C O N T E N T S

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS vii

]. NEUKAL PROCESSES IN HABITUATION AND SENSITIZATION IN MODEL SYSTEMS ]

JOHN W. JACKLET and K~r~SETH LUKOWIAK, Department of Biological Science and Neurobiology Research Center, State University of New York, Albany, N.Y., U.S.A.

2. THE USEFULNESS OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETS AS MODELS FOR THE NORMAL

AND ABNORMAL FUNCTIONING OF THE MAMMALIAN CNS 57

PHotos A. A~r,'inos, Department of Physics, Dawson College, and Department of Physics, Sir George Williams University, Montreal, Canada

3. ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION AND

OF OBLIQUELY STRIATED MUSCLE IN THE EARTHWORM 79

H. KURIYAMX, N. TASHtRO and Y. Iro, Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicine and of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan

4. FACTORS INFLUENCING TRANSMISSION AT ADRENERGIC SYNAPSES 163

S. M. KIRPEKAR, Department of Pharmacology., State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, U.S.A.

5. BARNACLE PHOTORECEPTORS: THEIR PHYSIOLOGY AND ROLE IN THE CONTROL OF BEHAVIOR 21 1

G. F. GWtLLIAM and R. J. MILLECCI-ltlA, Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202 and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, West Virginia University Medical Center, Morganstown, West Virginia 26505, U.S.A.

6. ADENYLATE CYCLASE IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 243

W. P. BURkARD, Department of Experimental Medicine, F. Hoffman-La Roche & Co., Ltd., Basle, Switzerland

7. THE TIMING OF THE APPEARANCE OF MINIATURE END-PLATE POTENTIALS 269

W. VA~ DER KLOOr, H. KtTA and I. COrCE~, Department of Physiology and Bio-- physics. Health Sciences Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. 11790, U.S.A.

INDEX 327

LIST OF REVIEW ARTICLES PUBLISHED IN THE SERIES 335

LIST OF C O N T R I B U T O R S

ANNINO$, PHOTIOS A., Department of Physics, Dawson College, and Department of Physics, Sir George Williams University, Montreal, Canada.

BURrZARD, W. P., Department of Experimental Medicine, F. Hoffrnan-La Roche & Co., Ltd., Basle, Switzerland.

COHEr,;, I., Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Center, State University of Net ' York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. 11790, U.S.A.

GWZLLthM, G. F., Department of Biology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon 97202, U.S.A.

la-o, Y., Department of Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan.

Krr,,,, H , Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Center, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. 11790, U.S.A.

KaRV~rZA~, S. M., Department of Pharmacology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, Net ' York, U.S.A.

JACKt.~, JOr~N W., Department of Biological Science, State University of New York, Albany, New York, U.S.A.

KURn'A_~A, H., Department of Physiolo~', Faculty of Medicine, Kyushu U:~,versity, Fukuoka 812, Japan.

LtJKow~.K, K., Neurobiology Research Center, State University of New York, Albany, New York, U.S.A.

MILLrC~,, R. J., Department of Physiolo~' and Biophysics, West Virginia University Medical Center, Morganstown, West Virginia 2650.5, U.S.A.

TASmRO, N., Department of Physiology, Faculties of Medicineand o f Dentistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812, Japan.

VA~ DER KLOOT, W., Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Health Sciences Center, State University of Nee,' York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, N.Y. 11790, U.S.A.

vii

I N D E X

Abdominal (parieto-visceral) ganglion 19-26 Ablation logic, application of 13 Abnormal activity in penicillin focus 64 Acetylcholine 134, 138, 150, 153, 175, 184, 185,

188, 190, 191, 193 Adenosine 249, 253 Adenosine Y,5'-monophosphate. See cAMP S-adenosyl methionine 175 Adenylate cyclase 243--68

agonists or activators 249-55 in vitro 249-54 in vitro 254-5

antagonists 9_56--61 biochemistry 243 cofactors 244 detern~ination 247--8 distribution 244---6

organ and species 244 inactive compounds 255 in.hibitors 255-6 intracellular distribution 246 purification and properties 246-7 reaction formula 244 regional distribution 246 specificity of substrates 244 variations with age, sex and environment 249

