Contribution to the Inhibitors Methods Study of the Scaling: … · 2017. 1. 16. · The scale...

Energy Procedia 18 ( 2012 ) 1541 – 1556

1876-6102 © 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of The TerraGreen Society.doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2012.05.171

Contribution to the Inhibitors Methods Study of the Scaling: Chemical, Electrochemical Processes in the

Presence of Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3 and KH2PO4

Kotbia Labioda, Samira Ghizellaoui a,a* aDépartement de Chimie, Université de Mentouri de Constantine, Route de Ain el Bey 25000 Algérie.

Abstract

The groundwater of Fourchi which feeds the town of Ain M’lila in the Eastern region of Algeria is derived from limestone. This water have a hardness of 87 ° F and give rise to compact and adherent deposits of calcium carbonate in the drinking water distribution network. To inhibit the furring of this water some chemical and electrochemical treatments (chronoamperometry) were applied in the presence of (Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3 and KH2PO4) to eliminate the scale precipitation. The use of Lime and sodium carbonate is encouraged due to their very low prices. The scale inhibitor KH2PO4 has the property to adsorb on the nuclei of calcium carbonate and modify their growth and morphology at a very low concentration (0.05mg / L). The tests were performed on the Fourchi water in the presence of (Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3 and KH2PO4) allowed us to make partial softening treatment and help solve the problem of scaling. © 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of The Terra Green Society Keywords: Scaling; Calcium carbonate; Inhibition; Ca(OH)2; Na2CO3; KH2PO4.

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +213.31.81.88.16; fax: +213.31.81.88.16. E-mail address: [email protected]

Available online at www.sciencedirect.com

© 2012 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Selection and/or peer review under responsibility of The TerraGreen Society.

Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.

Open access under CC BY-NC-ND license.

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

1542 Kotbia Labiod and Samira Ghizellaoui / Energy Procedia 18 ( 2012 ) 1541 – 1556

1. Introduction

The groundwater of Fourchi supplying the city of Ain M’lila drinking water come from limestone. These waters are very hard because they are loaded with bicarbonate and calcium. And likely to deposit a large amounts of calcium carbonate (calcification). According to [1] the technical implications and economic effects of scale are: - Partial or total obstruction of pipes with lower river flows - Lower heat transfer - Damage the stopping devices (valves, taps) - Clogging of heat exchangers, filters etc. A number of chemical treatments [2-3-4-5], electrochemical [6-7-8-9-10] and nanofiltration [11-12-13] were used to eliminate the precipitation of scale. Other studies have examined the influence of metal cations (Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn) on the calcium carbonate precipitation using RCP tests (rapid controlled precipitation) [14-15], potential for scaling [16-17-18] The aim of our study is to assess and inhibit the power furring of hard water Fourchi using chronoamperometry (electrochemical method) and another chemical method in the presence of (KH2PO4, Na2CO3 and Ca(OH)2) Lime and sodium carbonate are used because of their very low price. The scale inhibitor KH2PO4 has the property to adsorb on the nuclei of calcium carbonate and modify their growth and morphology. In addition, it acts through a threshold effect (the effective concentration is very low in the order of mg / L) [8]. In order to follow the formation kinetics of calcium carbonate. The technique of accelerated scaling was developed by [19]. Its principle is to coat calcium carbonate metal surface at a potential negative fixed (-1V) versus a reference electrode in saturated KCl. The chemical test in the presence of (KH2PO4, Na2CO3 and Ca (OH)2) can provide partial softening treatment and help solve the problem of scaling. Thus our study is intended firstly to evaluate the quality of hard water (Fourchi), And secondly, the processes application (chronoamperometry and chemical) on the hard water.

2. Experimental Part

2.1. Materials and methods 2.1.1. Assessment Quality of water Fourchi The results of physico-chemical groundwater Fourchi analyze obtained are summarized in Table 1.

