Convergence of Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies: State of the Art , Situat ional Analysis and Policy Recommendat ions for Beijing
Jun ChengUNU-EGOV
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 2
Slide Out line
1.Introduction2. Methodology3. Literature Review4. Conceptual Framework5. Analysis6. Policy Recommendations7. Conclusions
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 3
Project Context
• Joint Government Fellowship programme by UNU-EGOV and UNESCO-IFAP
• Study the Stages of the Digital Governance Evolution Model by Tomasz Janowski(Janowski, 2015)
• Juxtapose the Knowledge Societ ies Handbook and Library by UNESCO/IFAP and UNU-EGOV
• Improve the policy environment to advance the development of Knowledge Societ ies in Beijing
Digital Government
Knowledge Societies
Smart City
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 4
Beijing
• Beijing is the capital of China, its Size is about 16410 sqKm
• Populat ion 22 Million, about a country of EU
• GDP (PPP) USD12,400 (2015)
• 187% Mobile phone connections
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 5
China 2030Building a Modern, Harmonious, and Creat ive Society
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 6
Coordinat ed Development of Three Factors
Industrialization
Agricultural Modernization
Urbanization
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 7
城市问题 City problems
随着工业化进程的发展,人口在不断增长、交通越来越拥堵、水资源越来越紧缺、空气质量越来越糟糕。With the development of industrializat ion, populat ion is expanding, traffic becomes increasingly congested, water resources become increasingly scarce, and air quality is gett ing worse.
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 8
Populat ion Expansion
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 9
Traffic Jam All the Time
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 10
Water Resources of Beijing
北京市用水量极大,与1949年相比,北京市总用水量增长了40倍,城市自来水用水量增长了大约2000倍。目前,北京市每年实际用水量大约为50亿立方米。
北京市缺水情况严重。干旱少雨年份可利用地下水、水库水和河水一共只有20亿~35亿立方米。北京市人均水资源年占有量不足300立方米。已有专家发出警告:北京市可能出现水危机。
8462
2200
295
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
World China Beijing
Water resources per person on average In 2012
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 11
PM 2.5 Map from NASA in 2010
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 12
Four factors synergic development modelt he 18th Communist Party of China (CPC) Nat ional Congress(2012)
新型城镇化
urbanization
新型农业化
Modernagriculture
新型工业化
industrialization
• 提升农业集约化水平• 加强农业装备服务建设• 加强人才、技术储备• ……
Money
Human resource
• Coordinated Development through Informatization
新城镇的发展,引导农村郊区人口转变为城镇人口,促进新型城镇化和工业化建设
• 医疗• 社保• 教育• 养老• 就业• ……
保障
农村郊区人口减少,增加农用地和工业用地面积,促进新型农业化和工业化发展
• 服务• 设备• 技术• 人才• ……
保障
农村郊区人口城镇化,工业郊区化,促进生态保护和新型工业化和城镇化发展
• 政策• 服务• 技术• 信息化• ……
保障
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 13
如何使城市更加美好 ?How to make the cit y bet ter?
毋庸置疑,信息化是城市发展的未来。Undoubtedly, Information technology is the future of urban development.未来的城市将是资源节约型和生态友好型的城市。The future city will be a kind of resource-saving and eco-friendly city. 资源与信息的数字化成为新一代生态城市的关键要素。The digit izat ion of resources and information become a key element of the new generat ion of eco-city.