Adrenalectomy 49 Adrenaline 138, 140, 142, 144, 145, 147, 154,

172, 173, 180--4 Adrenergic innervation, anatomical, physio-

logical and pharmacological relationships 165-75

Adrenergic neuron-blocking agents 184-5 Adrenergic receptor-blocking agents 260 Adrenergic synapses, transmission at 165-210 a-Adrenergic blocking agents 186 After-hyperpolarization 85, 87, 89, 96, 99 Amphetamine 255 Anderson-Darling statistic 287, 289 Anoxia 186 Antihistamines 256 Aplysia

behavior in 6-7 bursts of action potentials in neurons 50 conditioning experiments 7 feeding behavior 6 habituation 7-39

peripheral nervous system 26-39 reduced preparations 14-26 synaptic depression associated with 46

isolaled eye 51 isclaled head preparation 14-16

light sensitivity 7 locomotion 6 model system 3, 4, 5-39, 45 neuron L7, converging inputs 45 reproductive behavior 6 sensitization 7-39 siphon withdrawal response 10--14 species 6 swimming 7

Artificial neural nets 59-78 class A, B, and C-netlets 68-9 connectivity laws 68-70, 73 criteria for evaluation of behavior 75 dynamics 62 EEG of 75 lightly connected 63 loosely connected 63 macroscopic and microscopic structure 70-3 methodological considerations 67 'microscopic' structure variation 74 pathological processes 64--6 simulation studies 73-5

.ATP 193 Atropine 154 Auto-correlation 293

miniature end-plate potentials 319 of amplitudes 323 significant 290-1

Autocorrelation coefficients 283-6, 291 confidence limits 284 model series (1,1 . . . . ) 284 model series (1,2,3 . . . . ) 284 Poisson subsidiary and moving mean models

311 10 site model 305

Autocovariances 285 Autoregressive process 274

BaCI2, effect on membrane activity 98 Barium, effect on spike generation 100 Barnacle photoreceptors 213-39

activity of higher order ceils in reflex pathway 232-6

antagonistic components of receptor potential 227

corneal transmission 223 dark adaptation 223 development 220 early observations 213 early receptor potential 226

327

328 INDEX

Barnacle photoreceptors--cont. electrical activity 223-31 electrical coupling 231 general description 219 illumination intensity 224 light responses 230 maximum relative sensitivity 221 membrane properties 227-9 microanatomy 219 morphology 219 nature of visual signal 231 passive spread of recgl)tor potential 231 photo-electric efficiency 226 photopigment 222

physiologically active states 226-7 postillumination hyperpolarization 230 quantal response 225 receptor potential 223 rhythmically active motor cells 234---6

effect of light regimen on patterned activity 235

location and electrical identification 234 second-order ceils, location and electrical

identification 232-4 spectral sensitivity 220, 222 tapetal fluore~a:cnce 222 tapetal reflectance 223 transmission to first synapse 230 voltage clamp studies 227-30

Barnacles correlation between ocelli and shadow reflex

214--17 ocelli 213, 214, 219-20 shadow reflex 213,214

Bartlett's smoothing function 298 Behavior

in Aplysia 6-7 neural correlates 3-5

Binomial distribution 272, 273 Brain

function, modeling 59 mammalian 59 structure, apparent diversity of 60

modeling approach 59--60 Branching Poisson model 307-9, 315, 320, 322,

373 Branching Poisson process 319 Bretylium 174, 184, 185 Bromine, effect on membrane potential 95

CaCI,, effect on membrane activity 98 Calcium 196

effect on membrane potential 95 effect on reversal potential for m.e.j.p. 134 effect on spike amplitude 100 effect on spontaneous release system 317 influx 50 role in adrenaline re'lease 180-4 role in activation of noradrenaline release

183 cAMP, role in central nervous system 243-61-

Carbachol 189 Carbamylcholine 193 Catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry 165 Catecholamine release, metabolic requirements

