and maintenance of All India Radio and Doordarshan installations in South Zone. His mandate includes Human Resource Development, and provides strategic direction in modernisation and digitalisation of existing infrastructure.
During his career Mr.N.Thiyagarajan has technically coordinated the common wealth games from Melbourne and New Delhi in the year 2006 and 2010 respectively and was instrumental in the installation of robotic camera system in the Indian Parliament.
He has participated in many national & international conferences and represented Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union in ITU conference held at Hyderabad in the year 2010.
He has been closely associated with Broadcast Engineering Society (I) for several years and is the council member since 2012.
He is presently Additional Director General (E) of South Zone, Chennai.
15
Cloud Computing
In the recent years, almost entire IT industry is migrating towards cloud computing irrespective of their business
The background inspiration of cloud computing is the domain. The latest hardware industry products are conventional electrical grid. In electrical grid, the power cloud enabled. The software industry products are cloud generation units are interconnected and through proper enabled. The mobile industry products and services are distribution mechanism, the power supply delivered to cloud enabled. Embedded systems are cloud enabled. consumers. From the consumer point of view, the end As the products are cloud enabled their applicable user is not concerned of from where the power is domains are on cloud. To state few, Banking, Education, generated, how it is distributed, how transmitted and so e-Governance, Media, Communication, Healthcare and on. All the concern of user is that, whenever he needs so on are marching towards cloud. power supply for his needs, he should get it in his
The term Cloud computing was coined in to the industry required quantity. For example, whenever he plugs in during 2007 – 2008. At the infantry stage of cloud, there the power cable of his devices into the power socket, he was different opinion about the technology that cloud should get power with regard to his required capacity. computing is not a new technology instead it's a wrapper From the Power grid point of view, the service provider around existing technology. During the early stages is concerned about how to deliver the power generated there was no standard for cloud. From that stage, now , distribution, maintenance of power units cloud has penetrated into all the domains in and management. At every consumer location, a meter collaboration with all the technology. In the is placed which measures the usage of power units. The forthcoming parts, we shall discuss on what is cloud consumption is converted into numerical value with computing all about and its architecture. regard to usage such as whether used for high power
electrical devices or low power electronic devices. The phrase cloud computing can be split up into two parts such as CLOUD + COMPUTING. The word The cloud environment operation methodology is computing refers to all the operations that we perform similar to that of power grid. The cloud users are not on computers, with computers. The word Cloud refers to concerned of how the services are delivered, from where internet. In network diagrams, Internet is represented and so on. All the concern of the cloud users is that, he with the symbol cloud. So in simple terms, Cloud should get the cloud services when he plugs in his computing denotes that computing operations are computing devices into the network. The concern of the performed with internet / on internet / through internet. cloud service provider is to deliver the services, make
the services available, secure the environment and so on. Similar to the electrical meter, a meter runs at the service provider location measuring the cloud services consumed by the users and billing generated accordingly.
The evolution of cloud computing started with the networks such as local area network to Internet, and from internet to Virtualization technology. Virtualization is the backbone of cloud computing. Virtualization in simple terms means the computing services are virtually available. After virtualization technology evolved grid computing. Grid computing is the computing environment offered through web
Background
Evolution
to consumers
Kailash S
CLOUD CENTRE
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
1010101010101010101014
(RAM) capacity, No. of cores & processor, Storage and particular organization. The departments and its network parameters such as IP address – static or members within an organization can only avail the cloud dynamic and so on along with the operating system. The services. Mentioned configuration is provisioned as virtual
3) Hybrid cloud – This cloud is a combination of public machine and offered to users. Users with the help of IP and private cloud. When the private cloud resources are address, username and password access the exhausted, the services are fetched from public cloud by infrastructure through remote connectivity.the cloud administrator and offered service to the users.
2) Platform as a service (PaaS) – Platform as a service is 4) Community cloud – This cloud is established by the categorized into two types such as Application community for the use of certain community. For development platform and application deployment example a Banking community cloud is established for platform. use by the banking sector.
The application development platform delivers the tools Apart from the mentioned basic cloud types, there are required for developing the application as a service such other types of cloud emerging out due to adoption of as application server, web server, database server, cloud in all domains. Such cloud types include adhoc scripting tools and so on. Instead of procuring all the cloud, mobile cloud, scientific cloud and so on. software tools required for developing the application,
the hardware required, license for the same andmaintaining it, all the required are offered as service which can be accessed through remote connectivity and There are three major roles in cloud such as the charges are calculated based on the usage.
1) Cloud service provider – The cloud service provider The application deployment platform delivers the establishes the cloud environment, maintains, manages software tools and hardware environment required for and operates the cloud environment. Under cloud deploying the application. This includes the web server, service providers category, there are certain category of application server, database server, scripting tools over administrators such as cloud security manager, Cloud infrastructure service. network administrators, Support executives and so on.
3) Software as a service (SaaS) – Software as service 2) Cloud service developers – The service developers delivers highly customizable application as a service. develops the services and deploys it in cloud and offers The user can customize the application available based to the cloud service consumers. For example the on his need and can access the same as cloud service. application is developed by the developers and This eliminates the need for users to procure or develop deployed in cloud and offered as software service. application, maintain and manage the application.
3) Cloud service consumers – Consumers are the users Apart from the basic services mentioned, recent who utilize the cloud services. improvements in cloud offers advanced cloud services such as security as a service, database as a service, data Apart from the mentioned cloud roles, there are other as a service and so on. roles such as cloud broker who acts as a broker between
the users and service providers and also with the service developers.
There are about four basic types of cloud as follows,
1) Public cloud – Public cloud offers services to general The concern of Cloud service consumer is the public. Anyone who is in need of cloud service can availability of services, quality of service he is availing, register with the cloud service provider and can avail the cost of the services. services. The cloud services are monitored, metered and charged to the users accordingly. The concern of Cloud service developer is the
availability of services, quality of service he is availing, 2) Private Cloud – Private cloud is established for a cost of the service, partially the architecture of the cloud.
Roles in Cloud
Types of Cloud
Concern of roles
Pay per use – The cloud service consumer is charged for his service consumption based on his usage. All the resources consumed by the user are monitored and the consumption is converted into numerical value and charged similar to the electrical meter system.
Ubiquitous network access – The services are accessible from anywhere within the network whether internet or local network, at anytime.
The benefits that the cloud environment offers are as follows,
Eliminates capital expenses- Since the cloud service consumers consumes the cloud services available from services, mainly used for real time scientific operations the service provider through a network on thin such as whether prediction and forecasting, protein computing devices, there is no necessity for the cloud synthesis, drug discovery, mechanical simulation, service consumers to maintain his own data centres, nuclear analysis, defense mechanism and so on. From servers, storage, network, software, application, grid computing evolved the cloud computing. In grid security tools, monitoring, power, cooling, physical computing the resources distributed across are location, administrators, support executives and so on, consolidated and offered as service to users. For thereby reducing the capital and operational expenses as example, if there are n number of servers in a grid these are maintained by the cloud service providers. The environment, every user in cloud will enjoy the only expense to be borne by the user is the service computational or storage power of consolidated n consumption cost which is very less when compared to servers whereas in a cloud environment, the the capital and operational expenses. servers/storage/network resources are virtualized and
offered to users as services. Optimal utilization of resources – Since the cloud services are offered on virtualization mode, this ensures optimal utilization of resources such that the computational and storage capacity of servers is not As the cloud has evolved with Virtualization as the underutilized thereby providing more return on backbone, the characteristics that a cloud environment investment. should bear are as follows,
Availability, reliability and scalability – The cloud Rapid elasticity – This is the capability of the cloud environment ensures high availability of services and services to automatically expand the base capacity as the the services are scalable without disturbing the existing load to the service increases and automatically shrinks services. as the load decreases. The elastic bands expand as the
pressure or load increases and contrast as the pressure or load decreases. This feature is brought into cloud services. This ensures optimal utilization of the As discussed earlier, cloud offers the services with resources. various features and functionalities. The basic services
offered by cloud are On demand dynamic provisioning –The configuration and capacity of service required by the consumer is 1) Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) – the base provisioned dynamically on the fly as and when needed. infrastructure required for computational and storage The services and its capacity are not preconfigured. As operations is offered as a service. This includes the and when a request is received from the consumers, the computational, storage and network resources. The cloud environment automatically provisions the request service is offered as virtual machine. The virtual as service. machine configuration is specified in terms of Memory
Benefits
Characteristics
Services
EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING
October'14 - December’14
16 17October'14 - December’14
(RAM) capacity, No. of cores & processor, Storage and particular organization. The departments and its network parameters such as IP address – static or members within an organization can only avail the cloud dynamic and so on along with the operating system. The services. Mentioned configuration is provisioned as virtual
3) Hybrid cloud – This cloud is a combination of public machine and offered to users. Users with the help of IP and private cloud. When the private cloud resources are address, username and password access the exhausted, the services are fetched from public cloud by infrastructure through remote connectivity.the cloud administrator and offered service to the users.
2) Platform as a service (PaaS) – Platform as a service is 4) Community cloud – This cloud is established by the categorized into two types such as Application community for the use of certain community. For development platform and application deployment example a Banking community cloud is established for platform. use by the banking sector.
The application development platform delivers the tools Apart from the mentioned basic cloud types, there are required for developing the application as a service such other types of cloud emerging out due to adoption of as application server, web server, database server, cloud in all domains. Such cloud types include adhoc scripting tools and so on. Instead of procuring all the cloud, mobile cloud, scientific cloud and so on. software tools required for developing the application,
the hardware required, license for the same andmaintaining it, all the required are offered as service which can be accessed through remote connectivity and There are three major roles in cloud such as the charges are calculated based on the usage.
1) Cloud service provider – The cloud service provider The application deployment platform delivers the establishes the cloud environment, maintains, manages software tools and hardware environment required for and operates the cloud environment. Under cloud deploying the application. This includes the web server, service providers category, there are certain category of application server, database server, scripting tools over administrators such as cloud security manager, Cloud infrastructure service. network administrators, Support executives and so on.
3) Software as a service (SaaS) – Software as service 2) Cloud service developers – The service developers delivers highly customizable application as a service. develops the services and deploys it in cloud and offers The user can customize the application available based to the cloud service consumers. For example the on his need and can access the same as cloud service. application is developed by the developers and This eliminates the need for users to procure or develop deployed in cloud and offered as software service. application, maintain and manage the application.
3) Cloud service consumers – Consumers are the users Apart from the basic services mentioned, recent who utilize the cloud services. improvements in cloud offers advanced cloud services such as security as a service, database as a service, data Apart from the mentioned cloud roles, there are other as a service and so on. roles such as cloud broker who acts as a broker between
the users and service providers and also with the service developers.
There are about four basic types of cloud as follows,
1) Public cloud – Public cloud offers services to general The concern of Cloud service consumer is the public. Anyone who is in need of cloud service can availability of services, quality of service he is availing, register with the cloud service provider and can avail the cost of the services. services. The cloud services are monitored, metered and charged to the users accordingly. The concern of Cloud service developer is the
availability of services, quality of service he is availing, 2) Private Cloud – Private cloud is established for a cost of the service, partially the architecture of the cloud.
Roles in Cloud
Types of Cloud
Concern of roles
Pay per use – The cloud service consumer is charged for his service consumption based on his usage. All the resources consumed by the user are monitored and the consumption is converted into numerical value and charged similar to the electrical meter system.
Ubiquitous network access – The services are accessible from anywhere within the network whether internet or local network, at anytime.
The benefits that the cloud environment offers are as follows,
Eliminates capital expenses- Since the cloud service consumers consumes the cloud services available from services, mainly used for real time scientific operations the service provider through a network on thin such as whether prediction and forecasting, protein computing devices, there is no necessity for the cloud synthesis, drug discovery, mechanical simulation, service consumers to maintain his own data centres, nuclear analysis, defense mechanism and so on. From servers, storage, network, software, application, grid computing evolved the cloud computing. In grid security tools, monitoring, power, cooling, physical computing the resources distributed across are location, administrators, support executives and so on, consolidated and offered as service to users. For thereby reducing the capital and operational expenses as example, if there are n number of servers in a grid these are maintained by the cloud service providers. The environment, every user in cloud will enjoy the only expense to be borne by the user is the service computational or storage power of consolidated n consumption cost which is very less when compared to servers whereas in a cloud environment, the the capital and operational expenses. servers/storage/network resources are virtualized and
offered to users as services. Optimal utilization of resources – Since the cloud services are offered on virtualization mode, this ensures optimal utilization of resources such that the computational and storage capacity of servers is not As the cloud has evolved with Virtualization as the underutilized thereby providing more return on backbone, the characteristics that a cloud environment investment. should bear are as follows,
Availability, reliability and scalability – The cloud Rapid elasticity – This is the capability of the cloud environment ensures high availability of services and services to automatically expand the base capacity as the the services are scalable without disturbing the existing load to the service increases and automatically shrinks services. as the load decreases. The elastic bands expand as the
pressure or load increases and contrast as the pressure or load decreases. This feature is brought into cloud services. This ensures optimal utilization of the As discussed earlier, cloud offers the services with resources. various features and functionalities. The basic services
offered by cloud are On demand dynamic provisioning –The configuration and capacity of service required by the consumer is 1) Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) – the base provisioned dynamically on the fly as and when needed. infrastructure required for computational and storage The services and its capacity are not preconfigured. As operations is offered as a service. This includes the and when a request is received from the consumers, the computational, storage and network resources. The cloud environment automatically provisions the request service is offered as virtual machine. The virtual as service. machine configuration is specified in terms of Memory
Benefits
Characteristics
Services
EVOLUTION OF CLOUD COMPUTING
October'14 - December’14
16 17October'14 - December’14
1918
Whereas the concern of the cloud service provider is much more in establishing the cloud, scaling up the resources, availability of services, monitoring, securing the cloud environment and services, managing the resources and services, maintenance of cloud environment and so on.
The architecture of cloud is classified with 6 layers. At the lowermost layer lies the hardware including servers offering the computational power, storage and network.
Above the layer lies the virtualization layer. The virtualization software called hypervisor or virtual machine manager virtualizes the underlying resources and offers them as service. The components virtualized in the cloud functionality of elasticity, automated are functioning, dynamic provisioning and so on to the
The security layer secures the entire cloud resources ii) Storage resources virtualization and services from the network , hardware to the
virtualization, middleware, virtual machines, iii) Network resources virtualizationapplication, database, data and so on.
iv) Software resources virtualizationThe management layer is responsible for management and maintenance of entire cloud resources and Computational resources virtualization virtualizes services. The activities include monitoring, metering, memory, processor. Storage resource virtualization billing, service level agreement management, backup, virtualizes the storage. Network resources virtualization disaster recovery, ensuring availability, user profile virtualizes the network resources and software management, Quality of service maintenance, support resources virtualization virtualizes the software and services and so on. application. The software application includes a specific
property called “ multi-tenancy”.
Above the virtualization layer is the middleware layer Although cloud establishments are stable and widely which controls the virtualization layer. This layer brings adopted by all the domains due to its benefits offered to the users, still there are lot of issues yet to be addressed in cloud which includes security, legal, policies, standards and so on.
Even before the cloud services are standardized at all levels, there are other modified forms of cloud technology coming up and widely accepted by the domains. The industry is moving up at such as faster pace. To withstand in the cyber market, its mandatory that every industry and every domains should constantly update with the emerging technology.
The article is authored by Kailash S, Senior Engineer, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Chennai - A scientific society under Ministry of
Architecture of Cloud
Issues
LAYERED ARCHITECTURE
Communication and Information technology, country. As a product of NRCFOSS, CDAC has Government of India. developed and released a Linux based operating system
called Bharat Operating system solutions (BOSS) – Centre for Development of Advanced Computing ( Indian version of OS customized for Indian
) is the premier R&D organization of the environment which comes in 3 flavors – Desktop, Department of Electronics and Information Technology Server and Educational OS. ( ), Ministry of Communications & Information Technology (MCIT) for carrying out R&D in IT, Being a pioneer in cloud computing, CDAC Chennai Electronics and associated areas. With about 10 centres has released a free and open source cloud computing across the country, Chennai centre is the premier and suite called – Meghdoot, with which the cloud service coordinating centre for National Resource Centre for providers can establish cloud environment on top of Free and Open Source software. their hardware. This indigenous suite is one stop
solution to establish cloud environment comprising free NRCFOSS aims to develop, proliferate and promote and open source tools across all layers of standard cloud. usage of free and open source software across the
C-DAC
DeitY
About The Author
Sh. Kailash is working as Senior Engineer in Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Chennai with over 8 years of experience in Grid and Cloud computing, involved in design and development of open source cloud computing suite named Meghdoot. He is involved in various cloud consultation and implementation assignments for Government agencies and offerred corporate trainings to Govt., SMEs, Corporate, workshop in academic institutions. Graduated with M.S and currently pursuing Ph.D in Cloud computing.
1. Article should not exceed 3000 words. For book/website/ Conference Reviews, the word limit is 1000. Longer Articles may be considered in exceptional cases.
2. Articles/reviews can be sent by e-mail at [email protected] or by post to The Editor, BES Review, Broadcast Engineering Society (India) 912 Surya Kiran Building, 19 K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001, India.
3. Relevant figures/ tables/ photographs should be sent in hard copies preferably in 5’X7’ size, soft copies in 300dpi or with better resolution.
4. Passport size photograph and brief bio-data of the author(s) must be enclosed with the article.
5. For book reviews please mention the title, name of the author(s), publisher(s), year of publication, price, number of pages and a photograph of the cover.
6. In case of conference/ workshop/ seminar reviews, please mention the theme, venue, date and name of the organizer. Please send photographs of conference/ workshop/seminar. The conference held in past 3 months of the forthcoming issue will be preferred.
7. The editor reserves the right to reject, edit and adjust articles in order to conform to the format of the Review.
Editorial Guidelines for BES Review
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
1918
Whereas the concern of the cloud service provider is much more in establishing the cloud, scaling up the resources, availability of services, monitoring, securing the cloud environment and services, managing the resources and services, maintenance of cloud environment and so on.
The architecture of cloud is classified with 6 layers. At the lowermost layer lies the hardware including servers offering the computational power, storage and network.
Above the layer lies the virtualization layer. The virtualization software called hypervisor or virtual machine manager virtualizes the underlying resources and offers them as service. The components virtualized in the cloud functionality of elasticity, automated are functioning, dynamic provisioning and so on to the
The security layer secures the entire cloud resources ii) Storage resources virtualization and services from the network , hardware to the
virtualization, middleware, virtual machines, iii) Network resources virtualizationapplication, database, data and so on.
iv) Software resources virtualizationThe management layer is responsible for management and maintenance of entire cloud resources and Computational resources virtualization virtualizes services. The activities include monitoring, metering, memory, processor. Storage resource virtualization billing, service level agreement management, backup, virtualizes the storage. Network resources virtualization disaster recovery, ensuring availability, user profile virtualizes the network resources and software management, Quality of service maintenance, support resources virtualization virtualizes the software and services and so on. application. The software application includes a specific
property called “ multi-tenancy”.
Above the virtualization layer is the middleware layer Although cloud establishments are stable and widely which controls the virtualization layer. This layer brings adopted by all the domains due to its benefits offered to the users, still there are lot of issues yet to be addressed in cloud which includes security, legal, policies, standards and so on.
Even before the cloud services are standardized at all levels, there are other modified forms of cloud technology coming up and widely accepted by the domains. The industry is moving up at such as faster pace. To withstand in the cyber market, its mandatory that every industry and every domains should constantly update with the emerging technology.
The article is authored by Kailash S, Senior Engineer, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Chennai - A scientific society under Ministry of
Architecture of Cloud
Issues
LAYERED ARCHITECTURE
Communication and Information technology, country. As a product of NRCFOSS, CDAC has Government of India. developed and released a Linux based operating system
called Bharat Operating system solutions (BOSS) – Centre for Development of Advanced Computing ( Indian version of OS customized for Indian
) is the premier R&D organization of the environment which comes in 3 flavors – Desktop, Department of Electronics and Information Technology Server and Educational OS. ( ), Ministry of Communications & Information Technology (MCIT) for carrying out R&D in IT, Being a pioneer in cloud computing, CDAC Chennai Electronics and associated areas. With about 10 centres has released a free and open source cloud computing across the country, Chennai centre is the premier and suite called – Meghdoot, with which the cloud service coordinating centre for National Resource Centre for providers can establish cloud environment on top of Free and Open Source software. their hardware. This indigenous suite is one stop
solution to establish cloud environment comprising free NRCFOSS aims to develop, proliferate and promote and open source tools across all layers of standard cloud. usage of free and open source software across the
C-DAC
DeitY
About The Author
Sh. Kailash is working as Senior Engineer in Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Chennai with over 8 years of experience in Grid and Cloud computing, involved in design and development of open source cloud computing suite named Meghdoot. He is involved in various cloud consultation and implementation assignments for Government agencies and offerred corporate trainings to Govt., SMEs, Corporate, workshop in academic institutions. Graduated with M.S and currently pursuing Ph.D in Cloud computing.
1. Article should not exceed 3000 words. For book/website/ Conference Reviews, the word limit is 1000. Longer Articles may be considered in exceptional cases.
2. Articles/reviews can be sent by e-mail at [email protected] or by post to The Editor, BES Review, Broadcast Engineering Society (India) 912 Surya Kiran Building, 19 K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001, India.
3. Relevant figures/ tables/ photographs should be sent in hard copies preferably in 5’X7’ size, soft copies in 300dpi or with better resolution.
4. Passport size photograph and brief bio-data of the author(s) must be enclosed with the article.
5. For book reviews please mention the title, name of the author(s), publisher(s), year of publication, price, number of pages and a photograph of the cover.
6. In case of conference/ workshop/ seminar reviews, please mention the theme, venue, date and name of the organizer. Please send photographs of conference/ workshop/seminar. The conference held in past 3 months of the forthcoming issue will be preferred.
7. The editor reserves the right to reject, edit and adjust articles in order to conform to the format of the Review.
Editorial Guidelines for BES Review
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
2120
g. Implementation assistance by the audit team if reactive elements. Power factor is ratio of real power in required. watts or kilowatts by apparent power in KVA or VA. The
vector sum of the active power and reactive power make up the total (or apparent) power used. Power factor
Energy audit becomes a futile exercise if proper analysis measures how efficiently the current is being converted of the report and implementation is not done. Energy into real power. A power factor of 1 is the most efficient audit points losses and inefficiency of the system existing along with short term and long term solutions.
DDK Pune has two setups, a studio at Kothrud and HPT at Singhad, so is a HT consumer. First step of energy saving is proper analysis of electricity bill and thorough understanding of how billing is done. Following points are to be monitored to avoid overpaying.
1. Keep contract demand optimum depending on consumption.
2. Monitor Maximum Demand.
3. Maintain power factor close to unity.
loading of supply4. Keep check on voltage and current harmonics in power supply. Apparent power is generated by the State Electricity
Boards for the user to perform a given amount of work Contract demand should always be kept slightly more measured in kVA (Kilo Volts-Amperes).Power factor than average consumption throughout the year.HT controllers maintain power factor close to 1 by consumer is billed not only for the units consumed switching capacitor bank to counter inductive loads, throughout the month but also for (MD) or maximum considerable saving in electricity is done. APFC demand charges. This charge is usually based on the (automatic power factor correctors) maintain power highest amount of power used during some period (say factor close to 1 in all load conditions, by switching 30 minutes) during the metering month. The maximum different set of capacitor banks as per load. Incentive is demand charge often represents a large proportion of the obtained in electricity bills if power factor is maintained total bill and may be based on only one isolated 30 to 1.minute episode of high power use. Considerable savings
Next measurement is quality of power supply which is can be achieved by monitoring power use and turning determined by measuring Harmonics. They are off or reducing non-essential loads during such periods measured at secondary of mains transformer. The of high power use.presence of harmonics in a network would result in.
Maximum Demand Controller is a device designed to a. Current overload on the capacitor and increase in meet load management. Alarm is sounded when demand
temperature which reduces the life of capacitors. . approaches a preset value. If corrective action is not taken, the controller switches off non-essential loads in c. Increased resistance of conductors thereby a logical sequence. Using M.D controllers can amount increased losses and thermal failureto large savings in electricity bills.
d. Additional losses in transformers and in rotating electrical machines
Next is power factor correction. In all electrical e. Measurement errors in the counters and untimely distribution systems, the major loads are resistive and triggering of safety relays. inductive. Resistive loads are incandescent lighting and
f. Disturbance and faults in electronic equipment and resistance heating. Inductive loads are transformers and computers.motors. Practical loads are combination of resistive and
Analysis of Energy Audit
Fig 1 The “Power Triangle”
Energy AuditManisha Shete
Walk-through Audit
Steps in Energy Audit
Standard Audit
Computer Simulation
consideration of effects of external factors (e.g., changes in weather and other conditions). With the
This is the least expensive. It involves an examination of computer simulation audit, a baseline related to a
the building or facility, including a visual inspection of facility's actual energy use is established, against which
each of the associated systems. The walk-through audit effects of system improvements are compared. This
provides an initial estimate of potential savings and audit often is used for assessing energy performance of
prepare list of inexpensive savings options, usually new buildings.
involving incremental improvements in operation and maintenance. Information from this level of audit also serves as a basis for determining if a more
Energy audit is conducted in following simple steps.comprehensive audit is needed.
a. The audit firm first collects data from the energy bills consumed for a duration of roughly one year to
This involves a more comprehensive and highly study the consumption pattern.detailed evaluation of facilities, equipment, operational
b. Share of electrical energy by different loads is systems. Conditions are assessed thoroughly and on-
studied and represented in pie chart form.site measurements and testing are conducted to arrive at a careful assessment of energy use, including losses. c. Study of power quality is done by tabulating current Technical changes in the existing setup are provided, and voltage harmonics at mains transformer for also long term and short term solutions with its payback fixed time period.time are suggested. In short, the standard audit will
d. Detailed study of AHU units is carried out and include a complete analysis of energy consumption
power consumed by each split ACs is measured.pattern, economic analysis and payback time of the proposed technical improvements. e. Detail study of lighting load, fan load in each and
every room is carried out. Light level in each room is measured.
The computer simulation approach is the most f. Recommendations for energy conservation are
expensive and often is recommended for more given along with short term and long term solutions
complicated systems, structures or facilities. This for implementation is given along with payback
involves using computer simulation software for time.
prediction purposes (i.e., performance of buildings) and
Introduction: Electrical energy is the most expensive and the most important form of purchased energy. Hence must be efficiently used. Efforts to save electricity result in significant savings. In developing countries like India, where electrical energy resources are scarce and production of electricity is very costly, energy conservation studies are of great importance. An energy audit is a study of a plant or facility to determine how and where energy is used and to identify methods for energy savings. If we can reduce the energy usage or improve the energy efficiency in electrical installations, energy can be conserved and some of the resulting environmental problems, such as greenhouse effect and ozone depletion, can be alleviated. The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilisation, throughout the organization and:
• To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality• To minimise environmental effects.
In this article practical solutions given during energy audit conducted by MITCON at DDK Pune are shared.
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
2120
g. Implementation assistance by the audit team if reactive elements. Power factor is ratio of real power in required. watts or kilowatts by apparent power in KVA or VA. The
vector sum of the active power and reactive power make up the total (or apparent) power used. Power factor
Energy audit becomes a futile exercise if proper analysis measures how efficiently the current is being converted of the report and implementation is not done. Energy into real power. A power factor of 1 is the most efficient audit points losses and inefficiency of the system existing along with short term and long term solutions.
DDK Pune has two setups, a studio at Kothrud and HPT at Singhad, so is a HT consumer. First step of energy saving is proper analysis of electricity bill and thorough understanding of how billing is done. Following points are to be monitored to avoid overpaying.
1. Keep contract demand optimum depending on consumption.
2. Monitor Maximum Demand.
3. Maintain power factor close to unity.
loading of supply4. Keep check on voltage and current harmonics in power supply. Apparent power is generated by the State Electricity
Boards for the user to perform a given amount of work Contract demand should always be kept slightly more measured in kVA (Kilo Volts-Amperes).Power factor than average consumption throughout the year.HT controllers maintain power factor close to 1 by consumer is billed not only for the units consumed switching capacitor bank to counter inductive loads, throughout the month but also for (MD) or maximum considerable saving in electricity is done. APFC demand charges. This charge is usually based on the (automatic power factor correctors) maintain power highest amount of power used during some period (say factor close to 1 in all load conditions, by switching 30 minutes) during the metering month. The maximum different set of capacitor banks as per load. Incentive is demand charge often represents a large proportion of the obtained in electricity bills if power factor is maintained total bill and may be based on only one isolated 30 to 1.minute episode of high power use. Considerable savings
Next measurement is quality of power supply which is can be achieved by monitoring power use and turning determined by measuring Harmonics. They are off or reducing non-essential loads during such periods measured at secondary of mains transformer. The of high power use.presence of harmonics in a network would result in.
Maximum Demand Controller is a device designed to a. Current overload on the capacitor and increase in meet load management. Alarm is sounded when demand
temperature which reduces the life of capacitors. . approaches a preset value. If corrective action is not taken, the controller switches off non-essential loads in c. Increased resistance of conductors thereby a logical sequence. Using M.D controllers can amount increased losses and thermal failureto large savings in electricity bills.
d. Additional losses in transformers and in rotating electrical machines
Next is power factor correction. In all electrical e. Measurement errors in the counters and untimely distribution systems, the major loads are resistive and triggering of safety relays. inductive. Resistive loads are incandescent lighting and
f. Disturbance and faults in electronic equipment and resistance heating. Inductive loads are transformers and computers.motors. Practical loads are combination of resistive and
Analysis of Energy Audit
Fig 1 The “Power Triangle”
Energy AuditManisha Shete
Walk-through Audit
Steps in Energy Audit
Standard Audit
Computer Simulation
consideration of effects of external factors (e.g., changes in weather and other conditions). With the
This is the least expensive. It involves an examination of computer simulation audit, a baseline related to a
the building or facility, including a visual inspection of facility's actual energy use is established, against which
each of the associated systems. The walk-through audit effects of system improvements are compared. This
provides an initial estimate of potential savings and audit often is used for assessing energy performance of
prepare list of inexpensive savings options, usually new buildings.
involving incremental improvements in operation and maintenance. Information from this level of audit also serves as a basis for determining if a more
Energy audit is conducted in following simple steps.comprehensive audit is needed.
a. The audit firm first collects data from the energy bills consumed for a duration of roughly one year to
This involves a more comprehensive and highly study the consumption pattern.detailed evaluation of facilities, equipment, operational
b. Share of electrical energy by different loads is systems. Conditions are assessed thoroughly and on-
studied and represented in pie chart form.site measurements and testing are conducted to arrive at a careful assessment of energy use, including losses. c. Study of power quality is done by tabulating current Technical changes in the existing setup are provided, and voltage harmonics at mains transformer for also long term and short term solutions with its payback fixed time period.time are suggested. In short, the standard audit will
d. Detailed study of AHU units is carried out and include a complete analysis of energy consumption
power consumed by each split ACs is measured.pattern, economic analysis and payback time of the proposed technical improvements. e. Detail study of lighting load, fan load in each and
every room is carried out. Light level in each room is measured.
The computer simulation approach is the most f. Recommendations for energy conservation are
expensive and often is recommended for more given along with short term and long term solutions
complicated systems, structures or facilities. This for implementation is given along with payback
involves using computer simulation software for time.
prediction purposes (i.e., performance of buildings) and
Introduction: Electrical energy is the most expensive and the most important form of purchased energy. Hence must be efficiently used. Efforts to save electricity result in significant savings. In developing countries like India, where electrical energy resources are scarce and production of electricity is very costly, energy conservation studies are of great importance. An energy audit is a study of a plant or facility to determine how and where energy is used and to identify methods for energy savings. If we can reduce the energy usage or improve the energy efficiency in electrical installations, energy can be conserved and some of the resulting environmental problems, such as greenhouse effect and ozone depletion, can be alleviated. The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and maintain optimum energy procurement and utilisation, throughout the organization and:
• To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting production & quality• To minimise environmental effects.
In this article practical solutions given during energy audit conducted by MITCON at DDK Pune are shared.
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
22 23
About The Author
Smt. Manisha Shete, is a 1998 batch IB(E)S officer, presently working as Deputy
Director(Engg) at DDK, Pune. She has Bachelor Degree in Electronics and
Telecommunication from Pune University. She entered this service in 2000 at DDK, Mumbai.
She had handled VTR maintenance, transmitter, earth station and installation of server based
playback station at DDK, Mumbai. As sponsored candidate of Doordarshan, completed
M.Tech.(RF and Photonics) from IIT, Kanpur in 2012. Published research paper in
in 2013 and also a research paper in PIERS (Progress in Electromagnetic
Research Symposium) conference in Stockholm 2013. She is interested in Microwave
Integrated Circuits, fiber optics and modern trends in communication.
IEEE
sensor journal
automatically switch off the lights when there are no human movements. Also using instead of 75 watts fans
6. Tune up the HVAC (Heating Ventilation and 50 watt fans can also help in reducing energy
Airconditioning) control system. Consider consumption. In HPTs there is a tendency to use heater
installing a building automation system (BAS) or coils for heating water and cooking that practice should
energy management system (EMS) or restoring an be stopped altogether instead induction heaters should
out-of-service one. be used.
7. Balance the system to minimize flows and reduce There is considerable lighting load during day time. It is
blower / fan / pump power. Use of VFDs(Variable proposed by the energy audit team to install solar
Frequency Drives) for motors increases efficiency photovoltaic system for generation of electricity during
of AC plants. the day. The electricity generated can be fed to the local grid and utilized for the day loads in the office. It is 8. Check HVAC filters on a schedule (at least proposed to install about 15 kWp solar PV system at our monthly) and clean / change if appropriate. Kothrud studio with payback time of 6-7 yrs.
9. Check pneumatic controls air compressors In addition to guide lines discussed in the above for proper operation, cycling, and maintenance. paragraphs Inspect, clean, lubricate and adjust damper blades
and linkages.Here are few practical guidelines or tips for energy conservation in AIR or DDK setup:
10. Optimize loading. Clean air filters regularly. Insulate exhaust pipes to reduce DG set room
1. Stagger start-up times for equipment with large temperatures.
starting currents to minimize load peaking.
2. Set transformer taps to optimum settings. Disconnect primary power to transformers that do In short energy audit plays important role in pointing out not serve any active loads. power wastages and makes us more aware to reduce
them. Most of the guidelines given in the article are of practical nature and can be implemented without much
3. Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or expenditure involved.near-continuous operation.
4. Eliminate leaks in duct, minimise bends in 1. Energy Audit report submitted by MITCON
ductwork.Consultancy & Engineering Services Ltd.
2. www. Bureau of Energy Efficiency.5. Minimize blower inlet and outlet obstructions.
and clean filters regularly.
For AC plants
For D G sets
For Distribution System
Conclusion
Motors and Fans
References:
For Blowers
For HT consumer harmonics (current and voltage) should be within limits specified by standard IEEE 519-1992.
Formula used for calculation of Total Harmonic Distortion for current.
Same formula is used to calculate Total Harmonic Distortion in voltage with voltage replacing current in the above formula.
As is evident,from the above pie charts. In studio and Tuned harmonic filters consisting of capacitor and transmitter most of the power is consumed by AC plants. reactance in series are designed to provide low Choosing split conditioner of proper ratings is very impedance path to the harmonics and keep harmonics in important. the system in check.Long term solution for savings with split ACs: Replace old ACs with star rating ACs. The greater the star ratings
Voltage regulation and rating of mains transformer play of AC more is its efficiency and electricity savings.important role. Also percentage loading of transformer
Short term solution: Installation of energy saver kits for is important as it determines its losses. Ideally to have individual split ACs which can reduce power minimum losses it should be loaded around 50%. Large consumption from 50 to 70%. These energy saver kits voltage variation from transformer causes large are available in price range of 8000-10000 per AC. electrical consumption, increases Maximum Demand
and reduces power factor. Following tips can be used for efficient split AC working:After ensuring that incoming electricity is clean,
harmonics are within specified limits and power factor 1. AC operates most efficiently when intake and and MD is maintained the bill amount is optimized. discharge airflows are free from nearby obstacles. Next step is to measure consumption pattern of Consider using an interior ceiling fan in conjunction electricity by different loads present in the system. with AC to spread the cooled air more effectively
within the room. Using fan allows to set the Load distribution Patternthermostat temperature higher and thus reduces the energy consumption.
2. Clean the air-conditioner filter regularly. A dirty air filter reduces airflow and may damage the unit. Clean filters enable the unit to cool.
3. Clean outdoor coils when they become dusty. Efficiency of AC degrades in dusty conditions, and especially when layers of dirt and mud are evident.
It is recommended to use LED light fittings wherever possible and to adopt good practice of switching off lights in area where it is not necessary. In areas where it is not possible occupancy sensors can be used which
Mains Transformer
Lighting load
Fig 2: Power consumption pattern at studio
Fig 3: Power consumption pattern at transmitter.
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
22 23
About The Author
Smt. Manisha Shete, is a 1998 batch IB(E)S officer, presently working as Deputy
Director(Engg) at DDK, Pune. She has Bachelor Degree in Electronics and
Telecommunication from Pune University. She entered this service in 2000 at DDK, Mumbai.
She had handled VTR maintenance, transmitter, earth station and installation of server based
playback station at DDK, Mumbai. As sponsored candidate of Doordarshan, completed
M.Tech.(RF and Photonics) from IIT, Kanpur in 2012. Published research paper in
in 2013 and also a research paper in PIERS (Progress in Electromagnetic
Research Symposium) conference in Stockholm 2013. She is interested in Microwave
Integrated Circuits, fiber optics and modern trends in communication.
IEEE
sensor journal
automatically switch off the lights when there are no human movements. Also using instead of 75 watts fans
6. Tune up the HVAC (Heating Ventilation and 50 watt fans can also help in reducing energy
Airconditioning) control system. Consider consumption. In HPTs there is a tendency to use heater
installing a building automation system (BAS) or coils for heating water and cooking that practice should
energy management system (EMS) or restoring an be stopped altogether instead induction heaters should
out-of-service one. be used.
7. Balance the system to minimize flows and reduce There is considerable lighting load during day time. It is
blower / fan / pump power. Use of VFDs(Variable proposed by the energy audit team to install solar
Frequency Drives) for motors increases efficiency photovoltaic system for generation of electricity during
of AC plants. the day. The electricity generated can be fed to the local grid and utilized for the day loads in the office. It is 8. Check HVAC filters on a schedule (at least proposed to install about 15 kWp solar PV system at our monthly) and clean / change if appropriate. Kothrud studio with payback time of 6-7 yrs.