Kotbia Labiod and Samira Ghizellaoui / Energy Procedia 18 ( 2012 ) 1541 – 1556 1543

Table 1: Analysis of water from the Fourchi Parameter water of Fourchi T, °C 20 pH 6.9 CE, ms/cm 1.80 O2 Dissolved, mg/L 8.21 HCO3-, mg/L 447 TH, mg/L CaCO3 870 Ca2+, mg/L 212 Mg2+, mg/L 81.6 Cl-, mg/L 510 SO42-, mg/L 222 It is noteworthy that the water of Fourchi is mineralized, naturally rich in calcium and magnesium. So it has very high hardness. 2.1.2. Chemical softening tests of the water The experimental setup is described in Fig 1. It is austenitic stainless steel beakers with lids. Stirring is provided by a magnetic bar rotating at 600 rpm on magnetic stirrers

Fig1. Device used

In order to study the chemical and partial softening with Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3 and KH2PO4. Beakers with a capacity of one liter were used lids Fig 1. Firstly, cleaned with dilute HCl in half and then rinsed with distilled water and raw water Fourchi. The next step is to introduce 1liter of the raw water Fourchi and 1 liter of treated water of Fourchi in each beaker. It brings the water temperature at (20 ° C, 30 ° C) in a water bath. Emphasis on each stainless steel beaker with a magnetic bar and a lid is placed on a magnetic stirrer after setting the temperature (20 ° C, 30 ° C). We measure the initial pH and maintaining the beakers with stirring at 600 rpm for an hour or three hours, depending on the inhibitor used. We measure the initial pH and maintaining the Beakers with stirring at 600 rpm for an Hour or Three Hours, depending on the inhibitor used. The procedure for chemical analysis (hardness, Ca2+, HCO3-) of raw and treated water.

Water

Magnetic bar

Hotplate+ stirrer

Plate glass

Stainless steel beaker aier

Cover


2.1.3. Accelerated scaling test The electrodeposition involves depositing calcium carbonate on the surface of an electrode unassailable gold or platinum at a potential sufficiently reducing to which we observe the following electrochemical reactions: . reduction of dissolved oxygen O2 + 2H2O + 4e- 4 OH- (1) . reduction of water 2H2O + 2e- 2OH-+ H2 (g) (2) [20] Showed that the presence of oxygen is necessary if one operates - 1V/ECS which favors the reaction (1). The production of hydroxyl ions causes a local elevation of pH on the surface of the electrode which causes the precipitation of calcium carbonate on the electrode by the chemical reaction: HCO3- +OH- +Ca2+ CaCO3(s) + H2O The deposition of calcium carbonate gradually covered the metal surface and the deposit gradually isolates the metal from water. To perform the tests of scaling we use the assembly as per the Fig 2. It is worth mentioning that the test conditions have been improved by [21] by following the steps, in order to have good sensitivity and good reproducibility with a fixed electrode and this to overcome problems associated with the use of a rotating electrode. The main operations are: 1 The polishing of the working electrode with sandpaper 240. 2 The manual brushing of the electrode with a brush made of mild steel. 3 The positioning of three electrodes in the cover (the working electrode should be as close as possible to the platinum electrode and distance constant). 4 The filling of the mother cell of 500 ml and the desired temperature for the test in a water bath with gentle agitation. 5 The recording of the curve I = f (t) and determining the time scaling conventional tE 6 The cleaning brush between each test. According to [7] [22] and [23], this test plating by amperometry is also used to compare the ability of several furring waters.


Fig. 2. Experimental setup used for accelerated testing of scaling 1 - Cover electrode holder 2 - Sample holder plug 3 - Working electrode: steel pellet XC10 (11.3 mm diameter) embedded in a resin chemically inert. 4 - Calomel reference electrode saturated with KCl 5 - Platinum Electrode 6 - thermostated glass cell of capacity 500ml 7 - Magnetic Bar 8 - Magnetic stirrer 9 - Driver computer equipped with software 10 - Potensiostat-galvanostat 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Softening hard water by chemical method 3.1.1. Softening the water of Fourchi with lime (Ca (OH)2) We present the results of chemical analysis of decarbonation with lime to the waters of Fourchi. See Tables 2 and 3.

AUX

TRAV

REF Potensiostat - Galvanostat

Pilote 9

10

2

1

3

4

6

5

7

8


Table 2. Softening of water of fourchi by addition of lime (Ca (OH)2) at 30 ° C for 1 hour stirring pH HCO3-(mg/L) Hardness (mg/L) Ca2+ (mg/L) Mg2+(mg/L) Raw water of Fourchi 6.9 447 870 212 81.6 Fourchi + 0.14 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 7.1 342 759 169 80.0 Fourchi + 0.16 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 7.2 329 728 158 80.1 Fourchi + 0.18 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 7.3 320 709 150 80.3 Fourchi + 0.2 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 7.5 256 658 130 80.0

Fourchi + 0.3 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 8.1 134 579 100 79.0 Fourchi + 0.4 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 8.5 122 546 88 78.3 Fourchi + 0.5 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 8.7 99 502 75 75.6 Fourchi + 0.6 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 8.9 60 464 62 74.2