185 Catecholamines 155, I74, 180, 190, 250, 260

effects on neuromuscular junction 138-51 effects on postjunctional membrane 138-41 metabolism 177 quantal release 191-5 roles on neuromuscular junctions 148-51

Catechol-0-methyl transferas¢ (COMT) 175, 177--8, 195

Cell assemblies 62 Cells, behavior of nets 63 Central nervous system

diverse connectivity patterns 60 structure and function, modeling study of

59-66 structures, laws of connectivity 60

Cerebral cortex 61 x-square distribution 282 x-square goodness of fit test 277, 290 Chlordiazepoxide 255 Chloride, effect on membrane potential 95 p-Chloromercuribenzoate 186 Chlorpheniramine 256 Chlorpromazine 174, 256, 260 Choline 190 Chotinesterase 175 Chromogranin 193 Chromogranin A 194 Clustered distribution 282 Clustered hypothesis 321-3 Clustet~ sequence 277 Cobalt, effect on spike generation 105 Cocaine 172, 173, 187, 254 Cocaine paradox 173 CoCla, effect on membrane activity 98 Conditional probability test 318 Conditioned response, waning of 48 Confidence limit

Poisson process 292 10 site model 30¢ 100 site model 304

Connectivity law 68-70, 73 Connectivity matrix 66, 73

'microscopic' 74 Contractile protein 83 Contraction mechanism 84

in obliquely striated muscle 84 Correlation coefficients 283 Coupling coefficient 66, 73 Coupling matrix 66 Covariances 285 Crayfish 48

In-survivor curves 302 miniature end-plate potentials 290

Cumulative distribution 278, 288 Cyanide 186 Cyclic mode 70 Cyclic 3,5-AMP, synthesis of 149 Cycling activity 70, 71, 75

INDEX 329

Dale's law 64 Demonstration series 276 Dendrites 60 2-Deoxy-glucose 186 Depolarization causes 317 Desipramine 174 Detergents 254 Dibenamine 174, 186, 260 Dichlorisoproterenol 251,260 Diffuse reverberations 62 Dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) 175 Dimethytphenylpiperazinium 184 Dinitrophenol 186 Diphenydramine 256 Dishabituation 5, 26

in isolated ganglia 16-19 in isolated siphons 32 mechanism 45, 52 neuromuscular junction 48

Dispersion test 282, 289, 290 Distance bias in neural net 62 Distribution of number of events/time bin 282 Distribution function

interval 287 stationary 275 two parameter 296

Dopamine 250, 252, 260 Dopamine-~-hydroxylase (DBH) 166, 172, 187,

193, 194, 195 Durbin 's modification 280, 285,289, 290

Earthworm, neuromuscular junction. See Neuro- muscular junction

EEG of artificial neural nets 75 Endogenous heat stable activator 254 Entrainment 50-1 Ephedrine 190 Epileptic seizures 64 Ergotamine 260 Ethanol 255 N-Ethylmaleimide 186 Excitato.,3 postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) 14-

17, 42 activit3 in central neurons 23 dccrement and facilitation in neuron L7 26 heteros.vnaptic facilitation of 17-19 in L7 34

Exponential distribution 279, 288-90 goodness of fit 288-90 tests of goodness of fit to 276, 304

Extinction 48-9

Fluoride 253 Frog

calcium concentration 317 effects of depolarization 317 minialure end-plate potentials power spectra 302 varianze-time curves 301

290

~,-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) 123-7, 136, 137, 143, 155, 156, 234

G a m m a distribution 296-7 variance-time curve 297

Gauesian connectivity law 68-9, 74 Gill reflex, habituation in central neurons in-

volved in 23-5 Gill-witladrawal reflex 22 Glucose !86 Glutamate 122, 123, 126

effect on membrane potential 95 Goodness of fit 276, 277

exponential distribution 288-90 tests of 304

Ground plexus 166 Guanethidine 170, 174, 184, 185

H3-noradrenaline 178 Habituat ion

Aplysia 7-39 peripheral nervous systems 26-39

reduced preparations 14-26 definitions 4-5 generalization 16, 45 heterosynaptic influence 45-6, 48 homosynaptic depression mechanism 45 homosynaptic mechanism 45 in central neurons involved in gill reflex