9. Check pneumatic controls air compressors In addition to guide lines discussed in the above for proper operation, cycling, and maintenance. paragraphs Inspect, clean, lubricate and adjust damper blades
and linkages.Here are few practical guidelines or tips for energy conservation in AIR or DDK setup:
10. Optimize loading. Clean air filters regularly. Insulate exhaust pipes to reduce DG set room
1. Stagger start-up times for equipment with large temperatures.
starting currents to minimize load peaking.
2. Set transformer taps to optimum settings. Disconnect primary power to transformers that do In short energy audit plays important role in pointing out not serve any active loads. power wastages and makes us more aware to reduce
them. Most of the guidelines given in the article are of practical nature and can be implemented without much
3. Use energy-efficient motors for continuous or expenditure involved.near-continuous operation.
4. Eliminate leaks in duct, minimise bends in 1. Energy Audit report submitted by MITCON
ductwork.Consultancy & Engineering Services Ltd.
2. www. Bureau of Energy Efficiency.5. Minimize blower inlet and outlet obstructions.
and clean filters regularly.
For AC plants
For D G sets
For Distribution System
Conclusion
Motors and Fans
References:
For Blowers
For HT consumer harmonics (current and voltage) should be within limits specified by standard IEEE 519-1992.
Formula used for calculation of Total Harmonic Distortion for current.
Same formula is used to calculate Total Harmonic Distortion in voltage with voltage replacing current in the above formula.
As is evident,from the above pie charts. In studio and Tuned harmonic filters consisting of capacitor and transmitter most of the power is consumed by AC plants. reactance in series are designed to provide low Choosing split conditioner of proper ratings is very impedance path to the harmonics and keep harmonics in important. the system in check.Long term solution for savings with split ACs: Replace old ACs with star rating ACs. The greater the star ratings
Voltage regulation and rating of mains transformer play of AC more is its efficiency and electricity savings.important role. Also percentage loading of transformer
Short term solution: Installation of energy saver kits for is important as it determines its losses. Ideally to have individual split ACs which can reduce power minimum losses it should be loaded around 50%. Large consumption from 50 to 70%. These energy saver kits voltage variation from transformer causes large are available in price range of 8000-10000 per AC. electrical consumption, increases Maximum Demand
and reduces power factor. Following tips can be used for efficient split AC working:After ensuring that incoming electricity is clean,
harmonics are within specified limits and power factor 1. AC operates most efficiently when intake and and MD is maintained the bill amount is optimized. discharge airflows are free from nearby obstacles. Next step is to measure consumption pattern of Consider using an interior ceiling fan in conjunction electricity by different loads present in the system. with AC to spread the cooled air more effectively
within the room. Using fan allows to set the Load distribution Patternthermostat temperature higher and thus reduces the energy consumption.
2. Clean the air-conditioner filter regularly. A dirty air filter reduces airflow and may damage the unit. Clean filters enable the unit to cool.
3. Clean outdoor coils when they become dusty. Efficiency of AC degrades in dusty conditions, and especially when layers of dirt and mud are evident.
It is recommended to use LED light fittings wherever possible and to adopt good practice of switching off lights in area where it is not necessary. In areas where it is not possible occupancy sensors can be used which
Mains Transformer
Lighting load
Fig 2: Power consumption pattern at studio
Fig 3: Power consumption pattern at transmitter.
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
24 25
the system needs of DVB-T SFN in typical transmits pair of data cells S0, S1 and Tx2 transmits --configuration. S1*, S0*, where S1*and SO* are complex conjugates of
S1 and S0 .MISO removes the RF spectrum ripples and Naturally, it should be possible to implement SFN also
notches that occur in a standard (SISO-single input in DVB-T2, the main reason being the economic use of
single output) SFN channel. This degrades the system's frequencies. Frequencies are expensive and are
signal quality (Modulation Error Ratio, MER) and do becoming ever more scaring. Being able to reuse the
not occur in a MISO SFN because the two transmitted same frequency is, therefore, important. SFNs allow this
signals are no longer identical, so destructive signal (for at several adjacent transmitter sites in isolated, single
individual carriers) combination between transmitters is frequency networks. DVB-T2 additionally allows
avoidedlarger interference-free single frequency networks to be formed.
SFNs must meet the following conditions: SFNs require careful planning and if they are made too large in size the transmitters in the SFN will start to
• Frequency Synchronisminterfere with each other, this is called SFN self-
• Time Synchronism interference. It should be pointed out that a guard • Data Synchronism interval of 224 µs would allow for SFNs with a diameter
of up to about perhaps 100 - 150 km, depending on Guard interval condition, i.e. maximum transmitter network topology and the terrain. Creation of really spacing must not be exceeded (table below)large SFNs with diameters of 150 - 400 km may not be possible using the DVB-T system, due to SFN self-interference. If however DVB-T2 is used, additional guard interval options are available. It will be possible to make SFNs covering larger areas with smaller loss of capacity due to the use of the 32k or 16k modes. For example the DVB-T2 mode 32k 256-QAM R= 3/5 with guard interval fraction 1/8 with a guard interval of 448 µs, or a guard interval fraction of 19/128 with a guard interval of 532 µs. Using one of these DVB-T2 SFN options will reduce the loss of capacity from 20% (DVB-T) to about 15% (DVB-T2- for GI fraction Frequency synchronism is achieved by frequency 19/128) or about 12% (DVB-T2- for GI fraction 1/8). standards at the transmitter site, generally a professional The drawback of using the 32k mode is the lack of GPS receiver providing a 10-MHz reference. Time and mobile reception.data synchronism is achieved by time stamps in the
baseband feed signal. This is the T2-MI signal in DVB-T2. The DVB-T2 modulator synchronizes its frame structure to these time stamps. The guard interval condition is met by suitable network planning with planning software. The new factor in DVB-T2 is In Italy, the public service multiplex with regional possibility of distributed MISO. There are transmitter contents (RAI Multiplex 1) is usually deployed by using sites which radiate either MISO Mode 1 or 2. The two VHF frequencies (channels 5 and 9) in an MFN advantage of this method is that destructive fading no configuration and another UHF frequency for each longer occurs between two adjacent transmitter sites. region in an SFN configuration, taking into account However the appropriate choice and simulation of the international coordination. As an example, the region of MISO modes is also a new challenge for the network Puglia, in southern Italy, is considered. It covers a very planning. large area, which mainly consists of flat land and
includes some HTHP transmitters: for this reason it In 'MISO' i.e. 'Multiple Input Single Output', two represents a relevant case study as for SFN planning.transmitters Tx1 and Tx2 provide multiple inputs to a
receiver which gives out single output while Tx1 In Puglia, channel 32 (562 MHz) is used to develop a
Size of SFN
Typical example of DVB-T/ T2 Network Optimization
SFN in Italy
Mode Symbol g=1/128 g=1/32 g=1/16 g=19/256 g=1/8 g=19/128 g=1/4 Duration t (ms) t (ms) t (ms) t (ms) t (ms) t (ms) t (ms) (ms) d (KM) d (KM) d (KM) d (KM) d (KM) d (KM) d (KM)
Single Frequency Network byRohde & SchwarzDue to the limitation of available spectrum and • Spectrum efficient demanding bandwidth world over, Analog and TV • Network gain because of simultaneous reception of transmission is switching to Digital transmission and multiple useful signalsIndia is no behind. In India for the terrestrial • No need to retune while travelling transmission network, the opted standards are DRM/
Analog AM and FM radio broadcast networks as well as DRM Plus and DVB-T2 standards for Digital Radio and digital broadcast networks can operate in this manner. Digital TV Transmission respectively. SFNs are not generally compatible with analog
In India, for terrestrial TV transmission, DVB-T2 television transmission; however, since the SFN results transmitters for HDTV and SDTV services have been in ghosting due to echoes of the same signal, it is not put in operation in few major cities including four metro preferred.cities i.e. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. Also
A simplified form of SFN can be achieved by a low few AM transmitters have been upgraded to DRM power co-channel repeater, booster or broadcast standard and also there is planning to upgrade FM translator, which is utilized as gap filler transmitter.transmitters to DRM+ standard.
The aim of SFNs is efficient utilization of the radio Unlike analog transmission, one main transmitter is not spectrum, allowing a higher number of radio and TV enough to cover the entire area in digital network. programs in comparison to traditional multi-frequency Hence, in order to achieve optimized terrestrial network (MFN) transmission. An SFN may also transmission coverage in a given area, the repeater increase the coverage area and decrease the outage transmitters or gap fillers are used for the proper probability in comparison to an MFN, since the total coverage of signal. With multiple transmitters running received signal strength may increase to positions in one area, these should be either operating in Multi midway between the transmitters.Frequency Network (MFN) or Single Frequency
Network (SFN).
In DVB-T network, a SFN allows for re-transmitters, gap-filler transmitters (essentially a low-power synchronous transmitter) and use of SFN between main transmitter towers.
The DVB-T SFN uses the fact that the guard interval of the COFDM signal allows for various length of path echoes to occur is not different from that of multiple transmitters transmitting the same signal onto the same frequency. The criticality is that it needs to occur about in the same time and at the same frequency. The versatility of time-transfer systems such as GPS receivers (here assumed to provide PPS and 10 MHz signals) as well as other similar systems allows for phase and frequency coordination among the transmitters. The
A single-frequency network or SFN is a broadcast guard interval allows for a timing budget of which network where several transmitters simultaneously send several microseconds may be allocated to time errors of the same signal over the same frequency channel. The the time-transfer system used. A GPS receiver worst-main advantages of SFN over MFN are as follows: case scenario is able to provide +/- 1 µs time, well within
SFN for DVB-T/ DVB-T2 Networks:
Why SFN
Top: Multi Frequency Network (MFN),Bottom: Single Frequency Network (SFN)
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
24 25
the system needs of DVB-T SFN in typical transmits pair of data cells S0, S1 and Tx2 transmits --configuration. S1*, S0*, where S1*and SO* are complex conjugates of
S1 and S0 .MISO removes the RF spectrum ripples and Naturally, it should be possible to implement SFN also
notches that occur in a standard (SISO-single input in DVB-T2, the main reason being the economic use of
single output) SFN channel. This degrades the system's frequencies. Frequencies are expensive and are
signal quality (Modulation Error Ratio, MER) and do becoming ever more scaring. Being able to reuse the
not occur in a MISO SFN because the two transmitted same frequency is, therefore, important. SFNs allow this
signals are no longer identical, so destructive signal (for at several adjacent transmitter sites in isolated, single
individual carriers) combination between transmitters is frequency networks. DVB-T2 additionally allows
avoidedlarger interference-free single frequency networks to be formed.
SFNs must meet the following conditions: SFNs require careful planning and if they are made too large in size the transmitters in the SFN will start to
• Frequency Synchronisminterfere with each other, this is called SFN self-
• Time Synchronism interference. It should be pointed out that a guard • Data Synchronism interval of 224 µs would allow for SFNs with a diameter
of up to about perhaps 100 - 150 km, depending on Guard interval condition, i.e. maximum transmitter network topology and the terrain. Creation of really spacing must not be exceeded (table below)large SFNs with diameters of 150 - 400 km may not be possible using the DVB-T system, due to SFN self-interference. If however DVB-T2 is used, additional guard interval options are available. It will be possible to make SFNs covering larger areas with smaller loss of capacity due to the use of the 32k or 16k modes. For example the DVB-T2 mode 32k 256-QAM R= 3/5 with guard interval fraction 1/8 with a guard interval of 448 µs, or a guard interval fraction of 19/128 with a guard interval of 532 µs. Using one of these DVB-T2 SFN options will reduce the loss of capacity from 20% (DVB-T) to about 15% (DVB-T2- for GI fraction Frequency synchronism is achieved by frequency 19/128) or about 12% (DVB-T2- for GI fraction 1/8). standards at the transmitter site, generally a professional The drawback of using the 32k mode is the lack of GPS receiver providing a 10-MHz reference. Time and mobile reception.data synchronism is achieved by time stamps in the
baseband feed signal. This is the T2-MI signal in DVB-T2. The DVB-T2 modulator synchronizes its frame structure to these time stamps. The guard interval condition is met by suitable network planning with planning software. The new factor in DVB-T2 is In Italy, the public service multiplex with regional possibility of distributed MISO. There are transmitter contents (RAI Multiplex 1) is usually deployed by using sites which radiate either MISO Mode 1 or 2. The two VHF frequencies (channels 5 and 9) in an MFN advantage of this method is that destructive fading no configuration and another UHF frequency for each longer occurs between two adjacent transmitter sites. region in an SFN configuration, taking into account However the appropriate choice and simulation of the international coordination. As an example, the region of MISO modes is also a new challenge for the network Puglia, in southern Italy, is considered. It covers a very planning. large area, which mainly consists of flat land and
includes some HTHP transmitters: for this reason it In 'MISO' i.e. 'Multiple Input Single Output', two represents a relevant case study as for SFN planning.transmitters Tx1 and Tx2 provide multiple inputs to a
receiver which gives out single output while Tx1 In Puglia, channel 32 (562 MHz) is used to develop a
Size of SFN
Typical example of DVB-T/ T2 Network Optimization
SFN in Italy
Mode Symbol g=1/128 g=1/32 g=1/16 g=19/256 g=1/8 g=19/128 g=1/4 Duration t (ms) t (ms) t (ms) t (ms) t (ms) t (ms) t (ms) (ms) d (KM) d (KM) d (KM) d (KM) d (KM) d (KM) d (KM)
Single Frequency Network byRohde & SchwarzDue to the limitation of available spectrum and • Spectrum efficient demanding bandwidth world over, Analog and TV • Network gain because of simultaneous reception of transmission is switching to Digital transmission and multiple useful signalsIndia is no behind. In India for the terrestrial • No need to retune while travelling transmission network, the opted standards are DRM/
Analog AM and FM radio broadcast networks as well as DRM Plus and DVB-T2 standards for Digital Radio and digital broadcast networks can operate in this manner. Digital TV Transmission respectively. SFNs are not generally compatible with analog
In India, for terrestrial TV transmission, DVB-T2 television transmission; however, since the SFN results transmitters for HDTV and SDTV services have been in ghosting due to echoes of the same signal, it is not put in operation in few major cities including four metro preferred.cities i.e. Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. Also
A simplified form of SFN can be achieved by a low few AM transmitters have been upgraded to DRM power co-channel repeater, booster or broadcast standard and also there is planning to upgrade FM translator, which is utilized as gap filler transmitter.transmitters to DRM+ standard.
The aim of SFNs is efficient utilization of the radio Unlike analog transmission, one main transmitter is not spectrum, allowing a higher number of radio and TV enough to cover the entire area in digital network. programs in comparison to traditional multi-frequency Hence, in order to achieve optimized terrestrial network (MFN) transmission. An SFN may also transmission coverage in a given area, the repeater increase the coverage area and decrease the outage transmitters or gap fillers are used for the proper probability in comparison to an MFN, since the total coverage of signal. With multiple transmitters running received signal strength may increase to positions in one area, these should be either operating in Multi midway between the transmitters.Frequency Network (MFN) or Single Frequency
Network (SFN).
In DVB-T network, a SFN allows for re-transmitters, gap-filler transmitters (essentially a low-power synchronous transmitter) and use of SFN between main transmitter towers.
The DVB-T SFN uses the fact that the guard interval of the COFDM signal allows for various length of path echoes to occur is not different from that of multiple transmitters transmitting the same signal onto the same frequency. The criticality is that it needs to occur about in the same time and at the same frequency. The versatility of time-transfer systems such as GPS receivers (here assumed to provide PPS and 10 MHz signals) as well as other similar systems allows for phase and frequency coordination among the transmitters. The
A single-frequency network or SFN is a broadcast guard interval allows for a timing budget of which network where several transmitters simultaneously send several microseconds may be allocated to time errors of the same signal over the same frequency channel. The the time-transfer system used. A GPS receiver worst-main advantages of SFN over MFN are as follows: case scenario is able to provide +/- 1 µs time, well within
SFN for DVB-T/ DVB-T2 Networks:
Why SFN
Top: Multi Frequency Network (MFN),Bottom: Single Frequency Network (SFN)
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
regional SFN, which includes 27 transmitters SFN in Southern Bavariadistributed throughout the area. Since Multiplex 1 is the
The DVB-T Single frequency networks (SFNs) used as public service multiplex, at least 99% of population has
the example are networks in the South of Germany, in to be covered with good quality.
Germany's largest federal state which has a geography of high and low mountains and includes the gentle The choice of the sites depends on:foothills. This topography was of the greatest
• Coverage requirements (specified in terms of significance in the planning of the networks.location probability)
The southern Bavaria DVB-T network consists of the • Service area of transmitters (verified theoretically two transmitters Olympic Tower Munich and Mt.
and in the field) Wendelstein. The Olympic Power is a typical • Priority use of channels 5 and 9 on other sites telecommunication tower to the north-west of Munich
with a height of 292 m at about 450m above sea level. At • Availability / supply of transmitting antenna in UHF the upper end of the Tower there are transmitting bandantennas for FM radio, DAB and now for DVB also.• Availability of user receiving antenna in UHF bandThe Mt. Wendelstein transmitter is located at about • International coordination1750m above sea level on the mountain of the same
After site selection, the main technical parameters that name which has a total height of 1850m. are used to optimize the SFN are the following:
These two towers form the SFN Southern Bavaria th• Static delay of each SFN transmitter which has taken into operation in the night of 30 May
2005. At the same time this was the end of Analog • Antenna diagram / power of transmittersterrestrial TV transmission in Southern Bavaria. These
42 TR 029 DVB-T2 SFNs & Spectrum Efficiency transmitters broadcast 6 DVB-T channels completely synchronize on the same frequency as DVB-T SFN. The data rates are about 13Mbps each and each carries about 4 TV programs per data stream. Altogether, the viewer is thus provided with 22 programs over terrestrial digital antenna TV. These TV programs which are both public service programs and private programs form a viable alternative to the satellite and cable media. The transmitting frequencies are now only located in UHF band.
Location Inhabitants Percentage probability a regional basis
95% 3,646,682 89.98%
90% 3,742,624 92.35%
70% 3,974,559 98.08%
on
About The Author
Sh. Nirav Bhatia, is presently working in India for Rohde & Schwarz India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
6127
Introduction:
Objectives of the study:
Thus he famously said “Medium is the message”. Interactive broadcasting technology makes the free flow
Public service broadcasting in India is vertically divided of information faster, less hierarchical, more democratic its services into three categories viz. national, regional with the development of attitude of ''sense of and local level depending upon the geographical participation” to the listener. The attitudinal coverage areas and media content. Local FM radio development of “sense of participation” is very stations are very popular in India as they broadcast in the significant in the audiences who are illiterates, local speaking style. The local development matters, economically poor and other social exclusion groups in local artists and farmers, local subject experts and radio the society such as lower castes and women in public jockeys, friends, relatives and known people's voices spheres. The interactive broadcasting technologies are broadcast which the listeners are acquainted with. encourage active participation of audience to complete Local radio stations have the capacity to reach to the the broadcast messages to have greater impact.grass roots audiences in rural and tribal villages. Therefore, audiences are very quickly identifying themselves with the local radio station. In traditional
All India Radio with its vast reach especially with the radio broadcasting, the audiences are passive recipients local radio stations spread across the country are the of FM signals and they have no opportunity to broadcast primary source of information and entertainment in their voice. As a public service broadcaster, its main aim rural and tribal areas. Interactive broadcasting is promote universal access of broadcasting services by technologies have greater impact on audience at local introducing new technology in an efficient and cost level particularly with radio receivers and mobile effective way for the benefit of audiences.phones with FM reception facility. To study the impact
Renowned, electronic media scientist Marshall Mc of interactive broadcasting technologies the following Luhan predicted that, the interactive type media are the objectives: technologies make the spatial and temporal distance to
1) To examine the role of interactive broadcast collapse between artist, subject expert and the listeners. technologies in promotion of public service
V. Rajeshwar
Interactive Broadcasting Technologyand its ImpactA Case Study At Local Radio Station
Interactive broadcasting technology is being adopted at local radio station by means of landline telephones, WLL (Wireless loop) phone, mobile phones and Internet. This is in addition to traditional OB based and interactivity with letters from the audience. Interactive technology is useful to have universal access of radio broadcasting to all citizens irrespective of their social class, religion, gender and literacy levels of audiences. Interactive technology also promotes active participation of audiences in creation of media content along with radio jockeys, artists and subject experts. Interactivity in radio broadcasting technology is achieved through, live phone – in, SMS (Short Message Service) based requirements from the audiences. Interactive broadcasting technology is a means to have richest radio experience by removing the physical, semantic and psychological barriers of communication.
This paper studies the impact of interactive broadcast technology at three levels viz. providing information, education and entertainment to the audiences at the local radio station.
regional SFN, which includes 27 transmitters SFN in Southern Bavariadistributed throughout the area. Since Multiplex 1 is the
The DVB-T Single frequency networks (SFNs) used as public service multiplex, at least 99% of population has
the example are networks in the South of Germany, in to be covered with good quality.
Germany's largest federal state which has a geography of high and low mountains and includes the gentle The choice of the sites depends on:foothills. This topography was of the greatest
• Coverage requirements (specified in terms of significance in the planning of the networks.location probability)
The southern Bavaria DVB-T network consists of the • Service area of transmitters (verified theoretically two transmitters Olympic Tower Munich and Mt.
and in the field) Wendelstein. The Olympic Power is a typical • Priority use of channels 5 and 9 on other sites telecommunication tower to the north-west of Munich
with a height of 292 m at about 450m above sea level. At • Availability / supply of transmitting antenna in UHF the upper end of the Tower there are transmitting bandantennas for FM radio, DAB and now for DVB also.• Availability of user receiving antenna in UHF bandThe Mt. Wendelstein transmitter is located at about • International coordination1750m above sea level on the mountain of the same
After site selection, the main technical parameters that name which has a total height of 1850m. are used to optimize the SFN are the following:
These two towers form the SFN Southern Bavaria th• Static delay of each SFN transmitter which has taken into operation in the night of 30 May
2005. At the same time this was the end of Analog • Antenna diagram / power of transmittersterrestrial TV transmission in Southern Bavaria. These
42 TR 029 DVB-T2 SFNs & Spectrum Efficiency transmitters broadcast 6 DVB-T channels completely synchronize on the same frequency as DVB-T SFN. The data rates are about 13Mbps each and each carries about 4 TV programs per data stream. Altogether, the viewer is thus provided with 22 programs over terrestrial digital antenna TV. These TV programs which are both public service programs and private programs form a viable alternative to the satellite and cable media. The transmitting frequencies are now only located in UHF band.
Location Inhabitants Percentage probability a regional basis
95% 3,646,682 89.98%
90% 3,742,624 92.35%
70% 3,974,559 98.08%
on
About The Author
Sh. Nirav Bhatia, is presently working in India for Rohde & Schwarz India Pvt Ltd, New Delhi.
6127
Introduction:
Objectives of the study:
Thus he famously said “Medium is the message”. Interactive broadcasting technology makes the free flow
Public service broadcasting in India is vertically divided of information faster, less hierarchical, more democratic its services into three categories viz. national, regional with the development of attitude of ''sense of and local level depending upon the geographical participation” to the listener. The attitudinal coverage areas and media content. Local FM radio development of “sense of participation” is very stations are very popular in India as they broadcast in the significant in the audiences who are illiterates, local speaking style. The local development matters, economically poor and other social exclusion groups in local artists and farmers, local subject experts and radio the society such as lower castes and women in public jockeys, friends, relatives and known people's voices spheres. The interactive broadcasting technologies are broadcast which the listeners are acquainted with. encourage active participation of audience to complete Local radio stations have the capacity to reach to the the broadcast messages to have greater impact.grass roots audiences in rural and tribal villages. Therefore, audiences are very quickly identifying themselves with the local radio station. In traditional
All India Radio with its vast reach especially with the radio broadcasting, the audiences are passive recipients local radio stations spread across the country are the of FM signals and they have no opportunity to broadcast primary source of information and entertainment in their voice. As a public service broadcaster, its main aim rural and tribal areas. Interactive broadcasting is promote universal access of broadcasting services by technologies have greater impact on audience at local introducing new technology in an efficient and cost level particularly with radio receivers and mobile effective way for the benefit of audiences.phones with FM reception facility. To study the impact
Renowned, electronic media scientist Marshall Mc of interactive broadcasting technologies the following Luhan predicted that, the interactive type media are the objectives: technologies make the spatial and temporal distance to
1) To examine the role of interactive broadcast collapse between artist, subject expert and the listeners. technologies in promotion of public service
V. Rajeshwar
Interactive Broadcasting Technologyand its ImpactA Case Study At Local Radio Station
Interactive broadcasting technology is being adopted at local radio station by means of landline telephones, WLL (Wireless loop) phone, mobile phones and Internet. This is in addition to traditional OB based and interactivity with letters from the audience. Interactive technology is useful to have universal access of radio broadcasting to all citizens irrespective of their social class, religion, gender and literacy levels of audiences. Interactive technology also promotes active participation of audiences in creation of media content along with radio jockeys, artists and subject experts. Interactivity in radio broadcasting technology is achieved through, live phone – in, SMS (Short Message Service) based requirements from the audiences. Interactive broadcasting technology is a means to have richest radio experience by removing the physical, semantic and psychological barriers of communication.
This paper studies the impact of interactive broadcast technology at three levels viz. providing information, education and entertainment to the audiences at the local radio station.
M/s Rohde & Schwarz; Company in collaboration with M/s BEL, Bangalore has been functioning since 1990 at AIR (FM) Nizamabad. The transmitters are used for both non interactive and interactive broadcasting.The output of the interactive broadcasting transmission studio is fed into the control room switching console (ER&DC Stereo XS12A) and the output of it is fed to the limiter cum pre-emphasis unit. The limiter (EMT 266 x) unit is capable of performing limiting function from -30 dB to 0 dB of incoming audio signal from the interactive transmission studio. The pre-emphasis function performed by the unit ranges from 1 KHz to 15 KHz from 0 dB to 15 dB respectively. The maximum switch and window NT 2003 software. The Ethernet frequency deviation after pre-emphasis for monophonic switch is connected with seven ports in the LAN FM transmitter has been made for +/- 75 KHz with the network. They are: 1) 2- HDBRS in Multi- Purpose pre-emphasis time constant of 50 micro seconds. The studio, 2) 2- HDBRS in Transmission studio, 3) 1- FM modulation has high immunity to atmospheric, HDBRS in CD library, 4) 1- HDBRS for dubbing and 5) manmade and other unwanted noise and the sound 1- HDBRS in control room for monitoring. All the seven quality is very superior for listening.HDBRS are connected in local area network in group
configuration. Therefore, any HDBRS terminal can be accessed from any other terminal in the LAN network. Songs, commercial spots and other variety of audio segments used in a broadcast can be stored in transmission studio HDBR system for play back purpose.
The two WLL telephones which are used for live interactive broadcasting are connected with audio mixing console through the interface called “phone- in console”. It converts audio coming from the telephone into a line level signal that can be fed into the audio mixing console. Similarly, it also converts the line level There are two exciters (SU 115), out of which one is in signal coming out from audio mixing console into an circuit and other is in standby mode. The exciter audio signal that can be fed over to the telephone line converts the base band audio signal into a frequency back to the caller. The mix minus feed of the program modulated radio signal at the station carrier frequency of sent back to telephone caller from the audio mixing 103.2 MHz. The output of the exciter is 10 W and which console which contains complete interactive is to be made into 6 KW with the help of power programme except the caller's own audio, to avoid amplifiers before feed it into antenna for wide coverage. feedback. The phone in console allows the caller to be The modulated input signal from exciter is amplified in heard live on air and the radio Jockey with FM reception power amplifiers (VU 315) to the level of 1.5 KW with head phone to hear the caller without having to pick-up the use of BJT/ FET/MOSFET (TP 9383 & TP 9380) the telephone hand set. It also ensures that the caller high power transistors. The power amplifiers are voice is of telephone quality and the radio jockey and designed in three stages viz. 1x30 W, followed by 2x120 subjective expert equality remains of broadcast quality. W and 4 x 400 W stages and are finally combined to get
the 1.5 KW. This power is achieved with parallel combination of power stages. The power couplers are used to parallel the power amplifiers to combine 2x1.5
The 2 x 3 KW FM transmitters were manufactured by KW power outputs to get 3 KW. Similarly the 2x 3 KW
b) Phone – in Console:
The 2 x 3 KW BEL HVB 164/FM Transmitters at AIR (FM) Nizamabad:
broadcaster's urge to have universal access of radio broadcasting on multiple range of programmes to all citizens irrespective of their literacy level, social,
Technological advancements brought profound changes economic back grounds and geographical locations in traditional transmission studios. After computer in the country.based recording system introduced in sound studios the
2) To assess the active participation of radio listeners separate forms of recording, editing, storage, due to interactive broadcasting technologies in transmission and reproduction of audio information creation of media content. have fused into one Audio work stations called hard disk
based recording (HDBR). Today, broadcasting, 3) To examine the benefits the radio listeners are computing and telecommunication have converged.
getting with the use of interactive broadcasting These technological integrations are making the local technologies. radio stations and rural villages to fall within the
definition of information society. The interactive broadcasting technologies adopted by local radio station is to provide the richest radio experience by To find the answers to the above objectives, the study is accessing over the telephone, internet and SMS, letters, divided into two parts, viz. 1) To study the technical outside broadcast in face to face interviews etc. This facilities at All India Radio (FM) Nizamabad studios allows delivering full range of services viz. providing and Transmitter in general and Interactive broadcasting information, education and entertainment with active technologies in particular, 2) To interview the selected participation of listeners. listeners who are actively participating in interactive
broadcasting.The transmission studio with interactive broadcasting technology consists: 1) 1-Audio mixing console, 2) 2- A structured questionnaire was prepared incorporating mike channels, one each for radio jockey and subject independent variables such as name, age of the expert, 3) 2- HDBR Systems for daily broadcast, 4) 2- respondents, village they belong, occupation, literacy CD players for commercial spots, 5) 1-Computer for level etc. The dependent variables are pertaining to the SMS based service and 6) 1- Phone-in console for purpose of active participation in interactive telephones. These are connected to audio mixing broadcasting and the benefit they derived from it.console for interactive broadcasting. The schematic of interactive broadcasting technology transmission studio is shown below in figure a):
The location of the study is at All India Radio (FM) Nizamabad which was commissioned on 9 September 1990 as a local radio station in Telangana state (India) at
The HDBR systems convert analog audio input into operating frequency of 103.2 MHz. It is located at 0 0 digital with uncompressed PCM with sampling rate of latitude of 18 39' 30.63” N and longitude of 78 5'
48 KHz and 32 bit resolution for processing and later on 32.40” E at the mean sea level of 392.27 meters. The the digital audio is reconverted back into analog audio district is spread around 7,956 Sq Kms of geographical for transmission. The input to the HDBR system is area with 922 villages. Total population of the district as through audio console and output of HDBR system is per 2011 census is 25.52 lakh souls. Out of which 12.52 fed to audio console as input. The studio software such lakhs are males and 13.0 lakhs are females and the sex as audio science, wave lab, sound forge, creative sound, ratio is 1000: 1038. Population density is 321 / Sq. Km. cooledit, winamp etc., are provided for automatic ingest Literacy rate in the district is 62.25 per cent, out of of audio signals for recording, editing, file management which male literacy rate is 72.66 per cent and female and replaying etc. HBDR systems changed the literacy rate is 52.33 per cent. Nizamabad is one of the transmission studios functioning such as studio agriculturally richest districts in Telangana state. automation and live interactive broadcasting.
The interactive broadcasting studio and transmitter At AIR (FM) Nizamabad the HDBR systems are facilities available at AIR (FM) Nizamabad as follows.networked in Local area network with 8 - port Ethernet
Interactive Broadcasting Technology setup at AIR (FM) Nizamabad:
Materials and Methods:
Location of the study:
a) HDBR System and LAN Network:
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
a) Interactive Broadcast Technology Transmission Studio
Audiomonitor
To ControlRoom
Audiomixingconsole
(ER & DCStero
TransmissionConsole)
(TS 12A)
Subject expertMicro phone
Radio JockeyMicrophone
HDBR1
HDBR2
CD player1
CD player2
InternetSystems
Phone-inconsole
SMS Based
Mix- minus feed
Radio Jockey
Subject expert
Wireless FM RadioHead Phone
File Transfer
LAN
File Transfer
LAN
WLL1
WLL1
28 29
M/s Rohde & Schwarz; Company in collaboration with M/s BEL, Bangalore has been functioning since 1990 at AIR (FM) Nizamabad. The transmitters are used for both non interactive and interactive broadcasting.The output of the interactive broadcasting transmission studio is fed into the control room switching console (ER&DC Stereo XS12A) and the output of it is fed to the limiter cum pre-emphasis unit. The limiter (EMT 266 x) unit is capable of performing limiting function from -30 dB to 0 dB of incoming audio signal from the interactive transmission studio. The pre-emphasis function performed by the unit ranges from 1 KHz to 15 KHz from 0 dB to 15 dB respectively. The maximum switch and window NT 2003 software. The Ethernet frequency deviation after pre-emphasis for monophonic switch is connected with seven ports in the LAN FM transmitter has been made for +/- 75 KHz with the network. They are: 1) 2- HDBRS in Multi- Purpose pre-emphasis time constant of 50 micro seconds. The studio, 2) 2- HDBRS in Transmission studio, 3) 1- FM modulation has high immunity to atmospheric, HDBRS in CD library, 4) 1- HDBRS for dubbing and 5) manmade and other unwanted noise and the sound 1- HDBRS in control room for monitoring. All the seven quality is very superior for listening.HDBRS are connected in local area network in group
configuration. Therefore, any HDBRS terminal can be accessed from any other terminal in the LAN network. Songs, commercial spots and other variety of audio segments used in a broadcast can be stored in transmission studio HDBR system for play back purpose.
The two WLL telephones which are used for live interactive broadcasting are connected with audio mixing console through the interface called “phone- in console”. It converts audio coming from the telephone into a line level signal that can be fed into the audio mixing console. Similarly, it also converts the line level There are two exciters (SU 115), out of which one is in signal coming out from audio mixing console into an circuit and other is in standby mode. The exciter audio signal that can be fed over to the telephone line converts the base band audio signal into a frequency back to the caller. The mix minus feed of the program modulated radio signal at the station carrier frequency of sent back to telephone caller from the audio mixing 103.2 MHz. The output of the exciter is 10 W and which console which contains complete interactive is to be made into 6 KW with the help of power programme except the caller's own audio, to avoid amplifiers before feed it into antenna for wide coverage. feedback. The phone in console allows the caller to be The modulated input signal from exciter is amplified in heard live on air and the radio Jockey with FM reception power amplifiers (VU 315) to the level of 1.5 KW with head phone to hear the caller without having to pick-up the use of BJT/ FET/MOSFET (TP 9383 & TP 9380) the telephone hand set. It also ensures that the caller high power transistors. The power amplifiers are voice is of telephone quality and the radio jockey and designed in three stages viz. 1x30 W, followed by 2x120 subjective expert equality remains of broadcast quality. W and 4 x 400 W stages and are finally combined to get
the 1.5 KW. This power is achieved with parallel combination of power stages. The power couplers are used to parallel the power amplifiers to combine 2x1.5
The 2 x 3 KW FM transmitters were manufactured by KW power outputs to get 3 KW. Similarly the 2x 3 KW
b) Phone – in Console:
The 2 x 3 KW BEL HVB 164/FM Transmitters at AIR (FM) Nizamabad:
broadcaster's urge to have universal access of radio broadcasting on multiple range of programmes to all citizens irrespective of their literacy level, social,
Technological advancements brought profound changes economic back grounds and geographical locations in traditional transmission studios. After computer in the country.based recording system introduced in sound studios the
2) To assess the active participation of radio listeners separate forms of recording, editing, storage, due to interactive broadcasting technologies in transmission and reproduction of audio information creation of media content. have fused into one Audio work stations called hard disk
based recording (HDBR). Today, broadcasting, 3) To examine the benefits the radio listeners are computing and telecommunication have converged.
getting with the use of interactive broadcasting These technological integrations are making the local technologies. radio stations and rural villages to fall within the
definition of information society. The interactive broadcasting technologies adopted by local radio station is to provide the richest radio experience by To find the answers to the above objectives, the study is accessing over the telephone, internet and SMS, letters, divided into two parts, viz. 1) To study the technical outside broadcast in face to face interviews etc. This facilities at All India Radio (FM) Nizamabad studios allows delivering full range of services viz. providing and Transmitter in general and Interactive broadcasting information, education and entertainment with active technologies in particular, 2) To interview the selected participation of listeners. listeners who are actively participating in interactive
broadcasting.The transmission studio with interactive broadcasting technology consists: 1) 1-Audio mixing console, 2) 2- A structured questionnaire was prepared incorporating mike channels, one each for radio jockey and subject independent variables such as name, age of the expert, 3) 2- HDBR Systems for daily broadcast, 4) 2- respondents, village they belong, occupation, literacy CD players for commercial spots, 5) 1-Computer for level etc. The dependent variables are pertaining to the SMS based service and 6) 1- Phone-in console for purpose of active participation in interactive telephones. These are connected to audio mixing broadcasting and the benefit they derived from it.console for interactive broadcasting. The schematic of interactive broadcasting technology transmission studio is shown below in figure a):
The location of the study is at All India Radio (FM) Nizamabad which was commissioned on 9 September 1990 as a local radio station in Telangana state (India) at
The HDBR systems convert analog audio input into operating frequency of 103.2 MHz. It is located at 0 0 digital with uncompressed PCM with sampling rate of latitude of 18 39' 30.63” N and longitude of 78 5'
48 KHz and 32 bit resolution for processing and later on 32.40” E at the mean sea level of 392.27 meters. The the digital audio is reconverted back into analog audio district is spread around 7,956 Sq Kms of geographical for transmission. The input to the HDBR system is area with 922 villages. Total population of the district as through audio console and output of HDBR system is per 2011 census is 25.52 lakh souls. Out of which 12.52 fed to audio console as input. The studio software such lakhs are males and 13.0 lakhs are females and the sex as audio science, wave lab, sound forge, creative sound, ratio is 1000: 1038. Population density is 321 / Sq. Km. cooledit, winamp etc., are provided for automatic ingest Literacy rate in the district is 62.25 per cent, out of of audio signals for recording, editing, file management which male literacy rate is 72.66 per cent and female and replaying etc. HBDR systems changed the literacy rate is 52.33 per cent. Nizamabad is one of the transmission studios functioning such as studio agriculturally richest districts in Telangana state. automation and live interactive broadcasting.