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 14
Slide Out line
1. Introduction
2.Methodology3. Literature Review4. Conceptual Framework5. Analysis6. Policy Recommendations7. Conclusions
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Methodology
Policy Recommendations: From Digital Government to
Knowledge Societies in Beijing, China
Research Literature Review
Conceptual Framework
Analysis: Digital Government in
Beijing, China
Analysis: Knowledge Societies
in Beijing, China
Policy Literature Review
Measurement / Indicators
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 16
Slide Out line
1. Introduction2. Methodology
3.Literature Review4. Conceptual Framework5. Analysis6. Policy Recommendations7. Conclusions
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 17
3.1 Policy Literature Review of Digital Government in Beijing- Five-Year Government Informat izat ion Plans
Fieldsc 1998-2010 2001-2005 2006-2010 2011-2015 2016-2020Educationand Research
campus network,professionaleducation
E-commerce e-commerceplatform
E-government developingimportant e-governmentsystems
developing e-government systems
improving decisionmaking, citymanagement, andmarket supervision
Fine-Grained citymanagement
improving smart citymanagement
PublicService
e-Beijing portal providing onlinepublic service from2003
improving publicservice
gridding publicservice
improving publicservice channels,proving smartservices
InformationIndustry
hardware,software, andinformationservice
supporting powerfulfamous enterprise inhardware, software,and informationservice
improving theinformation industry
cultivating newinformationindustry
improving thedevelopment of newinformation industry
ICTInfrastructure
telecommunication network,televisionnetwork andinternet
telecommunicationnetwork, televisionnetwork, internet andwireless network
improving informationand communicationinfrastructure, andradio frequencyspectrum management
constructing highspeed internet and3G mobile network
upgrading networkcapacity,constructing big dataand cloud computingfacilities
InformationResource
informationresourcesmanagement
Informationsecurity
information securitymanagement
Culture digitalize culturet ti
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 18
Policy Literature Review of Knowledge Societ ies in Beijing
Fields Digital Beijing (2001-2010) Smart Beijing (2011- now)E-government
e-government system development:including Green Belt, Digital Xicheng,Digital Zhongguancun projects
Scientific Decision Making Supporting System, CitySecurity Management System, the smart applicationsupport platform,
PublicService
e-Beijing public service channel: includingportal and booth
Providing the convenient public service throughpublic service center, e-Beijing portal and hotline
Economy e-commerce platform development, 6 ICTbasements : including micro-electronics,software, hardware, monitor, digital highdefinition display, computer, etc.
Promoting the star up and renovation of e-commerceby middle and small-sized enterprises
EducationandResearch
campus and research institution network Providing the innovation environment, including theleadership, standard, funding and training
InfoComm telecommunication network, televisionnetwork, internet, government intranet,wireless network
Improving ICT infrastructure, including wirelessinternet and optical fiber web, combine the network oftelecommunication, television and internet
InformationResource
geospatial information, informationinterchange system
Implementing the precision population managementto support the public safety management, emergencyresponse system, etc.
Society Promoting the convenient personal digital life, suchas the online consumption, education, communityservices, and smart transportation etc.
Environment Implementing the ecological environment and natureresources management, including the power, water,gas, land resources and reinforcing the managementof pollution, garbage and disasters
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 19
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Integrat ing Growth Policies
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Integrating Growth Plan (2012)Five-Year Plan of Economy and Society Development in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (2016)• Science and Technology
Research and Development• Industry Transformation• Transportation• Environment
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 20
3.2 Measurement and Indicators for Beijing
17 Goals of the “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 21
Measurement and Indicators for Beijing
17 Goals of the “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development” Indicators• End poverty in all its forms everywhere Total Retail Sale
Minimum Wage• End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and
promote sustainable agricultureFood Costs
• Ensure healthy lives and promote wellbeing for all at all ages Clothes CostsFixed-line TelephoneFixed NetworksAverage Life Span
• Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promotelifelong learning opportunities for all
Undergraduate Students AcceptedGraduate Student AcceptedNumber of Researcher
• Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls PopulationGender Ratio
• Ensure availability and sustainable management of water andsanitation for all
Water SupplyWater ResourceAir pollution
• Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energyfor all
Energy costs
• Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, fulland productive employment and decent work for all
Gross Domestic Product (GDP)ICT GDP
• Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainableindustrialization and foster innovation
Mobile PhoneResearch and Development(R&D)FundsNumber and Amount of R&D ContractsNumber of Patent
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 22