Table 3. Softening of water of Fourchi by addition of lime (Ca (OH)2) at 20 ° C for 1 hour stirring pH HCO3-(mg/L) Hardness (mg/L) Ca2+ (mg/L) Mg2+(mg/L) Raw water of Fourchi 6.9 447 870 212 81.6

Fourchi + 0.14 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 7.2 352 772 174 81.0 Fourchi + 0.16 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 7.3 339 756 168 80.8 Fourchi + 0.18 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 7.4 330 740 162 80.4 Fourchi + 0.2 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 7.5 306 685 140 80.5 Fourchi + 0.3 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 7.6 234 615 112 80.4 Fourchi + 0.4 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 7.9 173 577 98 79.8 Fourchi + 0.5 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 8.0 154 527 82 77.3


Fourchi + 0.6 (g/L) of Ca(OH)2 8.3 100 492 70 76.1

For economic reasons, lime is the most alkaline reagent used to provide OH-ions. It was precipitation of CaCO3 by the reaction (3) and (4):

Ca (HCO3) 2 + Ca (OH)2 2CaCO3 + 2H2O (3)

Mg (HCO3)2 + 2 Ca (OH)2 2CaCO3 + Mg (OH)2 + 2H2O (4)

It is found that the thrust decarbonation with lime makes the water less calcified. In addition, it is noted a relative stability of Mg because the amount of lime is not sufficient to raise pH and precipitate the hydroxide state.

3.1.2. Softening the water of Fourchi with sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)

The results of chemical analysis from tests conducted on water of Fourchi in the presence of Na2CO3 are given in Tables 4 and 5.

Table 4: Softening of water of Fourchi by addition of Na2CO3 at 30 ° C for 1 hour stirring pH HCO3-(mg/L) Hardness (mg/L) Ca2+ (mg/L) Mg2+(mg/L) Raw water of Fourchi 6.9 447 870 212 81.6 Fourchi + 0.14 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.0 441 803 188 80.0

Fourchi + 0.16 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.2 329 729 160 79.0 Fourchi + 0.18 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.4 436 695 150 77.0 Fourchi + 0.2 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.7 430 570 100 76.8

Fourchi + 0.3 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.8 405 526 84 76.0 Fourchi + 0.4 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.9 395 470 62 75.8 Fourchi + 0.5 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.9 387.3 434 48 75.3


Table 5: Softening Water of fourchi by addition of Na2CO3 at 20 ° C for 1 hour stirring pH HCO3-(mg/L) Hardness (mg/L) Ca2+ (mg/L) Mg2+(mg/L) Raw water of Fourchi 6.9 447 870 212 81.6

Fourchi + 0.14 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.1 442 842 202 81.0 Fourchi + 0.16 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.3 441 835 200 80.6 Fourchi + 0.18 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.5 440 823 196 80.0

Fourchi + 0.2 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.6 438 732 158 81.0 Fourchi + 0.3 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.7 433 675 136 80.4 Fourchi + 0.4 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.7 420 557 90 79.6 Fourchi + 0.5 (g/L) of Na2CO3 7.8 411 480 61 78.7

Sodium carbonate precipitates chlorides and sulphates of calcium by the reaction (5) and (6): CaCl2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaCl (5) CaSO4 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + Na2SO4 (6) Cons by the precipitation of sulfates and chlorides of magnesium require lime and soda ash. Mg Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3+ Mg(OH)2 + 2NaCl (7) Mg SO4 + Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 +Mg(OH)2 + Na2SO4 (8)

We noted that the reduction of calcium increases with the addition of sodium carbonate. Cons by the concentration of Mg remain relatively constant. 3.1.3. Softening the water of Fourchi with KH2PO4 With the method using the addition of chemical inhibitor KH2PO4 on hard waters of Fourchi. The results are summarized in Tables 6 and 7.