The interactive broadcasting studio and transmitter At AIR (FM) Nizamabad the HDBR systems are facilities available at AIR (FM) Nizamabad as follows.networked in Local area network with 8 - port Ethernet
Interactive Broadcasting Technology setup at AIR (FM) Nizamabad:
Materials and Methods:
Location of the study:
a) HDBR System and LAN Network:
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
a) Interactive Broadcast Technology Transmission Studio
Audiomonitor
To ControlRoom
Audiomixingconsole
(ER & DCStero
TransmissionConsole)
(TS 12A)
Subject expertMicro phone
Radio JockeyMicrophone
HDBR1
HDBR2
CD player1
CD player2
InternetSystems
Phone-inconsole
SMS Based
Mix- minus feed
Radio Jockey
Subject expert
Wireless FM RadioHead Phone
File Transfer
LAN
File Transfer
LAN
WLL1
WLL1
April'14 - September’14 April'14 - September’14
35
with listeners Letters:
IV) Live interactive Broadcasting using WLL phones and phone in console:
Findings and analysis:
participating. It is one of the most popular broadcasts of the station. The patients and their relatives seeking
On an average the station receives 20 to 30 letters daily information are participating to know about the diseases from the listeners who write for film songs they would they are suffering and modes of treatment for curing the like to listen on radio. The songs are broadcast from disease.8.30 pm to 9.00 pm daily as listeners' choice in the name of “abhiruchi” Telugu film songs. On every Sunday 9.00 c) Entertainment Type: “Hello FM” is a Telugu film am to 10.00 am same “abhiruchi” film songs are songs interactive broadcasting and scheduled twice broadcast as a Holiday entertainment. In addition, every daily from 8.30 am to 9.00 am and 12.40 pm to 1.10 pm. Friday from 12.05 pm to 12.30 pm listener's opinion and Of these, two days are specially catered for women feedback letters are readout and the station's assuring listeners only on every Tuesday and Friday to encourage answers are broadcast for the satisfaction of the rural women in interactive broadcasting. On an average interactive listeners. 5 Telugu film songs are played for entertaining to the
listeners in each episode. Men, women, youth, tailors, goldsmiths, barbers, farmers and others are actively participating in it. It is also one of the most popular broadcasts of the station. As discussed earlier, two WLL phones have been
provided by the public Telephone Company (M/s Of the above four types of interactive broadcast only BSNL, Nizamabad) free of cost for Interactive live interactive broadcasting technology with the use of broadcasting in Transmission studio. The following WLL phones and phone - in console is being studied. interactive broadcasts are carried out daily. They are: The study is carried out on a single day randomly for one
episode each viz. Information, education and a) Educational Type: “Farm & Home” broadcast is entertainment type broadcast. The findings of the study called “Kisanvani” which is sponsored by Ministry of are as follows.Agriculture, Govt. of India for dissemination of new
farming information for the purpose of learning and adopting of high yielding technologies. The Kisanvani broadcast is from 7.15 pm to 7.45 pm and six days in a Significantly large numbers of rural people are using week. Out of this: 1) 2 days for outdoor recordings with mobile phones due to liberalization and competition progressive farmers and Scientists, 2) 3 days in studio among private mobile operators, the prices have come recording, 3) 1 day for Kishanvani live phone- in down and usage of mobile phones is rising. Today, the interactive broadcast with agricultural and its allied catalytic role of radio for social change process is sciences expert are carried out. Kisanvani quiz significantly revived many folds with FM local radio competitions are also organized on every Thursday. The broadcasting and radio reception facility in mobile first and second winners of the quiz are being given phones. The audiences are now have the option to listen Radios as prizes. to his liked broadcast on radio after the introduction of
interactive broadcasting technology and it is profoundly b) Informational Type: Sponsored Health Programme impacting rural and tribal villages never before and “Hello Doctor” is broadcast from 7.30 am to 8.00 am promoting them to participate in local radio station daily. This broadcast is sponsored by the local doctors in activity. Interactive broadcasting is being used Nizamabad town. The specialist doctors participate in it successfully to satisfy a range of listeners needs. Such as includes, General Physician, Psychiatrists, advice for a health problem, farming needs, film music Gastroenterologists, Gynecologists, Pediatricians, for entertainment.Nephrologis t s , Urologis t , Dermato logis t s , Cardiologists, Dentists and others. Nearly, hundreds of Now, let us analyze estimate the impact of “Kisanvani”, patients try to contact doctor in the studio with phone “Hello Doctor” and “Hello FM” live broadcast. calls, but only six to eight calls are being attended in this
a) On the day of survey on impact of interactive half an hour interactive broadcasting. Males, females, broadcast technology on farmers the District adults, old, retired, villagers and town people, literates Agricultural Officer is replying to the callers in “ and illiterates, people living in far off villages are Kisanvani” live educational phone in broadcast and the
transmitters outputs are combined to get 6 KW power. FM receivers. It is found from the survey that, FM The figure b) above shows the building blocks of power signals are received with good quality within the range development in stages of amplification such as 1.5 KW, of 50 to 60 Km radius in Omni directional patterns. The 3 KW and 6 KW. The unbalance in phase and amplitude station covers Nizamabad district fully and it covers while combining, if any goes to the bridged unbalance partially the adjoining districts of Karimnagar, Adilabad resistors i.e., absorber or reject load. The power and Nanded. amplifiers are designed for broadband and the harmonic filtering is carried out. The high power amplifiers get very hot during operation and must be cooled for proper functioning and to reduce failures for which air cooling The AIR (FM) Nizamabad broadcasts 12.00 hours in a through blowers is done. For good reception, the day. Nearly, 6.00 hours News and Vividh Bharati harmonic distortion measured between 40 Hz to 15 KHz programmes are relayed. Remaining 6.00 Hours meant (with +/- 75 KHz deviation) should not be more than 0.5 for local programme production. Out of the 6.00 hours per cent for monophonic transmitter. local broadcast, 3.00 hours in house studio and 3.00
hours interactive broadcasting are carried out daily. :Therefore, 25 per cent of the daily broadcast activities
The FM tower at AIR (FM) Nizamabad is of 100 meters are of interactive broadcasting. They are as follows:height for covering wide area. The FM antenna used is of a Band II in VHF frequency band. The FM antenna consists of six bay dipole antennas which are stacked vertically on the tower with 2.6 meter space between SMS based Telugu film music entertainment broadcast each element. The six element antenna is mounted on namely “Indradanasu” interactive broadcast uses FM tower at 82 meters. The maximum aperture length of mobile phones and internet technology. On an average the array is 17.4 meters above the mounting base of the the station receives Ten to Fifteen SMS daily from the antenna. The 2 x 3 KW power transmitters output mobile phone users for listening to their liked film signals are carried with coaxial feeder cable from songs. For this, the listeners send their SMS with a transmitter to antenna. The antenna is fed through power message “NZB (space) song name/ film name/ person divider which divides total power into six outlets for name/ village name)” and send to 56060. The SMS are feeding to the each dipole. With this type of array t hen downloaded f rom the i n t e rne t s i t e antenna an Omni directional horizontal radiation pattern http://tzsms.co/air by the radio jockey for broadcasting developed with circular polarization. The circular them in the evening broadcast from 6.25 pm to 6.55 pm polarization has advantage of having good reception in daily. On an average only 5 to 6 songs are broadcast.fixed and mobile receivers.
Short wave lengths of FM signals propagate in line of sight. The FM signals are less depends on ground conductivity for propagation. The FM signals coverage The Mikes and recorders are carried to the fields and area mainly depends upon height of the antenna and outdoors for important recording with subject experts effective radiated power from the antenna. The and learned citizens for broadcasting. Such broadcast minimum field strength (measured at 10meters height technology is used for making two type of programmes above the ground level) required for monophonic FM 1) Weekly twice for recording of Farm and Home transmission in the presence of domestic and industrial programmes in the fields with progressive farmers, equipment interference for good listening with radio agricultural and veterinary scientists which are receiver as follows: broadcast weekly twice from 7.15 pm to 7.45 pm, 2)
Other OB recordings are also regularly carried out under i) For rural areas : 48 dB µv/m or 250 µv/m flagship programmes such as radio reports on local ii) For urban areas: 60 dB µv/m or 1 mv/m events, local festivals, district officials, school children,
educational institutes etc, for broadcast. And in case of, absence of interference from the industrial and domestic appliances the minimum field strength of 34 dBµv/m is sufficient for good reception in
Varieties of Interactive Broadcasting Media used at AIR (FM) Nizamabad:
FM Tower, Antenna System and Coverage Areas
I) Mobile phone and Internet for SMS based interactive Film Music :
II) OB Based interactive developmental programme production:
III) Interactive broadcast of Telugu film music
October'14 - December’14
30 31October'14 - December’14
April'14 - September’14 April'14 - September’14
35
with listeners Letters:
IV) Live interactive Broadcasting using WLL phones and phone in console:
Findings and analysis:
participating. It is one of the most popular broadcasts of the station. The patients and their relatives seeking
On an average the station receives 20 to 30 letters daily information are participating to know about the diseases from the listeners who write for film songs they would they are suffering and modes of treatment for curing the like to listen on radio. The songs are broadcast from disease.8.30 pm to 9.00 pm daily as listeners' choice in the name of “abhiruchi” Telugu film songs. On every Sunday 9.00 c) Entertainment Type: “Hello FM” is a Telugu film am to 10.00 am same “abhiruchi” film songs are songs interactive broadcasting and scheduled twice broadcast as a Holiday entertainment. In addition, every daily from 8.30 am to 9.00 am and 12.40 pm to 1.10 pm. Friday from 12.05 pm to 12.30 pm listener's opinion and Of these, two days are specially catered for women feedback letters are readout and the station's assuring listeners only on every Tuesday and Friday to encourage answers are broadcast for the satisfaction of the rural women in interactive broadcasting. On an average interactive listeners. 5 Telugu film songs are played for entertaining to the
listeners in each episode. Men, women, youth, tailors, goldsmiths, barbers, farmers and others are actively participating in it. It is also one of the most popular broadcasts of the station. As discussed earlier, two WLL phones have been
provided by the public Telephone Company (M/s Of the above four types of interactive broadcast only BSNL, Nizamabad) free of cost for Interactive live interactive broadcasting technology with the use of broadcasting in Transmission studio. The following WLL phones and phone - in console is being studied. interactive broadcasts are carried out daily. They are: The study is carried out on a single day randomly for one
episode each viz. Information, education and a) Educational Type: “Farm & Home” broadcast is entertainment type broadcast. The findings of the study called “Kisanvani” which is sponsored by Ministry of are as follows.Agriculture, Govt. of India for dissemination of new
farming information for the purpose of learning and adopting of high yielding technologies. The Kisanvani broadcast is from 7.15 pm to 7.45 pm and six days in a Significantly large numbers of rural people are using week. Out of this: 1) 2 days for outdoor recordings with mobile phones due to liberalization and competition progressive farmers and Scientists, 2) 3 days in studio among private mobile operators, the prices have come recording, 3) 1 day for Kishanvani live phone- in down and usage of mobile phones is rising. Today, the interactive broadcast with agricultural and its allied catalytic role of radio for social change process is sciences expert are carried out. Kisanvani quiz significantly revived many folds with FM local radio competitions are also organized on every Thursday. The broadcasting and radio reception facility in mobile first and second winners of the quiz are being given phones. The audiences are now have the option to listen Radios as prizes. to his liked broadcast on radio after the introduction of
interactive broadcasting technology and it is profoundly b) Informational Type: Sponsored Health Programme impacting rural and tribal villages never before and “Hello Doctor” is broadcast from 7.30 am to 8.00 am promoting them to participate in local radio station daily. This broadcast is sponsored by the local doctors in activity. Interactive broadcasting is being used Nizamabad town. The specialist doctors participate in it successfully to satisfy a range of listeners needs. Such as includes, General Physician, Psychiatrists, advice for a health problem, farming needs, film music Gastroenterologists, Gynecologists, Pediatricians, for entertainment.Nephrologis t s , Urologis t , Dermato logis t s , Cardiologists, Dentists and others. Nearly, hundreds of Now, let us analyze estimate the impact of “Kisanvani”, patients try to contact doctor in the studio with phone “Hello Doctor” and “Hello FM” live broadcast. calls, but only six to eight calls are being attended in this
a) On the day of survey on impact of interactive half an hour interactive broadcasting. Males, females, broadcast technology on farmers the District adults, old, retired, villagers and town people, literates Agricultural Officer is replying to the callers in “ and illiterates, people living in far off villages are Kisanvani” live educational phone in broadcast and the
transmitters outputs are combined to get 6 KW power. FM receivers. It is found from the survey that, FM The figure b) above shows the building blocks of power signals are received with good quality within the range development in stages of amplification such as 1.5 KW, of 50 to 60 Km radius in Omni directional patterns. The 3 KW and 6 KW. The unbalance in phase and amplitude station covers Nizamabad district fully and it covers while combining, if any goes to the bridged unbalance partially the adjoining districts of Karimnagar, Adilabad resistors i.e., absorber or reject load. The power and Nanded. amplifiers are designed for broadband and the harmonic filtering is carried out. The high power amplifiers get very hot during operation and must be cooled for proper functioning and to reduce failures for which air cooling The AIR (FM) Nizamabad broadcasts 12.00 hours in a through blowers is done. For good reception, the day. Nearly, 6.00 hours News and Vividh Bharati harmonic distortion measured between 40 Hz to 15 KHz programmes are relayed. Remaining 6.00 Hours meant (with +/- 75 KHz deviation) should not be more than 0.5 for local programme production. Out of the 6.00 hours per cent for monophonic transmitter. local broadcast, 3.00 hours in house studio and 3.00
hours interactive broadcasting are carried out daily. :Therefore, 25 per cent of the daily broadcast activities
The FM tower at AIR (FM) Nizamabad is of 100 meters are of interactive broadcasting. They are as follows:height for covering wide area. The FM antenna used is of a Band II in VHF frequency band. The FM antenna consists of six bay dipole antennas which are stacked vertically on the tower with 2.6 meter space between SMS based Telugu film music entertainment broadcast each element. The six element antenna is mounted on namely “Indradanasu” interactive broadcast uses FM tower at 82 meters. The maximum aperture length of mobile phones and internet technology. On an average the array is 17.4 meters above the mounting base of the the station receives Ten to Fifteen SMS daily from the antenna. The 2 x 3 KW power transmitters output mobile phone users for listening to their liked film signals are carried with coaxial feeder cable from songs. For this, the listeners send their SMS with a transmitter to antenna. The antenna is fed through power message “NZB (space) song name/ film name/ person divider which divides total power into six outlets for name/ village name)” and send to 56060. The SMS are feeding to the each dipole. With this type of array t hen downloaded f rom the i n t e rne t s i t e antenna an Omni directional horizontal radiation pattern http://tzsms.co/air by the radio jockey for broadcasting developed with circular polarization. The circular them in the evening broadcast from 6.25 pm to 6.55 pm polarization has advantage of having good reception in daily. On an average only 5 to 6 songs are broadcast.fixed and mobile receivers.
Short wave lengths of FM signals propagate in line of sight. The FM signals are less depends on ground conductivity for propagation. The FM signals coverage The Mikes and recorders are carried to the fields and area mainly depends upon height of the antenna and outdoors for important recording with subject experts effective radiated power from the antenna. The and learned citizens for broadcasting. Such broadcast minimum field strength (measured at 10meters height technology is used for making two type of programmes above the ground level) required for monophonic FM 1) Weekly twice for recording of Farm and Home transmission in the presence of domestic and industrial programmes in the fields with progressive farmers, equipment interference for good listening with radio agricultural and veterinary scientists which are receiver as follows: broadcast weekly twice from 7.15 pm to 7.45 pm, 2)
Other OB recordings are also regularly carried out under i) For rural areas : 48 dB µv/m or 250 µv/m flagship programmes such as radio reports on local ii) For urban areas: 60 dB µv/m or 1 mv/m events, local festivals, district officials, school children,
educational institutes etc, for broadcast. And in case of, absence of interference from the industrial and domestic appliances the minimum field strength of 34 dBµv/m is sufficient for good reception in
Varieties of Interactive Broadcasting Media used at AIR (FM) Nizamabad:
FM Tower, Antenna System and Coverage Areas
I) Mobile phone and Internet for SMS based interactive Film Music :
II) OB Based interactive developmental programme production:
III) Interactive broadcast of Telugu film music
October'14 - December’14
30 31October'14 - December’14
32 33
Similarly, second, third, fourth and fifth callers are listeners with greater emphasis on instantaneous tailor, grocery shop owner, school teacher and mechanic impact. The interactive broadcast technology is having respectively, asked the radio jockey to play for their positive impact on spreading the awareness about health favorite Telugu film songs. For which the radio Jockey and agricultural related information in addition to played them. The participants in the interactive offering entertainment to the rural and tribal people. In broadcasting informed that, they listen to radio this way, the interactive broadcasting technology at broadcast for information and entertainment on regular local radio station is fulfilling the aims of public service basis. Most of the listeners revealed that, they listen to broadcaster. film songs to remove the fatigue and brighten up their mood while working their jobs. They listen to film songs while attending work to make it entertaining to increase My most sincere gratitude goes to E-in-C, All India production. Radio, New Delhi for his guidance. I am also grateful to
ADG (E)(SZ), Chennai for timely encouragement and support. My sincere thanks to DDG (E)(SZ), Chennai
AIR (FM) Nizamabad is regularly broadcasting for offering advices. I would like to thank all the staff of education, information and entertainment based All India Radio (FM) Nizamabad for their assistance.broadcast in proper weightage to fulfill the aspiration of the public service broadcaster's urge. The universal
1) Chatterjee P.C, 1981. Broadcasting in India, Sage access to the broadcasting services irrespective of Publication, New Delhi.religion, caste, gender and literacy level of the audience
2) 2000. “Administrator Manual for Hard disc based is achieved through local radio station and interactive System (HDBS)”, All India Radio & Center for broadcasting in their local dialect. The listeners are Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC), hugely responding to interactive broadcasts. Live Noida (UP).Interactive broadcasting especially “Hello FM”, “Hello
Doctor” and “Kisanvani” have the largest listeners and 3) 2003.“ Reading material on FM Transmitters – actively interacting with radio station at the scheduled Volume I & II”, Staff Training Institute (Tech), All time. The listeners are feeling part of local radio station India Radio & Doordarshan, Delhi.by participating in creation of media content using 4) 2003. “A Compendium of Articles on FM”, O/o the interactive broadcasting technology. Interactive Chief Engineer (SZ), All India Radio & broadcasting technology driving the local radio station Doordarshan, Chennai. towards audience maximization with the reduction in 5) 1998. Solid state VHF FM Transmitter 2x3 KW type production costs. HVB-164/A Technical manual – 1,2 & 3, M/s BEL,
Bangalore (India).The landless laborers, small and large farmers, 6) Gupta V.S, 1999. Communication technology: businessmen, beedi rolling women, students, employee
Media policy and National development, Concept and people from all walks of life are now actively publishing company, New Delhi.participating and listening to FM broadcasting and
7) Mehra Masani, 1976. Broadcasting and people, deriving benefits. By interactivity the unknown National book trust, India. audiences are becoming known audience for
information sharing and the industrial impersonal 8) Singh Ranjit, 1993. Communication Technology for nature of the radio broadcast transformed into a rural development, B.R. Publishing Corporation, mediated interpersonal communication with the New Delhi.
Acknowledgements
Conclusions:
References:
About The Author
Sh. V. Rajeshwar did his BE(ECE) in 1990 from Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering from Osmania University, Hyderabad. He also completed one year Electronic fellowship from IAT, Pune sponsored by DRDO. Before joining IBES services in 1994 as Assistant Station Engineer , he had worked in DRDO as Scientist "B" for three years. He has worked at DDK , New Delhi, DDK Nagpur, AIR(FM) Nanded, AIR Parbhani and looked after the station management. Presently, I am looking after AIR(FM) Nizamabad and Karimnagar stations.
following calls replied : i) The first caller is a male of 45 years age, farmer from Thimojiwada village. He is suffering with back pain and asked the general physician in the “Hello Doctor” broadcast about treatment for his back pain. The doctor provided the relevant information for his back pain treatment in an interactive way. The patient became aware of the back pain treatment and do's and don'ts for relieving the pain.
Similarly, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth callers enquired about Jaundice, diabetes, malaria fever, joint 1) The first caller from Chintalur village, owns 11 acres pains and asthma related treatment respectively to the of land and he wanted information about short duration general physician. The doctor provided relevant crops for adopting. The agricultural officer gave details information for the treatment of above diseases for the about 90 days red and black variety rice and method of benefit of the callers. cultivation in the Kisanvani interactive broadcasting.
The knowledge gained through this interactive In this broadcast the listener is very much in receptive broadcasting made him to adopt the 90 days rice mood as they are saving the money of the patients from cultivation and improved the rice yield as well as gross doctor fee and transportation charges to meet the doctor income from the agricultural land. for obtaining proper information and guidance
regarding the treatment. Interactive broadcasting Similarly, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth callers technology is improving the awareness of various health sought information about, vegetable cultivation, drip issues; listeners are coming to know about good health irrigation, vermin compost, soya bean cultivation and practices and helping the patient to take informed inland fisheries respectively. For which the agricultural decisions for a particular disease treatment due to officer provided relevant information and guidance for interactivity. the benefit of farmers for adopting. These farmers have
c) On the day of survey on impact of interactive adopted the information provided in the interactive broadcast technology on listeners the radio Jockey is broadcasting and improved their income using modern playing to the callers liked Telugu film songs in “Hello cultivation methods.FM” live phone in entertainment broadcast:
The hundreds of farmers' callings on the day of interactive broadcasting and the response the farmers reported is an indication of gainful impact. It is needed for the farmers to progress economically.
b) On the day of survey on impact of interactive broadcast technology on listeners the general physician is replying to the callers in “Hello Doctor” live phone in informational broadcast and the following calls the doctor replied:
i) The first caller is a female of age 20 years, a beedi rolling worker from Vellula village in Karimnagar district. She asked the radio jockey to play her favorite Telugu film song for listening. The radio jockey played the listeners liked film song. The caller informed that, she and her friends are regular listeners of local radio station broadcast, while they are rolling the beedis. It is very entertaining to them to listen to radio broadcast while working.
Total six callers have been attended in “Kisanvani” interactive broadcast.
Total six callers have been attended in “Hello Doctor” interactive broadcast.
Total five callers have been attended in “Hello FM” interactive Telugu film music.
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
32 33
Similarly, second, third, fourth and fifth callers are listeners with greater emphasis on instantaneous tailor, grocery shop owner, school teacher and mechanic impact. The interactive broadcast technology is having respectively, asked the radio jockey to play for their positive impact on spreading the awareness about health favorite Telugu film songs. For which the radio Jockey and agricultural related information in addition to played them. The participants in the interactive offering entertainment to the rural and tribal people. In broadcasting informed that, they listen to radio this way, the interactive broadcasting technology at broadcast for information and entertainment on regular local radio station is fulfilling the aims of public service basis. Most of the listeners revealed that, they listen to broadcaster. film songs to remove the fatigue and brighten up their mood while working their jobs. They listen to film songs while attending work to make it entertaining to increase My most sincere gratitude goes to E-in-C, All India production. Radio, New Delhi for his guidance. I am also grateful to
ADG (E)(SZ), Chennai for timely encouragement and support. My sincere thanks to DDG (E)(SZ), Chennai
AIR (FM) Nizamabad is regularly broadcasting for offering advices. I would like to thank all the staff of education, information and entertainment based All India Radio (FM) Nizamabad for their assistance.broadcast in proper weightage to fulfill the aspiration of the public service broadcaster's urge. The universal
1) Chatterjee P.C, 1981. Broadcasting in India, Sage access to the broadcasting services irrespective of Publication, New Delhi.religion, caste, gender and literacy level of the audience
2) 2000. “Administrator Manual for Hard disc based is achieved through local radio station and interactive System (HDBS)”, All India Radio & Center for broadcasting in their local dialect. The listeners are Development of Advanced Computing(C-DAC), hugely responding to interactive broadcasts. Live Noida (UP).Interactive broadcasting especially “Hello FM”, “Hello
Doctor” and “Kisanvani” have the largest listeners and 3) 2003.“ Reading material on FM Transmitters – actively interacting with radio station at the scheduled Volume I & II”, Staff Training Institute (Tech), All time. The listeners are feeling part of local radio station India Radio & Doordarshan, Delhi.by participating in creation of media content using 4) 2003. “A Compendium of Articles on FM”, O/o the interactive broadcasting technology. Interactive Chief Engineer (SZ), All India Radio & broadcasting technology driving the local radio station Doordarshan, Chennai. towards audience maximization with the reduction in 5) 1998. Solid state VHF FM Transmitter 2x3 KW type production costs. HVB-164/A Technical manual – 1,2 & 3, M/s BEL,
Bangalore (India).The landless laborers, small and large farmers, 6) Gupta V.S, 1999. Communication technology: businessmen, beedi rolling women, students, employee
Media policy and National development, Concept and people from all walks of life are now actively publishing company, New Delhi.participating and listening to FM broadcasting and
7) Mehra Masani, 1976. Broadcasting and people, deriving benefits. By interactivity the unknown National book trust, India. audiences are becoming known audience for
information sharing and the industrial impersonal 8) Singh Ranjit, 1993. Communication Technology for nature of the radio broadcast transformed into a rural development, B.R. Publishing Corporation, mediated interpersonal communication with the New Delhi.
Acknowledgements
Conclusions:
References:
About The Author
Sh. V. Rajeshwar did his BE(ECE) in 1990 from Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering from Osmania University, Hyderabad. He also completed one year Electronic fellowship from IAT, Pune sponsored by DRDO. Before joining IBES services in 1994 as Assistant Station Engineer , he had worked in DRDO as Scientist "B" for three years. He has worked at DDK , New Delhi, DDK Nagpur, AIR(FM) Nanded, AIR Parbhani and looked after the station management. Presently, I am looking after AIR(FM) Nizamabad and Karimnagar stations.
following calls replied : i) The first caller is a male of 45 years age, farmer from Thimojiwada village. He is suffering with back pain and asked the general physician in the “Hello Doctor” broadcast about treatment for his back pain. The doctor provided the relevant information for his back pain treatment in an interactive way. The patient became aware of the back pain treatment and do's and don'ts for relieving the pain.
Similarly, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth callers enquired about Jaundice, diabetes, malaria fever, joint 1) The first caller from Chintalur village, owns 11 acres pains and asthma related treatment respectively to the of land and he wanted information about short duration general physician. The doctor provided relevant crops for adopting. The agricultural officer gave details information for the treatment of above diseases for the about 90 days red and black variety rice and method of benefit of the callers. cultivation in the Kisanvani interactive broadcasting.
The knowledge gained through this interactive In this broadcast the listener is very much in receptive broadcasting made him to adopt the 90 days rice mood as they are saving the money of the patients from cultivation and improved the rice yield as well as gross doctor fee and transportation charges to meet the doctor income from the agricultural land. for obtaining proper information and guidance
regarding the treatment. Interactive broadcasting Similarly, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth callers technology is improving the awareness of various health sought information about, vegetable cultivation, drip issues; listeners are coming to know about good health irrigation, vermin compost, soya bean cultivation and practices and helping the patient to take informed inland fisheries respectively. For which the agricultural decisions for a particular disease treatment due to officer provided relevant information and guidance for interactivity. the benefit of farmers for adopting. These farmers have
c) On the day of survey on impact of interactive adopted the information provided in the interactive broadcast technology on listeners the radio Jockey is broadcasting and improved their income using modern playing to the callers liked Telugu film songs in “Hello cultivation methods.FM” live phone in entertainment broadcast:
The hundreds of farmers' callings on the day of interactive broadcasting and the response the farmers reported is an indication of gainful impact. It is needed for the farmers to progress economically.
b) On the day of survey on impact of interactive broadcast technology on listeners the general physician is replying to the callers in “Hello Doctor” live phone in informational broadcast and the following calls the doctor replied:
i) The first caller is a female of age 20 years, a beedi rolling worker from Vellula village in Karimnagar district. She asked the radio jockey to play her favorite Telugu film song for listening. The radio jockey played the listeners liked film song. The caller informed that, she and her friends are regular listeners of local radio station broadcast, while they are rolling the beedis. It is very entertaining to them to listen to radio broadcast while working.
Total six callers have been attended in “Kisanvani” interactive broadcast.
Total six callers have been attended in “Hello Doctor” interactive broadcast.
Total five callers have been attended in “Hello FM” interactive Telugu film music.
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
Background:-
Sending News Feeds from HPT site:-
Restoration of Transmission from HPT:-
Sending News Feeds from hotel site:-
flood water after landing at Srinagar airport. The city power supply was restored by that time at the HPT site th
A devastating flood occurred in Srinagar on 7 but it was highly unstable and fluctuating. Drinking and September, 2014 affecting the normal lives of the people washing water was not available at the HPT site and had and their day to day activities. The flood water entered to be arranged by carrying it approximately 7 km from the Doordarshan Kendra in the morning and the the bottom of the hill to the HPT site. Even then, the recordings from studios and telecast from the earth team immediately began the restoration activities by station were forced to be suspended. The staff present testing the 3 high power transmitters meant for DD inside the hostel premises made successful efforts to News, DD Kashir & DD National. The problems were save the expensive broadcasting equipment such as OB thidentified which were attended on the 17 morning. On Van, DSNG Van, DG Van, Studio Cameras etc. A partial th
17 September, 2014 all 3 HPTs were put on air at 1500 telecast was resumed from the High Power TV
hours.Transmitter site i.e. from Shankracharya Hill on the same day by using OB Van, DSNG Van & DG Van. The city power supply, communication (telephone as well as th
Team visited the Kendra on 17 September, 2014 and mobile) and internet services were also suspended. The met the staff members who were called for the meeting entire city was submerged in flood water preventing through an announcement on FM transmitter. All the commutation by road. The staff members (around 37 in technical staff were directed to report at the HPT site. At number) staying in the hostel and at the HPT site were
th 1400 hours on the same day, the programme and news evacuated on the 12 September, 2014 and the staff including Shri S. A. Buch, DDG (P) and Shri Shafiq transmission as well as the partial telecast went off the Shah, Dy. Director (News) assembled at the HPT site air. The DD Kashir telecast was resumed from Delhi by and it was decided to start partial transmission and shifting the carrier of Srinagar to DD News and DDK telecast by sending news and programme feeds to MSR thDelhi on 13 September, 2014. thDelhi by using OB and DSNG Vans. On 17 September, 2014 news feeds were sent to MSR Delhi at 1600 hours. In the evening all the technical staff members present at On the direction from Shri N. A. Khan, E-in-C, the HPT site were asked to assemble in the transmitter Doordarshan an engineering team comprising of Shri hall. The gathering was addressed by Shri W. B. Prasad. Prakash Veer, DDG (E), Shri Neeraj Choudhary, AE & All the staff members were thanked for their positive Shri Rajan Gupta, AE managed to reach the HPT site on response during such a crisis prevailing in their personal thShankracharya Hill on the 13 September, 2014. They lives and for their appreciable contribution towards the
held meetings with the local staff of Doordarshan who restoration of the transmission and partial telecast. They thwere called on 14 September, 2014 through an were also motivated by an inspirational speech
announcement on FM transmitter. They also met the delivered by him during this opportune moment.programme and news officers and discussed future plan of actions for restoration of the services.
thThe second engineering team comprised of Shri W. B. On 18 September, 2014 the transmission from all the 3 Prasad, DDE, Shri O. P. Rajpurohit, AE and Shri S. K. transmitters were normal. The recording of VIP Shah, AE which reached the HPT site (on interviews etc. and news feeds were sent to MSR Delhi
th at 1400 hours. It was informed by DDG (P) that 2 rooms Shankracharya Hill) on the night of 16 September, have been made available at the hotel 'The Lalit' for 2014 after travelling for approximately 7 hours through starting a make shift arrangement for recording and multiple modes i.e. by road, by boat and on foot in the
telecast. After exploring the feasibility of movement of vehicles by road adjacent to the Dal Lake as well as that of the location at the hotel, the OB, DSNG and DG Vans
thwere shifted to the hotel 'The Lalit' at 1200 hours on 19 September, 2014. The transmission from all the 3 transmitters continued to be normal. The recording of VIP interviews and news was fed to MSR Delhi using the OB and DSNG Vans parked at the hotel 'The Lalit'.
A meeting scheduled by DDG (P)/HOO in the Kendra to discuss the steps to be taken for the cleaning of the
a meeting with the technical staff members to discuss Kendra premises was attended by Technical, th the strategies and teams to be formulated for cleaning Programme and Administrative officers on 20
the technical areas and equipment submerged in the September, 2014. Due to urgency of shifting the partial flood water. The old Flyaway DSNG Van which was telecast to the Kendra from the hotel site, it was decided parked on the public road near the All India Radio to engage agencies to undertake the cleaning of the station, Srinagar was brought back inside the DDK premises on war footing basis. Thereafter, the team held campus by hiring private crane because the brake/gear of this van was not functional. With the help of technical staff, the technical areas/rooms such as Earth Station, ENG, Studio I & II, PCR I & II, AVR, DG and AC Plant were opened and checked for damages apart from listing the equipment which were saved during the flood.
stPhotographs were also clicked for record. On 21 September, 2014 the cleaning of the DDK campus commenced.
st thFrom 21 September, 2014 to 5 October, 2014, three more teams were deputed by E-in-C under the headship of Shri D. N. Gupta, DDE, Shri J. M. Kharche, DDG (E) and Shri K. K. Gupta, DDE respectively. After the removal of flood water logged inside the premises, the OB, DSNG and DG Vans were shifted to the DDK
thcampus on 24 September, 2014 under the guidance of Shri D. N. Gupta and partial telecast was resumed by
ndsetting up a make shift studio on the 2 floor of the RNU building. Under an able guidance of Shri J. M. Kharche, strategies for restoration of service, cleaning of equipment and other important activities were formulated and initiated. The 400 KVA HT transformer meant for hostel and 300 KVA HT transformer meant for studio were handed over to CCW Electrical staff for repairing. All major power supply cables submerged in flood water were tested and new cables were laid wherever found defective.
thOn 6 October, 2014, Shri W. B. Prasad, DDE along with Shri O. P. Rajpurohit, AE, Shri Jaswant Singh, AE, Shri Tarun Saxena, AE and Shri V. Katiyar returned to DDK Srinagar for expediting the cleaning activities of
Cleaning of Campus and Equipment:-
Restoration of Doordarshanin Srinagar After Flood
W. B. PrasadO. P. Rajpurohit
October'14 - December’14
34 35October'14 - December’14
Background:-
Sending News Feeds from HPT site:-
Restoration of Transmission from HPT:-
Sending News Feeds from hotel site:-
flood water after landing at Srinagar airport. The city power supply was restored by that time at the HPT site th
A devastating flood occurred in Srinagar on 7 but it was highly unstable and fluctuating. Drinking and September, 2014 affecting the normal lives of the people washing water was not available at the HPT site and had and their day to day activities. The flood water entered to be arranged by carrying it approximately 7 km from the Doordarshan Kendra in the morning and the the bottom of the hill to the HPT site. Even then, the recordings from studios and telecast from the earth team immediately began the restoration activities by station were forced to be suspended. The staff present testing the 3 high power transmitters meant for DD inside the hostel premises made successful efforts to News, DD Kashir & DD National. The problems were save the expensive broadcasting equipment such as OB thidentified which were attended on the 17 morning. On Van, DSNG Van, DG Van, Studio Cameras etc. A partial th
17 September, 2014 all 3 HPTs were put on air at 1500 telecast was resumed from the High Power TV
hours.Transmitter site i.e. from Shankracharya Hill on the same day by using OB Van, DSNG Van & DG Van. The city power supply, communication (telephone as well as th
Team visited the Kendra on 17 September, 2014 and mobile) and internet services were also suspended. The met the staff members who were called for the meeting entire city was submerged in flood water preventing through an announcement on FM transmitter. All the commutation by road. The staff members (around 37 in technical staff were directed to report at the HPT site. At number) staying in the hostel and at the HPT site were
th 1400 hours on the same day, the programme and news evacuated on the 12 September, 2014 and the staff including Shri S. A. Buch, DDG (P) and Shri Shafiq transmission as well as the partial telecast went off the Shah, Dy. Director (News) assembled at the HPT site air. The DD Kashir telecast was resumed from Delhi by and it was decided to start partial transmission and shifting the carrier of Srinagar to DD News and DDK telecast by sending news and programme feeds to MSR thDelhi on 13 September, 2014. thDelhi by using OB and DSNG Vans. On 17 September, 2014 news feeds were sent to MSR Delhi at 1600 hours. In the evening all the technical staff members present at On the direction from Shri N. A. Khan, E-in-C, the HPT site were asked to assemble in the transmitter Doordarshan an engineering team comprising of Shri hall. The gathering was addressed by Shri W. B. Prasad. Prakash Veer, DDG (E), Shri Neeraj Choudhary, AE & All the staff members were thanked for their positive Shri Rajan Gupta, AE managed to reach the HPT site on response during such a crisis prevailing in their personal thShankracharya Hill on the 13 September, 2014. They lives and for their appreciable contribution towards the
held meetings with the local staff of Doordarshan who restoration of the transmission and partial telecast. They thwere called on 14 September, 2014 through an were also motivated by an inspirational speech
announcement on FM transmitter. They also met the delivered by him during this opportune moment.programme and news officers and discussed future plan of actions for restoration of the services.
thThe second engineering team comprised of Shri W. B. On 18 September, 2014 the transmission from all the 3 Prasad, DDE, Shri O. P. Rajpurohit, AE and Shri S. K. transmitters were normal. The recording of VIP Shah, AE which reached the HPT site (on interviews etc. and news feeds were sent to MSR Delhi
th at 1400 hours. It was informed by DDG (P) that 2 rooms Shankracharya Hill) on the night of 16 September, have been made available at the hotel 'The Lalit' for 2014 after travelling for approximately 7 hours through starting a make shift arrangement for recording and multiple modes i.e. by road, by boat and on foot in the
telecast. After exploring the feasibility of movement of vehicles by road adjacent to the Dal Lake as well as that of the location at the hotel, the OB, DSNG and DG Vans
thwere shifted to the hotel 'The Lalit' at 1200 hours on 19 September, 2014. The transmission from all the 3 transmitters continued to be normal. The recording of VIP interviews and news was fed to MSR Delhi using the OB and DSNG Vans parked at the hotel 'The Lalit'.