23-5 in intact rat 39 in model systems 3-56 in neuron L7 25 in polysynaptic pathways 41 isolated ganglia 16-19 isolated gill 34-9 isolated siphon 27

peripheral and central influences 29-33 mechanisms 5, 51

in vertebrate model systems 39-45 neuromuscular junction 48 neuronal synaptic mechanisms 45-8 of gill pinnule withdrawal response 34 of gill withdrawal response 34 of siphon and gill 19-26 parametric characteristics 4 presynaptic mechanisms 46, 48 properties of spinal interneurons in 43 retention 10-12

in spinal animals 44-5 summary and conclusion 51 synaptic depression associated with 46

~-Haloalkylamines 174 Haloperidol 251,256, 260 Heterosynaptic facilitation

of EPSP 17-19 physiological mechanisms 17-19

Hippocampus 61 Histamine 252, 256, 260 6-H~droxydopamine 169, 171, 254 5-H.~ droxytD, ptamine 252 H vpoxynthine 253

330 INDEX

Imipramine 174 Immunosympathectomy 169 Independence

statistical methods for testing 283 tests of 290

Inosine 253 Insulin 193, 254 Intensity function 292-3, 301

branching Poisson periodic subsidiary model 311

model series (1,2,3 . . . . ) 293 100 site model 305

Iproniazid 177 Isoprenaline 140, 145, 147, 150

Kolmogorov-Smimov statistic 278, 287, 318 Kolmogorov-Smimov test 289

Lateral Excited Bursters (LEB) 234-5 Lewis's modified mean test 281 Limulus, model system 3 Lithium 190, 261 In-survivor curves 300, 302

estimating branching Poisson parameters from 308

model series (1,2,3 . . . . ) 300 Poisson and periodic subsidiary models 311 10 site model 305

Loosely connected nets 63

Macroscopic structure of neural nets 72 Magnesium 190

effect on spike generation 100 Manganese, effect on spike generation 105 Mantle-gill structures, innervation of 23 Mantle structures, anatomical relationships and

innervation 20 Mean interval 277 Membrane properties

barnacle photo-receptors 227-9 of somatic muscle 85-117, 151

effects of divalent cations 98-107 effects of ions 94-8

electrical properties 85-107 general characteristics 85-95 mechanical properties 107-17 mechanical response 152

relationship between tension development and membrane potential 109

twitch and tetanus 107 Metanephrine 177 Metaraminol 190 3-Methoxy 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (MVA)

175 Microscopic structure 75

of neural nets 70 variation in 74

Midline Inhibited Bursters (MIB) 234-5 Miniature end-plate potentials (MEPP) 191.,

271-325

amplitude distribution 287 autocorrelation 319 'bursts' during stable recording conditions

322 'bursts' of accelerated release 31.5 comparison of models with empirical data

315 'giant' 292, 321 methods of analyzing time series data 301-2 multiquantal 321 statistical tests 288 work of Fatt and Katz 271

MnCI2, effect on membrane activity 98 Model series (1,I . . . . ) 277

autocorrelation coefficients 284 power spectrum 285, 298

Model series (1,2,3 . . . . ) 276 autocorrelation coet~cients 284 intensity function 293 In-survivor curve 300 power spectrum 285, 298 variance-time curve 296

Model systems Aplysia 3, 5-39, 45 artificial neutral net. See Artificial neural nets behavior studies 3-5 brain function 59 brain structures 59--60 central nervous system 59-66 habituation in 3-56 Limulus 3 pathological processes 64--6 sensitization in 3-56 simplification 4 vertebrate

habituation mechanisms 39--45 sensitization mechanisms 39-45

vertebrate spinal cord 4 Modified mean test 289 Monoamine oxidase (MAP) 175-7, 178, 183,

195, 254 Morphine 255 Motoneuron activity in Parkinsonism 66 Moving mean model 309, 323 Multi-unit muscle 94 Muscarinic receptors 189 Muscle

obliquely striated 81, 83 somatic. See Somatic muscie tissue 81

Neopilina 29 Nervous systems

general models of 61--4 variations 68

Netlet state vector 70 Neural net models. See Ar,ificial neural nets Neuroleptics 256 Neuromuscular junction, temporal processes at