Table 6: Softening of water of fourchi by addition of KH2PO4 at 30 ° C. and stirring for 3 hours pH HCO3-(mg/L) Hardness (mg/L) Ca2+ (mg/L) Mg2+(mg/L) Raw water of Fourchi 6.9 447 870 212 81.6 Fourchi + 0.1 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.0 444 830 169 81.5 Fourchi + 0.2 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.1 439 807 188 80.6

Fourchi + 0.3 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.2 435 787 181 80.4 Fourchi + 0.4 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.1 431 744 164 80.2 Fourchi + 0.5 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.1 425 681 142 78.3

Fourchi + 0.6 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.2 422 665 136 78.0 Fourchi + 0.7 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.1 417 610 114 78.0 Fourchi + 0.8 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.2 410 580 102 78.0 Fourchi + 1 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.2 400 570 100 77.0 Fourchi + 2 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.2 385 565 98 76.8 Fourchi + 3 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.3 370 548 94 75.3

Table 7: Softening of water of fourchi by addition of KH2PO4 at 20 ° C. and stirring for 3 hours pH HCO3-(mg/L) Hardness (mg/L) Ca2+ (mg/L) Mg2+(mg/L) Raw water of Fourchi 6.9 447 870 212 81.6 Fourchi + 0.5 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.0 445 865 210 81.6

Fourchi + 0.6 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.0 434 860 208 81.6 Fourchi + 0.7 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.1 429 855 206 81.6 Fourchi + 0.8 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.2 426 849 202 80.4 Fourchi + 1 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.2 422 840 202 80.4 Fourchi + 2 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.3 417 832 201 79.2 Fourchi + 3 (mg/L) of KH2PO4 7.3 412 820 200 76.8


It is to note a reduction of calcium carbonate hardness. By cons, there is observed a small reduction in the magnesium. And that can be represented by the reaction (9) and (10):

2 KH2PO4 + Ca(HCO3)2 CaHPO4 + 2 CO2 + 2 H2O + K2HPO4 (9)

2 KH2PO4 + Mg(HCO3) MgHPO4 + 2 CO2 + H2O + K2HPO4 (10) 3.2. Assessment of abatement rate on the waters of Fourchi: We can determine the effectiveness of the softening by calculating the rate of reduction of the (HCO3-, Ca2+and Mg2+) is given by the equation: �

Ci : initial concentration Cf: final concentration.

Tests conducted in the presence of lime to the waters of Fourchi yield curves of increasing rates of depression (HCO3-, Ca2+ and Mg2+) depending on the amount of lime added, see fig 3. Bicarbonates eliminated better than Ca2+ than Mg2+.

We see that with an addition of 0.3 g / L of lime to waters of Fourchi at 30 ° C, the abatement rate is 52.83%. By cons, for tests at 20 ° C, leading to a rate of 53.77% for an addition of Ca(OH)2 of 0.4 g / L with a residual concentration of about 100 mg / L (corresponding to drinking water standards).

Fig 3. Evolution of abatement rate of the (HCO3,Ca2+, Mg2+) to water of fourchi depending on the concentration of Ca(OH)2 (a) at 30 ° C for 1 hour stirring; (b) at 30 ° C for 1 hour stirring. Tests conducted in the presence of Na2CO3 to hard waters of Fourchi reveal an evolution of the abatement rate of the (HCO3-, Ca2+ and Mg2+) depending on the amount of Na2CO3 added see Fig 4. The concentration of Na2CO3 used for softening the water of Fourchi (0.2 g / L) at 30 ° C.

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,60

20

40

60

80

HCO3-

Ca2+

Mg2+

Taux

d'a

batte

men

t (%

)

C (g/L)0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,60

20

40

60

80

100 HCO

3-

Ca2+

Mg2+

Taux

d'a

batte

men

t (%

)

C (g/L)


This concentration results in optimized residual of 100 mg / L Ca2+ for treated water, by cons for water of Fourchi at 20 ° C , it is 90 mg / L. In addition, we noted the presence of Na2CO3, the best reduction is obtained for Ca2+ for both trials.

Fig 4.Evolution of the abatement rate of the (HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+) to water of Fourchi depending on the concentration of Na2CO3 (a) at 30 ° C for 1 hour stirring; (b) at 20 ° C for 1 hour stirring. For tests conducted in the presence KH2PO4, we noted that the abatement rate (HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+) also increases with the addition of KH2PO4 see fig 5. We noticed that the abatement rate is the most important for Ca2+ (52.83%). The residual concentration is about 80 mg / L is reached for an addition of 1 mg / L of KH2PO4 to the waters of Fourchi at 30 ° C. The Ca2+ concentration attained was 100 mg / L. For tests at 20 ° C, we found 3 mg / L addition of KH2PO4 was obtained 200 mg / L of residual Ca2+, with a very low abatement rate of 5.66%.