A meeting scheduled by DDG (P)/HOO in the Kendra to discuss the steps to be taken for the cleaning of the
a meeting with the technical staff members to discuss Kendra premises was attended by Technical, th the strategies and teams to be formulated for cleaning Programme and Administrative officers on 20
the technical areas and equipment submerged in the September, 2014. Due to urgency of shifting the partial flood water. The old Flyaway DSNG Van which was telecast to the Kendra from the hotel site, it was decided parked on the public road near the All India Radio to engage agencies to undertake the cleaning of the station, Srinagar was brought back inside the DDK premises on war footing basis. Thereafter, the team held campus by hiring private crane because the brake/gear of this van was not functional. With the help of technical staff, the technical areas/rooms such as Earth Station, ENG, Studio I & II, PCR I & II, AVR, DG and AC Plant were opened and checked for damages apart from listing the equipment which were saved during the flood.
stPhotographs were also clicked for record. On 21 September, 2014 the cleaning of the DDK campus commenced.
st thFrom 21 September, 2014 to 5 October, 2014, three more teams were deputed by E-in-C under the headship of Shri D. N. Gupta, DDE, Shri J. M. Kharche, DDG (E) and Shri K. K. Gupta, DDE respectively. After the removal of flood water logged inside the premises, the OB, DSNG and DG Vans were shifted to the DDK
thcampus on 24 September, 2014 under the guidance of Shri D. N. Gupta and partial telecast was resumed by
ndsetting up a make shift studio on the 2 floor of the RNU building. Under an able guidance of Shri J. M. Kharche, strategies for restoration of service, cleaning of equipment and other important activities were formulated and initiated. The 400 KVA HT transformer meant for hostel and 300 KVA HT transformer meant for studio were handed over to CCW Electrical staff for repairing. All major power supply cables submerged in flood water were tested and new cables were laid wherever found defective.
thOn 6 October, 2014, Shri W. B. Prasad, DDE along with Shri O. P. Rajpurohit, AE, Shri Jaswant Singh, AE, Shri Tarun Saxena, AE and Shri V. Katiyar returned to DDK Srinagar for expediting the cleaning activities of
Cleaning of Campus and Equipment:-
Restoration of Doordarshanin Srinagar After Flood
W. B. PrasadO. P. Rajpurohit
October'14 - December’14
34 35October'14 - December’14
technical equipment, initiating procurement of essential items through engineering stores and setting up of an interim earth station by using old flyaway DSNG equipment as well as a make shift studio for increasing the recording hour and telecast hour. Essential items for facilitating the cleaning of technical equipment were brought by this team from Jallandhar and Delhi which were used by the technical staff of the Kendra for cleaning the equipment. Various items such as gum boots, spray jets, cleaning agents, torches, gloves, masks, tools, gamaxine powder etc. were procured from the local market for expediting the cleaning jobs. The
tank was emptied. The electronic circuits were replaced, campus was bubbling with activities involving cleaning coils were varnished, meters and contactors were of equipment at several locations viz; ENG, Earth replaced before refilling the transformer oil. The AVR Station, Kashir playback, Studios, AC Plant, Diesel was put into service after successful testing. The AC generators, AVRs, Sub-station, Stores, Furniture, NLE, Plant was thoroughly cleaned and it was decided to EPABX, Camera and IT sections and ground floor of the restore the heating plant on priority. Mud/Silts were hostel.removed, heat chamber, AHU, motors, ducts etc. were
The existing diesel generators were out of order after cleaned and dried. The 200 KVA diesel generator which being submerged in the flood and therefore a 125 KVA was under AMC was taken up for restoration by the silent DG meant for DTT was shifted from the HPT site. agency. The entire generator was dismantled for This generator was put into service after laying new cleaning and drying. The excitation unit of alternator cables and existing busbars. The 400 KVA transformer was heated for few days at a stretch before testing. Since (used for hostel) was repaired and installed by CCW the activities started in the Kendra, a make shift mess
thElectrical on 27 October, 2014. The interim earth was operationalized from a room in the hostel for station was tested under the guidance of Shri J. M. providing lodging to the technical teams and staff Kharche, DDG (E) and the same was put into service involved in cleaning/restoration works. With the
thfrom 18 October, 2014. The cleaning of equipment was energizing of the 400 KVA transformer, the power carried out first by water cleaning with the help of jets supply to the hostel was stabilized. The mess/dining hall and brushes, then drying by dryer and finally contained was cleaned, repaired and painted before sanitizing. It for a day in a room converted into an oven using gas was made functional in the first week of November, bukharies for evaporation of remaining moisture. The 2014.agency engaged for repairing the 200 KVA AVR (for essential load) executed the job at the Kendra itself. The equipment was opened and water filled inside the oil It is needless to mention here that the city power supply
which was restored at the HPT site was highly erratic. Due to this unpredictable behavior, heavy fluctuations in the input supply and non availability of functional UPS (APLAB make) damaged equipment and compelled the operation of the transmitters on diesel generators power supply. Since the city petrol pumps were still non functional due to damages caused during the flood, the usage of diesel was managed with extreme caution. Besides this adverse situation, the other major constraints faced by this team was no telephone facility, feeble and unreliable mobile network, no internet service, no drinking water supply, limited food items, no cook, no washing facilities, no sweepers etc. Radio Kashmir was also operating from the HPT site by using
The Bottlenecks:-
their FM transmitter installed there and all kinds of Shri J. M. Kharche, DDG (E) to Shri S. A. Buch, DDG support were extended to their staff, such as diesel, food (P) and Shri Shafiq Shah, Dy. Director (News), the and drinking water, washroom facilities and boarding decision to uplink live on the Srinagar carrier for 4 hours facilities despite the limited available resources. Due to from DDK Srinagar using the interim earth station was feeble mobile network and no proper internet facility, mutually agreed upon. After an extensive pursuance by regular reports to the senior officers at Zonal Office and Shri J. M. Kharche, DDG (E) with Shri N. A. Khan, E-
th in-C, Shri O. K. Sharma, ADG (E) (NZ), Shri S. N. DGDD since 17 September, 2014 were forwarded Singh, DDG (E) DDK Delhi and Shri D. Ramakhrishna, using WHATSAPP.DDG (E) DD News, the clearance for a 4 hours (3PM to 7PM) uplinking of programme & news on the Srinagar
thcarrier from this Kendra was finally obtained on 15
Cleaning jobs were at the highest ebb in the Kendra. October, 2014 and the telecast was started from the same Simultaneously the staff members were also managing day.the routine recording and telecast. The interim earth
ststation was setup on the 1 floor of the office block by A team deputed by the Zonal Office, New Delhi set up shifting the officers occupying rooms, removing the the playback facility in the interim earth station as well partitions, providing new flooring, installation of as installed the HPAs diverted from another Kendra equipment dismantled from the old flyaway DSNG, thereby establishing a 1+1 uplink chain. A diverted UPS routing wave guides and cables, fixing distribution was also installed and pressed into circuit. With this boards etc. Since the existing make shift studio was arrangement in place, the Kendra was prepared to uplink inadequate to meet the increasing recordings, a new
thmake shift studio for recording of programme and news the 24 hours DD Kashir from here. On 17 November,
rd 2014 the carrier from Delhi was shifted to Srinagar and was setup on the 3 floor of the RNU building by making the regional service continued to be uplinked from the it acoustically worthy using HDPE, quilts and curtains. Kendra thereafter.On confirmation of technical readiness conveyed by
Make-shift Studio, Interim Earth Station and restoration of Regional Service from DDK campus:-
24 Hours Regional service restored:-
About The Authors
Sh. W. B. Prasad, a 1994 Batch IBES Officer has completed his B.E. from REC, Durgapur and his PG in Business Management from IIM, Calcutta. He joined Doordarshan in June 1996, served at Kargil from August, 2002 to October, 2003 as Station Engineer and at Doordarshan Directorate from November'2003 to June, 2014 as Dy. Director Engineering. He has vast experience in managing & monitoring the performance of studios & terrestrial transmitters, human resource management, budget planning and expenditure management, preparation of Plan Capital proposals, EFC Memorandums, Expenditure sanctions of technical as well as CCW estimates etc. He has also worked as Dy. Director (Administration) in various sections of administration as well as finance in Doordarshan Directorate from December, 2011 to June, 2014. At present he is posted at DDK Srinagar.
Sh. OP Rajpurohit is working with Doordarshan since 1987. He has been very actively serving the Broadcast Engineering Society (India) as Hon. Secretary of its Rajasthan Chapter for the past 6 consecutive terms. Currently, he is the Vice President of Broadcast Engineering Society (India), Chairman of Local chapters Coordination Committee BES (India), General Secretary of “United Engineers Council, Rajasthan”, General Secretary of Rajpurohit Seva Sansthan, Rajasthan and JOINT SECRETARY of Confederation of Central Government employees, Rajasthan.
He has been honoured with SAMAJ RATNA (All India Level) award in December 2001 by I R Shiksha and Seva Trust and as an OUTSTANDING ENGINEER in Rajasthan by the United Engineers Council, Rajasthan on the occasion of Engineers Day-2009. He was also honoured
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
3736
technical equipment, initiating procurement of essential items through engineering stores and setting up of an interim earth station by using old flyaway DSNG equipment as well as a make shift studio for increasing the recording hour and telecast hour. Essential items for facilitating the cleaning of technical equipment were brought by this team from Jallandhar and Delhi which were used by the technical staff of the Kendra for cleaning the equipment. Various items such as gum boots, spray jets, cleaning agents, torches, gloves, masks, tools, gamaxine powder etc. were procured from the local market for expediting the cleaning jobs. The
tank was emptied. The electronic circuits were replaced, campus was bubbling with activities involving cleaning coils were varnished, meters and contactors were of equipment at several locations viz; ENG, Earth replaced before refilling the transformer oil. The AVR Station, Kashir playback, Studios, AC Plant, Diesel was put into service after successful testing. The AC generators, AVRs, Sub-station, Stores, Furniture, NLE, Plant was thoroughly cleaned and it was decided to EPABX, Camera and IT sections and ground floor of the restore the heating plant on priority. Mud/Silts were hostel.removed, heat chamber, AHU, motors, ducts etc. were
The existing diesel generators were out of order after cleaned and dried. The 200 KVA diesel generator which being submerged in the flood and therefore a 125 KVA was under AMC was taken up for restoration by the silent DG meant for DTT was shifted from the HPT site. agency. The entire generator was dismantled for This generator was put into service after laying new cleaning and drying. The excitation unit of alternator cables and existing busbars. The 400 KVA transformer was heated for few days at a stretch before testing. Since (used for hostel) was repaired and installed by CCW the activities started in the Kendra, a make shift mess
thElectrical on 27 October, 2014. The interim earth was operationalized from a room in the hostel for station was tested under the guidance of Shri J. M. providing lodging to the technical teams and staff Kharche, DDG (E) and the same was put into service involved in cleaning/restoration works. With the
thfrom 18 October, 2014. The cleaning of equipment was energizing of the 400 KVA transformer, the power carried out first by water cleaning with the help of jets supply to the hostel was stabilized. The mess/dining hall and brushes, then drying by dryer and finally contained was cleaned, repaired and painted before sanitizing. It for a day in a room converted into an oven using gas was made functional in the first week of November, bukharies for evaporation of remaining moisture. The 2014.agency engaged for repairing the 200 KVA AVR (for essential load) executed the job at the Kendra itself. The equipment was opened and water filled inside the oil It is needless to mention here that the city power supply
which was restored at the HPT site was highly erratic. Due to this unpredictable behavior, heavy fluctuations in the input supply and non availability of functional UPS (APLAB make) damaged equipment and compelled the operation of the transmitters on diesel generators power supply. Since the city petrol pumps were still non functional due to damages caused during the flood, the usage of diesel was managed with extreme caution. Besides this adverse situation, the other major constraints faced by this team was no telephone facility, feeble and unreliable mobile network, no internet service, no drinking water supply, limited food items, no cook, no washing facilities, no sweepers etc. Radio Kashmir was also operating from the HPT site by using
The Bottlenecks:-
their FM transmitter installed there and all kinds of Shri J. M. Kharche, DDG (E) to Shri S. A. Buch, DDG support were extended to their staff, such as diesel, food (P) and Shri Shafiq Shah, Dy. Director (News), the and drinking water, washroom facilities and boarding decision to uplink live on the Srinagar carrier for 4 hours facilities despite the limited available resources. Due to from DDK Srinagar using the interim earth station was feeble mobile network and no proper internet facility, mutually agreed upon. After an extensive pursuance by regular reports to the senior officers at Zonal Office and Shri J. M. Kharche, DDG (E) with Shri N. A. Khan, E-
th in-C, Shri O. K. Sharma, ADG (E) (NZ), Shri S. N. DGDD since 17 September, 2014 were forwarded Singh, DDG (E) DDK Delhi and Shri D. Ramakhrishna, using WHATSAPP.DDG (E) DD News, the clearance for a 4 hours (3PM to 7PM) uplinking of programme & news on the Srinagar
thcarrier from this Kendra was finally obtained on 15
Cleaning jobs were at the highest ebb in the Kendra. October, 2014 and the telecast was started from the same Simultaneously the staff members were also managing day.the routine recording and telecast. The interim earth
ststation was setup on the 1 floor of the office block by A team deputed by the Zonal Office, New Delhi set up shifting the officers occupying rooms, removing the the playback facility in the interim earth station as well partitions, providing new flooring, installation of as installed the HPAs diverted from another Kendra equipment dismantled from the old flyaway DSNG, thereby establishing a 1+1 uplink chain. A diverted UPS routing wave guides and cables, fixing distribution was also installed and pressed into circuit. With this boards etc. Since the existing make shift studio was arrangement in place, the Kendra was prepared to uplink inadequate to meet the increasing recordings, a new
thmake shift studio for recording of programme and news the 24 hours DD Kashir from here. On 17 November,
rd 2014 the carrier from Delhi was shifted to Srinagar and was setup on the 3 floor of the RNU building by making the regional service continued to be uplinked from the it acoustically worthy using HDPE, quilts and curtains. Kendra thereafter.On confirmation of technical readiness conveyed by
Make-shift Studio, Interim Earth Station and restoration of Regional Service from DDK campus:-
24 Hours Regional service restored:-
About The Authors
Sh. W. B. Prasad, a 1994 Batch IBES Officer has completed his B.E. from REC, Durgapur and his PG in Business Management from IIM, Calcutta. He joined Doordarshan in June 1996, served at Kargil from August, 2002 to October, 2003 as Station Engineer and at Doordarshan Directorate from November'2003 to June, 2014 as Dy. Director Engineering. He has vast experience in managing & monitoring the performance of studios & terrestrial transmitters, human resource management, budget planning and expenditure management, preparation of Plan Capital proposals, EFC Memorandums, Expenditure sanctions of technical as well as CCW estimates etc. He has also worked as Dy. Director (Administration) in various sections of administration as well as finance in Doordarshan Directorate from December, 2011 to June, 2014. At present he is posted at DDK Srinagar.
Sh. OP Rajpurohit is working with Doordarshan since 1987. He has been very actively serving the Broadcast Engineering Society (India) as Hon. Secretary of its Rajasthan Chapter for the past 6 consecutive terms. Currently, he is the Vice President of Broadcast Engineering Society (India), Chairman of Local chapters Coordination Committee BES (India), General Secretary of “United Engineers Council, Rajasthan”, General Secretary of Rajpurohit Seva Sansthan, Rajasthan and JOINT SECRETARY of Confederation of Central Government employees, Rajasthan.
He has been honoured with SAMAJ RATNA (All India Level) award in December 2001 by I R Shiksha and Seva Trust and as an OUTSTANDING ENGINEER in Rajasthan by the United Engineers Council, Rajasthan on the occasion of Engineers Day-2009. He was also honoured
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
3736
38
Mr. Animesh Chakarborty is an IBES officer of 1979 batch, who took over the charge of Engineer-in-Chief All India Radio (Technical head of India';s Public Service Radio Network) w.e.f. 01.10.2014. A Kolkata University Alumni, Mr. Animesh Chakarborty has an experience of over 33 years of serving at various field offices and zonal headquarters like zonal office Kolkata, zonal office Guwahati, zonal office Mumbai, All India Radio Chhatarpur, All India Radio Naogaon, Super Power Transmitter AIR Chinsura and All India Radio Kolkata in various capacities. He is also a recipient of Akashvani Annual Award for three times for his contribution/Technical Excellence in projects and maintenance. Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, BES Review Editorial Member interviewed Mr. Animesh on the challenges for Radio and AIR';s plans, which is placed below....
Q.-1. Congratulations sir for taking charge of E-in-C of All India Radio, the largest broadcasting organization in the world. Sir, everybody is eagerly waiting to know the future plans of AIR especially related to FM Radio Expansion?
thAns. Thank you, in the 12 plan we are going to enlighten us about future of MW broadcasting?install FM transmitter in each and every LP TV and HP TV. Ans. Wait for another six month. When all the 27
DRM transmitters will be commissioned. I am Q.-2. Since all the advanced countries are adopting sure MW will bounce back.
digital broadcasting standards in MW as well in FM, What standard our country is going to Q.-4. As we all Know that India has adopted digital adopt for digital FM terrestrial broadcasting in radio Mondale i.e. DRM standard for MW future? broadcasting in digital domain. What is the
planning of our organization for expansion of Ans. Properly we shall go for DRM+. DRM transmitters?
Q.-3. Nowadays listening of MW Radio is falling thAns. In the 12 plan we are keeping further DRM down due to difficulty in tuning and non-
expansion on hold, we shall go for more FM.availability of receiver, Will you please
We are going to install FM transmitterin each and every LP TV and HP TV Interview with Animesh Chakraborty, Engineer-in-Chief, All India Radio
By: Meenakshi singhvi
October'14 - December’14
39
Q.-5. Sir, it is also being learnt that receivers are not available in the market for receiving DRM signals. How long it will take that these receivers be available in the market at affordable rates?
Ans. Cost of receivers will surely come down within one or two years.
Q.-6. Sir, one important fact our readers would like to know whether these DRM signals will be available moving Car on not?
Ans. It is available.
Q.-7. In this age of smart phones, what is or strategy to explore the potion for making DRM signals available on mobile phone as the youth population is more keen to listen radio on mobile.
Ans. Yes, we are serious about it.
Q.-8. All India Radio originates programming in 23 languages and 146 dialects. Internet Radio can play a key role to cater listener worldwide. What is our future plan to have all AIR radio channels on internet media?
Ans. Very soon all the DTH Channels of AIR will be available on internet also.
Q.-9. Sir, social media is playing s vital role for taking feedback of audience and to popularize our programmers. Is there and proposal of Akashvani to increase the interactivity from listeners through social media platform?
Ans. We are entering social media speedily.
Q.-10. Technology is changing very fast, what is the Q.-12. What message would you like to give to all approach of our organization to abreast the readers and staff members who are working in technical manpower with these latest different parts of the country at distant places?technological changes?
Ans. We are on the same boat brother.Ans. We are revamping our Staff Training Institutes.
Q.-13. Sir lastly, May I know your opinion about how Q.-11. What is the planning of our organization for Broadcast Engineering society, BES can plans its
induction of fresh blood in the system, which we activities to play and added role in broadcasting?all are feeling shortage of?
Ans. BES is doing very well. I expect it will play a Ans. Very soon we are going to recruit more than 1000 vital role in the present scenario.
EAs who are all Engineering Graduates.
BES
is doing
very well.
I expect
it will play
a vital role
in the
present
scenario.
October'14 - December’14
38
Mr. Animesh Chakarborty is an IBES officer of 1979 batch, who took over the charge of Engineer-in-Chief All India Radio (Technical head of India';s Public Service Radio Network) w.e.f. 01.10.2014. A Kolkata University Alumni, Mr. Animesh Chakarborty has an experience of over 33 years of serving at various field offices and zonal headquarters like zonal office Kolkata, zonal office Guwahati, zonal office Mumbai, All India Radio Chhatarpur, All India Radio Naogaon, Super Power Transmitter AIR Chinsura and All India Radio Kolkata in various capacities. He is also a recipient of Akashvani Annual Award for three times for his contribution/Technical Excellence in projects and maintenance. Ms. Meenakshi Singhvi, BES Review Editorial Member interviewed Mr. Animesh on the challenges for Radio and AIR';s plans, which is placed below....
Q.-1. Congratulations sir for taking charge of E-in-C of All India Radio, the largest broadcasting organization in the world. Sir, everybody is eagerly waiting to know the future plans of AIR especially related to FM Radio Expansion?
thAns. Thank you, in the 12 plan we are going to enlighten us about future of MW broadcasting?install FM transmitter in each and every LP TV and HP TV. Ans. Wait for another six month. When all the 27
DRM transmitters will be commissioned. I am Q.-2. Since all the advanced countries are adopting sure MW will bounce back.
digital broadcasting standards in MW as well in FM, What standard our country is going to Q.-4. As we all Know that India has adopted digital adopt for digital FM terrestrial broadcasting in radio Mondale i.e. DRM standard for MW future? broadcasting in digital domain. What is the
planning of our organization for expansion of Ans. Properly we shall go for DRM+. DRM transmitters?
Q.-3. Nowadays listening of MW Radio is falling thAns. In the 12 plan we are keeping further DRM down due to difficulty in tuning and non-
expansion on hold, we shall go for more FM.availability of receiver, Will you please
We are going to install FM transmitterin each and every LP TV and HP TV Interview with Animesh Chakraborty, Engineer-in-Chief, All India Radio
By: Meenakshi singhvi
October'14 - December’14
39
Q.-5. Sir, it is also being learnt that receivers are not available in the market for receiving DRM signals. How long it will take that these receivers be available in the market at affordable rates?
Ans. Cost of receivers will surely come down within one or two years.
Q.-6. Sir, one important fact our readers would like to know whether these DRM signals will be available moving Car on not?
Ans. It is available.
Q.-7. In this age of smart phones, what is or strategy to explore the potion for making DRM signals available on mobile phone as the youth population is more keen to listen radio on mobile.
Ans. Yes, we are serious about it.
Q.-8. All India Radio originates programming in 23 languages and 146 dialects. Internet Radio can play a key role to cater listener worldwide. What is our future plan to have all AIR radio channels on internet media?
Ans. Very soon all the DTH Channels of AIR will be available on internet also.
Q.-9. Sir, social media is playing s vital role for taking feedback of audience and to popularize our programmers. Is there and proposal of Akashvani to increase the interactivity from listeners through social media platform?
Ans. We are entering social media speedily.
Q.-10. Technology is changing very fast, what is the Q.-12. What message would you like to give to all approach of our organization to abreast the readers and staff members who are working in technical manpower with these latest different parts of the country at distant places?technological changes?
Ans. We are on the same boat brother.Ans. We are revamping our Staff Training Institutes.
Q.-13. Sir lastly, May I know your opinion about how Q.-11. What is the planning of our organization for Broadcast Engineering society, BES can plans its
induction of fresh blood in the system, which we activities to play and added role in broadcasting?all are feeling shortage of?
Ans. BES is doing very well. I expect it will play a Ans. Very soon we are going to recruit more than 1000 vital role in the present scenario.
EAs who are all Engineering Graduates.
BES
is doing
very well.
I expect
it will play
a vital role
in the
present
scenario.
October'14 - December’14
From the expression of the skin depth and the field all other planar transmission lines it is effective expressions, it is possible to show that the conducting dielectric constant. This makes design easier. Low cost, wires are of no use at microwave frequencies and small size and weight, conformability, improved waveguides become transmission media. From the reliability and reproducibility, multi octave dominant mode definition, one can see that waveguides performance and circuit design flexibility and also are of no use beyond certain frequencies and under multifunction performance on a chip are the major certain conditions. Here comes Microwave Integrated features of planar transmission lines.Circuit (MIC) where planar transmission lines (transmission lines that consist of conducting strips printed on surfaces of the transmission lines'substrates) form the backbones of it. The progress of MICs would not have been possible but for the advances of planar transmission lines.To completely characterize the behavior of transmission lines for RF and Microwave designs, it is enough if few necessary properties of them are known. To know the properties of each transmission line, it is sufficient to know which mode is supported by each transmission line which will then facilitate expanding the characteristic properties. A planar configuration implies that the characteristics of the element can be determined by the dimensions in a single plane.
The write up is an attempt to over view various planar transmission lines and their variants along with the salient properties.
From the equation for the sending end impedance
First in the planar transmission line family is strip line Z = Z (Z coshγl + Z sinhγl) / (Z coshγl + Z sinhγl) s o R o o R
which is homogeneous and has TEM mode as the it is possible to show the miracles of 'transmission line dominant mode of propagation. Robert M. Barrett in LENGTH and LENGTH only' in obtaining various 1949, while trying to devise a new method of feeding a microwave components, systems, antennas, matching microwave antenna, occurred to him that “flat strip” transformers, transmission line parameters. A shorted coaxial lines could be employed to carry signals from small (less than quarter wave length) transmission line point to point, but also be used to make all types of acts as an inductor, while that of an open acts as a microwave components. Merger of”flat strip” form of capacitor. Using stepped Impedance method also the coaxial line to the art of “printed circuits” has Inductor and Capacitor can be realized. This concept resulted in “microwave printed circuit” (MPC) or “Strip will felicitate all M.I.C.filter elements, Amplifiers Line”. Homogeneous Strip transmission line basic (input and output matching networks and structure consists of a flat strip conductor situated Oscillators(matching networks) design.While the symmetrically between two large ground planes first design relations remain constant, the effective dielectric proposed by Barret(1951) has TEM mode as the constant alone varies with various transmission line. dominant mode of propagation. The suspended While it is relative dielectric constant for stripline, for stripline, the most useful variant of the stripline
Stripline and its variants
(inhomogeneous transmission line), has the effective of achievable impedances; the air dielectric is dielectric constant close to that of air.Edge coupled essentially lossless and dominates the dispersion suspended substrate lines has lower loss and less characteristics. Suspended microstrip line is used for sensitivity to physical dimensions than an equivalent precision low loss lines; it allows a wider range of microstrip or stripline. Shielded strip line corrects for achievable impedances and reduced dispersion. the effect of side walls at a finite distance. Suspended Microstrip, which incorporates an air gap
between the substrate and the ground plane permits larger circuit dimensions, leading to less stringent
Microstripline proposed by D,.D.Greig and mechanical tolerances and increased accuracy of circuit H.F.Englemann (1952) is an inhomogeneous structure fabrication as compared with microstrip.and Quasi TEM mode is the dominant mode of propagation. The birth of Microstrip technology can be accredited to the following three classic papers. Third in the family of planar transmission lines is Slot December 1952 Proceedings of the IRE, “Microstrip-A Line .Slot line proposed by Seymour B. Cohn in 1968 New Transmission Technique for the Kilomegacycle consists of a narrow gap in a conductive coating on one Range” written by D.D.Greig and H.Engelmann. side of a dielectric substrate, the other side of the Assadourian and Rimai paper, “Simplified Theory of substrate being bare. Slot line proposed by S.B.Cohn Microstrip Transmission System.” J.A.Kostriza's paper (1969) is complementary to the microstrip on Microwave Components. The 1960's were a period structurally.Non TEM mode is the mode of of rapid growth for MIC activity. Inverted Microstrip, proagtion.While the characteristic Impedance decreases suspended microstrip, microstrip with overlay are few with the increase in microstrip width, the characteristic of the variants of microstripline. Coupled asymmetric Impedance width increases with increase in Slot width. microstrip lines on a ferrite substrate structures are of Compared with microstrip and stripline, the Q factor of interest in the design of several gyromagnetic device Slot line less around 100. Shunt mounting is easier in applications. Broadside coupled microstrip line is Slotline whereas series connection is easier in useful for tight coupling directional couplers and Microstripline. The characteristic Impedance varies differential transmission of signals. Three coupled considerably with frequency in Slot line, where as in microstrip lines have the potential to reduce space over microstrip, it exhibits only a very small variation with two-line couplers where the signal is to be split into frequency. The effective dielectric constant of the three paths. This structure has five mode Slotline is lower than that for the microstrip line for the impedances.Microstrip line to stripline aperture coupler same substrate. Coupled slot lines are strongly related to allows one to couple between layers of a multilayer the coplanar waveguide structure and the slot line structure. This is useful when a small amount of signal structure. For very wider center conductor or loose coupled to another layer is needed Embedded coupling between the slots, the structure becomes two microstrip, microstrip with overlay. Microstrip with uncoupled slotlines or CPW.hole, inverted microstrip, suspended microstrip and shielded microstrip are other variants of mictostrip line. Embedded or buried microstrip line buries surface The coplanar waveguide, proposed by C.P.Wen in 1969 imperfections remaining after processing. is essentially a coupled slotline,having hybrid mode of
propagation , the magnetic field in the slots at the air-Non homogenous dielectric embedded microstrip line
dielectric interface is elliptically polarized. Whose results when a microstrip line is covered with solder
property is useful in the design of non receiprocal ferrite mask. Shielded microstrip line lowers ε and z and eff 0 devices. Both shunt and series connections of active and creates resonances. passive devices. It eliminates the need for wraparound
and via holes. The characteristic impedance is Edge compensated microstrip line (ECM line) corrects determined by the ratio of a/b, so size reduction is the effects of a shielded microstrip line near a dielectric possible without limit. The characteristic Impedance is truncation. Impedance of a microstrip line of a given set relatively independent of the thickness of the dielectric of dimensions is lowered by the presence of a cover at a substrate. Micro- coplanar strip line or Non symmetrical finite distance. Inverted microstrip line structures are CPW have unequal gaps Grounded CPW with ground: used for precision low loss lines; it allows a wider range
Microstripline and its variants
Slotline and its variants
Coplanar waveguide and its variants
Planar Transmission Lines-An Overview
Dr. S. Raghavan
October'14 - December’14
40 41October'14 - December’14
From the expression of the skin depth and the field all other planar transmission lines it is effective expressions, it is possible to show that the conducting dielectric constant. This makes design easier. Low cost, wires are of no use at microwave frequencies and small size and weight, conformability, improved waveguides become transmission media. From the reliability and reproducibility, multi octave dominant mode definition, one can see that waveguides performance and circuit design flexibility and also are of no use beyond certain frequencies and under multifunction performance on a chip are the major certain conditions. Here comes Microwave Integrated features of planar transmission lines.Circuit (MIC) where planar transmission lines (transmission lines that consist of conducting strips printed on surfaces of the transmission lines'substrates) form the backbones of it. The progress of MICs would not have been possible but for the advances of planar transmission lines.To completely characterize the behavior of transmission lines for RF and Microwave designs, it is enough if few necessary properties of them are known. To know the properties of each transmission line, it is sufficient to know which mode is supported by each transmission line which will then facilitate expanding the characteristic properties. A planar configuration implies that the characteristics of the element can be determined by the dimensions in a single plane.
The write up is an attempt to over view various planar transmission lines and their variants along with the salient properties.
From the equation for the sending end impedance
First in the planar transmission line family is strip line Z = Z (Z coshγl + Z sinhγl) / (Z coshγl + Z sinhγl) s o R o o R
which is homogeneous and has TEM mode as the it is possible to show the miracles of 'transmission line dominant mode of propagation. Robert M. Barrett in LENGTH and LENGTH only' in obtaining various 1949, while trying to devise a new method of feeding a microwave components, systems, antennas, matching microwave antenna, occurred to him that “flat strip” transformers, transmission line parameters. A shorted coaxial lines could be employed to carry signals from small (less than quarter wave length) transmission line point to point, but also be used to make all types of acts as an inductor, while that of an open acts as a microwave components. Merger of”flat strip” form of capacitor. Using stepped Impedance method also the coaxial line to the art of “printed circuits” has Inductor and Capacitor can be realized. This concept resulted in “microwave printed circuit” (MPC) or “Strip will felicitate all M.I.C.filter elements, Amplifiers Line”. Homogeneous Strip transmission line basic (input and output matching networks and structure consists of a flat strip conductor situated Oscillators(matching networks) design.While the symmetrically between two large ground planes first design relations remain constant, the effective dielectric proposed by Barret(1951) has TEM mode as the constant alone varies with various transmission line. dominant mode of propagation. The suspended While it is relative dielectric constant for stripline, for stripline, the most useful variant of the stripline
Stripline and its variants
(inhomogeneous transmission line), has the effective of achievable impedances; the air dielectric is dielectric constant close to that of air.Edge coupled essentially lossless and dominates the dispersion suspended substrate lines has lower loss and less characteristics. Suspended microstrip line is used for sensitivity to physical dimensions than an equivalent precision low loss lines; it allows a wider range of microstrip or stripline. Shielded strip line corrects for achievable impedances and reduced dispersion. the effect of side walls at a finite distance. Suspended Microstrip, which incorporates an air gap
between the substrate and the ground plane permits larger circuit dimensions, leading to less stringent
Microstripline proposed by D,.D.Greig and mechanical tolerances and increased accuracy of circuit H.F.Englemann (1952) is an inhomogeneous structure fabrication as compared with microstrip.and Quasi TEM mode is the dominant mode of propagation. The birth of Microstrip technology can be accredited to the following three classic papers. Third in the family of planar transmission lines is Slot December 1952 Proceedings of the IRE, “Microstrip-A Line .Slot line proposed by Seymour B. Cohn in 1968 New Transmission Technique for the Kilomegacycle consists of a narrow gap in a conductive coating on one Range” written by D.D.Greig and H.Engelmann. side of a dielectric substrate, the other side of the Assadourian and Rimai paper, “Simplified Theory of substrate being bare. Slot line proposed by S.B.Cohn Microstrip Transmission System.” J.A.Kostriza's paper (1969) is complementary to the microstrip on Microwave Components. The 1960's were a period structurally.Non TEM mode is the mode of of rapid growth for MIC activity. Inverted Microstrip, proagtion.While the characteristic Impedance decreases suspended microstrip, microstrip with overlay are few with the increase in microstrip width, the characteristic of the variants of microstripline. Coupled asymmetric Impedance width increases with increase in Slot width. microstrip lines on a ferrite substrate structures are of Compared with microstrip and stripline, the Q factor of interest in the design of several gyromagnetic device Slot line less around 100. Shunt mounting is easier in applications. Broadside coupled microstrip line is Slotline whereas series connection is easier in useful for tight coupling directional couplers and Microstripline. The characteristic Impedance varies differential transmission of signals. Three coupled considerably with frequency in Slot line, where as in microstrip lines have the potential to reduce space over microstrip, it exhibits only a very small variation with two-line couplers where the signal is to be split into frequency. The effective dielectric constant of the three paths. This structure has five mode Slotline is lower than that for the microstrip line for the impedances.Microstrip line to stripline aperture coupler same substrate. Coupled slot lines are strongly related to allows one to couple between layers of a multilayer the coplanar waveguide structure and the slot line structure. This is useful when a small amount of signal structure. For very wider center conductor or loose coupled to another layer is needed Embedded coupling between the slots, the structure becomes two microstrip, microstrip with overlay. Microstrip with uncoupled slotlines or CPW.hole, inverted microstrip, suspended microstrip and shielded microstrip are other variants of mictostrip line. Embedded or buried microstrip line buries surface The coplanar waveguide, proposed by C.P.Wen in 1969 imperfections remaining after processing. is essentially a coupled slotline,having hybrid mode of
propagation , the magnetic field in the slots at the air-Non homogenous dielectric embedded microstrip line
dielectric interface is elliptically polarized. Whose results when a microstrip line is covered with solder
property is useful in the design of non receiprocal ferrite mask. Shielded microstrip line lowers ε and z and eff 0 devices. Both shunt and series connections of active and creates resonances. passive devices. It eliminates the need for wraparound
and via holes. The characteristic impedance is Edge compensated microstrip line (ECM line) corrects determined by the ratio of a/b, so size reduction is the effects of a shielded microstrip line near a dielectric possible without limit. The characteristic Impedance is truncation. Impedance of a microstrip line of a given set relatively independent of the thickness of the dielectric of dimensions is lowered by the presence of a cover at a substrate. Micro- coplanar strip line or Non symmetrical finite distance. Inverted microstrip line structures are CPW have unequal gaps Grounded CPW with ground: used for precision low loss lines; it allows a wider range
Microstripline and its variants
Slotline and its variants
Coplanar waveguide and its variants
Planar Transmission Lines-An Overview
Dr. S. Raghavan
October'14 - December’14
40 41October'14 - December’14
44
About The Author
Dr. S. Raghavan is a Professor in Electronics and Communication Engineering
department, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli and has an experience of
more than thirty two years of teaching and research. He has won 'Best Teacher Award'
twice. He has to his credit 69 papers in International journals, 57 papers in IEEE xplore.
He is a Fellow in BES, IETE, IE , Senior Member in IEEE , CSI and in 18 more
professional societies.
Propagates in 3 modes namely microstrip, CPW and introduced in 1972 by Paul Meier is low loss coupled slotlines.Asymmetric CPW reduces the line performance, less stringent tolerance requirements, impedance of symmetric CPW. Broadside coupled compatibility with waveguides , and ease of E plane CPW which is of multiple dielectric configuration is integration with other forms of transmission lines has useful in integrated circuits. Edge coupled CPW has all been recognized as an important transmission medium of the advantages of the planarity of the coplanar for millimeter wave integrated circuits. Fin line is a structure together with an increased possible isolation suitable transmission medium for frequencies in the over microstrip line structures. range of 30 to 100 GHz.The guide wavelength is longer
than in a microstrip.It has low loss propagation. Useful for passive and active integrated circuits. Unilateral,
Coplanar strips, the complementary CPW is suitable for Bilateral, Insulated, Antipodal. Edge coupled unilateral, microwave monolithic integrated circuits. Like CPW , edge coupled bilateral, double dielectric bilateral (fins in CPS also series and shunt mounting of devices is facing side walls) and double dielectric bilateral (fins possible. The CPS is a balanced transmission line which facing each other) are few of the fin line variants.facilitates balanced mixers and feed network for printed dipole antennas. It offers much higher impedance ranges than that of microstrip line. Applications of Dielectric guides have low transmission loss at coplanar waveguides include MEMS based switches millimeter wave frequencies. Dielectric guides backed and Phase shifters, high-T superconducting by metallic ground planes are more practical for c
integrated circuit applications Dielectric integrated transmission lines, tunable devices using ferroelectric guides are useful in high mm wave frequencies where materials, photonic bandgap structures and printed fin lines pose fabricational difficulties because of circuit antennas. The lower ground plane of conductor increasingly stringent dimensional tolerances. Image backed coplanar waveguide provides mechanical guide, Insular image guide, Trapped image guide , strength and acts as a heat sink. Rectangular shaped Trapped insular image guide are the basic dielectric Microshielded line, V-shaped Microshielded line, integrated guides, Non-radiative dielectric guide, Non Circular shaped Microshielded line, Edge coupled –radiative insular dielectric guide are the insular coplanar waveguide without a lower ground plane, counterparts of image guide, /inverted strip dielectric Broadside coupled coplanar waveguide are the other guide, Cladded dielectric image guide, Hollow image variants of CPW. Coupled transmission lines have guide, Ridge dielectric guide are the variants of image applications like filters, directional couplers, guide and Integrated waveguide technologyinterdigital capacitors and planar spiral inductors.
A rectangular waveguide which behaves somewhat (not Paul Meir's Finline, was specifically useful for exactly) like a high pass filter is differing from most of integrated circuits using planar techniques in an E-plane the planar transmission lines in the sense it does not pass construction at millimeter wave techniques. FIN line DC.They are bulky, heavy, critical in dimensions and more expensive to manufacture . Coaxial components can be made smaller for a given wavelength than the waveguide equivalent, but usually require critical, and expensive to manufacture.