48 Neuromuscular junction in earthworm 117-51,

153

INDEX 331

Neuromuscular junction in earthworm--cont. catecholamine role 148 competition between GABA and picrotoxin

125 effects of catecholarnines 138-51 excitatory junction potential 128-35 excitatory transmission 137 inhibitory junction potential 119-27

reversal potential 121 inhibitory transmission 135 miniatureexcitatoryjunction potential 128-35

frequency and mean amplitude 143-7 reversal potential, effects of calcium and

potassium 134 miniature inhibitory junction potential 119

frequency and mean amplitude 143-7 reversal potential 121

physiological properties 81 structural background 117 type I 118 type II 118

Neuromuscular transmission phenomena 83 Neuron activity in spinal cord 42 Neuron L7 of Aplysia, converging inputs to 45 Neuronal uI3take system 172-4 Neurons 60-2, 70

excitation and inhibition 64 excitatory and inhibitory 63 firing 75 fluctuation of thresholds 64, 65 non-refractory 66 peripheral 27 refractory 66 simulated 63 simulation studies 73

Nicotinamide 154 Nicotinic agents 188 Noradrenaline 138, 144, 145,147, 149, 150, 154

dcamination by MAP 175-7 endogenous 171, 172 exogenous supersensitivity to 166-70 extraneuronal uptake 174-5 failure to release cytoplasmic surplus store

182 in sympathetic nerves 166 metabolic inactivation 175 neuronal uptake system 172--4 O-methylation by COMT 177--8 potentiation of 173 release from adrenergic nerve terminals 165

Noradrenaline release ace',ylcholine as modulator of 188 adrenergic neuron-blocking agents 184-5 and frequency of stimulation 179-80 by electrical stimulation or stimulation with

potassium 179-89 by procedures other than nerve stimulation

189-91 by sympathomimetic amines 189 by various agents and procedures 190--1 calcium role in inactivation of 183 feedback inhibition, role of a-receptors 186 prestaglandins as modulators of 188

quanta] nature of 191-5 vesicular store 180

Norepinephrine 251,252, 254, 260 Normetanephrine 177 Nucleus

. closed 60 open 61

Number of events/time bin, distribution of 282

Obliquely striated muscle 81, 83, 84 Ocelli in barnacles 213,214, 219-20 Ophthalmic ganglion 214 Ordered distribution 282 Ordered hypothesis 320--1 Ordered sequence 276 Overshoot potential 85, 87, 96, 99, 100, 102

Pargyline 177, 254, 255 Parkinsonian behavior 65, 72 Parkinson's disease 65 Penicillin focus, abnormal activity in 64 Periodic models 303-5 Periodic processes 295 Peripheral neurons 27 Peripheral sympathetic nerves 165 Pheniprazamine 177 Phenoxybenzamine 174, 179, 186, 187, 260 Phentolamine 141, 147, 150, 154, 188, 260 Phenylethylamine 189-90 Phospholipids 250 Physostigmine 175 Picrotoxin 43, 125, 129, 130, 134, 143, 144, 147,

234 Poisson connectivity law 74 Poisson distribution 271--4, 287, 292, 296 Poisson equation 272 Poisson hypothesis 320 Poisson law 318 Poisson model, branching 307-9, 315,320, 322,

323 Poisson probability distribution 68-9 Poisson process 274-5, 290, 293,294, 297, 300,

305, 309 branching 319 confidence limit 292 properties 274 stationary 276 temporally non-homogeneous 275, 276 u test for stationarity of 275

Poisson series 277, 293 Poisson small interval test 318 Poisson subsidiary model 315, 316 Postganglionic sympathetic nerves, regeneration

170-- 1 Postganglionic sympathetic neurons 165 Postsynaptic adrenergic neurons 171 Postsynaptic effector cells 171-2 Postsynaptic obliquely striated muscle 151 Postsynaptic potentials 65 Post-tetanic potentiation 49-50

332 INDEX

Potassium effect on membrane potential 94 effect on rcvm'sal potential for m.e.j.p. 134 effect on spontaneous release system 317.