Fig 5.Evolution of the abatement rate of the (HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+) to the water of Fourchi depending on the concentration of KH2PO4 (a) at 30 ° C and stirring for 3 hours; (b) at 20 ° C and stirring for 3 hours

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,50

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

HCO3-

Ca2+

Mg2+

Taux

d'a

batte

men

t (%

)

C (g/L)

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,50

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80 HCO3-

Ca2+

Mg2+

Taux

d'a

batte

men

t (%

)

C (g/L)

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,00

10

20

30

40

50

60

HCO3-

Ca2+

Mg2+

Taux

d'a

batte

men

t (%

)

C (mg/L)

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,00

2

4

6

8

HCO3-

Ca2+

Mg2+

Taux

d'a

batte

men

t (%

)

C (mg/L)


3.3. Accelerated testing of scaling Among the methods used to evaluate the power furring of the waters of Fourchi. We used chronoamperometry to voltage clamp to 1V. In this technique, water is characterized by a time scaling tE. More tE is little more water is calcified. Lime scale treatment will be effective when tE treated water becomes greater than that of the raw water. In addition, the higher the residual current (IRES) is small scale will be more compact and adherent. If the inhibitory effect of a product is positive, there is an increase of residual current. There is more adhesive calculus on the electrode [24]. 3.3.1. Crash Tests of scaling the raw water of Fourchi Testing the waters of Fourchi was conducted at 20 ° C on a volume of 500ml. It is to be observed for the raw water of Fourchi Fig 6. That the shape of the curve corresponds to a scale-forming water with T = 20.4 min and a residual current A/cm2 21.16. This corresponds to a compact precipitate CaCO3

Fig 6.chronoamperometric curve of the raw water of Fourchi at 20 ° C. 3.3.2. Influence of temperature on the waters of Fourchi To check the influence of temperature on the waters of Fourchi. Several tests were performed considering increasing temperatures of (20-50) ° C. It is observed that the greater the temperature the more time and this reduces scaling up to 50 ° C Fig 7. The rising temperature increases the rate of reduction of oxygen and decreases the time scaling. This observation was also made by [25]

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

tE

Ire


Fig 7.Effect of temperature on water Fourchi ((1) - 50 ° C, (2) - 40 ° C, (3) to 30 ° C, (4) to 20 ° C) 3.3.3. Inhibition of calcification by chronoamperometry 3.3.3.1. Inhibition of calcification by KH2PO4 The review shows chronoamperometric curves in the presence of KH2PO4 time scaling increases with the concentration and the current decreases to tend to the residual current Fig 8. This drop in intensity does not result from the deposition of CaCO3 on the electrode but the precipitation of hydrogen phosphate of calcium (CaHPO4) in alkaline (pH approaches 8) according to the reaction:

H2PO-4 + Ca2+ + 2OH- CaHPO4 (s) + H2O

Fig 8. chronoamperometric curves of fourchi for an addition of different concentrations of KH2PO4 at 20°C. 3.3.3.2. Inhibition of calcification by Na2CO3 For the tests in the presence of Na2CO3. Chronoamperometric curves obtained for additions of increasing concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5) g / L to the water of Fourchi are shown in Fig 9.

(1)

(2)

(3) (5) (4)

(6) (7)

(1) raw water of Fourchi (2) 0.05 mg / L (3 0.1 mg / L (4) 0.3 mg / L (5) 0.4 mg / L (6) 0.5 mg / L (7) 1 mg / L

(1)

(2) (3)

(4)

(1) raw water of Fourchi (2) 0.1 mg / L (3) 0.3 mg / L (4) 0.4 mg / L


Fig 9.chronoamperometric curves of water fourchi for an addition of different concentrations of Na2CO3 at 20 ° C. 3.3.3.3 Inhibition of fouling by Ca(OH)2 The accelerated scaling test performed on water of Fourch at 20 ° C for different concentrations of lime (0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4) g / L showed that the higher the concentration increases as time scaling becomes important. It is observed that for tests with lime, the significant effect of lime occurs from 0.1 g / L, Fig 10

Fig 10.chronoamperometric curves of water Fourchi for an addition of different concentrations of Ca(OH)2 at 20°C. Conclusion To avoid scale deposits formed by the waters of Fourchi, chemical treatment was applied. The results obtained allowed the partial softening water using lime (Ca(OH)2), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and potassium dihydrogen phosphate KH2PO4. Use of the chronoamperometric method (accelerated calcification) revealed that the water of fourchi has a high incrustation power and the addition of inhibitors (Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3 and KH2PO4) at different concentrations may provide effective softening these waters. This will lead to the significant increase in the time scaling for these References [1] Rosset R, physical processes antiscalling: myth or reality? Chemical News, January-February 1992, 125-148. [2] Gabriel C, Keddam M, Perrot H, Khalil A, Rosset R; Zidoune M, Characterization of the Efficiency of Treatment of Water antiscalant PART I, chemical processes. Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 26 (1996), 1125-1132. [3] Vasina L.G, GUSEV O.V; Suppression of scale formation by using antiscalling compounds. Thermal Engineering Vol 46, No. 7,