Static or Quasi approach and dynamic or full wave approach are the two methods of planar transmission line analysis. The first approach produces transmission line parameters for the TEM mode are valid only at DC and are frequency independent. The second approach can produce transmission line parameters not only for the TEM mode but also for hybrid modes whose
Coplanar Stripline and its variants
Dielectric Guide
Rectangular Waveguide (Non PLANAR Structure)FIN LINE and its variants
Conclusion
parameters are functions of frequency. To equalize the • Robert M. Barrett, “Microwave printed circuits- a odd mode and even mode phase velocities in coupled historical survey,” IRE Trans. Microw. Theory lines anisotropic substrates may be used in transmission Tech., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1-9, 1955.lines. Sapphire and pyrolytic boron nitride are two
• Harlan Howe, “Microwave integrated circuits- an popular anisotropic materials.
historical perspective,” IEEE Trans. Microw. To know the properties of a transmission line, it is Theory Tech., vol. MTT-32, no. 9, pp. 991-996, enough if one knows the mode supported by each 1984.transmission line. As seen, the Stripline supports TEM
• Seymour B. Cohn, “Problems in strip transmission mode, Microstrip line supports Quasi Tem mode. For
lines,” IRE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 3, no. Non TEM mode, Slot line is the best example. FIN line
2, pp. 119-126, 1955.supports Hybrid mode.
• Howe, H., Stripline Circuit Design, Artech House India's global achievements in space science are proven
(Dedham, Mass.), 1974one. In space satellite communications where size and weight are the constraints, the Planar Transmission lines • Rainee N.Simons, Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, play a very big role. Components, And Systems, 2001
• Cheng. P. Wen, “Coplanar waveguide, a surface 2005
strip transmission line suitable for nonreciprocal gyromagnetic device applications,” G-MTT • Brian C. Wadell, Transmission Line Design International Microwave Symposium, Dallas TX, Handbook, Artech House, Boston, 1991USA, IEEE, pp. 110-115, May 1969.
• Terry Edwards, Foundations for Microstrip Circuit • D. D. Grieg, and H. F. Engelmann, “Microstrip- A Design, John Wiley & sons, 1995
new transmission technique for the Kilomegacycle • Bharathi Bhat, Shiban K. Koul, Analysis, Design
range,” Proceedings of the IRE., vol. 40, no. 12, pp. And Applications of Fin lines, Artech house, 1987
1644-1650, 1952.
• Robert M. Barrett, “Microwave printed circuits- the early years,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 983-990, 1984.
References
October'14 - December’14
42 43October'14 - December’14
44
About The Author
Dr. S. Raghavan is a Professor in Electronics and Communication Engineering
department, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli and has an experience of
more than thirty two years of teaching and research. He has won 'Best Teacher Award'
twice. He has to his credit 69 papers in International journals, 57 papers in IEEE xplore.
He is a Fellow in BES, IETE, IE , Senior Member in IEEE , CSI and in 18 more
professional societies.
Propagates in 3 modes namely microstrip, CPW and introduced in 1972 by Paul Meier is low loss coupled slotlines.Asymmetric CPW reduces the line performance, less stringent tolerance requirements, impedance of symmetric CPW. Broadside coupled compatibility with waveguides , and ease of E plane CPW which is of multiple dielectric configuration is integration with other forms of transmission lines has useful in integrated circuits. Edge coupled CPW has all been recognized as an important transmission medium of the advantages of the planarity of the coplanar for millimeter wave integrated circuits. Fin line is a structure together with an increased possible isolation suitable transmission medium for frequencies in the over microstrip line structures. range of 30 to 100 GHz.The guide wavelength is longer
than in a microstrip.It has low loss propagation. Useful for passive and active integrated circuits. Unilateral,
Coplanar strips, the complementary CPW is suitable for Bilateral, Insulated, Antipodal. Edge coupled unilateral, microwave monolithic integrated circuits. Like CPW , edge coupled bilateral, double dielectric bilateral (fins in CPS also series and shunt mounting of devices is facing side walls) and double dielectric bilateral (fins possible. The CPS is a balanced transmission line which facing each other) are few of the fin line variants.facilitates balanced mixers and feed network for printed dipole antennas. It offers much higher impedance ranges than that of microstrip line. Applications of Dielectric guides have low transmission loss at coplanar waveguides include MEMS based switches millimeter wave frequencies. Dielectric guides backed and Phase shifters, high-T superconducting by metallic ground planes are more practical for c
integrated circuit applications Dielectric integrated transmission lines, tunable devices using ferroelectric guides are useful in high mm wave frequencies where materials, photonic bandgap structures and printed fin lines pose fabricational difficulties because of circuit antennas. The lower ground plane of conductor increasingly stringent dimensional tolerances. Image backed coplanar waveguide provides mechanical guide, Insular image guide, Trapped image guide , strength and acts as a heat sink. Rectangular shaped Trapped insular image guide are the basic dielectric Microshielded line, V-shaped Microshielded line, integrated guides, Non-radiative dielectric guide, Non Circular shaped Microshielded line, Edge coupled –radiative insular dielectric guide are the insular coplanar waveguide without a lower ground plane, counterparts of image guide, /inverted strip dielectric Broadside coupled coplanar waveguide are the other guide, Cladded dielectric image guide, Hollow image variants of CPW. Coupled transmission lines have guide, Ridge dielectric guide are the variants of image applications like filters, directional couplers, guide and Integrated waveguide technologyinterdigital capacitors and planar spiral inductors.
A rectangular waveguide which behaves somewhat (not Paul Meir's Finline, was specifically useful for exactly) like a high pass filter is differing from most of integrated circuits using planar techniques in an E-plane the planar transmission lines in the sense it does not pass construction at millimeter wave techniques. FIN line DC.They are bulky, heavy, critical in dimensions and more expensive to manufacture . Coaxial components can be made smaller for a given wavelength than the waveguide equivalent, but usually require critical, and expensive to manufacture.
Static or Quasi approach and dynamic or full wave approach are the two methods of planar transmission line analysis. The first approach produces transmission line parameters for the TEM mode are valid only at DC and are frequency independent. The second approach can produce transmission line parameters not only for the TEM mode but also for hybrid modes whose
Coplanar Stripline and its variants
Dielectric Guide
Rectangular Waveguide (Non PLANAR Structure)FIN LINE and its variants
Conclusion
parameters are functions of frequency. To equalize the • Robert M. Barrett, “Microwave printed circuits- a odd mode and even mode phase velocities in coupled historical survey,” IRE Trans. Microw. Theory lines anisotropic substrates may be used in transmission Tech., vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1-9, 1955.lines. Sapphire and pyrolytic boron nitride are two
• Harlan Howe, “Microwave integrated circuits- an popular anisotropic materials.
historical perspective,” IEEE Trans. Microw. To know the properties of a transmission line, it is Theory Tech., vol. MTT-32, no. 9, pp. 991-996, enough if one knows the mode supported by each 1984.transmission line. As seen, the Stripline supports TEM
• Seymour B. Cohn, “Problems in strip transmission mode, Microstrip line supports Quasi Tem mode. For
lines,” IRE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 3, no. Non TEM mode, Slot line is the best example. FIN line
2, pp. 119-126, 1955.supports Hybrid mode.
• Howe, H., Stripline Circuit Design, Artech House India's global achievements in space science are proven
(Dedham, Mass.), 1974one. In space satellite communications where size and weight are the constraints, the Planar Transmission lines • Rainee N.Simons, Coplanar Waveguide Circuits, play a very big role. Components, And Systems, 2001
• Cheng. P. Wen, “Coplanar waveguide, a surface 2005
strip transmission line suitable for nonreciprocal gyromagnetic device applications,” G-MTT • Brian C. Wadell, Transmission Line Design International Microwave Symposium, Dallas TX, Handbook, Artech House, Boston, 1991USA, IEEE, pp. 110-115, May 1969.
• Terry Edwards, Foundations for Microstrip Circuit • D. D. Grieg, and H. F. Engelmann, “Microstrip- A Design, John Wiley & sons, 1995
new transmission technique for the Kilomegacycle • Bharathi Bhat, Shiban K. Koul, Analysis, Design
range,” Proceedings of the IRE., vol. 40, no. 12, pp. And Applications of Fin lines, Artech house, 1987
1644-1650, 1952.
• Robert M. Barrett, “Microwave printed circuits- the early years,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 983-990, 1984.
References
October'14 - December’14
42 43October'14 - December’14
M. S. Duhan
44 45
Introduction:
Challenges and Experiences in procurement and Installations:-
i). Demonstration of Transmitter System:
such constitutes a tremendous leap forward in image quality by providing up to five times higher resolution
After finalization of DVB-T standard for digital than standard analogue TV. However the bigger issue is terrestrial broadcasting in the Country on the optimum utilisation of the capacity of these recommendation of an expert committee, a Pilot Project Transmitters with attractive business model.on DTT was initiated by Doordarshan in 2001. DVB-T transmitters of 5 kW Average Power each were installed at Metro cities namely, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai in the beginning of the year 2002. This project
This was the first time for the procurement of DVB T2 was primarily to gain experience in the field of digital Transmitters, so all care and essential checks were terrestrial transmission technology. Delhi transmitter taken in procurement, installation and testing of the was later enabled to receive 16 channels on mobiles Transmitter system. Some of observations and using DVB-H technology at Delhi. It was a successful
nd experiences are as below:technology demonstrator. As the 2 generation DVB T2 Standard has about 50% more capacity than its first generation DVB T , so India decided to establish DVB T2 Transmitters at these Metro Cities to provide HDTV The demonstration of DVB T2 Transmitters and Programme services. Further upgradation of DVB compression chain was one of the steps in evaluation of Standard ETSI EN 302 755 V1.3.1 (T2-Lite) has t h e T e n d e r f o r provided more flexibility for Mobile TV and T2 Radio procurements of the alongwith transmission of HDTV programmes and equipments. To check the these transmitters are being upgraded with T2 Lite performance of the software and T2MI Gateway. New TV technology will Transmi t t e r s u s ing make pictures look more like real-life by offering us various RF Profiles more light levels. The High Dynamic Range (HDR) Tr a n s m i t t e r s w e r e feature is one of the ways in which UHDTV can subjected to rigorous drastically increase picture quality. But as on now testing after 24 Hours of HDTV is the best feature in TV as it offers the burning Test on full experience comparable to that of a cinema screen and as power. The various
reference streams used for the verification and the validation of the DVB-T2 specification were used to ensure that the specification is unambiguous. The methods were developed by the verification and validation (V&V) group of DVB TM-T2. The performance tests were checked using measuring equipments like Demodulator, Signal Analyzer, Spectrum analyzer, Network Analyzer, STB, iDTV, Stream Analyzer, Dummy Load etc. Fig. 1 Shows the result of constellation, MER etc. Further processing for procurement was carried out on the successful equipments. Factory acceptance testing was carried at Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM's) premises also. The test set up is shown in Fig. 2.
The TV tower consists of a RCC tapered conical structure having base diameter of 15.514 m and tapering to 6.5 m at 144 m, and from 144.0 to 167.06 m height, the diameter is constant at 6.5 m with a spherical dome. From 167.06 m to 235.0 m, it is steel lattice, square cross section. The various antennas mounted on this tower are below:-
• UHF, band IV-V TV at top of tower i.e.235.0 m (New)
• Band III, TV antenna from 217.5 m to 235 m All Transmitters are in UHF Band IV. New Antennas (Existing)have been procured and these were to be mounted on top
of the tower. This required strengthening of Towers after • Band II, FM antenna from 198.5 m to 213.7 m
their load analysis and modeling and considering the (Existing)
updated wind Zone of city concerned. Towers were modeled using SAP14 software. The modified designs • Band I, Vacant of towers for their strengthening were approved by
• Grid parabolic dish antennas and other are at RCC Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Extra tower platform at 167.06 m (Existing) members were added in the tower and thickness of some
members was increased. New interface (adopt The other accessories on this tower includes:structure) between tower top and base of DTT Antenna
was installed. Vertical Gap of atleast10000 mm was kept • Lift inside the RCC Towerbetween Band III and Band IV Antenna Panels. Panels of existing Band III Antenna on one face had to be • Platform at 197.4 m and 213.7 m removed for mounting of derricks on the tower.
• Ladder at inside face from 167.06 to 213.7 m Derricks, pulleys and manpower were used to haul up the antenna at all these locations. 20kW Antenna • Cable rack inside the RCC tower and at inside face alongwith 5” Dia RF feeder cable were installed from 167.06 m to 235 malongwith support structure on top of towers. Fig. 3&4 show antenna mounting process.
iii). Case Study for Delhi Tower:
ii). Tower Strengthening:
Implementation of HDTV DVB T2Transmitters at Metro Cities in India
Abstract : A scheme for installation of 4 Nos. of HDTV DVB T2 Transmitters was approved for Metro Cities in India at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata in 2010. India has experimented with DVB-T Transmitters in these cities and this experiment promoted to adopt DVB T2 Technology due to its higher capacity and robustness. These Cities have high population density and people will have alternative platform for viewing HD Services. This paper explains the various challenges and observations during the installations and testing of these services. The signal analysis for DVB T, DVB T2, DVB H and DVB T2 lite is also included in this chapter to give the insight of various technologies and their accrued benefits to the people. The need of SFN using gap fillers was also felt and challenges in new area of planning and implementation are to be addressed. Training to staff is the essence for success of new technology and as such provision was made for it. It is to be seen how best these signals become the favorite among the billions of people in their coverage area albeit technological migration from DVB T to DVB T2 has been established.
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
M. S. Duhan
44 45
Introduction:
Challenges and Experiences in procurement and Installations:-
i). Demonstration of Transmitter System:
such constitutes a tremendous leap forward in image quality by providing up to five times higher resolution
After finalization of DVB-T standard for digital than standard analogue TV. However the bigger issue is terrestrial broadcasting in the Country on the optimum utilisation of the capacity of these recommendation of an expert committee, a Pilot Project Transmitters with attractive business model.on DTT was initiated by Doordarshan in 2001. DVB-T transmitters of 5 kW Average Power each were installed at Metro cities namely, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai in the beginning of the year 2002. This project
This was the first time for the procurement of DVB T2 was primarily to gain experience in the field of digital Transmitters, so all care and essential checks were terrestrial transmission technology. Delhi transmitter taken in procurement, installation and testing of the was later enabled to receive 16 channels on mobiles Transmitter system. Some of observations and using DVB-H technology at Delhi. It was a successful
nd experiences are as below:technology demonstrator. As the 2 generation DVB T2 Standard has about 50% more capacity than its first generation DVB T , so India decided to establish DVB T2 Transmitters at these Metro Cities to provide HDTV The demonstration of DVB T2 Transmitters and Programme services. Further upgradation of DVB compression chain was one of the steps in evaluation of Standard ETSI EN 302 755 V1.3.1 (T2-Lite) has t h e T e n d e r f o r provided more flexibility for Mobile TV and T2 Radio procurements of the alongwith transmission of HDTV programmes and equipments. To check the these transmitters are being upgraded with T2 Lite performance of the software and T2MI Gateway. New TV technology will Transmi t t e r s u s ing make pictures look more like real-life by offering us various RF Profiles more light levels. The High Dynamic Range (HDR) Tr a n s m i t t e r s w e r e feature is one of the ways in which UHDTV can subjected to rigorous drastically increase picture quality. But as on now testing after 24 Hours of HDTV is the best feature in TV as it offers the burning Test on full experience comparable to that of a cinema screen and as power. The various
reference streams used for the verification and the validation of the DVB-T2 specification were used to ensure that the specification is unambiguous. The methods were developed by the verification and validation (V&V) group of DVB TM-T2. The performance tests were checked using measuring equipments like Demodulator, Signal Analyzer, Spectrum analyzer, Network Analyzer, STB, iDTV, Stream Analyzer, Dummy Load etc. Fig. 1 Shows the result of constellation, MER etc. Further processing for procurement was carried out on the successful equipments. Factory acceptance testing was carried at Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM's) premises also. The test set up is shown in Fig. 2.
The TV tower consists of a RCC tapered conical structure having base diameter of 15.514 m and tapering to 6.5 m at 144 m, and from 144.0 to 167.06 m height, the diameter is constant at 6.5 m with a spherical dome. From 167.06 m to 235.0 m, it is steel lattice, square cross section. The various antennas mounted on this tower are below:-
• UHF, band IV-V TV at top of tower i.e.235.0 m (New)
• Band III, TV antenna from 217.5 m to 235 m All Transmitters are in UHF Band IV. New Antennas (Existing)have been procured and these were to be mounted on top
of the tower. This required strengthening of Towers after • Band II, FM antenna from 198.5 m to 213.7 m
their load analysis and modeling and considering the (Existing)
updated wind Zone of city concerned. Towers were modeled using SAP14 software. The modified designs • Band I, Vacant of towers for their strengthening were approved by
• Grid parabolic dish antennas and other are at RCC Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Extra tower platform at 167.06 m (Existing) members were added in the tower and thickness of some
members was increased. New interface (adopt The other accessories on this tower includes:structure) between tower top and base of DTT Antenna
was installed. Vertical Gap of atleast10000 mm was kept • Lift inside the RCC Towerbetween Band III and Band IV Antenna Panels. Panels of existing Band III Antenna on one face had to be • Platform at 197.4 m and 213.7 m removed for mounting of derricks on the tower.
• Ladder at inside face from 167.06 to 213.7 m Derricks, pulleys and manpower were used to haul up the antenna at all these locations. 20kW Antenna • Cable rack inside the RCC tower and at inside face alongwith 5” Dia RF feeder cable were installed from 167.06 m to 235 malongwith support structure on top of towers. Fig. 3&4 show antenna mounting process.
iii). Case Study for Delhi Tower:
ii). Tower Strengthening:
Implementation of HDTV DVB T2Transmitters at Metro Cities in India
Abstract : A scheme for installation of 4 Nos. of HDTV DVB T2 Transmitters was approved for Metro Cities in India at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Kolkata in 2010. India has experimented with DVB-T Transmitters in these cities and this experiment promoted to adopt DVB T2 Technology due to its higher capacity and robustness. These Cities have high population density and people will have alternative platform for viewing HD Services. This paper explains the various challenges and observations during the installations and testing of these services. The signal analysis for DVB T, DVB T2, DVB H and DVB T2 lite is also included in this chapter to give the insight of various technologies and their accrued benefits to the people. The need of SFN using gap fillers was also felt and challenges in new area of planning and implementation are to be addressed. Training to staff is the essence for success of new technology and as such provision was made for it. It is to be seen how best these signals become the favorite among the billions of people in their coverage area albeit technological migration from DVB T to DVB T2 has been established.
Fig. 2
Fig. 1
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
46 47
Design Considerations: It also shows the load carrying capacities in tension and compression for each member based on IS: 800-2007
• BASIC WIND SPEED = 47 m/s working stress method. Next comparison of the computed member forces was carried out with the • FACTOR K1 = 1.07member capacities. The ratio of computed member force and the corresponding member capacity is called • FACTOR K2 = varies with height as “Stress Ratio”. If this ratio is less than 1.0, then the and terrainmember is safe and no strengthening is required. If the
• FACTOR K3 = 1.0 in this case stress ratio is more than 1.0, it means that member capacity is less than the force it is required to carry.
At Delhi the 235 m high RCC-Steel Hence, it needs strengthening.
composite TV Tower was modeled using 3D finite element technique. It In the present case, the maximum stress ratio is less than was subjected to static wind – Case 1 - 0.34 in static diagonal case in the legs of panel 3. In parallel to two faces; and Case 2 - along panel 2, the stress ratio is still lesser. Hence, there is no the diagonal of the 4 legs of the tower. need to carry out any strengthening.
It was again analyzed for dynamic wind parallel to two faces; and - along the diagonal of the 4 legs of the tower.
Due to falling of some object on 5” RF Cable at Delhi, a Thus there are a total of 4 load cases: 2 static wind and 2 dent was created on it, which resulted in high reflection dynamic wind.in the Transmitter at one location. During night time the DTF in RF cable and antenna was checked and found
Earthquake forces are not important for such TV tower structures as they are very flexible. The earthquake force was computed and found to be very small as compared to the wind forces. Height Vs Displacement and Height Vs Wind Pressure are shown in Graph I and II respectively.
Table 1 shows the member forces obtained from the 3D computer model in various members under static wind.
iv). Repair of damaged RF Feeder Cable:
Fig. 5A&B
that a VSWR of 1.31 was observed at a distance of 134 and operating personnel. The A/C Current per phase is M distance. It was then physically checked and found about 50 A for the 6 kW DVB T2 Transmitter and dent in the cable. There were two options to repair the compression chain and associated equipments .defect. First was to add flange connectors by cutting the cable at this location and second was to remove the dent. The second option was tried using a Bench Voice The details in this regard is as below:mounted on flattened position and round clamps were inserted between cable and the jaws of Bench Voice. Network analyzer was connected at the start of cable and slowly the handle of the Voice was tightened with gradual steps. The reading of VSWR was continuously checked. It was observed that VSWR was improving with every movement of handle and compression of cable. The flattened part was approaching towards its original shape and the dent in cable was also reducing.
Finally it came nearly to its original position with the following results Training to staff is the essence for success of new
technology. Therefore two weeks training on DVB T2 Transmitter and Compression equipments was provided at Delhi and one day training was provided for operational staff at each of 4 Metro sites which was interactive and proved to be useful in understanding the technology and various configurations of the system. Three Seminars have been organized during past 3 years to educate and popularize the Engineers and Programme Staff about DVB T2 technology. These are
The new Transmitters have to be installed in the existing tabulated as below:Transmitter Hall, where analog transmitters were operating and un-interrupted transmission of these services was to be ensured. Some civil modification works had to be carried out in the Transmitter Hall and augmentation of Power Supply was carried out and installation of Equipments was smoothly carried out. Some shifting and relocation of existing equipments was also carried out. Only lower bay Panels of Band III TV Transmitters were used as interim measure as one panels of Upper Bay on one face were dismantled.
The prominent speakers in above includes Dr. Peter These TV Towers are being shared by various Siebert, Executive Director, DVB, Mr. Gerard Faria, Broadcasters like FM transmitters of All India Radio, CTO, Teamcast, Mr. M.S. Duhan, Deputy Director Indira Gandhi National Open University and Private General(E) , Doordarshan, Mr. Philip Laven, Chairman, FM Broadcasters besides Doordarshan's Analogue DVB Project, Mr. Ahmed Nadeem, Director, Technical Transmitters. So the working time was restricted to ABU ,Mr. Adrian Potter, Director, Communications night time from 0000 Hrs to 0600 Hrs for about 30 days Networks , Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Mr. and these services were switched off during above Sharad Sadhu, Director Technology, ABU, Mr. L. M. period to prevent against RF Hazards. Aliberti, RAI WAY, Sh. Jawhar Sircar, CEO, Prasar
The Transmitters are liquid cooled and about 2 kW heat Bharati, DG & Engineer -in- Chief , Doordarshan and is generated in Transmitter. So two additional Air- Senior Officers from Doordarshan and Prasar Bharati.conditioners (3 Ton Tower Type) were installed to meet
The participation from broadcast industry includes the cooling requirement of the additional equipments Media Broadcast , Enensys , ST Microelectronics, Sony,
vi). Transmitter Power, Frequency & Tower heights:
vii). Training & Seminars:
v). Installation Issues:
Fig. 6
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
46 47
Design Considerations: It also shows the load carrying capacities in tension and compression for each member based on IS: 800-2007
• BASIC WIND SPEED = 47 m/s working stress method. Next comparison of the computed member forces was carried out with the • FACTOR K1 = 1.07member capacities. The ratio of computed member force and the corresponding member capacity is called • FACTOR K2 = varies with height as “Stress Ratio”. If this ratio is less than 1.0, then the and terrainmember is safe and no strengthening is required. If the
• FACTOR K3 = 1.0 in this case stress ratio is more than 1.0, it means that member capacity is less than the force it is required to carry.
At Delhi the 235 m high RCC-Steel Hence, it needs strengthening.
composite TV Tower was modeled using 3D finite element technique. It In the present case, the maximum stress ratio is less than was subjected to static wind – Case 1 - 0.34 in static diagonal case in the legs of panel 3. In parallel to two faces; and Case 2 - along panel 2, the stress ratio is still lesser. Hence, there is no the diagonal of the 4 legs of the tower. need to carry out any strengthening.
It was again analyzed for dynamic wind parallel to two faces; and - along the diagonal of the 4 legs of the tower.
Due to falling of some object on 5” RF Cable at Delhi, a Thus there are a total of 4 load cases: 2 static wind and 2 dent was created on it, which resulted in high reflection dynamic wind.in the Transmitter at one location. During night time the DTF in RF cable and antenna was checked and found
Earthquake forces are not important for such TV tower structures as they are very flexible. The earthquake force was computed and found to be very small as compared to the wind forces. Height Vs Displacement and Height Vs Wind Pressure are shown in Graph I and II respectively.
Table 1 shows the member forces obtained from the 3D computer model in various members under static wind.
iv). Repair of damaged RF Feeder Cable:
Fig. 5A&B
that a VSWR of 1.31 was observed at a distance of 134 and operating personnel. The A/C Current per phase is M distance. It was then physically checked and found about 50 A for the 6 kW DVB T2 Transmitter and dent in the cable. There were two options to repair the compression chain and associated equipments .defect. First was to add flange connectors by cutting the cable at this location and second was to remove the dent. The second option was tried using a Bench Voice The details in this regard is as below:mounted on flattened position and round clamps were inserted between cable and the jaws of Bench Voice. Network analyzer was connected at the start of cable and slowly the handle of the Voice was tightened with gradual steps. The reading of VSWR was continuously checked. It was observed that VSWR was improving with every movement of handle and compression of cable. The flattened part was approaching towards its original shape and the dent in cable was also reducing.
Finally it came nearly to its original position with the following results Training to staff is the essence for success of new
technology. Therefore two weeks training on DVB T2 Transmitter and Compression equipments was provided at Delhi and one day training was provided for operational staff at each of 4 Metro sites which was interactive and proved to be useful in understanding the technology and various configurations of the system. Three Seminars have been organized during past 3 years to educate and popularize the Engineers and Programme Staff about DVB T2 technology. These are
The new Transmitters have to be installed in the existing tabulated as below:Transmitter Hall, where analog transmitters were operating and un-interrupted transmission of these services was to be ensured. Some civil modification works had to be carried out in the Transmitter Hall and augmentation of Power Supply was carried out and installation of Equipments was smoothly carried out. Some shifting and relocation of existing equipments was also carried out. Only lower bay Panels of Band III TV Transmitters were used as interim measure as one panels of Upper Bay on one face were dismantled.
The prominent speakers in above includes Dr. Peter These TV Towers are being shared by various Siebert, Executive Director, DVB, Mr. Gerard Faria, Broadcasters like FM transmitters of All India Radio, CTO, Teamcast, Mr. M.S. Duhan, Deputy Director Indira Gandhi National Open University and Private General(E) , Doordarshan, Mr. Philip Laven, Chairman, FM Broadcasters besides Doordarshan's Analogue DVB Project, Mr. Ahmed Nadeem, Director, Technical Transmitters. So the working time was restricted to ABU ,Mr. Adrian Potter, Director, Communications night time from 0000 Hrs to 0600 Hrs for about 30 days Networks , Australian Broadcasting Corporation, Mr. and these services were switched off during above Sharad Sadhu, Director Technology, ABU, Mr. L. M. period to prevent against RF Hazards. Aliberti, RAI WAY, Sh. Jawhar Sircar, CEO, Prasar
The Transmitters are liquid cooled and about 2 kW heat Bharati, DG & Engineer -in- Chief , Doordarshan and is generated in Transmitter. So two additional Air- Senior Officers from Doordarshan and Prasar Bharati.conditioners (3 Ton Tower Type) were installed to meet
The participation from broadcast industry includes the cooling requirement of the additional equipments Media Broadcast , Enensys , ST Microelectronics, Sony,
vi). Transmitter Power, Frequency & Tower heights:
vii). Training & Seminars:
v). Installation Issues:
Fig. 6
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
48 49
Ø The summary of results is as below:
a) With QPSK modulation
- Very good reception was observed up to 6Km.
- The reception quality of was observed good with intermittent freezing of signal from 6Km to 12Km.
b) With 16QAM modulation
- Very good reception quality was observed up to 3Km.
- The reception quality was good with Samsang, Ericsson, Funke, Harris, Rohde & Schwarz, intermittent freezing of signal from 3Km to Samsung, Tektronix, Dolby, Arrycom , HBE, STB , 6Km.Indeon Technology and iDTV manufacturers. The
- Beyond 6Km, the reception quality was highly display of DVB T2 modulators and receiving devices inconsistent.was carried out to give insight of the technology.
c) A threshold value of C/N was about 20dB and 24dB for QPSK and 16QAM Modulation
Doordarshan has planned for digitalization of its respectively. The probability of good reception Network in UHF band using Multiple Frequency above 20dB C/N is almost 100% with QPSK Network (MFN) National Level but Single Frequency modulation. While the probability of reception Network(SFN) is planned in regional and Local Level. above 24dB C/N is almost100% with 16QAM Doordarshan has planned two multiplex at 4 Metro modulationCities. There are some uncovered areas in each of these
d). Reception remained unimpaired at a speed of metro cities, where low power gap fillers in SFN are
90Km/h. required. At Delhi 6 kW DVB T2 Transmitter is installed at Pitampura and 5 kW DVB-H Transmitter installed in e) Vehicle penetration loss was measured to be 6 to 2003 on 100 M Tower in AIR Campus at a distance of 7 dB.17 kms from Pitampura. This transmitter can be
f) Building penetration loss was recorded about upgraded in DVB T2/T2 lite and used in SFN to give
19 dB.larger coverage. Experiment has been carried out for T2 Lite services from above 5 kW NEC Make Transmitter model using Teamcast Modulator model Twister and its results have been very encouraging. Interference from LTE and White space Signals is big threat to DVB T2 Signals.
Transmission Parameters are: 5 kW DVB-H Transmitter with Antenna at 100 M Tower, Channel 26(514 MHz), Video format: QCIF (352x144), F r a m e rate: 15fps, Video data rate: 384 kbps, Audio data rate: 64 kbps, Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM , Mode: 8K, FEC: ½ Guard Interval (GI) : 1/8, M P E - F E C : g) Height loss from 3rd floor to Ground floor was 25%. measured about 20dB.
Spectrum Planning:
RF Profiles and Signal analysis:
ØDVB-H Transmitter:
ØDVB T at Delhi:
ØDVB –T2 at Delhi : 6 kW DVB T2 Transmitter was RF Profile for DVB T2 tested using various RF Profiles were tested using
outdoor antenna and some observations are as below:
ØDVB T2 at Chennai:
Upgradation of DVB T2 System:
ØDVB T2 Lite at Delhi:
Business opportunities:
¾ from Pitampura for outdoor Antenna is Fig. 9.
The brief results with 5 kW power with antenna at 100 M Tower are as below:
The possible best RF Profile options in Transmitter are as below:-
Constellation: QPSK rotated, FEC: 1/3, FFT: 8k, G.I: 1/32, Pilot pattern: PP2(Data capacity @3.8 Signal Survey with field strength meter of R&S Make, Mbps). The coverage with above profile with 6 kW EFL-340 Model with portable TV Receiver and external Transmitter from Pitampura was found highly receiving antenna of 10' height with 6 kW DVB-T2 satisfactory upto 50 KMs.Transmitter.
It is observed that with external antenna and fixed Procurement of (1+1 ) DVB-T2 gateway is underway reception, signal reception at different locations even by Doordarshan and it will be implemented within next upto 60 Kms radius was satisfactory with 1HD & 4SD few months. DVB-T2 Gateway encapsulates Transport channels with VV003 mode (256 QAM)Streams in T2-MI frames to interface with DVB-T2 modulators. The T2-MI interface includes the original input TS, L1-signalling for the configuration of the
The 5 kW DVB – H Transmitter at Delhi was converted modulators and timing information for synchronization. into T2 Lite for experimental purpose by replacing NEC The upgradation of DVB T2 transmitter compliant with Modulator with Teamcast Modulator model Twister. It ETSI EN 302 755 V1.3.1 (with addition of T2 Lite provided T2(base) and T2 lite RF signals. The T2 lite Features) is under process. After above additions, these signals in QPSK, 1/3, 8k, PP2 were tested. The signal Transmitters will be capable to transmit SDTV, HDTV, was checked using Sony make Dongle with mobile Radio and Mobile TV.phone and it was found satisfactorily upto 25 Kms from Transmitter site. The signal was very good along with overhead Metro Track and high rise buildings on the DVB T2 has redefined alternative access for way. information, education and entertainment for the
masses in a Fixed, Portable and mobile environment. The expected coverage map with 6 kW 64QAM FEC
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
48 49
Ø The summary of results is as below:
a) With QPSK modulation
- Very good reception was observed up to 6Km.
- The reception quality of was observed good with intermittent freezing of signal from 6Km to 12Km.
b) With 16QAM modulation
- Very good reception quality was observed up to 3Km.
- The reception quality was good with Samsang, Ericsson, Funke, Harris, Rohde & Schwarz, intermittent freezing of signal from 3Km to Samsung, Tektronix, Dolby, Arrycom , HBE, STB , 6Km.Indeon Technology and iDTV manufacturers. The
- Beyond 6Km, the reception quality was highly display of DVB T2 modulators and receiving devices inconsistent.was carried out to give insight of the technology.
c) A threshold value of C/N was about 20dB and 24dB for QPSK and 16QAM Modulation
Doordarshan has planned for digitalization of its respectively. The probability of good reception Network in UHF band using Multiple Frequency above 20dB C/N is almost 100% with QPSK Network (MFN) National Level but Single Frequency modulation. While the probability of reception Network(SFN) is planned in regional and Local Level. above 24dB C/N is almost100% with 16QAM Doordarshan has planned two multiplex at 4 Metro modulationCities. There are some uncovered areas in each of these
d). Reception remained unimpaired at a speed of metro cities, where low power gap fillers in SFN are
90Km/h. required. At Delhi 6 kW DVB T2 Transmitter is installed at Pitampura and 5 kW DVB-H Transmitter installed in e) Vehicle penetration loss was measured to be 6 to 2003 on 100 M Tower in AIR Campus at a distance of 7 dB.17 kms from Pitampura. This transmitter can be
f) Building penetration loss was recorded about upgraded in DVB T2/T2 lite and used in SFN to give
19 dB.larger coverage. Experiment has been carried out for T2 Lite services from above 5 kW NEC Make Transmitter model using Teamcast Modulator model Twister and its results have been very encouraging. Interference from LTE and White space Signals is big threat to DVB T2 Signals.
Transmission Parameters are: 5 kW DVB-H Transmitter with Antenna at 100 M Tower, Channel 26(514 MHz), Video format: QCIF (352x144), F r a m e rate: 15fps, Video data rate: 384 kbps, Audio data rate: 64 kbps, Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM , Mode: 8K, FEC: ½ Guard Interval (GI) : 1/8, M P E - F E C : g) Height loss from 3rd floor to Ground floor was 25%. measured about 20dB.
Spectrum Planning:
RF Profiles and Signal analysis:
ØDVB-H Transmitter:
ØDVB T at Delhi:
ØDVB –T2 at Delhi : 6 kW DVB T2 Transmitter was RF Profile for DVB T2 tested using various RF Profiles were tested using
outdoor antenna and some observations are as below:
ØDVB T2 at Chennai:
Upgradation of DVB T2 System:
ØDVB T2 Lite at Delhi:
Business opportunities:
¾ from Pitampura for outdoor Antenna is Fig. 9.
The brief results with 5 kW power with antenna at 100 M Tower are as below:
The possible best RF Profile options in Transmitter are as below:-
Constellation: QPSK rotated, FEC: 1/3, FFT: 8k, G.I: 1/32, Pilot pattern: PP2(Data capacity @3.8 Signal Survey with field strength meter of R&S Make, Mbps). The coverage with above profile with 6 kW EFL-340 Model with portable TV Receiver and external Transmitter from Pitampura was found highly receiving antenna of 10' height with 6 kW DVB-T2 satisfactory upto 50 KMs.Transmitter.
It is observed that with external antenna and fixed Procurement of (1+1 ) DVB-T2 gateway is underway reception, signal reception at different locations even by Doordarshan and it will be implemented within next upto 60 Kms radius was satisfactory with 1HD & 4SD few months. DVB-T2 Gateway encapsulates Transport channels with VV003 mode (256 QAM)Streams in T2-MI frames to interface with DVB-T2 modulators. The T2-MI interface includes the original input TS, L1-signalling for the configuration of the
The 5 kW DVB – H Transmitter at Delhi was converted modulators and timing information for synchronization. into T2 Lite for experimental purpose by replacing NEC The upgradation of DVB T2 transmitter compliant with Modulator with Teamcast Modulator model Twister. It ETSI EN 302 755 V1.3.1 (with addition of T2 Lite provided T2(base) and T2 lite RF signals. The T2 lite Features) is under process. After above additions, these signals in QPSK, 1/3, 8k, PP2 were tested. The signal Transmitters will be capable to transmit SDTV, HDTV, was checked using Sony make Dongle with mobile Radio and Mobile TV.phone and it was found satisfactorily upto 25 Kms from Transmitter site. The signal was very good along with overhead Metro Track and high rise buildings on the DVB T2 has redefined alternative access for way. information, education and entertainment for the
masses in a Fixed, Portable and mobile environment. The expected coverage map with 6 kW 64QAM FEC
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
44
51
With upgradation of the DVB T2 Transmitters with T2 Lite and introduction of T2-MI Gateway , it will be capable to transmit SDTV, HDTV, Radio and Mobile TV and will provide service specific robustness. It is an excellent all weather reliable platform for distribution of Video, Audio and data. It is an evolving platform like the banyan tree. It plays a vital role in ensuring healthy competition between Competing variants of broadcast television systems used around the world and in the
SDTV/HDTV Reception – Specification” and IS:9793 : process it drives innovation in service delivery by other “Antennas for the reception of Sound and TV competing platforms.Billboard, Text etc. find other Broadcasting in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz- options. The existing VHF Transmitters may also be Specifications-1992”. The iDTV Standard has been upgraded as DVB T2/T2 lite using new modulator in 1.7 approved and is under printing. Doordarshan is the MHz Band width. The DTT is most popular for local convener of Panel for above Standard. Integrated programme services. There can be several combinations Digital TV(iDTV) are available from Sony, Panasonic, of bouquets of channels; various possible options for Toshiba, Samsang etc. Dongles/Mobile for DVB T2/T2 one DTT transmitter are as below : Lite signals for mobiles and tablets are available . Some Smartphone and Tablets have inbuilt embedded tuner & decoder for DVB T2/T2 lite. Numerous chips are available for receiving devices.