Power spectrum 285, 293, 301 model series (1,1 . . . . ) 285, 298 model scrim (1,2,3 . . . . ) 285, 298 Poisson subsidiary model 311 smoothed 297-8 unsmoothed 285

Power spectrumispectral density 286-7 Probabilistic neural nets 61 Probability distribution function 274

compound 276 Propranolol 140, 147, 260 Prostaglandins as modulators of noradrenaline

release 188 Prostigrnine 129 Protriptyline 261

Quantal release effects of stimulation 319 independence of 317 stochastic properties of 316-20

Random distribution 283 Random process 271 Rat, effects of depolarization 317 Reflex activation of central neurons Reserpine 182, 193, 255 Rhythmic activity 63, 68

38

Sensitization Aplysia 7-39 in isolated ganglia 16-19 in model systems 3-56 in neuron L7 25 in vertebrate model systems 39-45 mechanisms 52 neuronal synaptic mechanisms 45-8 retention of 12-14 summary and conclusion 51

Shadow reflex in barnacles. 213, 214 Sherman's statistic 281-2, 304, 305, 311 Simulation studies 62

'microscopic' connectivity matrix 74 'microscopic" structure 70 neural network 73-5 objectives 74

Simultaneous occurrences 287-8, 292 Siphon, elements and interactions of 33 Small interval Poisson test 318 Smoothing function 297-8 Sodium 190

effect on longitudinal and circular muscles 114 effect on membrane potemial 95 inactivation 48

Somatic muscle 83 contractile protein 83 contraction mechanism 84

general features 83-117 internal structures 84 membrane properties 85-117, 151

effects of divalent cations 98-107 effects of ions 94-8 electrical properties 85-107 general characteristics 85-94 mechanical properties 107-17 mechanical response 152 relationship between tension development

and membrane potential 109 twitch and tetanus 107

relationship between longitudinal and cffcular muscle contractions 116

relationship between stimulus duration and tension development 107

structural background 83-5 tension development in longitudinal and

circular muscle 111 Spectral density 286 Spinal cord, neuron activity in 42 Spisula 29 Spontaneous activity 68-70 Spomaneous activity, model of 64-5 Spontaneous junction potentials (SJP) 191-2,

195 Spontaneous quantal release

models simulating stochastic properties of 303

of transmitter 283 Spontaneous release system

effect of Ca + + concentration 317 effect of K + concentration 317

SrCI2, effect on membrane activity 98 Statioaarity 275

of Poisson process, u test for 275 Statistical tests

independence 283 timing of miniature end.plate potentials 288

Sterling's approximation 274 Stimulation, generalization of 16 Stochastic properties

of quantal release system 317-20 of spontaneous quantal release, models

simulating 303 Strontium, effect on spike generation 100 Strychnine 43 Succinylcholine 154 Survivor function 300 Switching effect 62 Sympathectomy 166-70

chemical 169, 171 p~avertebral 170 surgical 166

Testosterone 172 Tetanic stimulation 49-50 Tetraethylammonium (TEA) 182 Tetrodotoxin(TTX) 91, 115, 116, 117 Tightly connected nets 63 Time series analysis 275 Time series data 292

INDEX 333

Tritonia 27 Tubocurarine 127, 129, 130, 134, 154, 155 Tyramine 154, 173, 182, 189, 190

u test for stationarity of Poisson process 275 Uniform conditional test 279, 288

Variance 277, 286, 293

Variance-time curve 293--5, 301,321 branching Poisson-periodic subsidiary model

311 estimation of number of releasing sites 295-7 gamma distribution 297

• 10 site model 304 Variance-time curve model (1 ,2 ,3 , . . . ) 296 Variation, coefficient of 277 Visceral muscle 94

LIST OF REVIEW ARTICLES P U B L I S H E D IN THE SERIES

VOLUME l, PART I

Functions of the Mammalian Cerebral Cortex in Movemcnt--R. PORT~R; The Neurobiology of Motivated Behavior--G. J. MOGENSON and Y. H. HUANG.