(1) (2)

(3) (4)

(1) raw water of Fourchi (2) 0.1 mg / L (3) 0.2 mg / L (4) 0.3 mg / L


1999, 564-567. [4] Ledion J, Braham C, Hui F antiscaling properties of copper. Journal of water supply. Research and Technology Aqua, 2002, 389-398. [5] Pin Lin YI, Singer PC, Inhibition of calcite precipitation by orthophosphate: speciation and thermodynamic considerations. Geochimica Acta, Vol 70, Issue 10, May 2006; 2530-2539. [6] Khalil A, Sassiat P, Colin C.; Meignen C, Garnier C, Gabrielli C; Keddam M, Rosset R; Characterization of power by inlaying a chronoélectrogrovimétrie water using a quartz microbalance, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, t 314, Series II, 1992, 145-149. [7] Leroy P, Linwe, Ledion J, Khalil A, characterization of power furring water using plating tests, comparative study of several methods. AQUA, Vol 42 No. 1, 1993, 23-29. [8] Rosset R, Mercier D, S Douville; The extent to furring of the waters by electrochemical methods and processes preventatives. Ann Grant, Exp, Chim, January-February-March 1997, 90 No. 938, 41-65. [9] Ketrane R, Saidani B, Gil O; Leleyter L; Baraud F; Efficiency of five scale inhibitors are calcium carbonate precipitation from hard water: Effect of temperature and concentration. Desalination 249 (2009), 1397-1404. [10] Martinod A, Neville A, Euvrard M, K Sorbie; Electrodeposition of a calcareous layer: Effects of green inhibitors. Chemical Engineering, Vol 64, Issue 10, 15 May 2009; 2413-2421. [11] Bannoud AH; Removal of hardness and sulphate content in water by nanofiltration. Desalination 137 (2001), 133-139. [12] Ghizellaoui S, Chibani A, Ghizellaoui S; The Use of the nanofiltration for partial softening has a high hardness of water. Desalination 179 (2005), 315-322. [13] Khalik A, Praptowidodo VS; Nanofiltration of drinking water production from deep well water. Desalination 132 (2000), 287-292. [14] Ledion J, Francois B, Vienna D; Characterization of power furring of water by rapid controlled precipitation. European Journal of Hydrology Volume 28, Issue 1, 1997, 15-35. [15] Ghizellaoui S, Ledion J, Ghizellaoui S, Chibani A; Study of the inhibition of power furring of the waters of Hamma controlled by precipitation and by a rapid test for accelerated calcification. Desalination 166 (2004), 315-327. [16] Pernot B, Changing water calcifying power furring with metal cations: iron, aluminum, manganese, zinc. PhD thesis, University of Franche-Comte, Physical Chemistry 1997; 153. [17] Ferrous M, Remy F, Vidonne A; The test of scaling potentiality, presentation and application. Water Tribune, 1994, 567 / 7, 17-21 [18] Ledion J; Gueggnon Y, Ribal C, Combaz P, Verdu J; Scaling plastics. TSM July-August 1993, 355-360. [19] Ledion J, Leroy P, Labbe JP, Determination of encrusting nature of water by accelerated scaling test. TSM Water, July-August 1985, 323 -328. [20] Lin W; Characterization of power furring of water and its modification by a process, electrolytic. PhD thesis, Paris VI, Vol 1, 1991; 139. [21] Ledion J; Optimal plating tests. Application to the determination of the effectiveness of physical treatments preventatives. Water Tribune No. 567 / 7, January / February 1994. [22] Khalil A; Assessment Methodologies furring of power and water efficiency, processes, preventatives. PhD thesis, University Pierre and Marie Curie Paris VI, Analytical Chemistry 1994 168p.


[23] Alberty D, OMBY D, Ledion J; Influence of planktonic algae in the water to furring. European Journal of Hydrology Volume 26, Issue 2, 1995, 135-147. [24] Ghizellaoui S; comparison and optimization of chemical softening processes. Application to the waters of Hamma. PhD thesis, University of Constantine in Analytical Chemistry and Water Treatment (2006), 158 p. [25] Rosset R; Methodologies for studying processes preventatives. TSM No. 11, November 1993, 563-569.

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