Before Analogue Switch off in India, there are lot of expectations and miles to cover. The experience, experiments and expectations with DVB T2 and T2-Lite are of great interest in India, which is an attractive investment site for digitalization of terrestrial network
Doordarshan may transmit its 4 channels (say DD of content distribution. The viewing experience with National, DD News, DD Sports, & DD Regional) & HDTV will be great and if attractive content is remaining capacity may be leased out preferably local transmitted, terrestrial TV will become boon to the channel. Expected population served with 4 HDTV nation to have multiple Channels for Fixed TV and transmitters is tabulated as above: mobile reception in Smartphones, PC, moving vehicles
and Radio and that too in plenty with a single The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has finalized Transmitter. So India awaits exciting technological standard for HDTV DVB T2 STB, Antenna and advancement with DVB T2 and T2 Lite Transmitters of integrated digital television (iDTV). The BIS No. is : Doordarshan. “IS-16129 for Set Top Box for Digital Terrestrial
Conclusions:
About The Author
Sh. M.S. Duhan is an officer of 1988 batch of IB(E)S and has a rich experience of Studios and Transmitters of AIR and Doordarshan. He possesses degree in Electrical Engineering, MBA and Master of Mass Communication. He has received the DD Awards four times, for the best maintained High Power Transmitters & DMCs.
He has inspected India's first HDTV Antenna system at works of M/s SIRA Milan and Digital Terrestrial Television at the works of M/s Harris, Quincy, IL, USA. He has contributed significantly in the implementation of DVB T2 Transmitters in India.
He is currently posted at DG:DD New Delhi and is responsible for planning and implementation of TV Transmitters and spectrum planning for Doordarshan.
A) ABSTRACT increases the coding efficiency further by exploiting a parametric representation of the stereo image of input
Broadcasting the quality content is a challenging job in signal. Thus, extends the reach of high-
digital broadcasting era because of scarcity of RF(Radio quality MPEG-4 audio to much lower bitrates.
Frequency) spectrum as we all know that, in digital form, the electronic media contents are required to be The combination of and is called necessarily compressed (i) in order to make them (i.e. ) which is also known as occupy smaller spectrum and (ii) for further processing - i.e. & combination of & issuch as storing them and the retrieving and then using it, ie. i.e. .in an easy way. This scarcity demands very efficient use
Nowadays, for streaming(transporting) the digital of the spectrum, necessitating careful choice of
medias by IP/COFDM, across (A) DRM (B) audio link compression schemes for technical and the economical
between Spots (C) several such other cases - this feasibility/viability of the system. In the case of audio
is extensively used as the reasonably high content, the MPEG-4 profile
quality audio transported at a bitrate merely around ( ) has proven, in several independent tests,
kbps. {Spots are – (i) Studios (ii) Studios and Live OB to be the most efficient audio compression scheme
points (iii) and such others, through (a) ISDN (b) Leased available worldwide. comprises a fully-
Lines (c) Computer LAN/MAN/WAN (d) Wi-featured tool set for the coding of audio signals in mono,
Fi/WiMAX/Wireless LAN/MAN (e) Cellular Phone stereo and multichannel modes (up to 48
network (f) INMARSAT (g) Micro and Milli Wave channels/tracks) – at high quality levels using a wide
channels (h) Geo-Stationary Satellite channels (i) other range of bitrates.
such lines/channels/network }. {Acronyms of ( igh fficiency dvance udio oding abbreviations are – (a) DRM = Digital Radio Mondiale
ersion-2) is a very efficient digital audio compression (b) COFDM = Coded( i.e. FEC i.e. Forward Error coding. This article gives an overview of its technical Correction) Orthogonal(quadrature carriers) Frequency components and compression efficiency. Obviously, the Division Multiplexing (c) ISDN = Integrated Services future potential of ongoing development work is related D i g i t a l N e t w o r k ( d ) L A N / M A N / WA N = to this compression efficiency. Local/Metropolitan/Wide Area Network (e) WiFi =
Wire l e s s F ide l i ty, WiMAX = Wor ldwide consists of three technologies - Advanced
Interoperability for Microwave ACcess (g) IP = Internet Audio Coding ( ) and the two numbers of
Protocol (h) OB = Outdoor Broadcasting (i) 'Enhancement Tools' viz. pectral and eplication
INMARSAT = INternational MARitime SATtellite ( ) and Parametric Stereo ( ).
Organisation.is considered as the state-of-the-art for transparent
B) PRESENTATIONaudio quality at a typical bit rate of 128 kbps. Below this rate, the audio quality of would start to degrade, B1) INTRODUCTIONwhich can be compensated to a maximum degree with
MPEG-4 (in short, only ) the enhancement techniques and .
acronymed as Moving Picture Expert Group version-4 is a bandwidth extension technique that enables igh fficiency dvance udio oding ersion- .
audio codec to deliver the same listening experience at consists of three technologies - Advanced
approximately half the bit rate that the codec Audio Coding ( ) and two numbers of
would require.'Enhancement Tools' viz. pectral and eplication
Audio Compression - MPEG-4 HE-AAC-v2- Audio coding for today's media world
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
50
44
51
With upgradation of the DVB T2 Transmitters with T2 Lite and introduction of T2-MI Gateway , it will be capable to transmit SDTV, HDTV, Radio and Mobile TV and will provide service specific robustness. It is an excellent all weather reliable platform for distribution of Video, Audio and data. It is an evolving platform like the banyan tree. It plays a vital role in ensuring healthy competition between Competing variants of broadcast television systems used around the world and in the
SDTV/HDTV Reception – Specification” and IS:9793 : process it drives innovation in service delivery by other “Antennas for the reception of Sound and TV competing platforms.Billboard, Text etc. find other Broadcasting in the frequency range 30 MHz to 1 GHz- options. The existing VHF Transmitters may also be Specifications-1992”. The iDTV Standard has been upgraded as DVB T2/T2 lite using new modulator in 1.7 approved and is under printing. Doordarshan is the MHz Band width. The DTT is most popular for local convener of Panel for above Standard. Integrated programme services. There can be several combinations Digital TV(iDTV) are available from Sony, Panasonic, of bouquets of channels; various possible options for Toshiba, Samsang etc. Dongles/Mobile for DVB T2/T2 one DTT transmitter are as below : Lite signals for mobiles and tablets are available . Some Smartphone and Tablets have inbuilt embedded tuner & decoder for DVB T2/T2 lite. Numerous chips are available for receiving devices.
Before Analogue Switch off in India, there are lot of expectations and miles to cover. The experience, experiments and expectations with DVB T2 and T2-Lite are of great interest in India, which is an attractive investment site for digitalization of terrestrial network
Doordarshan may transmit its 4 channels (say DD of content distribution. The viewing experience with National, DD News, DD Sports, & DD Regional) & HDTV will be great and if attractive content is remaining capacity may be leased out preferably local transmitted, terrestrial TV will become boon to the channel. Expected population served with 4 HDTV nation to have multiple Channels for Fixed TV and transmitters is tabulated as above: mobile reception in Smartphones, PC, moving vehicles
and Radio and that too in plenty with a single The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has finalized Transmitter. So India awaits exciting technological standard for HDTV DVB T2 STB, Antenna and advancement with DVB T2 and T2 Lite Transmitters of integrated digital television (iDTV). The BIS No. is : Doordarshan. “IS-16129 for Set Top Box for Digital Terrestrial
Conclusions:
About The Author
Sh. M.S. Duhan is an officer of 1988 batch of IB(E)S and has a rich experience of Studios and Transmitters of AIR and Doordarshan. He possesses degree in Electrical Engineering, MBA and Master of Mass Communication. He has received the DD Awards four times, for the best maintained High Power Transmitters & DMCs.
He has inspected India's first HDTV Antenna system at works of M/s SIRA Milan and Digital Terrestrial Television at the works of M/s Harris, Quincy, IL, USA. He has contributed significantly in the implementation of DVB T2 Transmitters in India.
He is currently posted at DG:DD New Delhi and is responsible for planning and implementation of TV Transmitters and spectrum planning for Doordarshan.
A) ABSTRACT increases the coding efficiency further by exploiting a parametric representation of the stereo image of input
Broadcasting the quality content is a challenging job in signal. Thus, extends the reach of high-
digital broadcasting era because of scarcity of RF(Radio quality MPEG-4 audio to much lower bitrates.
Frequency) spectrum as we all know that, in digital form, the electronic media contents are required to be The combination of and is called necessarily compressed (i) in order to make them (i.e. ) which is also known as occupy smaller spectrum and (ii) for further processing - i.e. & combination of & issuch as storing them and the retrieving and then using it, ie. i.e. .in an easy way. This scarcity demands very efficient use
Nowadays, for streaming(transporting) the digital of the spectrum, necessitating careful choice of
medias by IP/COFDM, across (A) DRM (B) audio link compression schemes for technical and the economical
between Spots (C) several such other cases - this feasibility/viability of the system. In the case of audio
is extensively used as the reasonably high content, the MPEG-4 profile
quality audio transported at a bitrate merely around ( ) has proven, in several independent tests,
kbps. {Spots are – (i) Studios (ii) Studios and Live OB to be the most efficient audio compression scheme
points (iii) and such others, through (a) ISDN (b) Leased available worldwide. comprises a fully-
Lines (c) Computer LAN/MAN/WAN (d) Wi-featured tool set for the coding of audio signals in mono,
Fi/WiMAX/Wireless LAN/MAN (e) Cellular Phone stereo and multichannel modes (up to 48
network (f) INMARSAT (g) Micro and Milli Wave channels/tracks) – at high quality levels using a wide
channels (h) Geo-Stationary Satellite channels (i) other range of bitrates.
such lines/channels/network }. {Acronyms of ( igh fficiency dvance udio oding abbreviations are – (a) DRM = Digital Radio Mondiale
ersion-2) is a very efficient digital audio compression (b) COFDM = Coded( i.e. FEC i.e. Forward Error coding. This article gives an overview of its technical Correction) Orthogonal(quadrature carriers) Frequency components and compression efficiency. Obviously, the Division Multiplexing (c) ISDN = Integrated Services future potential of ongoing development work is related D i g i t a l N e t w o r k ( d ) L A N / M A N / WA N = to this compression efficiency. Local/Metropolitan/Wide Area Network (e) WiFi =
Wire l e s s F ide l i ty, WiMAX = Wor ldwide consists of three technologies - Advanced
Interoperability for Microwave ACcess (g) IP = Internet Audio Coding ( ) and the two numbers of
Protocol (h) OB = Outdoor Broadcasting (i) 'Enhancement Tools' viz. pectral and eplication
INMARSAT = INternational MARitime SATtellite ( ) and Parametric Stereo ( ).
Organisation.is considered as the state-of-the-art for transparent
B) PRESENTATIONaudio quality at a typical bit rate of 128 kbps. Below this rate, the audio quality of would start to degrade, B1) INTRODUCTIONwhich can be compensated to a maximum degree with
MPEG-4 (in short, only ) the enhancement techniques and .
acronymed as Moving Picture Expert Group version-4 is a bandwidth extension technique that enables igh fficiency dvance udio oding ersion- .
audio codec to deliver the same listening experience at consists of three technologies - Advanced
approximately half the bit rate that the codec Audio Coding ( ) and two numbers of
would require.'Enhancement Tools' viz. pectral and eplication
Audio Compression - MPEG-4 HE-AAC-v2- Audio coding for today's media world
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
50
52 53
( ) and arametric tereo ( ). (i.e. ) encoded audio data can exist in a variety of file formats with different
is considered as the state-of-the-art for transparent extensions, depending on the implementation and the
audio quality at a typical bit rate of 128 kbps. Below this usage scenario. Most commonly used file formats are
rate, the audio quality of would start to degrade, the MPEG-4 file formats MP4 and M4A, carrying the
which can be compensated to a maximum degree with respective extensions .mp4 and .m4a. The “.m4a”
the enhancement techniques and .extension is used to emphasize the fact that a file
is a bandwidth extension technique that enables contains audio only.audio codec to deliver the same listening experience at
B2) Why came, in spite of the fact that the approximately half the bit rate that the codec
format MP3(extension is .mp3) i.e. MPEG-1 or would require, if operated.
MPEG-2 Layer-III audio compression coding have increases the coding efficiency further by exploiting been also a very popular format-
a parametric representation of the stereo image of input Research on perceptual audio coders started about 32
signal. Thus, extends the reach of high-years ago. Research on the human auditory system
quality audio to much lower bitrates.revealed that hearing is mainly based on a short-term
The combination of and is called spectral analysis of the audio signal. The so-called (i.e. ) which is also known as masking effect was observed: the human auditory
i.e. & combination of & is system is not able to perceive distortions that are masked ie. i.e. by a stronger signal in the spectral neighborhood. Thus,
when looking at the short-term spectrum, the so-called Mathematically and graphically represented below
masking threshold can be calculated. Distortions below + = = this threshold are – in the ideal case -
+ = = inaudible. The distortion generated by the PCM format used on CD's is for all frequencies way below this threshold. However, since the PCM signal, representing
i.e. + + = =the time domain, does not allow frequency dependent shaping of the quantization noise, a high SNR needs to be applied in order to achieve high quality sound across a large dynamic range. This also reveals the basic idea of perceptual audio coding: if
it would be possible to shape the quantization noise in the frequency domain, compression of audio signals beyond the CD format must be achievable. Research started on how to calculate the masking threshold (“psychoacoustic model”) and how to process the audio signal in a way that only audible information resides in the signal. The ideal audio codec introduces quantization distortions that are exactly below the masking threshold.
The basic structure of MPEG-1 audio coders follows that of perception-based coders. In the first step, the PCM(actually Adaptive Differential PCM is to Another important feature of the (i.e. reduce/compress the bit rate from the very beginning ) and architecture is the extremely itself) signals are converted into spectral components flexible transport of metadata. Metadata can be via an analysis filterbank; Layers I and II use a subband embedded as auxiliary data in a way that only filterbank while Layer III employs a hybrid filterbank. compatible decoders take notice of their existence. Non-Each spectral component is then quantized and coded compatible decoders simply ignore the metadata.with the goal of keeping the quantization noise below
the masking threshold. The number of bits for each MPEG-1/2 Audio subband and a scale-factor are determined on a block- Layer-III MP3 The by-block basis: each block has 12 (Layer I) or 36 MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-(Layers II and III) subband samples. The number of IIIquantizer bits is obtained from a dynamic bit-allocation algorithm that is controlled by a “psychoacoustic model". The subband codewords, the scalefactor and the bit allocation information are multiplexed into one bitstream to send to the channel, together with a header and optional ancillary data.
The Layer III MPEG architecture achieves performance improvements by adding several important mechanism on top of the Layer I/II foundation. A hybrid filterbank is introduced to increase frequency resolution and thereby better approximate critical band behavior. The hybrid filterbank contains adaptive segmentation to improve pre-echo control. Sophisticated bit allocation and quantization strategies which rely on nonuniform quantization, analysis-by-synthesis, and entropy coding are introduced to allow reduced bit rates and improved quality.
However, having reached up to MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III efficiency, urge were there to further improve the coding efficiency. Hence,
MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III MPEG-1 or MPEG-
MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III 2 Layer-III audio compression coding with a main aim of more efficient coding than MP3. Although, both of the MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III
B3) Why - came codec and follow the same principle, they still differ significantly in compression efficiency. The Nevertheless, traditional waveform coding has its performance of these codecs depends mainly on two limits. Having reached a performance like , it gets aspects - how precisely the masking threshold can be very hard to further increase compression as urge were approached and how efficiently the quantized spectrum still there to further improve the coding efficiency. If the can be coded. , for example, is, according to several bitrate is lowered significantly from the codecs tests, twice as efficient as Layer-II. Obviously reasonable operating point, the quantization noise
achieves better sound quality than coding i.e. format at similar bit rates.
improvements of over coding(i.e. MP3 format) include-
• More sample frequencies (from 8 KHz to 96 KHz) than MP3 (16 KHz to 48 KHz)
• Up to 48 channels (MP3 supports up to two channels in MPEG-1 mode and up to 5.1 channels in MPEG-2 mode)
• Arbitrary bit-rates and variable frame length. Standardized constant bit rate with bit reservoir.
• Higher efficiency and simpler filter bank (rather than MP3's hybrid coding, uses a pure MDCT)
• Higher coding efficiency for stationary signals ( uses a blocksize of 1024 or 960 samples, allowing more efficient coding than MP3's 576 sample blocks)
• Higher coding accuracy for transient signals ( uses a blocksize of 128 or 120 samples, allowing more accurate coding than MP3's 192 sample blocks)
• Much better handling of audio frequencies above 16 coding(i.e. MP3 format)
KHz
is designed to be the successor of the So, have the compression coding/decoding coding i.e. MP3 format, with many line/block diagram same as that of a
improvements over this codind/decoding as in Fig-2a and Fig-2b.
AAC
AAC
AAC
AAC
AAC AAC
HE-AAC v1 AAC
AAC
AACAAC
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
52 53
( ) and arametric tereo ( ). (i.e. ) encoded audio data can exist in a variety of file formats with different
is considered as the state-of-the-art for transparent extensions, depending on the implementation and the
audio quality at a typical bit rate of 128 kbps. Below this usage scenario. Most commonly used file formats are
rate, the audio quality of would start to degrade, the MPEG-4 file formats MP4 and M4A, carrying the
which can be compensated to a maximum degree with respective extensions .mp4 and .m4a. The “.m4a”
the enhancement techniques and .extension is used to emphasize the fact that a file
is a bandwidth extension technique that enables contains audio only.audio codec to deliver the same listening experience at
B2) Why came, in spite of the fact that the approximately half the bit rate that the codec
format MP3(extension is .mp3) i.e. MPEG-1 or would require, if operated.
MPEG-2 Layer-III audio compression coding have increases the coding efficiency further by exploiting been also a very popular format-
a parametric representation of the stereo image of input Research on perceptual audio coders started about 32
signal. Thus, extends the reach of high-years ago. Research on the human auditory system
quality audio to much lower bitrates.revealed that hearing is mainly based on a short-term
The combination of and is called spectral analysis of the audio signal. The so-called (i.e. ) which is also known as masking effect was observed: the human auditory
i.e. & combination of & is system is not able to perceive distortions that are masked ie. i.e. by a stronger signal in the spectral neighborhood. Thus,
when looking at the short-term spectrum, the so-called Mathematically and graphically represented below
masking threshold can be calculated. Distortions below + = = this threshold are – in the ideal case -
+ = = inaudible. The distortion generated by the PCM format used on CD's is for all frequencies way below this threshold. However, since the PCM signal, representing
i.e. + + = =the time domain, does not allow frequency dependent shaping of the quantization noise, a high SNR needs to be applied in order to achieve high quality sound across a large dynamic range. This also reveals the basic idea of perceptual audio coding: if
it would be possible to shape the quantization noise in the frequency domain, compression of audio signals beyond the CD format must be achievable. Research started on how to calculate the masking threshold (“psychoacoustic model”) and how to process the audio signal in a way that only audible information resides in the signal. The ideal audio codec introduces quantization distortions that are exactly below the masking threshold.
The basic structure of MPEG-1 audio coders follows that of perception-based coders. In the first step, the PCM(actually Adaptive Differential PCM is to Another important feature of the (i.e. reduce/compress the bit rate from the very beginning ) and architecture is the extremely itself) signals are converted into spectral components flexible transport of metadata. Metadata can be via an analysis filterbank; Layers I and II use a subband embedded as auxiliary data in a way that only filterbank while Layer III employs a hybrid filterbank. compatible decoders take notice of their existence. Non-Each spectral component is then quantized and coded compatible decoders simply ignore the metadata.with the goal of keeping the quantization noise below
the masking threshold. The number of bits for each MPEG-1/2 Audio subband and a scale-factor are determined on a block- Layer-III MP3 The by-block basis: each block has 12 (Layer I) or 36 MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-(Layers II and III) subband samples. The number of IIIquantizer bits is obtained from a dynamic bit-allocation algorithm that is controlled by a “psychoacoustic model". The subband codewords, the scalefactor and the bit allocation information are multiplexed into one bitstream to send to the channel, together with a header and optional ancillary data.
The Layer III MPEG architecture achieves performance improvements by adding several important mechanism on top of the Layer I/II foundation. A hybrid filterbank is introduced to increase frequency resolution and thereby better approximate critical band behavior. The hybrid filterbank contains adaptive segmentation to improve pre-echo control. Sophisticated bit allocation and quantization strategies which rely on nonuniform quantization, analysis-by-synthesis, and entropy coding are introduced to allow reduced bit rates and improved quality.
However, having reached up to MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III efficiency, urge were there to further improve the coding efficiency. Hence,
MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III MPEG-1 or MPEG-
MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III 2 Layer-III audio compression coding with a main aim of more efficient coding than MP3. Although, both of the MPEG-1/2 Audio Layer-III
B3) Why - came codec and follow the same principle, they still differ significantly in compression efficiency. The Nevertheless, traditional waveform coding has its performance of these codecs depends mainly on two limits. Having reached a performance like , it gets aspects - how precisely the masking threshold can be very hard to further increase compression as urge were approached and how efficiently the quantized spectrum still there to further improve the coding efficiency. If the can be coded. , for example, is, according to several bitrate is lowered significantly from the codecs tests, twice as efficient as Layer-II. Obviously reasonable operating point, the quantization noise
achieves better sound quality than coding i.e. format at similar bit rates.
improvements of over coding(i.e. MP3 format) include-
• More sample frequencies (from 8 KHz to 96 KHz) than MP3 (16 KHz to 48 KHz)
• Up to 48 channels (MP3 supports up to two channels in MPEG-1 mode and up to 5.1 channels in MPEG-2 mode)
• Arbitrary bit-rates and variable frame length. Standardized constant bit rate with bit reservoir.
• Higher efficiency and simpler filter bank (rather than MP3's hybrid coding, uses a pure MDCT)
• Higher coding efficiency for stationary signals ( uses a blocksize of 1024 or 960 samples, allowing more efficient coding than MP3's 576 sample blocks)
• Higher coding accuracy for transient signals ( uses a blocksize of 128 or 120 samples, allowing more accurate coding than MP3's 192 sample blocks)
• Much better handling of audio frequencies above 16 coding(i.e. MP3 format)
KHz
is designed to be the successor of the So, have the compression coding/decoding coding i.e. MP3 format, with many line/block diagram same as that of a
improvements over this codind/decoding as in Fig-2a and Fig-2b.
AAC
AAC
AAC
AAC
AAC AAC
HE-AAC v1 AAC
AAC
AACAAC
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
54 55
significantly exceeds the masking threshold, thus sufficient for their intended use, but unsuitable for high generating audible artefacts. Hence, is added to quality -like High-Frequency-Reconstruction
to improves audio coding efficiency - + (HFR) methods as introduced by 'Coding Technologies' = or . for audio coding. Therefore the development of new
(patented) and more suitable algorithms was a B3/1) concept
prerequisite for the successful deployment of . Two main methods have been used so far to overcome Strict demand was set on basic algorithm performance this problem of increasing the compression in due to the unusual need to transpose signal components perceptual waveform codecs. The most important one is from the available (coded) baseband, by at least a factor to limit the audio bandwidth of the signal in or prior to three, without creating annoying artifacts. Particular the coding process, resulting no high frequency energy emphasis was put on recreating psychoacoustically to be coded(obviously, limiting bandwidth means accurate representations of the original high-band signal keeping lower frequencies only), and thus, more components without violating the well-known information is available for the remainder of the consonance-dissonance criteria. However compared to spectrum, resulting in a clean, but hollow/ /flat the original signal, the recreated high-band is not sound in contrary to the sound. necessarily signal-coherent in a technical sense, but
coherent in a mere psychoacoustic sense, a most [Background of the Development - The use of
important characteristic.]means to recreate missing or reduced high-frequencies in audio is nothing new, and has been used more or less The other method, called intensity stereo, can only be frequent over the years in the recording industry. One of used for stereo signals. In intensity stereo, only one the most famous products was the “Aphex Aural channel and a panning information is transmitted Exciter” invented by Kurt Knoppel in the early 70's. instead of a left and a right channel. However, this is Although Knoppel was not the first (or last) in this field, only of rather limited use for increasing compression similar technologies can be found in some audio editing efficiency, as in many cases the stereo image of the software tools today as well as in some audio processing audio signal gets destroyed. A third method used is hardware units. The main aim with such technologies is insertion of artificial noise. This method, however, to add some “sparkle”, “warmth” or high-end works only with a rather limited class of audio signals. “enrichment” of the recorded vocals, speech, At this point, the technology comes into the instruments, CD-master or broadcast feed, using picture. deviates from the waveform coding typically nonlinearities or “controlled” forms of high- principle towards a hybrid waveform/parametric frequency distortion. However, such technologies are method. It is based on the fact that in most cases, there performance limited by the way the high-frequencies are large dependencies between the lower and higher are recreated. This limits their scope of use to just frequency parts of an audio signal. Therefore, the high “touching-up” existing programme material, and frequency part of an audio signal can be efficiently making them unable to replicate major frequency ranges reconstructed from the low frequency part. of a high quality programme material. A related Transmission of the high frequency part is therefore not technology, “Harmonizing”, was first successfully necessary - only a small amount of control data pioneered by the Eventide Clockworks as needs to be carried in the bitstream to guarantee an “Harmonizer” in the early 70's, where programme optimal reconstruction of the high frequencies. The low material can be transposed in a “musically correct” frequency part is still coded by an codec such as (or manner. This is quite opposite to the “Bode Frequency .mp3 ). The high frequency part, however, is generated Shifter” developed for electronic music applications by by a high quality transposition algorithm. The mere Harald Bode where harmonic relations are “non- generation of high frequency content is not at all musically” shifted (scrambled). Finally, the Ring- sufficient for accurate high frequency reconstruction, Modulator, one of the oldest “weird” sound effects since the reconstructed part does not reflect the spectral units, is sometimes used in electronic music. Spin-off's envelope of the original. Therefore careful adjustment from Harmonizer-like algorithms are the popular pitch- of the spectrum is essential for the performance of the shift and timestretch algorithms used in many audio system. The adjustment is controlled by the workstation sound-editing software tools today. The information carried in the bitstream and results in a above-mentioned technologies or methods are correctly shaped high freq part.
SBR SBRAAC AAC SBR
HE-AAC HE-AAC-v1
SBR SBR
SBR
SBRSBR
SBR
AAC
SBR
dullrich
extracted in the encoder in order to ensure the most accurate high frequency reconstruction in the decoder. The encoder process is depicted in Fig-3a. The encoder estimates the spectral envelope of the range for a time and frequency range/resolution suitable for the current input signal segments characteristics. The spectral envelope is estimated by a complex QMF(Quadrature Mirror Filter)bank analysis and To summarize, enhanced codecs perform subsequent energy calculation. The time and frequency significantly better mainly because - (i) allows the resolutions of the spectral envelopes can be chosen with recreation of the high frequencies using only a very a high level of freedom, in order to ensure the best suited small amount of transmitted side information. (ii) The time frequency resolution for the given input segment. high frequencies, which normally consume a The envelope estimation needs to consider that a significant amount of bits, do not need to be waveform-transient in the original, mainly situated in the high coded anymore, resulting in (a) significant coding gain frequency region (for instance a high-hat), will be (b) the underlying waveform coder can run with a present to a minor extent in the generated highband comparatively high SNR, as it is only responsible for the prior to envelope adjustment, since the highband in the lower frequencies. It can even operate at the optimum decoder is based on the low band where the transient is sampling rate, which is usually different from the much less pronounced compared to the highband. This desired output sampling rate. converts the aspect imposes different requirements for the time waveform codec sampling rate into the desired output frequency resolution of the spectral envelope data, sampling rate. Obviously there are signals where the compared to ordinary spectral envelope estimation as reconstruction method does not deliver the desired used in other audio coding algorithms.results, e.g. when there is little relationship between the
low and high frequency part. Care has been taken to Apart from the spectral envelope, several additional equip with additional tools so that such situations parameters are extracted representing spectral can be handled very well without losing compression characteristics of the input signal for different time and efficiency. frequency regions. Since the encoder naturally has
access to the original signal as well as information on B3/2) How workshow the unit in the decoder will create the
The system is preferably used as a dual-rate highband, given the specific set of control parameters, it system, with the underlying codec operating at half the is possible for the system to handle situations where the original sampling-rate, while operates at the lowband constitutes a strong harmonic series and the original sampling rate. The following description will high band, to be recreated, mainly constitutes random briefly explain the different parts in the encoder and signal components, as well as situations where strong decoder of the system. The encoder works in tonal components are present in the original highband parallel with the underlying core codec, albeit at a without counterparts in the lowband, upon which the higher sampling-rate. Although is mainly a post highband region is based. Furthermore, the process in the decoder, important parameters are
SBR
SBRSBR
SBR
SBR
SBR
SBRSBR
SBR
SBR
SBR SBR
SBR SBR
SBR
AAC SBR
Crossover Frequencies
Bitrate Frequency range Frequency range(kbps) (KHz) (KHz)
20 0 – 4.5 4.5 – 15.4
32 0 – 6.8 6.8 – 16.9
48 0 – 8.3 8.3 – 16.9
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
54 55
significantly exceeds the masking threshold, thus sufficient for their intended use, but unsuitable for high generating audible artefacts. Hence, is added to quality -like High-Frequency-Reconstruction
to improves audio coding efficiency - + (HFR) methods as introduced by 'Coding Technologies' = or . for audio coding. Therefore the development of new
(patented) and more suitable algorithms was a B3/1) concept
prerequisite for the successful deployment of . Two main methods have been used so far to overcome Strict demand was set on basic algorithm performance this problem of increasing the compression in due to the unusual need to transpose signal components perceptual waveform codecs. The most important one is from the available (coded) baseband, by at least a factor to limit the audio bandwidth of the signal in or prior to three, without creating annoying artifacts. Particular the coding process, resulting no high frequency energy emphasis was put on recreating psychoacoustically to be coded(obviously, limiting bandwidth means accurate representations of the original high-band signal keeping lower frequencies only), and thus, more components without violating the well-known information is available for the remainder of the consonance-dissonance criteria. However compared to spectrum, resulting in a clean, but hollow/ /flat the original signal, the recreated high-band is not sound in contrary to the sound. necessarily signal-coherent in a technical sense, but
coherent in a mere psychoacoustic sense, a most [Background of the Development - The use of
important characteristic.]means to recreate missing or reduced high-frequencies in audio is nothing new, and has been used more or less The other method, called intensity stereo, can only be frequent over the years in the recording industry. One of used for stereo signals. In intensity stereo, only one the most famous products was the “Aphex Aural channel and a panning information is transmitted Exciter” invented by Kurt Knoppel in the early 70's. instead of a left and a right channel. However, this is Although Knoppel was not the first (or last) in this field, only of rather limited use for increasing compression similar technologies can be found in some audio editing efficiency, as in many cases the stereo image of the software tools today as well as in some audio processing audio signal gets destroyed. A third method used is hardware units. The main aim with such technologies is insertion of artificial noise. This method, however, to add some “sparkle”, “warmth” or high-end works only with a rather limited class of audio signals. “enrichment” of the recorded vocals, speech, At this point, the technology comes into the instruments, CD-master or broadcast feed, using picture. deviates from the waveform coding typically nonlinearities or “controlled” forms of high- principle towards a hybrid waveform/parametric frequency distortion. However, such technologies are method. It is based on the fact that in most cases, there performance limited by the way the high-frequencies are large dependencies between the lower and higher are recreated. This limits their scope of use to just frequency parts of an audio signal. Therefore, the high “touching-up” existing programme material, and frequency part of an audio signal can be efficiently making them unable to replicate major frequency ranges reconstructed from the low frequency part. of a high quality programme material. A related Transmission of the high frequency part is therefore not technology, “Harmonizing”, was first successfully necessary - only a small amount of control data pioneered by the Eventide Clockworks as needs to be carried in the bitstream to guarantee an “Harmonizer” in the early 70's, where programme optimal reconstruction of the high frequencies. The low material can be transposed in a “musically correct” frequency part is still coded by an codec such as (or manner. This is quite opposite to the “Bode Frequency .mp3 ). The high frequency part, however, is generated Shifter” developed for electronic music applications by by a high quality transposition algorithm. The mere Harald Bode where harmonic relations are “non- generation of high frequency content is not at all musically” shifted (scrambled). Finally, the Ring- sufficient for accurate high frequency reconstruction, Modulator, one of the oldest “weird” sound effects since the reconstructed part does not reflect the spectral units, is sometimes used in electronic music. Spin-off's envelope of the original. Therefore careful adjustment from Harmonizer-like algorithms are the popular pitch- of the spectrum is essential for the performance of the shift and timestretch algorithms used in many audio system. The adjustment is controlled by the workstation sound-editing software tools today. The information carried in the bitstream and results in a above-mentioned technologies or methods are correctly shaped high freq part.
SBR SBRAAC AAC SBR
HE-AAC HE-AAC-v1
SBR SBR
SBR
SBRSBR
SBR
AAC
SBR
dullrich
extracted in the encoder in order to ensure the most accurate high frequency reconstruction in the decoder. The encoder process is depicted in Fig-3a. The encoder estimates the spectral envelope of the range for a time and frequency range/resolution suitable for the current input signal segments characteristics. The spectral envelope is estimated by a complex QMF(Quadrature Mirror Filter)bank analysis and To summarize, enhanced codecs perform subsequent energy calculation. The time and frequency significantly better mainly because - (i) allows the resolutions of the spectral envelopes can be chosen with recreation of the high frequencies using only a very a high level of freedom, in order to ensure the best suited small amount of transmitted side information. (ii) The time frequency resolution for the given input segment. high frequencies, which normally consume a The envelope estimation needs to consider that a significant amount of bits, do not need to be waveform-transient in the original, mainly situated in the high coded anymore, resulting in (a) significant coding gain frequency region (for instance a high-hat), will be (b) the underlying waveform coder can run with a present to a minor extent in the generated highband comparatively high SNR, as it is only responsible for the prior to envelope adjustment, since the highband in the lower frequencies. It can even operate at the optimum decoder is based on the low band where the transient is sampling rate, which is usually different from the much less pronounced compared to the highband. This desired output sampling rate. converts the aspect imposes different requirements for the time waveform codec sampling rate into the desired output frequency resolution of the spectral envelope data, sampling rate. Obviously there are signals where the compared to ordinary spectral envelope estimation as reconstruction method does not deliver the desired used in other audio coding algorithms.results, e.g. when there is little relationship between the
low and high frequency part. Care has been taken to Apart from the spectral envelope, several additional equip with additional tools so that such situations parameters are extracted representing spectral can be handled very well without losing compression characteristics of the input signal for different time and efficiency. frequency regions. Since the encoder naturally has
access to the original signal as well as information on B3/2) How workshow the unit in the decoder will create the
The system is preferably used as a dual-rate highband, given the specific set of control parameters, it system, with the underlying codec operating at half the is possible for the system to handle situations where the original sampling-rate, while operates at the lowband constitutes a strong harmonic series and the original sampling rate. The following description will high band, to be recreated, mainly constitutes random briefly explain the different parts in the encoder and signal components, as well as situations where strong decoder of the system. The encoder works in tonal components are present in the original highband parallel with the underlying core codec, albeit at a without counterparts in the lowband, upon which the higher sampling-rate. Although is mainly a post highband region is based. Furthermore, the process in the decoder, important parameters are
SBR
SBRSBR
SBR
SBR
SBR
SBRSBR
SBR
SBR
SBR SBR
SBR SBR
SBR
AAC SBR
Crossover Frequencies
Bitrate Frequency range Frequency range(kbps) (KHz) (KHz)
20 0 – 4.5 4.5 – 15.4
32 0 – 6.8 6.8 – 16.9
48 0 – 8.3 8.3 – 16.9
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
encoder works in close relation to the core codec to carried in the ancillary data field. assess which frequency range should be covered by
2) Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) - The DRM at a given time. The data is efficiently coded
consortium has been founded in 1998 with the goal to prior to transmission by exploiting entropy coding as
standardize a new digital system for medium, long and well as channel dependencies of the control data, in the
shortwave transmissions. The system should deliver case of stereo signals.
significantly better audio and reception quality than The control parameter extraction algorithms need to be ordinary analog AM. At the same time the existing AM carefully tuned to the codec at a given bitrate and a given channel spacing should be used. In addition, reuse of sampling rate. This is due to the fact that a lower bitrate, existing transmitter equipment should be possible to usually implies a larger range compared to a high guarantee a cost efficient introduction of the new bitrate, and different sampling rates correspond to system. Depending on the wavelength and the region, different time resolutions of the frames. Different the channel spacing in the AM bands is either 9 KHz or core codecs may also display different characteristics 10 KHz. The propagation conditions, which depend during bit constraints, i.e. more or less severe spectral very much on the wavelength, determine the spectral band shutdowns etc. efficiency achievable. Extensive tests have resulted in
an efficiency in the range of 1.5 to 3 bit/Hz. As a result, The decoder is constituted of several different parts, as
the bitrate available in one transmission channel is in the in Fig-3b. It comprises a bitstream decoding module, a
range of 13 to 30 kbps. Normal operation will use High Frequency Reconstruction (HFR) module, and an
bitrates between 20 and 25 kbps. Delivering high quality envelope adjuster module. The system is based around a
audio at such a low bitrate asks for the most powerful complex valued QMF bank.
source coding scheme available. Consequently, In the bitstream extraction module, the control data is , the combination of MPEG- and read from the bitstream and decoded. The time has been chosen as audio coding method. Tests done frequency grid is obtained for the current frame, prior to within the DRM consortium clearly show the reading the envelope data from the bitstream, and superiority of this coding system compared to previous decoding of the same. For stereo signal, suitable stereo state of the art. More details about DRM and the decoding is performed according to control data. listening test can be found in and at the DRM web site
. DRM finalized the specification of the B3/3) Applications
system in January 2001. It is recommended by the ITU enhanced audio codecs are already in use in several and standardized by ETSI. First regular transmissions
applications, some of which are listed hereafter. and receiver products are came in 2004.
[1) .mp3PRO - In January 2001, “Coding Technologies” 3) MPEG - Because of its outstanding compression and its licensing partner “Thomson Multimedia” performance, the combination of and is of presented .mp3PRO, the combination of .mp3 and , high interest not only for broadcasting, but also for for the first time. In June 2001, a free demo software has audio and audio/video applications like streaming over been made available. Since then several software the internet, streaming and delivery over mobile applications integrating .mp3PRO have been released networks and storage in portable devices. For a lot of (e.g. from Ahead, Steinberg, Magix, etc.). First these applications, open standards like MPEG play an hardware products are appeared in 2003. .mp3PRO important role. They usually provide state-of-the-art offers significantly improved performance compared to algorithms and guarantee interoperability and .mp3 and outperforms competitive codecs according to accessibility of the technology. As a consequence, independent tests. .mp3PRO is backward and forward MPEG issued a call for proposals in January 2001, compatible with .mp3. Not only will any .mp3PRO asking for technologies that could further enhance the decoder decode .mp3 content, all .mp3 players will be compression efficiency of the MPEG-4 audio coding able to decode .mp3PRO bitstreams, although without algorithms (in particular ). was submitted as a the quality improvement achieved through . proposal; a competitive test was performed by MPEG. Basically, can be seen as pre/post processing + did not only show an excellent around the existing .mp3 modules. Even the bitstream performance, but already met the acceptance criteria set format remains unchanged, as the data can be up for final acceptance of the technology in the standard.