VOLUME 1, PART 2

Diffusion Pathways and Retrograde Axonal Transport of Protein Tracers in Peripheral Nerves-- K. K~SrrNSSON and Y. OLSSON; Absolute Pitch in Humans, its Variations and Possible Connec- tions with Other Known Rhythmic Phenomena--V. T. WYNN; Blood Platelets as a Model for Monoamine-Containing Neurones--J. M. SNEDDON.

VOLUME 1, PART 3

Electrogenesis of Sustained Potentials--G. G. SOt, UEN; Studies on the Neural Control of the Skating Reflex, and the Origin of its Variations in Field Population of the Hemipterous Insect Gerris--D. M. GU'rHgI~, J. R. BANv,~ and E. SOMERVILLE.

VOLUME ], PART 4

Oamma-Hydroxybutyrate, Succinic Semialdehyde and SIect>--H. LABORIT; The Synaptosome: an Isolated, Working Neuronal Compartment--J. S. DE BELLEROCrm and H. F. B ~ r O R D ; The Analysis of Amines and Amino Acids in Micro-Quantities of Tissue--N. N. OSBORNe.

VOLUME 2, PART 1

Cerebellar Afferent Systems: a Review--J. R. BLOEDEL; Neurotransmitter Synthetic Enzymes-- P. L. and E. G. McGEER.

VOLUME 2, PART 2

Metabolism and Functions of Cyclic AMP in Nerve-----G. I. DRUr, tMOr¢O and Y. MA; The Role of Macromolecules in Neuronal Function in Aplysia--R. P. PETERSON and Y. P. Lon.

VOLUME 2, PART 3

Axoplasmic Transport--P. L. 3Er~R.EY and L. AUSTIN; The Release of Acetylcholine from the Brain: an Approach to the Study of the Central Cholinergic Mechanisms--G. P£PEU.

VOLUME 2, PART 4

The Search for the Chemistry of Memory: Recent Trends and the Logic of Investigation in the Role of Cholinergic and Adrenergic Transmitters--G. B. BIEDERMA~ : Electrophysiolo~' of Snake Infrared Receptors--Srtr~-lcm TE~SHIMA and R. C. Go~s.

VoLuME 3, PART l

Extrafusal Muscleand Muscle Spindles in Reptiles--U. PROSKr and R. M. A. P. RIDGE; On the Roles of Dopamine and Noradrenaline in Animal Behaviour--R. LAVERTY.

VOLUME 3, PART 2

The Neural Basis of Brain-Stimulation Reward--E. T. ROLLS.

Vouu.~E 3, PART 3

Integrative and Organizational Aspects of Synaptic Function in Molluscs--DEFoREST MELLON; Genetic and Biochemical Analysis of Behavior in Mice--A. OLrVEmO.

VOLUME 3, PART 4

Muscle Membrane--P. C. VAUGHA~; Effects of Excitation on the Metabolism of a Simple Neuronal System--The Mammalian Sympathetic Ganglion--W. J. McBRrD~ and J. D. K.LINGMAX.

335

336 REVtZW ARTICLES

VOLUMZ 4, PART I

Neural Processes in Habituation and Sensitization in Model Systerrts--J. W. JACKI.E'r and K. L u x o w t ~ .

VOLUME 4, PART 2.

The Usefulness of Artificial Neural Nets as Models for the Normal and Abnormal Functioning of the Mammalian CNS---P. A. ANNrNOS; On the Physiological Properties of Neuromuscular Junction and of Obliquely Striated Muscle in the Earthworm--H. KU~UYAMA, N. TASHIRO and Y. Iro.

VOLUME 4, PART 3

Factors Influencing Transmission at Adrenergic Synapses--S. M. KaRPEKAR; Barnacle Photo- receptors: their Physiology and Role in the Control of Behaviour--G. F. GWILtaAM and R. MILLECCHIA.

VOLUME 4, PART 4

Adenylate Cyclase in the Central Nervous System--W. P. Btn~KAXD ; The Timing of the Appearance of Miniature End-Plate Potentials---W. V~N DER KLOOT.