SBR SBR
SBR
SBR
AAC+SBR AAC SBR
SBR
SBR
AAC SBRSBR
AAC SBRSBR
SBR AAC SBR
SBR
www.drm.org
So, pectral and eplication is a novel technology that combines traditional audio coding with the capabilities of high quality high frequency reconstruction methods. Through the use of in .mp3PRO, the compression efficiency of .mp3 could be significantly improved while remaining compatible with the widespread .mp3 format. But .mp3PRO will succeed .mp3 in all application areas. The combination of and offers the most powerful audio compression available today. As such it is most suited for digital broadcasting and streaming/delivery over networks with limited resources. + is already used in the market place and is the 'Reference Model' in the MPEG-4 standardization. Both .mp3PRO and + are available today in software and hardware; several applications have already been launched. It is expected that the number of applications using will increase significantly in the near future.
B4) Why - came
Having reached up to a performance like (i.e., it gets even further harder to increase
compression, as the usual urge were still there to further improve the coding efficiency. Now is added to
to improves audio coding efficiency further - As a result, became Reference Model for version 3 + = i.e. i.e.of the MPEG-4 standard. Fig-4a shows the result of the . test at 24 kbps mono. The test was done with
B4/1) conceptexperienced listeners and the well proven MUSHRA(MUltiple Stimulus test with Hidden ( arametric tereo) coding is a technique to Reference and Anchors test method. As test items, the efficiently code a stereo audio signal as a monaural “usual” MPEG test items were used (e.g. harpsichord, signal plus a small amount of stereo parameters. The glockenspiel, pitchpipe, male german speech, monaural signal can be encoded using any audio coder castagnettes, a.s.o). Till today those items are known to like . The stereo parameters can be be very critical for audio coding. + shows a embedded in the ancillary part of the mono bit stream vast improvement compared to , even when creating backwards mono compatibility. In the decoder, compared to the higher bitrate (30 kbps). first the monaural signal is decoded after which the Moreover + shows a very good absolute stereo signal is reconstructed from the stereo performance at this very low bitrate. The stereo test parameters. In this paper, a (LC)Low Complexity results are shown in Fig-4b. Again, + shows a decoder solution is described based on complex-significant gain over and a very good absolute modulated filter banks. grading of more than 85 at a bitrate of 48 kbps. For both
B4/2) How workstests, it should be noted that the comparison was done against MPEG-4 . A comparison to the yet much Parametric Stereo coding aims at describing a stereo more popular MPEG-2 , which is the version signal as a mono signal plus a set of parameters available on the market today, would show an even characterizing the stereo image. A block diagram of a higher improvement through (which operates encoder is shown in Fig-5a. From the stereo input signal based on MPEG-2 ). Since was so far deemed (l[n], r[n]), the time-variant stereo parameters are to be state-of-the-art audio compression, it can be estimated on a non-uniform frequency grid, closely concluded from the this test that, + is the new resembling the Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth performance leader in audio coding. ]
encoder works in close relation to the core codec to carried in the ancillary data field. assess which frequency range should be covered by
2) Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) - The DRM at a given time. The data is efficiently coded
consortium has been founded in 1998 with the goal to prior to transmission by exploiting entropy coding as
standardize a new digital system for medium, long and well as channel dependencies of the control data, in the
shortwave transmissions. The system should deliver case of stereo signals.
significantly better audio and reception quality than The control parameter extraction algorithms need to be ordinary analog AM. At the same time the existing AM carefully tuned to the codec at a given bitrate and a given channel spacing should be used. In addition, reuse of sampling rate. This is due to the fact that a lower bitrate, existing transmitter equipment should be possible to usually implies a larger range compared to a high guarantee a cost efficient introduction of the new bitrate, and different sampling rates correspond to system. Depending on the wavelength and the region, different time resolutions of the frames. Different the channel spacing in the AM bands is either 9 KHz or core codecs may also display different characteristics 10 KHz. The propagation conditions, which depend during bit constraints, i.e. more or less severe spectral very much on the wavelength, determine the spectral band shutdowns etc. efficiency achievable. Extensive tests have resulted in
an efficiency in the range of 1.5 to 3 bit/Hz. As a result, The decoder is constituted of several different parts, as
the bitrate available in one transmission channel is in the in Fig-3b. It comprises a bitstream decoding module, a
range of 13 to 30 kbps. Normal operation will use High Frequency Reconstruction (HFR) module, and an
bitrates between 20 and 25 kbps. Delivering high quality envelope adjuster module. The system is based around a
audio at such a low bitrate asks for the most powerful complex valued QMF bank.
source coding scheme available. Consequently, In the bitstream extraction module, the control data is , the combination of MPEG- and read from the bitstream and decoded. The time has been chosen as audio coding method. Tests done frequency grid is obtained for the current frame, prior to within the DRM consortium clearly show the reading the envelope data from the bitstream, and superiority of this coding system compared to previous decoding of the same. For stereo signal, suitable stereo state of the art. More details about DRM and the decoding is performed according to control data. listening test can be found in and at the DRM web site
. DRM finalized the specification of the B3/3) Applications
system in January 2001. It is recommended by the ITU enhanced audio codecs are already in use in several and standardized by ETSI. First regular transmissions
applications, some of which are listed hereafter. and receiver products are came in 2004.
[1) .mp3PRO - In January 2001, “Coding Technologies” 3) MPEG - Because of its outstanding compression and its licensing partner “Thomson Multimedia” performance, the combination of and is of presented .mp3PRO, the combination of .mp3 and , high interest not only for broadcasting, but also for for the first time. In June 2001, a free demo software has audio and audio/video applications like streaming over been made available. Since then several software the internet, streaming and delivery over mobile applications integrating .mp3PRO have been released networks and storage in portable devices. For a lot of (e.g. from Ahead, Steinberg, Magix, etc.). First these applications, open standards like MPEG play an hardware products are appeared in 2003. .mp3PRO important role. They usually provide state-of-the-art offers significantly improved performance compared to algorithms and guarantee interoperability and .mp3 and outperforms competitive codecs according to accessibility of the technology. As a consequence, independent tests. .mp3PRO is backward and forward MPEG issued a call for proposals in January 2001, compatible with .mp3. Not only will any .mp3PRO asking for technologies that could further enhance the decoder decode .mp3 content, all .mp3 players will be compression efficiency of the MPEG-4 audio coding able to decode .mp3PRO bitstreams, although without algorithms (in particular ). was submitted as a the quality improvement achieved through . proposal; a competitive test was performed by MPEG. Basically, can be seen as pre/post processing + did not only show an excellent around the existing .mp3 modules. Even the bitstream performance, but already met the acceptance criteria set format remains unchanged, as the data can be up for final acceptance of the technology in the standard.
SBR SBR
SBR
SBR
AAC+SBR AAC SBR
SBR
SBR
AAC SBRSBR
AAC SBRSBR
SBR AAC SBR
SBR
www.drm.org
So, pectral and eplication is a novel technology that combines traditional audio coding with the capabilities of high quality high frequency reconstruction methods. Through the use of in .mp3PRO, the compression efficiency of .mp3 could be significantly improved while remaining compatible with the widespread .mp3 format. But .mp3PRO will succeed .mp3 in all application areas. The combination of and offers the most powerful audio compression available today. As such it is most suited for digital broadcasting and streaming/delivery over networks with limited resources. + is already used in the market place and is the 'Reference Model' in the MPEG-4 standardization. Both .mp3PRO and + are available today in software and hardware; several applications have already been launched. It is expected that the number of applications using will increase significantly in the near future.
B4) Why - came
Having reached up to a performance like (i.e., it gets even further harder to increase
compression, as the usual urge were still there to further improve the coding efficiency. Now is added to
to improves audio coding efficiency further - As a result, became Reference Model for version 3 + = i.e. i.e.of the MPEG-4 standard. Fig-4a shows the result of the . test at 24 kbps mono. The test was done with
B4/1) conceptexperienced listeners and the well proven MUSHRA(MUltiple Stimulus test with Hidden ( arametric tereo) coding is a technique to Reference and Anchors test method. As test items, the efficiently code a stereo audio signal as a monaural “usual” MPEG test items were used (e.g. harpsichord, signal plus a small amount of stereo parameters. The glockenspiel, pitchpipe, male german speech, monaural signal can be encoded using any audio coder castagnettes, a.s.o). Till today those items are known to like . The stereo parameters can be be very critical for audio coding. + shows a embedded in the ancillary part of the mono bit stream vast improvement compared to , even when creating backwards mono compatibility. In the decoder, compared to the higher bitrate (30 kbps). first the monaural signal is decoded after which the Moreover + shows a very good absolute stereo signal is reconstructed from the stereo performance at this very low bitrate. The stereo test parameters. In this paper, a (LC)Low Complexity results are shown in Fig-4b. Again, + shows a decoder solution is described based on complex-significant gain over and a very good absolute modulated filter banks. grading of more than 85 at a bitrate of 48 kbps. For both
B4/2) How workstests, it should be noted that the comparison was done against MPEG-4 . A comparison to the yet much Parametric Stereo coding aims at describing a stereo more popular MPEG-2 , which is the version signal as a mono signal plus a set of parameters available on the market today, would show an even characterizing the stereo image. A block diagram of a higher improvement through (which operates encoder is shown in Fig-5a. From the stereo input signal based on MPEG-2 ). Since was so far deemed (l[n], r[n]), the time-variant stereo parameters are to be state-of-the-art audio compression, it can be estimated on a non-uniform frequency grid, closely concluded from the this test that, + is the new resembling the Equivalent Rectangular Bandwidth performance leader in audio coding. ]
(ERB) grid. These parameters describe the perceptually segments of both signals m[n] and d[n] are processed by relevant spatial cues. Furthermore, a mono downmix a time-to-frequency (t/f) transform, performed by m[n] is generated. This mono downmix can then be windowing followed by an FFT, resulting in the encoded by any audio encoder. The stereo parameters complex-valued frequency domain representations are quantized and coded into the ancillary part of the M[k] and D[k] respectively. The two frequency domain mono bit stream yielding a backwards (mono) representations of the left and right channels, L[k] and compatible system. R[k] respectively, are obtained as linear combinations of
the signals M[k] and D[k]. The mixing parameters are employs mainly three types of parameters to
time and frequency dependent; for each frequency describe the stereo image - (1) Inter-channel Intensity
component k the mixing process can be described by -
Differences (IID); describing the intensity differences L[k] = h11[k].M[k] + h12[k].D[k] & R[k] = between the channels, (2) Inter-channel Phase h21[k].M[k] + h22[k].D[k] where h11[k], h12[k], Differences (IPD); describing the phase differences h21[k] and h22[k] are defined by the stereo parameters. between the channels and, (3) Inter-channel Coherence The signals L[k] and R[k] are finally transformed back (IC); describing the coherence between the channels. to the time domain by means of a frequency-to-time (f/t) The coherence is measured as the maximum of the transform. In the FFT-based PS decoder, the f/t cross-correlation as a function of time or phase. In transform consists of an inverse FFT followed by principle, these three parameters allow for a high quality windowed overlap-add.reconstruction of the stereo image. However, the IPD
B4/3) Success and Justification of - parameters only specify the relative phase differences between the channels of the stereo input signal. They do When the low complexity tool presented in this paper not prescribe the distribution of these phase differences is combined with ( ), this results in a over the left and right channels. Hence, a fourth type of codec that achieves a significantly increased coding parameter is introduced, describing an overall phase efficiency for stereo signals at very low bit rates when offset or Overall Phase Difference (OPD). In order to compared to ( ) operating in normal reconstruct the stereo image, in the decoder a number stereo mode. Block diagram of the the decoder in Fig-5b of operations are performed, consisting of scaling (IID), is also referred to as “ ( ).” phase rotations (IPD/OPD) and decorrelation. A block Since the tool of already diagram of the decoder is shown in Fig-5b. operates in the QMF domain, the tool can be included
in such a decoder in a computationally very efficient In the FFT-based decoder, first a decorrelated signal
manner directly prior to the final QMF synthesis filter d[n] is calculated by means of convolving the monaural
bank. Comparing Fig-4b & Fig-5b, it is evident that only signal m[n] with a pre-defined sequence. In the stereo
the “ arametric tereo Decoding and Synthesis”, reconstruction process, consecutive windowed
including its hybrid filter bank, have to be added to a
PS
HE-AAC v2
PSaacPlus HE-AAC-v1
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1PS
enhanced aacPlu HE-AAC-v2SBR aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1)
PS PS
PS
P S
mono ( ) decoder, plus of course a achieves more than twice the coding efficiency of second QMF synthesis filter bank. The computational for stereo signals. Further MUSHRA(see above for complexity of such a decoder is approximately the same acronym) tests have shown that the enhanced as that of a ( ) decoder operating in ( ) with parametric stereo achieves a normal stereo mode, where decoding, QMF significantly better subjective quality that normal analysis filtering and processing have to be carried ( ) stereo also for 18 and 32 kbps.out for both channels of a stereo signal. ( These complexity figures are based on the instrumentation of an optimized floatingpoint decoder implementation of the baseline version of the tool as defined in.)
Fig-6 shows subjective results from a listening test comparing ( ) using normal stereo coding at 24 and 32 kbps with (
) utilizing the arametric tereo tool at 24 kbps. The MPEG-4 Stereo verification test were used as test material and playback was done using headphones. The test employed MUSHRA(see above for acronym) methodology and included a hidden reference and low-pass filtered anchors with 3.5 and 7 kHz bandwidth.
It was found that ) i.e. ( ) at 24 kbps achieves an average subjective quality that is equal to ( ) stereo at 32 kbps and that is significantly better than
( ) stereo at 24 kbps. It is of interest Also, comprehensive test was conducted, evaluating a variety of open standard and proprietary audio codecs including , Windows Media Audio, and others, at a bitrate of 48 kbps for comparison. The tests were conducted according to the MUSHRA(see above for acronym) test method. The
to relate these results to the MPEG-4 verification test. There, it was found that ( ) stereo at 32 kbps achieved a subjective quality that was significantly better than stereo at 48 kbps and was similar to or slightly worse than stereo at 64 kbps. This shows that enhanced ( )
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1 AAC
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1 aacPlus HE-AAC-v1AAC
SBR aacPlus HE-AAC-v1
PS
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1enhanced aacPlus HE-
AAC-v2 P S
enhanced aacPlus(HE-AAC-v2HE-AAC-v1+PS
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1
HE-AAC-v1(AAC+SBR), AAC
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1
AACAACaacPlus HE-AAC-v1
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
5958
(ERB) grid. These parameters describe the perceptually segments of both signals m[n] and d[n] are processed by relevant spatial cues. Furthermore, a mono downmix a time-to-frequency (t/f) transform, performed by m[n] is generated. This mono downmix can then be windowing followed by an FFT, resulting in the encoded by any audio encoder. The stereo parameters complex-valued frequency domain representations are quantized and coded into the ancillary part of the M[k] and D[k] respectively. The two frequency domain mono bit stream yielding a backwards (mono) representations of the left and right channels, L[k] and compatible system. R[k] respectively, are obtained as linear combinations of
the signals M[k] and D[k]. The mixing parameters are employs mainly three types of parameters to
time and frequency dependent; for each frequency describe the stereo image - (1) Inter-channel Intensity
component k the mixing process can be described by -
Differences (IID); describing the intensity differences L[k] = h11[k].M[k] + h12[k].D[k] & R[k] = between the channels, (2) Inter-channel Phase h21[k].M[k] + h22[k].D[k] where h11[k], h12[k], Differences (IPD); describing the phase differences h21[k] and h22[k] are defined by the stereo parameters. between the channels and, (3) Inter-channel Coherence The signals L[k] and R[k] are finally transformed back (IC); describing the coherence between the channels. to the time domain by means of a frequency-to-time (f/t) The coherence is measured as the maximum of the transform. In the FFT-based PS decoder, the f/t cross-correlation as a function of time or phase. In transform consists of an inverse FFT followed by principle, these three parameters allow for a high quality windowed overlap-add.reconstruction of the stereo image. However, the IPD
B4/3) Success and Justification of - parameters only specify the relative phase differences between the channels of the stereo input signal. They do When the low complexity tool presented in this paper not prescribe the distribution of these phase differences is combined with ( ), this results in a over the left and right channels. Hence, a fourth type of codec that achieves a significantly increased coding parameter is introduced, describing an overall phase efficiency for stereo signals at very low bit rates when offset or Overall Phase Difference (OPD). In order to compared to ( ) operating in normal reconstruct the stereo image, in the decoder a number stereo mode. Block diagram of the the decoder in Fig-5b of operations are performed, consisting of scaling (IID), is also referred to as “ ( ).” phase rotations (IPD/OPD) and decorrelation. A block Since the tool of already diagram of the decoder is shown in Fig-5b. operates in the QMF domain, the tool can be included
in such a decoder in a computationally very efficient In the FFT-based decoder, first a decorrelated signal
manner directly prior to the final QMF synthesis filter d[n] is calculated by means of convolving the monaural
bank. Comparing Fig-4b & Fig-5b, it is evident that only signal m[n] with a pre-defined sequence. In the stereo
the “ arametric tereo Decoding and Synthesis”, reconstruction process, consecutive windowed
including its hybrid filter bank, have to be added to a
PS
HE-AAC v2
PSaacPlus HE-AAC-v1
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1PS
enhanced aacPlu HE-AAC-v2SBR aacPlus(HE-AAC-v1)
PS PS
PS
P S
mono ( ) decoder, plus of course a achieves more than twice the coding efficiency of second QMF synthesis filter bank. The computational for stereo signals. Further MUSHRA(see above for complexity of such a decoder is approximately the same acronym) tests have shown that the enhanced as that of a ( ) decoder operating in ( ) with parametric stereo achieves a normal stereo mode, where decoding, QMF significantly better subjective quality that normal analysis filtering and processing have to be carried ( ) stereo also for 18 and 32 kbps.out for both channels of a stereo signal. ( These complexity figures are based on the instrumentation of an optimized floatingpoint decoder implementation of the baseline version of the tool as defined in.)
Fig-6 shows subjective results from a listening test comparing ( ) using normal stereo coding at 24 and 32 kbps with (
) utilizing the arametric tereo tool at 24 kbps. The MPEG-4 Stereo verification test were used as test material and playback was done using headphones. The test employed MUSHRA(see above for acronym) methodology and included a hidden reference and low-pass filtered anchors with 3.5 and 7 kHz bandwidth.
It was found that ) i.e. ( ) at 24 kbps achieves an average subjective quality that is equal to ( ) stereo at 32 kbps and that is significantly better than
( ) stereo at 24 kbps. It is of interest Also, comprehensive test was conducted, evaluating a variety of open standard and proprietary audio codecs including , Windows Media Audio, and others, at a bitrate of 48 kbps for comparison. The tests were conducted according to the MUSHRA(see above for acronym) test method. The
to relate these results to the MPEG-4 verification test. There, it was found that ( ) stereo at 32 kbps achieved a subjective quality that was significantly better than stereo at 48 kbps and was similar to or slightly worse than stereo at 64 kbps. This shows that enhanced ( )
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1 AAC
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1 aacPlus HE-AAC-v1AAC
SBR aacPlus HE-AAC-v1
PS
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1enhanced aacPlus HE-
AAC-v2 P S
enhanced aacPlus(HE-AAC-v2HE-AAC-v1+PS
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1
HE-AAC-v1(AAC+SBR), AAC
aacPlus HE-AAC-v1
AACAACaacPlus HE-AAC-v1
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
5958
60
results clearly show the superior compression efficiency range down to 32 kbps. Even at bitrates as low as 24 of . Remarkably, the second best codec in kbps, still produces a quality far higher than the tests was mp3PRO – the combination of MPEG that of any other audio codec available. For Layer-III(.mp3) & . Fig-7 shows subjective multichannel 5.1 signals, provides a coding listening test @48kbps stereo. efficiency that is a factor of two higher than Dolby AC-
3. The diagram shows comparison of audio quality Prior to standardization of , MPEG carried
degradation of , and .out listening tests to verify the efficiency improvement of (incorporating ) over . References:The MUSHRA(see above for acronym) test method was
1) ITU - also used for this evaluation. According to the scope of the listening tests, the bitrates used included 24 kbps for
2) Wikipedia = , and 32 and 24 kbps for . The results of these tests showed a clear performance gain
3) Fraunhofer = introduced by . at 24 kbps was seen to perform significantly better than at 24kbps and equal to or better than at 32 kbps. Fig-8 beside shows MUSHRA scores relative to 7KHz 4) Orban = anchor(stereo).
Fig-9 below shows only a smooth degradation in audio 5) Chriscoxcommunications = quality of towards low bitrates over a wide
6) Joebert S. Jacaba =
7) EBU =
8) J.Breebaart+S.van de Par+A. Kohlrausch+E. Schuijers =
Sh. Sujit Kumar Biswas is an Electrical Engineering Graduate from Indian Institute of
Technology Kharagpur, passed out in the year 1989. After that he joined Steel Authority of
India Limited at Bokaro Steel City Plant in July of the same year. There, he was placed in jobs
involving Electronic and Electrical maintenance. However in the year 1992, he joined Indian
Broadcasting Engineering Service in Office of Chief Engineer(North Zone), New Delhi as
Assistant Director(Engineering). After that, he was transferred at various places like - Office of
Chief Engineer(East Zone), AIR & TV, Kolkata; All India Radio Sasaram; Jamshedpur,
Agartala. Now he is posted in O/o ADGE(EZ) i.e. O/o Additional Director General
Engineering(East Zone), AIR & TV, Kolkata as DDG(E) i.e. Deputy Director General(Engineering). His main jobs
have been the installation works and the Stations maintenance jobs. The concerned project was part of the installation
experiences where this development job was necessary.
REPORTREPORTNational Public Service Broadcasting Day Celebrationat Constitution Club, New Delhi
Broadcast Engineering Society (India), celebrated Broadcasting in a large democratic country like India. National Public Service Broadcasting Day at Talking about the future developments in Public Service Constitution Club, New Delhi on 12 November 2014. Broadcasting in India, Shri Sircar said that keeping up Shri Kailash Satyarthi, the Indian Noble Peace Prize with the technological developments, we need to Laureate 2014 was the Chief Guest of the function. strengthen FM Radio now and upgrade to DRM III and Dignitaries present at the event included Shri Jawhar Internet streaming Radio within the next few years. Sircar, CEO, Prasar Bharati, Shri F Sheheryar, DG, All Also, in television, Prasar Bharati is exploring India Radio, Sh N A Khan, Engineer-in-Chief expanding its FreeDish DTH service to 112 channels Doordarshan. and bring up its subscriber base adding some popular
private channels. BES(I) celebrates the day every year on 12 November because Mahatma Gandhi made his first speech to the Shri Satyarthi who has been honoured with the Noble Nation on All India Radio on 12 November 1947 at Peace Prize this year for saving thousands of children Nilokheri Refugee Camp, Kurukshetra, Haryana. from slavery all over the world, spoke about giving Celebrations started with Mahatma Gandhi's favourite emotional support to our children and not to pressurize bhajan, “Vaishnav Jan”, followed by welcome address them with overload of guidance. He appreciated All by Sh. O.K. Sharma, President BES (I). India Radio saying that it helped him to great extent in
his 'Bachpan Bachao Aandolan' to reach out to parents Delivering the keynote address, Shri Jawhar Sircar who had lost their children.spoke about the importance of Public Service
Devesh Kumar
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
61
60
results clearly show the superior compression efficiency range down to 32 kbps. Even at bitrates as low as 24 of . Remarkably, the second best codec in kbps, still produces a quality far higher than the tests was mp3PRO – the combination of MPEG that of any other audio codec available. For Layer-III(.mp3) & . Fig-7 shows subjective multichannel 5.1 signals, provides a coding listening test @48kbps stereo. efficiency that is a factor of two higher than Dolby AC-
3. The diagram shows comparison of audio quality Prior to standardization of , MPEG carried
degradation of , and .out listening tests to verify the efficiency improvement of (incorporating ) over . References:The MUSHRA(see above for acronym) test method was
1) ITU - also used for this evaluation. According to the scope of the listening tests, the bitrates used included 24 kbps for
2) Wikipedia = , and 32 and 24 kbps for . The results of these tests showed a clear performance gain
3) Fraunhofer = introduced by . at 24 kbps was seen to perform significantly better than at 24kbps and equal to or better than at 32 kbps. Fig-8 beside shows MUSHRA scores relative to 7KHz 4) Orban = anchor(stereo).
Fig-9 below shows only a smooth degradation in audio 5) Chriscoxcommunications = quality of towards low bitrates over a wide
6) Joebert S. Jacaba =
7) EBU =
8) J.Breebaart+S.van de Par+A. Kohlrausch+E. Schuijers =
Sh. Sujit Kumar Biswas is an Electrical Engineering Graduate from Indian Institute of
Technology Kharagpur, passed out in the year 1989. After that he joined Steel Authority of
India Limited at Bokaro Steel City Plant in July of the same year. There, he was placed in jobs
involving Electronic and Electrical maintenance. However in the year 1992, he joined Indian
Broadcasting Engineering Service in Office of Chief Engineer(North Zone), New Delhi as
Assistant Director(Engineering). After that, he was transferred at various places like - Office of
Chief Engineer(East Zone), AIR & TV, Kolkata; All India Radio Sasaram; Jamshedpur,
Agartala. Now he is posted in O/o ADGE(EZ) i.e. O/o Additional Director General
Engineering(East Zone), AIR & TV, Kolkata as DDG(E) i.e. Deputy Director General(Engineering). His main jobs
have been the installation works and the Stations maintenance jobs. The concerned project was part of the installation
experiences where this development job was necessary.
REPORTREPORTNational Public Service Broadcasting Day Celebrationat Constitution Club, New Delhi
Broadcast Engineering Society (India), celebrated Broadcasting in a large democratic country like India. National Public Service Broadcasting Day at Talking about the future developments in Public Service Constitution Club, New Delhi on 12 November 2014. Broadcasting in India, Shri Sircar said that keeping up Shri Kailash Satyarthi, the Indian Noble Peace Prize with the technological developments, we need to Laureate 2014 was the Chief Guest of the function. strengthen FM Radio now and upgrade to DRM III and Dignitaries present at the event included Shri Jawhar Internet streaming Radio within the next few years. Sircar, CEO, Prasar Bharati, Shri F Sheheryar, DG, All Also, in television, Prasar Bharati is exploring India Radio, Sh N A Khan, Engineer-in-Chief expanding its FreeDish DTH service to 112 channels Doordarshan. and bring up its subscriber base adding some popular
private channels. BES(I) celebrates the day every year on 12 November because Mahatma Gandhi made his first speech to the Shri Satyarthi who has been honoured with the Noble Nation on All India Radio on 12 November 1947 at Peace Prize this year for saving thousands of children Nilokheri Refugee Camp, Kurukshetra, Haryana. from slavery all over the world, spoke about giving Celebrations started with Mahatma Gandhi's favourite emotional support to our children and not to pressurize bhajan, “Vaishnav Jan”, followed by welcome address them with overload of guidance. He appreciated All by Sh. O.K. Sharma, President BES (I). India Radio saying that it helped him to great extent in
his 'Bachpan Bachao Aandolan' to reach out to parents Delivering the keynote address, Shri Jawhar Sircar who had lost their children.spoke about the importance of Public Service
Devesh Kumar
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
61
Shri F Sheheryar, DG, All India Radio insisted upon the importance of Public Service Broadcaster and remembered the remarkable contribution of Radio services during disasters like Tsunami, Fallen etc.
Sh N A Khan, Engineer-in-Chief Doordarshan told about the expansion plans of DTH services of Doordarshan and the introduction of new terrestrial platforms like DVB T2, and DVB-T2 lite by Doordarshan in near future.
Three veteran broadcasters of India namely, Shri M C Aggarwal, former Engineer-in-Chief All India Radio, Shri G S S Sarma former Chief Engineer All India Radio
Sh P K Singh, Hon Secretary of BES proposed vote of & Doordarshan and Shri A R Krishnamurthy former Dy. thanks to all the guests and dignitaries, who were Director General ( Programme), All India Radio were participating in the event.given lifetime achievement awards for their outstanding
and remarkable contribution towards public service broadcasting.
October'14 - December’14
62
REPORTREPORT Ahmedabad ChapterA. K. Gupta
BES Ahmadabad chapter has organized a series of lecture for the benefit of members and broadcast Professionals. The brief description of the activities as follows.
Lecture on “Cloud technology and its application in Broadcasting”:
thA lecture on cloud technology was planned on 25 September 2014. The lecture was delivered by Shri. Rahul Sharma, SE, ISRO Ahmadabad.
Recently you can't read anything about technology these days (broadcast or otherwise) without coming across some mention of “the cloud.” Cloud technology and services are essential to the way content professionals
Chandira, Dy.Director General(Engg.),Doordarshan manage and deliver their video and audio assets. Its low-Kendra Ahmedabad & Chapter Chairman BES cost digital acquisition technology. For media and Ahmedabad emphasized the importance of Cloud entertainment cloud deployments include streaming, Technology and also focused on contribution of such archiving, editing, transcoding, and content lectures for the up gradation of knowledge level among distribution. Cloud is bringing innovative solutions for engineers. Shri A.K.Gupta Dy.Director (Engg.),and Broadcasters, Production and post production houses Secretary of BES Ahmedabad chapter briefed the with anywhere access, time saving and reduced resource achievements of Shri. Rahul Sharma and welcomed all cost. Cloud brings platform and services to realize live the gathering and Shri R. T, Tale, Hon. Treasurer BES broadcasting for non linear networks and takes content Ahmadabad Chapter presented vote of thanks.to the viewers irrespective of their location. The fact that
multi-platform content delivery (MPCD) is the industry Lecture cum Demonstration: Role of HAM Radio trend that is most important commercially to their during Disaster business jumps off the page, and it is possible through Cloud. All professional who has attend this lecture, Recently Gujrat, came across the disaster warning of understand these various aspects of Cloud. Shri J K 'Nilofer”. During disaster Ham Radio is useful
3963October'14 - December’14
Shri F Sheheryar, DG, All India Radio insisted upon the importance of Public Service Broadcaster and remembered the remarkable contribution of Radio services during disasters like Tsunami, Fallen etc.
Sh N A Khan, Engineer-in-Chief Doordarshan told about the expansion plans of DTH services of Doordarshan and the introduction of new terrestrial platforms like DVB T2, and DVB-T2 lite by Doordarshan in near future.
Three veteran broadcasters of India namely, Shri M C Aggarwal, former Engineer-in-Chief All India Radio, Shri G S S Sarma former Chief Engineer All India Radio
Sh P K Singh, Hon Secretary of BES proposed vote of & Doordarshan and Shri A R Krishnamurthy former Dy. thanks to all the guests and dignitaries, who were Director General ( Programme), All India Radio were participating in the event.given lifetime achievement awards for their outstanding
and remarkable contribution towards public service broadcasting.
October'14 - December’14
62
REPORTREPORT Ahmedabad ChapterA. K. Gupta
BES Ahmadabad chapter has organized a series of lecture for the benefit of members and broadcast Professionals. The brief description of the activities as follows.
Lecture on “Cloud technology and its application in Broadcasting”:
thA lecture on cloud technology was planned on 25 September 2014. The lecture was delivered by Shri. Rahul Sharma, SE, ISRO Ahmadabad.
Recently you can't read anything about technology these days (broadcast or otherwise) without coming across some mention of “the cloud.” Cloud technology and services are essential to the way content professionals
Chandira, Dy.Director General(Engg.),Doordarshan manage and deliver their video and audio assets. Its low-Kendra Ahmedabad & Chapter Chairman BES cost digital acquisition technology. For media and Ahmedabad emphasized the importance of Cloud entertainment cloud deployments include streaming, Technology and also focused on contribution of such archiving, editing, transcoding, and content lectures for the up gradation of knowledge level among distribution. Cloud is bringing innovative solutions for engineers. Shri A.K.Gupta Dy.Director (Engg.),and Broadcasters, Production and post production houses Secretary of BES Ahmedabad chapter briefed the with anywhere access, time saving and reduced resource achievements of Shri. Rahul Sharma and welcomed all cost. Cloud brings platform and services to realize live the gathering and Shri R. T, Tale, Hon. Treasurer BES broadcasting for non linear networks and takes content Ahmadabad Chapter presented vote of thanks.to the viewers irrespective of their location. The fact that
multi-platform content delivery (MPCD) is the industry Lecture cum Demonstration: Role of HAM Radio trend that is most important commercially to their during Disaster business jumps off the page, and it is possible through Cloud. All professional who has attend this lecture, Recently Gujrat, came across the disaster warning of understand these various aspects of Cloud. Shri J K 'Nilofer”. During disaster Ham Radio is useful
3963October'14 - December’14
Speech. Shri. S. S. Raman Assistant Engineer All India Radio Pune & Joint Secretary BES Pune Chapter introduced Chief Guest Dr. P. B. Mane, P r i n c i p a l A I S S M S Institute of Information Technology Pune. Dr. P. B. Mane delivered Inaugural Speech. Smt. S. D. Upadhye ADE,AIR Pune introduced distinguished speakers Shri.Sudhir Sodhia and Shri Ramesh Gharde to the audience.
Shri. Sudhir Sodhia delivered Talk and showed Demo on Internet Radio. Shri Ramesh Gharde explained
Broadcast Engineering Society (BES), Pune Chapter necessity of DRM Transmitter and introduced DRM organized Workshop on “Various Radio Delivery transmitters and Receivers. Shri. S. N. Patange Platforms – Strengths, Opportunities and Challenges” introduced key note speaker Shri I.I. George, who on 19th Sept. 2014. Venue was All India Radio Pune’s divulged his views on “Various Radio Delivery Auditorium. Delegates from various All India Radio and Platforms – Strengths, Opportunities and Challenges.” Doordarshan stations in Maharashtra were present. Shri The session saw great involvement of audience with a I.I. George Additional Director General (Training), AIR lively Q & A session at the end.& Doordarshan Delhi and Vice President BES(I) was
Shri.Ravindra Ranjekar Honorary Treasurer BES the Key note speaker.
PUNE Chapter offered Vote of Thanks. Anchoring of Shri.Ashish Bhatnagar DDG(E) All India Radio Pune the prog. was done by Shri. Yogesh Hoshing AIR Pune.and the Chairman of Pune Chapter presented Welcome
REPORTREPORT Pune ChapterYogesh Hoshing
Workshop on “Various Radio Delivery Platforms– Strengths, Opportunities and Challenges”
October'14 - December’14
65January'13 - March'13
3864
communication tool. A lecture cum demonstration on an identifying call sign. Prospective amateur operators HAM Radio in Disaster management was planned on are tested for their understanding of key concepts in
th20 November 2014. The lecture was delivered by Shri. electronics and the host government's radio regulations. Pravin Valera, Jt. Secretary, Gujarat institute of amateur Shri. Pravin Valera, demonstrate, the features of Ham radio. radio. He also shared his experiences during various
disasters with the members. Shri J K Chandira, Amateur Radio (Ham Radio) is a popular hobby and Chairman, BES, Ahmedabad Chapter welcomed the service in which licensed Amateur Radio operators gathering and briefed about the achievements of Shri. (hams) operate communications equipment. Radio Pravin Valera. Shri A.K. Gupta, Hon. Secretary, BES amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data Ahmadabad Chapter highlighted the importance of communications modes and have access to frequency HAM Radio during disaster and Shri R. T, Tale, Hon. allocations throughout the RF spectrum to enable Treasurer BES Ahmadabad Chapter presented the vote communication across a city, region, country, continent, of thanks. The session received an overwhelming the world, or even into space. Amateur radio is officially response from the members, who actively participated. represented and coordinated by the International The above lecture was well attended by BES members, Amateur Radio Union (IARU). National governments Prasar Bharti engineers, and guests from other regulate technical and operational characteristics of engineering organizations, program officers and staff of transmissions and issue individual stations licenses with Doordarshan.
October'14 - December’14
Speech. Shri. S. S. Raman Assistant Engineer All India Radio Pune & Joint Secretary BES Pune Chapter introduced Chief Guest Dr. P. B. Mane, P r i n c i p a l A I S S M S Institute of Information Technology Pune. Dr. P. B. Mane delivered Inaugural Speech. Smt. S. D. Upadhye ADE,AIR Pune introduced distinguished speakers Shri.Sudhir Sodhia and Shri Ramesh Gharde to the audience.
Shri. Sudhir Sodhia delivered Talk and showed Demo on Internet Radio. Shri Ramesh Gharde explained
Broadcast Engineering Society (BES), Pune Chapter necessity of DRM Transmitter and introduced DRM organized Workshop on “Various Radio Delivery transmitters and Receivers. Shri. S. N. Patange Platforms – Strengths, Opportunities and Challenges” introduced key note speaker Shri I.I. George, who on 19th Sept. 2014. Venue was All India Radio Pune’s divulged his views on “Various Radio Delivery Auditorium. Delegates from various All India Radio and Platforms – Strengths, Opportunities and Challenges.” Doordarshan stations in Maharashtra were present. Shri The session saw great involvement of audience with a I.I. George Additional Director General (Training), AIR lively Q & A session at the end.& Doordarshan Delhi and Vice President BES(I) was
Shri.Ravindra Ranjekar Honorary Treasurer BES the Key note speaker.
PUNE Chapter offered Vote of Thanks. Anchoring of Shri.Ashish Bhatnagar DDG(E) All India Radio Pune the prog. was done by Shri. Yogesh Hoshing AIR Pune.and the Chairman of Pune Chapter presented Welcome
REPORTREPORT Pune ChapterYogesh Hoshing
Workshop on “Various Radio Delivery Platforms– Strengths, Opportunities and Challenges”
October'14 - December’14
65January'13 - March'13
3864
communication tool. A lecture cum demonstration on an identifying call sign. Prospective amateur operators HAM Radio in Disaster management was planned on are tested for their understanding of key concepts in
th20 November 2014. The lecture was delivered by Shri. electronics and the host government's radio regulations. Pravin Valera, Jt. Secretary, Gujarat institute of amateur Shri. Pravin Valera, demonstrate, the features of Ham radio. radio. He also shared his experiences during various
disasters with the members. Shri J K Chandira, Amateur Radio (Ham Radio) is a popular hobby and Chairman, BES, Ahmedabad Chapter welcomed the service in which licensed Amateur Radio operators gathering and briefed about the achievements of Shri. (hams) operate communications equipment. Radio Pravin Valera. Shri A.K. Gupta, Hon. Secretary, BES amateurs use a variety of voice, text, image, and data Ahmadabad Chapter highlighted the importance of communications modes and have access to frequency HAM Radio during disaster and Shri R. T, Tale, Hon. allocations throughout the RF spectrum to enable Treasurer BES Ahmadabad Chapter presented the vote communication across a city, region, country, continent, of thanks. The session received an overwhelming the world, or even into space. Amateur radio is officially response from the members, who actively participated. represented and coordinated by the International The above lecture was well attended by BES members, Amateur Radio Union (IARU). National governments Prasar Bharti engineers, and guests from other regulate technical and operational characteristics of engineering organizations, program officers and staff of transmissions and issue individual stations licenses with Doordarshan.
October'14 - December’14
66 67
Scientist/ activist, discussed how AIR is playing an important role in addressing the issues of most deprived sections of the society viz. women, children, elderly persons, rural population, farmers, tribal's etc. Padmashri Shri Niranjan Pandya– Managing Director H V Desai Hospital, Pune, while expressing the 'Radio' as very disciplined media, also said that the radio is the best friend of persons blindness problems & other physical disabilities. He said that, “some of the AIR programmes are so popular that the people understand the timings of the day, by simply listening the radio programmes”. He also said that in order to prevent loneliness of blind /physically challenged persons, radio listening is suggested as the therapy.
& attributed the 'cultural discipline' as an important The panel discussion & Q/A session in which large no strength of India's Public Service Broadcaster. He also students & faculties interacted with experts on the dais compared the PSB's in other countries & favoured to was vividly moderated by Shri Ashish Bhatnagar, carryout SWOT analysis of India's PSB Prasar Bharati. Chairman BES(I) Pune Chapter. He also clarified
certain aspects of the present Govt. policies on Shri Nagraj Munjale, a noted Marathi feature film broadcasting The programme ended with vote of Director (Fandry – A national Award winner), shared thanks.his experience of Radio listening on how he & his family members used to eagerly wait for programmes like Bina At the beginning of the programme, the presentation on ki Geet Mala etc, felt connected with the songs & how BES activities, audio clip on historical landmarks of he used to watch feature films on TV at his native place AIR Pune programmes, video clip on Doordarshan Pune with lot of jugglery with antenna/speakers . He further Programme activities were presented to the audience. elaborated that even today in presence of large number The programme was attended by about 120 of private TV / radio channels, if people wants reliable & participants(students/faculties) from various colleges/ authentic news, AIR & Doordarshan channels are the Institutes viz. Fergusson College, Ranade Institute, first choice. He also explained his association with radio Gokhale Institute, Modern College, AISSM's COE, during early days of his carrier as Marathi Poet. Shri Pune University, MKSSS's SMART Institute etc., AIR Ashok Jadhav, Representative of Industry Employees, & DD Prog/Engg. Staff members, BES Members.shared his love for radio like- listening cricket
The meticulous & excellent planning of the programme commentary & how he developed friendship with by hard working team led by Mrs. Sangeeta Upadhye, renown Pakistani wrestler because of radio, how he Event Coordinator, EC member BES & AD(E) AIR Pune selected his job as the 'hoist operator' to pursue his under the overall guidance of Shri Ashish Bhatnagar, hobby of radio listening. He also expected that the AIR Chairman BES Pune Chapter & DDG(E), AIR Pune Pune primary channel programmes should be available made the programme, a big success! on local FM channel. Smt Manisha Gupte, Social
Ashok KaleAshok Kale
The 'National Public Service Broadcasting Day' was thcelebrated on 12 November 2014, by BES Pune
Chapter with great vigour & enthusiasm. Two important events with active involvement of various mass communication/ journalism, political science, social studies, art, science, commerce college /institutions in and around Pune region were organised as the part of celebration.
A short essay competition on the theme “How to Sustain & Strengthen Public Service Broadcasting in this era of Commercial Broadcasting” was organised for college students from various streams – the winners were felicitated on National Public Service Broadcasting Day during a panel discussion on “Public Service through Radio & TV: Strength & Challenges”, which
Naik, Modern College & Second prize winner: was organised on 12th November 2014 at All India Subhekshna Murudkar, Fergusson College) Radio Auditorium, Shivajinagar, Pune with eminent
speakers like: The Juries of the essay competition, Shri R.N. Katkar, Director(E) AIR, Pune & Smt. Manisha Shete, Dy
Padmashri Shri Niranjan Pandya, Managing Director Director(E), DDK Pune, both Vice Chairperson, BES H V Desai Hospital, Pune Chapter, after going through the entries received Shri Nagraj Manjule, National Award winning Marathi for essay competition, shortlisted the first level entries, Film Director judged first & second prize winners, distributed
certificates to winners & first level shortlisted Smt. Manisha Gupte, Renowned Social Activist, candidates. The first & second prize winners (Siddharth Shri Ashok Jadhav, Representative of Industry Naik & Subhekshna Murudkar) were also presented Employees, on panel & with trophies & were given the opportunity to share the
Voices from the youth (First prize winner: Siddharth dais with invited experts & to speak on the theme for 5-7 minutes.
At the outset, eminent speakers were welcomed & felicitated by BES office bearers.
Shri Ashish Bhatnagar, Chairman, BES Pune Chapter welcomed the panel of expert. Shri Bhatnagar, while setting the ball rolling, stressed the importance of public service broadcasting, and requested the panellists to express their views /experiences/ expectations freely. Ms Subhekshna Murudkar from Furgusson college, Pune, the Second prize winner of essay competition, expressed her views on Public Service broadcasting. Thereafter Mr Siddharth Naik from Modern College, Pune, the First prize winner of essay competition, shared his views on AIR & Doordarshan programming
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
National Public Service Broadcasting DayCelebration at Pune
66 67
Scientist/ activist, discussed how AIR is playing an important role in addressing the issues of most deprived sections of the society viz. women, children, elderly persons, rural population, farmers, tribal's etc. Padmashri Shri Niranjan Pandya– Managing Director H V Desai Hospital, Pune, while expressing the 'Radio' as very disciplined media, also said that the radio is the best friend of persons blindness problems & other physical disabilities. He said that, “some of the AIR programmes are so popular that the people understand the timings of the day, by simply listening the radio programmes”. He also said that in order to prevent loneliness of blind /physically challenged persons, radio listening is suggested as the therapy.
& attributed the 'cultural discipline' as an important The panel discussion & Q/A session in which large no strength of India's Public Service Broadcaster. He also students & faculties interacted with experts on the dais compared the PSB's in other countries & favoured to was vividly moderated by Shri Ashish Bhatnagar, carryout SWOT analysis of India's PSB Prasar Bharati. Chairman BES(I) Pune Chapter. He also clarified
certain aspects of the present Govt. policies on Shri Nagraj Munjale, a noted Marathi feature film broadcasting The programme ended with vote of Director (Fandry – A national Award winner), shared thanks.his experience of Radio listening on how he & his family members used to eagerly wait for programmes like Bina At the beginning of the programme, the presentation on ki Geet Mala etc, felt connected with the songs & how BES activities, audio clip on historical landmarks of he used to watch feature films on TV at his native place AIR Pune programmes, video clip on Doordarshan Pune with lot of jugglery with antenna/speakers . He further Programme activities were presented to the audience. elaborated that even today in presence of large number The programme was attended by about 120 of private TV / radio channels, if people wants reliable & participants(students/faculties) from various colleges/ authentic news, AIR & Doordarshan channels are the Institutes viz. Fergusson College, Ranade Institute, first choice. He also explained his association with radio Gokhale Institute, Modern College, AISSM's COE, during early days of his carrier as Marathi Poet. Shri Pune University, MKSSS's SMART Institute etc., AIR Ashok Jadhav, Representative of Industry Employees, & DD Prog/Engg. Staff members, BES Members.shared his love for radio like- listening cricket
The meticulous & excellent planning of the programme commentary & how he developed friendship with by hard working team led by Mrs. Sangeeta Upadhye, renown Pakistani wrestler because of radio, how he Event Coordinator, EC member BES & AD(E) AIR Pune selected his job as the 'hoist operator' to pursue his under the overall guidance of Shri Ashish Bhatnagar, hobby of radio listening. He also expected that the AIR Chairman BES Pune Chapter & DDG(E), AIR Pune Pune primary channel programmes should be available made the programme, a big success! on local FM channel. Smt Manisha Gupte, Social
Ashok KaleAshok Kale
The 'National Public Service Broadcasting Day' was thcelebrated on 12 November 2014, by BES Pune
Chapter with great vigour & enthusiasm. Two important events with active involvement of various mass communication/ journalism, political science, social studies, art, science, commerce college /institutions in and around Pune region were organised as the part of celebration.
A short essay competition on the theme “How to Sustain & Strengthen Public Service Broadcasting in this era of Commercial Broadcasting” was organised for college students from various streams – the winners were felicitated on National Public Service Broadcasting Day during a panel discussion on “Public Service through Radio & TV: Strength & Challenges”, which
Naik, Modern College & Second prize winner: was organised on 12th November 2014 at All India Subhekshna Murudkar, Fergusson College) Radio Auditorium, Shivajinagar, Pune with eminent
speakers like: The Juries of the essay competition, Shri R.N. Katkar, Director(E) AIR, Pune & Smt. Manisha Shete, Dy
Padmashri Shri Niranjan Pandya, Managing Director Director(E), DDK Pune, both Vice Chairperson, BES H V Desai Hospital, Pune Chapter, after going through the entries received Shri Nagraj Manjule, National Award winning Marathi for essay competition, shortlisted the first level entries, Film Director judged first & second prize winners, distributed
certificates to winners & first level shortlisted Smt. Manisha Gupte, Renowned Social Activist, candidates. The first & second prize winners (Siddharth Shri Ashok Jadhav, Representative of Industry Naik & Subhekshna Murudkar) were also presented Employees, on panel & with trophies & were given the opportunity to share the
Voices from the youth (First prize winner: Siddharth dais with invited experts & to speak on the theme for 5-7 minutes.
At the outset, eminent speakers were welcomed & felicitated by BES office bearers.
Shri Ashish Bhatnagar, Chairman, BES Pune Chapter welcomed the panel of expert. Shri Bhatnagar, while setting the ball rolling, stressed the importance of public service broadcasting, and requested the panellists to express their views /experiences/ expectations freely. Ms Subhekshna Murudkar from Furgusson college, Pune, the Second prize winner of essay competition, expressed her views on Public Service broadcasting. Thereafter Mr Siddharth Naik from Modern College, Pune, the First prize winner of essay competition, shared his views on AIR & Doordarshan programming
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
National Public Service Broadcasting DayCelebration at Pune
changeover to digital of all Broadcast services in the country, except terrestrial broadcasting. Easy availability of digital receiving sets at affordable cost is the key to the success of digital broadcasting and thus it has become an “egg and chicken' problem, he said.
The technical sessions that followed were chaired by Sri SLK Prasada Rao, Chief Engineer, ETV, Sri Y. Venkateswarlu, former CEO, SAPNET and Dr. Neeraj Upadhay, Principal, JBIET, Hyderabad.
In his paper on “Social Media in Broadcasting”, Sri Devesh Kumar, Dy. Engineer, National Academy of Broadcasting & Multimedia, Delhi gave a lucid account
The BES, Hyderabad chapter conducted their annual on the historical evolution of Media, the latest being the th social media which, he said, brought about the biggest one-day seminar on 14 Dec 2014 at Hotel Tourism
shift since the Industrial revolution. Emphasising that Plaza on the theme “Advances in Digital Broadcasting”. the social media are not a threat to broadcast media, he Sri K. jayachandra, IPS, former DGP, Govt of AP was said that there is a symbiotic relationship between the the Chief Guest, while Sri O.K. Sharma, President, BES two despite their opposite characteristics. Social media delivered the keynote address. Sri Nori Venkateswarlu, are enabling the broadcast media to connect with their retired Chief Engineer of AIR&DD, was the Guest of audiences – particularly the youth – in a more effective honour and was felicitated on the occasion. Around 100 manner.delegates from different stations of AIR, DD and private
channels participated. Ms. Meenakshi Sanghvi, Dy Director (E) at AIR, Vadodara, in her paper “FM combiners” gave a Sri K. Jayachandra, in his inaugural speech, quoted a systematic account of the technical features of different recent World Bank study which came out with the
finding that the development of a nation is largely influenced by advances in the telecommunications field. Digitisation of telecommunications – Broadcasting included – has been progressing at a rapid pace in the world over, with an all round impact on the services.
In his keynote address Shri O.K. Sharma explained at length the rationale behind digitisation of Broadcasting, including the road map of All India Radio and Doordarshan. He stated that DRM technology is being adopted for digitisation of radio broadcasting, while all satellite transmissions are already fully digitized. March 2017 has been decided as the deadline for full
FM combiners and their indispensable need while for the human body exposure. He, however, enumerated installing multiple FM transmitters at a single location some precautions to be observed while handling the through a common tower, feeder line and antenna mobile phone sets. He also opined that curtailing the system. member of service providers for a given cell zone and
limiting the maximum radiated power will further Sri NV Ramana, Director (E), DDK, Hyderabad spoke improve the radiation environment and wil make it still on “High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)”, also safer, while at the same time improving spectral known as H.265. Increasing video resolution and efficiency.supporting parallel processing are the twin concerns of the new compression format and he explained how both In a refreshingly different talk on 'Who am I – How to these concerns are addressed by this format which will get Bliss in old age', Swamy Purnabodhananda of come into use by year 2015. Ramakrishna Mutt, Hyderabad dealt with higher goals
of life and how they can be realized. Meditation, a sense 'Big data and Broadcasting', is the paper presented by Dr of detachment and Karma yoga will go a longway in Neeraj Upadhay, Principal, JBIET, Hyderabad. Stating obviating daily stress and in ensuring lasting bliss, he that Broadcasting in a 'social business', he explained said.how software giants like IBM, Microsoft, Kognito, Oracle, Cloudena and some others are serving the Dr. V. Rama Rao, CTO, SV Bhakti Channel summed up Broadcast industry through 'Big data' : provision of the proceedings of the seminar at the end. Sri MBS return channel, instant audience feed back as well as Purushotham, Chairman, BES, Hyderabad chapter gave audience – directed programming. the welcome address, while Sri Nuli Namassivaya,
Secretary and Sri RJ Rao, Treasurer, proposed a vote of Sri Ravi Sankar, AGM, BSNL, spoke on 'Spectrum thanks.Issues and Management'. Saying that the radiation hazards of cellular signals and broadcast signals are an A souvenir containing the papers presented at the unfounded myth, he clarified that both these services are seminar was also released on the occasion.'instances of non-ionising radiation and therefore safe
changeover to digital of all Broadcast services in the country, except terrestrial broadcasting. Easy availability of digital receiving sets at affordable cost is the key to the success of digital broadcasting and thus it has become an “egg and chicken' problem, he said.
The technical sessions that followed were chaired by Sri SLK Prasada Rao, Chief Engineer, ETV, Sri Y. Venkateswarlu, former CEO, SAPNET and Dr. Neeraj Upadhay, Principal, JBIET, Hyderabad.
In his paper on “Social Media in Broadcasting”, Sri Devesh Kumar, Dy. Engineer, National Academy of Broadcasting & Multimedia, Delhi gave a lucid account
The BES, Hyderabad chapter conducted their annual on the historical evolution of Media, the latest being the th social media which, he said, brought about the biggest one-day seminar on 14 Dec 2014 at Hotel Tourism
shift since the Industrial revolution. Emphasising that Plaza on the theme “Advances in Digital Broadcasting”. the social media are not a threat to broadcast media, he Sri K. jayachandra, IPS, former DGP, Govt of AP was said that there is a symbiotic relationship between the the Chief Guest, while Sri O.K. Sharma, President, BES two despite their opposite characteristics. Social media delivered the keynote address. Sri Nori Venkateswarlu, are enabling the broadcast media to connect with their retired Chief Engineer of AIR&DD, was the Guest of audiences – particularly the youth – in a more effective honour and was felicitated on the occasion. Around 100 manner.delegates from different stations of AIR, DD and private
channels participated. Ms. Meenakshi Sanghvi, Dy Director (E) at AIR, Vadodara, in her paper “FM combiners” gave a Sri K. Jayachandra, in his inaugural speech, quoted a systematic account of the technical features of different recent World Bank study which came out with the
finding that the development of a nation is largely influenced by advances in the telecommunications field. Digitisation of telecommunications – Broadcasting included – has been progressing at a rapid pace in the world over, with an all round impact on the services.
In his keynote address Shri O.K. Sharma explained at length the rationale behind digitisation of Broadcasting, including the road map of All India Radio and Doordarshan. He stated that DRM technology is being adopted for digitisation of radio broadcasting, while all satellite transmissions are already fully digitized. March 2017 has been decided as the deadline for full
FM combiners and their indispensable need while for the human body exposure. He, however, enumerated installing multiple FM transmitters at a single location some precautions to be observed while handling the through a common tower, feeder line and antenna mobile phone sets. He also opined that curtailing the system. member of service providers for a given cell zone and
limiting the maximum radiated power will further Sri NV Ramana, Director (E), DDK, Hyderabad spoke improve the radiation environment and wil make it still on “High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC)”, also safer, while at the same time improving spectral known as H.265. Increasing video resolution and efficiency.supporting parallel processing are the twin concerns of the new compression format and he explained how both In a refreshingly different talk on 'Who am I – How to these concerns are addressed by this format which will get Bliss in old age', Swamy Purnabodhananda of come into use by year 2015. Ramakrishna Mutt, Hyderabad dealt with higher goals
of life and how they can be realized. Meditation, a sense 'Big data and Broadcasting', is the paper presented by Dr of detachment and Karma yoga will go a longway in Neeraj Upadhay, Principal, JBIET, Hyderabad. Stating obviating daily stress and in ensuring lasting bliss, he that Broadcasting in a 'social business', he explained said.how software giants like IBM, Microsoft, Kognito, Oracle, Cloudena and some others are serving the Dr. V. Rama Rao, CTO, SV Bhakti Channel summed up Broadcast industry through 'Big data' : provision of the proceedings of the seminar at the end. Sri MBS return channel, instant audience feed back as well as Purushotham, Chairman, BES, Hyderabad chapter gave audience – directed programming. the welcome address, while Sri Nuli Namassivaya,
Secretary and Sri RJ Rao, Treasurer, proposed a vote of Sri Ravi Sankar, AGM, BSNL, spoke on 'Spectrum thanks.Issues and Management'. Saying that the radiation hazards of cellular signals and broadcast signals are an A souvenir containing the papers presented at the unfounded myth, he clarified that both these services are seminar was also released on the occasion.'instances of non-ionising radiation and therefore safe
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
6968
7170
and lighting the lamp also spoke the importance of Former Station Director(Retd), Shri.T.Ganesan and public broad casting day, at the time of independence Dr.M.Vijaya Sundari Assistant Professor, UDC, Trichy 1947 our father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhiji who were the chief guests elaborated about the addressed over radio to the people who were in the entertainment and benefits in all the fields for the
th people. The function was attended well by staff of All refugee camp at Kurukeshtra on November 12 , also India Radio, Doordarshan and BES (I) Thanjavur highlighted the service rendered by both AIR and c h a p t e r . Vo t e o f T h a n k s g i v e n b y Doordarshan.Shri.G.MuthuKrishnan, Treasurer BES(I) Thanjavur.
Smt.M.Vasuki,DDG(E),AIR,Thiruchirappalli , The function ended with National Anthem and High tea. Smt.Jothimani Ellangovan spoke on the occasion.
REPORTREPORT Thanjavur ChapterA. Chitra
A Seminar on “media Assets Management”
Public Service Broadcasting Day Celebration
Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Thanjavur Chapter in Co-Ordination with Periyar Maniyammai University conducted a seminar on “MEDIA ASSETS MANAGEMENT” at the University campus Vallam, Tanjore on16/10/2014. The seminar was inaugurated by Mrs.A.Chitra, Chairperson, BES(I)Thanjavur Chapter. Smt. G.Gandhimathi, HOD/ECE Department welcomed the gathering. Many Engineering officials from All India Radio and Doordarshan ,Faculty of Periyar Maniammai University and students attended the seminar. Dr.M.Thavamani, Pro Vice-Chancellor of Periayar Maniammai University presided over the
Management. The arrangements for the seminar was co-function. She spoke about the importance of
ordinated by BES(I)., Thanjavur Chapter Secretary Community Radio in uplifting the life's of the villages
Mr.S.Periandavar., and Treasurer Mr.G.Muthukrishnan. especially the women, also informed that the first
Mrs.L.Jayanthi Kesavan Asst.Professor/ ECE community Radio was started by two women in a
Department delivered the vote of thanks. The seminar remote village of Andhra Pradesh after struggling to get
was ended with the National Anthem and then with High the licence over a decade.
Tea.
The lecture was delivered by Sri.S.Muthusamy, Deputy Director General, ADG Office of All India Radio and Doordarshan, Chennai. He elaborated about the various Broadcast Engineering Society, Thanjavur Chapter and methodologies and techniques to archive the vast All India Radio Thiruchirappalli observed “Public
thtreasure of recordings available with both All India Broad casting Day” on 12 November 2014 at All India Radio and Doordarshan. He cleared the doubts raised Radio premises. by the students about various video formats and the
Smt. A. Chitra, Chairperson, Broadcast Engineering latest developments in the field of Media Asset Society, Thanjavur Chapter inaugurated the function
Shri Jawhar Sircar, CEO, Prasar Bharati, India has been elected as Vice President of Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union, unopposed at it's General Assembly held at Macau in October 2014. It's a great honour for our India, it's public service broadcaster and Sh. Jawhar Sircar. Doordarshan has also been re-elected as technical bureau member and AIR to ABU Administrative Council unanimously
Broadcast Engineering Society (India) congratulates Sh. Jawhar Sircar for this rare achievement and applauds the efforts of the Prasar Bharati team who has worked hard to make this a reality.
Jawhar Sircar CEO PB elected ABU Vice President
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
7170
and lighting the lamp also spoke the importance of Former Station Director(Retd), Shri.T.Ganesan and public broad casting day, at the time of independence Dr.M.Vijaya Sundari Assistant Professor, UDC, Trichy 1947 our father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhiji who were the chief guests elaborated about the addressed over radio to the people who were in the entertainment and benefits in all the fields for the
th people. The function was attended well by staff of All refugee camp at Kurukeshtra on November 12 , also India Radio, Doordarshan and BES (I) Thanjavur highlighted the service rendered by both AIR and c h a p t e r . Vo t e o f T h a n k s g i v e n b y Doordarshan.Shri.G.MuthuKrishnan, Treasurer BES(I) Thanjavur.
Smt.M.Vasuki,DDG(E),AIR,Thiruchirappalli , The function ended with National Anthem and High tea. Smt.Jothimani Ellangovan spoke on the occasion.
REPORTREPORT Thanjavur ChapterA. Chitra
A Seminar on “media Assets Management”
Public Service Broadcasting Day Celebration
Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Thanjavur Chapter in Co-Ordination with Periyar Maniyammai University conducted a seminar on “MEDIA ASSETS MANAGEMENT” at the University campus Vallam, Tanjore on16/10/2014. The seminar was inaugurated by Mrs.A.Chitra, Chairperson, BES(I)Thanjavur Chapter. Smt. G.Gandhimathi, HOD/ECE Department welcomed the gathering. Many Engineering officials from All India Radio and Doordarshan ,Faculty of Periyar Maniammai University and students attended the seminar. Dr.M.Thavamani, Pro Vice-Chancellor of Periayar Maniammai University presided over the
Management. The arrangements for the seminar was co-function. She spoke about the importance of
ordinated by BES(I)., Thanjavur Chapter Secretary Community Radio in uplifting the life's of the villages
Mr.S.Periandavar., and Treasurer Mr.G.Muthukrishnan. especially the women, also informed that the first
Mrs.L.Jayanthi Kesavan Asst.Professor/ ECE community Radio was started by two women in a
Department delivered the vote of thanks. The seminar remote village of Andhra Pradesh after struggling to get
was ended with the National Anthem and then with High the licence over a decade.
Tea.
The lecture was delivered by Sri.S.Muthusamy, Deputy Director General, ADG Office of All India Radio and Doordarshan, Chennai. He elaborated about the various Broadcast Engineering Society, Thanjavur Chapter and methodologies and techniques to archive the vast All India Radio Thiruchirappalli observed “Public
thtreasure of recordings available with both All India Broad casting Day” on 12 November 2014 at All India Radio and Doordarshan. He cleared the doubts raised Radio premises. by the students about various video formats and the
Smt. A. Chitra, Chairperson, Broadcast Engineering latest developments in the field of Media Asset Society, Thanjavur Chapter inaugurated the function
Shri Jawhar Sircar, CEO, Prasar Bharati, India has been elected as Vice President of Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union, unopposed at it's General Assembly held at Macau in October 2014. It's a great honour for our India, it's public service broadcaster and Sh. Jawhar Sircar. Doordarshan has also been re-elected as technical bureau member and AIR to ABU Administrative Council unanimously
Broadcast Engineering Society (India) congratulates Sh. Jawhar Sircar for this rare achievement and applauds the efforts of the Prasar Bharati team who has worked hard to make this a reality.
Jawhar Sircar CEO PB elected ABU Vice President
October'14 - December’14October'14 - December’14
interactivity on Gyandarshan Educational Broadcasts and provides the learner viewer with enriched and immersive learning experience. The initial requirements of this application are taken from EM2RC, Pune. It enables the learner viewer to take the lecture notes, participate in quiz and access to supplementary information about the programme. With further enhancements it can also facilitate text chat based Learner-Mentor interaction during the live sessions of the programme with the help of return channels.
The application currently supports 10 Indian Languages namely Hindi, English, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada,
World Wide Web (W3C) Consortium Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil and Telugu. It is tested on Videocon set-top-boxes under lab simulation
The W3C has its presence in all countries and is hosted environment. These set-top-boxes are capable of
by four nationals globallyreceiving DD Direct+ DTH FTA service on which
4 host locations and 19 offices Gyandarshan channels are available.• MIT (USA), Keio (Japan). ERCIM (France),
Interaction over Return ChannelBeihang (China)
Enrich viewer's experience through interactivity and 400 Members from 45 countries; Many Industries and
participation using return channel.Governments including BRIC countries.
T-Governance: Multilingual Interactive TV service W3C Web and TV Interest Group
for FarmersEstablished in February 2011, the aim is to provide a
This service can help enable interactivity on Krishi forum for Web and TV technical discussions, Web and
Darshan programmes and disseminate latest market TV Interest Group, to review existing work, as well as
prices and Govt. schemes in local languages thus the relationship between services on the Web and TV
creating an alternate information channel for viewers.services, and to identify requirements and potential solutions to ensure that the Web will function well with Synergizing Doordarshan & C-DAC activitiesTV.
• Participation in W3C Standardization activities Open IPTV Forum (OIPF) (W3C, HbbTV and Other SDO's)
• Indian language compliant - Set-top-box.. • The Open IPTV Forum (OIPF) is a non-profit Middleware, Language Stacks, EPG & other consortium and standards organization. (Japan)component development.
• It is focused on generating free of charge • Advance Digital TV Services -Concept to specifications for end-to-end IPTV services.
transmission.• The HbbTV standard, which has been adopted by
• Set-top-Box Certificationmany broadcasters across Europe, is based on the specifications created by the Open IPTV Forum. • T-learning, T-Governance and allied areas.
• Localisation guidelines and standards Hbb TV• Joint project on assisted living.
• Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV or “HbbTV”, is a major new pan-European initiative aimed at Live demonstration was done by Shri Subhanshu harmonising the broadcast and broadband delivery Gup ta , Techn ica l Off i ce r, C -DAC, Pune of entertainment to the end consumer through on interactivity on T-learing & T-Governance. The connected TVs and set-top boxes. Lectures & Demo were followed by Q & A session. The
Anchoring was conducted by Shri Pradeep Sharma T-Learning: The sample interactive application
Hon. Secretary of BES(I) Mumbai Chapter and also presented the Vote of Thanks.The application demonstrated here intends to enable
• Pilot Deployment of entire Multilingual DVB Subtitle Solution in four metro Kendra's of Doordarshan aided by DeitY
• This will allow the viewers to select the subtitle language of their choice with the click of remote.
• Facilitate Local Alerts, Emergency Messages etc.
• Multilingual Subtitles and Captions helps address the viewers with diverse linguistic backgrounds and also those with hearing impairments.
Next Generation Viewing Experience: Key Points
• Second Screen or Companion Screen (consumers moving away from time-boxed viewing, they are Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Mumbai moving away from the box itself)Chapter organised a seminar on “Web & TV-New
th • Full Web and Social Networking experience on TVDimensions & Standards”on 14 Nov., 2014 in the Conference hall of Doordarshan Kendra, Mumbai. • Stop and start programs on one TV or device and pick The main speaker was Shri M.D.Kulkarni, Associate up where they left off on another. Director & HoD, C-DAC, Pune supported by Shri • Connect your tablet to a hotel TV Sudesh Mudaliar Jt. Director, C-DAC, Pune.
• More relevant and engaging advertising. The Chairman of Mumbai Chapter & National (Advertising becomes useful, rather than annoying.)Chairman of New Member Induction Committee at • HTTP Adaptive StreamingBES (I), New Delhi Shri S.C.Khasgiwal Rtd. ADG(E-
• Media Sharing Using DLNA : Share and Play wz) welcomed the invited guests and the BES members content across home networkattending the seminar. He expressed that while the
Digital Wave has started shaking the traditional Over The Top Technology (OTT)structures of broadcasting industry, the future will bring
• As content becomes more digitized and use of in more revolutionary changes with many new services connected devices becomes the norm, the rise in on the horizon, including the multiplatform delivery to demand for TV everywhere is becoming more multiple devices. The guest of honours were Shri dominant and relevant than ever.S.K.Arora ADG(E-wz) AIR Maintenance and Shri
• OTT technology will dominate in coming yearsB.Yadav ADG(E-wz) TV Maintenance. The occasion was graced by Shri S.R.Aggarwal Formerly E in C, AIR & Secretary General of IETE; Shri Sudhir Sodhia DDG(E) AIR; Shri Satyajit Das DDG(E) Doordarshan, Mumbai; Corporate Members from the Industries, large number of BES Members and many AIR & DD officials. The gist of the presentation by Shri M.D.Kulkarni Associate Director of C-DAC was as under:
Pilot Deployment of Multilingual Subtitling System on DTT at Metro Kendras
• Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai
REPORTREPORT Mumbai ChapterS. C. Khasgiwal
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
7372
interactivity on Gyandarshan Educational Broadcasts and provides the learner viewer with enriched and immersive learning experience. The initial requirements of this application are taken from EM2RC, Pune. It enables the learner viewer to take the lecture notes, participate in quiz and access to supplementary information about the programme. With further enhancements it can also facilitate text chat based Learner-Mentor interaction during the live sessions of the programme with the help of return channels.
The application currently supports 10 Indian Languages namely Hindi, English, Bengali, Gujarati, Kannada,
World Wide Web (W3C) Consortium Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil and Telugu. It is tested on Videocon set-top-boxes under lab simulation
The W3C has its presence in all countries and is hosted environment. These set-top-boxes are capable of
by four nationals globallyreceiving DD Direct+ DTH FTA service on which
4 host locations and 19 offices Gyandarshan channels are available.• MIT (USA), Keio (Japan). ERCIM (France),
Interaction over Return ChannelBeihang (China)
Enrich viewer's experience through interactivity and 400 Members from 45 countries; Many Industries and
participation using return channel.Governments including BRIC countries.
T-Governance: Multilingual Interactive TV service W3C Web and TV Interest Group
for FarmersEstablished in February 2011, the aim is to provide a
This service can help enable interactivity on Krishi forum for Web and TV technical discussions, Web and
Darshan programmes and disseminate latest market TV Interest Group, to review existing work, as well as
prices and Govt. schemes in local languages thus the relationship between services on the Web and TV
creating an alternate information channel for viewers.services, and to identify requirements and potential solutions to ensure that the Web will function well with Synergizing Doordarshan & C-DAC activitiesTV.
• Participation in W3C Standardization activities Open IPTV Forum (OIPF) (W3C, HbbTV and Other SDO's)
• Indian language compliant - Set-top-box.. • The Open IPTV Forum (OIPF) is a non-profit Middleware, Language Stacks, EPG & other consortium and standards organization. (Japan)component development.
• It is focused on generating free of charge • Advance Digital TV Services -Concept to specifications for end-to-end IPTV services.
transmission.• The HbbTV standard, which has been adopted by
• Set-top-Box Certificationmany broadcasters across Europe, is based on the specifications created by the Open IPTV Forum. • T-learning, T-Governance and allied areas.
• Localisation guidelines and standards Hbb TV• Joint project on assisted living.
• Hybrid Broadcast Broadband TV or “HbbTV”, is a major new pan-European initiative aimed at Live demonstration was done by Shri Subhanshu harmonising the broadcast and broadband delivery Gup ta , Techn ica l Off i ce r, C -DAC, Pune of entertainment to the end consumer through on interactivity on T-learing & T-Governance. The connected TVs and set-top boxes. Lectures & Demo were followed by Q & A session. The
Anchoring was conducted by Shri Pradeep Sharma T-Learning: The sample interactive application
Hon. Secretary of BES(I) Mumbai Chapter and also presented the Vote of Thanks.The application demonstrated here intends to enable
• Pilot Deployment of entire Multilingual DVB Subtitle Solution in four metro Kendra's of Doordarshan aided by DeitY
• This will allow the viewers to select the subtitle language of their choice with the click of remote.
• Facilitate Local Alerts, Emergency Messages etc.
• Multilingual Subtitles and Captions helps address the viewers with diverse linguistic backgrounds and also those with hearing impairments.
Next Generation Viewing Experience: Key Points
• Second Screen or Companion Screen (consumers moving away from time-boxed viewing, they are Broadcast Engineering Society (India) Mumbai moving away from the box itself)Chapter organised a seminar on “Web & TV-New
th • Full Web and Social Networking experience on TVDimensions & Standards”on 14 Nov., 2014 in the Conference hall of Doordarshan Kendra, Mumbai. • Stop and start programs on one TV or device and pick The main speaker was Shri M.D.Kulkarni, Associate up where they left off on another. Director & HoD, C-DAC, Pune supported by Shri • Connect your tablet to a hotel TV Sudesh Mudaliar Jt. Director, C-DAC, Pune.
• More relevant and engaging advertising. The Chairman of Mumbai Chapter & National (Advertising becomes useful, rather than annoying.)Chairman of New Member Induction Committee at • HTTP Adaptive StreamingBES (I), New Delhi Shri S.C.Khasgiwal Rtd. ADG(E-
• Media Sharing Using DLNA : Share and Play wz) welcomed the invited guests and the BES members content across home networkattending the seminar. He expressed that while the
Digital Wave has started shaking the traditional Over The Top Technology (OTT)structures of broadcasting industry, the future will bring
• As content becomes more digitized and use of in more revolutionary changes with many new services connected devices becomes the norm, the rise in on the horizon, including the multiplatform delivery to demand for TV everywhere is becoming more multiple devices. The guest of honours were Shri dominant and relevant than ever.S.K.Arora ADG(E-wz) AIR Maintenance and Shri
• OTT technology will dominate in coming yearsB.Yadav ADG(E-wz) TV Maintenance. The occasion was graced by Shri S.R.Aggarwal Formerly E in C, AIR & Secretary General of IETE; Shri Sudhir Sodhia DDG(E) AIR; Shri Satyajit Das DDG(E) Doordarshan, Mumbai; Corporate Members from the Industries, large number of BES Members and many AIR & DD officials. The gist of the presentation by Shri M.D.Kulkarni Associate Director of C-DAC was as under:
Pilot Deployment of Multilingual Subtitling System on DTT at Metro Kendras
• Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai
REPORTREPORT Mumbai ChapterS. C. Khasgiwal
October'14 - December’14 October'14 - December’14
7372
Corporate MembersCorporate Members
Mem. No. Name Address
1. LCM-01 M/s AKG Acoustics (India) Ltd. Kamal Cinema Building, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi-110029
2. LCM-02 M/s Telematics Systems Ltd. Mount Poonamallee Road, Nandambakkam, Chennai- 600 089
3. LCM-03 M/s Electronics Corpn.of Tamilnadu Ltd. LLA Buildings, 735, Anna Salai, Chennai- 600 002
4. LCM-04 M/s Hinditron Tektronix Inst.Ltd. No.5, Crescent Road, High Grounds, Bangalore - 560 001
5. LCM-05 M/s Rohde & Schwarz Liaison Office India, 244, Okhla Industrial Estate, Phase-III, New Delhi - 110 020
6. LCM-06 M/s Maharashtra Elects.Corpn.Ltd. D-26, South Extension, Part-I, New Delhi-110049
7. LCM-07 M/s Asea Brown Boveri Ltd. Gurunanak Foundation Building, 15-16, Qutab Institutional Area, New Delhi - 110 067
8. CM-09 M/s Acoustics Engineers 'VASANT' 1286 A, Shivajinagar, Opp.Balgandharava Rangmandir, Pune - 411 005
BES REVIEW, being the only journal in India totally dedicated to Broadcasting, invites
advertisement for publication from the industries serving the broadcast media. The charges are as
given below :
1. Back Cover Colour Rs. 15000/- per issue
2. Inside Back/Front Covers Colour Rs. 12,000/- per issue
3. Inside full page Colour Rs. 11,000/- per issue
The charges are for only one issue and the advertiser(s) must send positive of the advertisements along
with requisit fee by Cheque/D.D. drawn in favour of Broadcast Engineering Society (India), payable at
New Delhi to Hon. Secretary, 912, Surya Kiran
Building, 19, K.G. Marg, New Delhi-110001
Broadcast Engineering Society (India)
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76
Obituary
April'14 - September’14
Sad demise of BES Life Fellow former eminent AIR Engineer,Prof. Dr. P J Joglekar
Prof. Dr. P. J . Joglekar of Thane, Mumbai expired on 26th Nov. ,2014 , morning ; after prolonged illness of about last eight months.
Prof. Joglekar was born on 15th Jan. ,1935 , studied Telecom Engg . in CoEP ,Pune and did his Ph. D at IISC , Banglore. Shri Joglekar had served as UPSC recruit Technical Assistant at mall Road Transmitters of AIR in 1957 and in Research Department of AIR from 1957 to 1960. Later he moved to IIT, Delhi and then to College of Engg. , Tiruchirapalli and later did freelance work -- teaching, consultancy & writings in English and Marathi in the field of Telecom . He was actively associated with IETE Hqs [ ex- Council Member ] and its Mumbai / Pune Centres , Institution of Engrs. ,Pune and the Broadcast Engg. Society etc. He was widely known in the Telecom / Broadcasting fraternity , which has suffered a significant loss due to his death.
In his reminiscences published in BES Review ( December 2013), Dr. Joglekar candidly admits that his days in Akashvani gave very valuable practical experience, which helped him immensely in his future career. Above all they gave him great friends from all states and helped in developing a National Outlook.
Broadcast Engineering Society(India) deeply mourns the sad demise of Prof. Dr. P. J . Joglekar and prays for the peace of the departed soul.