• Reduce inequality within and among countries• Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe,
resilient and sustainableSocial Security CardSafety Production
• Ensure sustainable consumption and productionpatterns
Firework ManagementCar Buy Limitation Management
• Take urgent action to combat climate change and itsimpacts
Emergency Response System
• Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas andmarine resources for sustainable development
• Protect, restore and promote sustainable use ofterrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,combat desertification, and halt and reverse landdegradation and halt biodiversity loss
Green Belt Project
• Promote peaceful and inclusive societies forsustainable development, provide access to justicefor all and build effective, accountable and inclusiveinstitutions at all levels
Court Judgement Enforcement
• Strengthen the means of implementation andrevitalize the Global Partnership for SustainableDevelopment
Measurement and Indicators for Beijing
17 Goals of the “2030 Agenda for SustainableDevelopment”
Indicators
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 23
3.3 Literature on Digital Government
Publications by Year Publications by Discipline
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 24
Literature on Knowledge Societ ies
Publications by DisciplinePublications by Year
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 25
Literature on Digital Government to Knowledge Societ ies
Publications by DisciplinePublications by Year
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Slide Out line
1. Introduction2. Methodology3. Literature Review
4.Conceptual Framework5. Analysis6. Policy Recommendations7. Conclusions
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Digital Government Evolut ion Model
“Study the Stages of the Digital Governance Evolution Model” by Tomasz Janowski (Janowski, 2015)
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 28
Knowledge Societ ies Architecture
“Knowledge Societies Handbook and Library” by UNESCO/IFAP and UNU-EGOV
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 29
Slide Out line
1. Introduction2. Methodology3. Literature Review4. Conceptual Framework
5.Analysis6. Policy Recommendations7. Conclusions
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 30
5.1 Digital Government Evolut ion in Beijing
4 STAGES
TIMEDigital MapDIGITIZATION
CONTEXUALIZATION
ENGAGEMENT
TRANSFORMATION
Organization Unit Information Database
Population Information Database
Information Resource Catalog
Cloud Computing
Green Belt Project
Safety Production
Grid Social Service Management
Court JudgementEnforcement
Tax Management
Energy Supply Management
Social Security Card Management
Scientific Decision
Car Buy Limitation Management
Smart Beijing Plan
Administrative Service Center
Digital Beijing Plan
2001 2011 2012 2015 20162003 20101998
Firework Management
Government Big Data Center
Emergency Response
Company Management
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 31
Stage 1: Digitization
TechnologyGNNS, GIS, Remote
SensingDatabase, CatalogCloud computing
Network
PressuresNo Basic Data of the
CityBurden of Machine Room and Servers
No Enough IT Staffs
InstitutionalizationBeijing Municipal Office of
Information(2001)Information Management
Center (2002)Information Security
Center(2006)Big Data Center (2016)
InnovationGeo-spatial Database for All Government
DepartmentsBasic Databases of Companies and
PopulationInformation Catalog of Government
DepartmentsCloud Computing Infrastructure
…
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 32
Stage 2: Transformat ion
TechnologyOffice automation
Business IntelligenceData ProcessingImage Processing
PressuresIncrease efficiency
Environmental Protection
Fighting AgainstCriminal
Emergency Response
InstitutionalizationMunicipal Bureau of
Landscape and ForestryAdministration of Work
SafetyCourts
Emergency Response Center
InnovationGetting Data from Manual to Automatic
New Methods of processing Data…
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 33
Stage 3: Engagement
TechnologySpace GridSmart Card
Mobile communication technology
PressuresPopulation ManagementEconomy Development
Social SecurityTransportation
InstitutionalizationCommunity Service GroupsState and Local Tax Bureau
Social Insurance CenterTransport Administration
Commission
InnovationGrid Social Service Model
Joint Tax ModelOrganizational Interoperability
Model…
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 34
Stage 4: Contextualizat ion
TechnologyInternet of Things
Big DataCell Phone Tracking
Street View
PressuresAnti-terrorist
Fire PreventionAir Pollution
Economy Development
InstitutionalizationPublic Security Bureau
Fire StationsHospitals
Industrial and Commercial Bureau
InnovationFull Process Supervise and Management of
Firework, Dangerous GoodsDoor-to-door Services for Companies
…
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Fireworks Set Off Management
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 36
Knowledge Societ ies Development in Beijing - Society
144290
623
1034
41 75 133 197
17 28 55 7423 46 47
412580
960
1720
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2000 2005 2010 2015Total Retail Sale(billion) Foods(billion) Clothes(billion)Energy(billion) Minimum Wage(Monthly)
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 37
Knowledge Societ ies Development in Beijing - Educat ion
136,36153,8
196,19217,05
23
5980
9575
156 155 158
0
50
100
150
200
250
2000 2005 2010 2015Population(100 thousand)Undergraduate Students Accepted (thousand)Graduate Student Accepted (thousand)
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 38
Knowledge Societ ies Development in Beijing - Economy
1363,61538
1961,92170,5
246,05
681,45
1377,79
2296,86
51,72 124,22 237,270
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
2000 2005 2010 2015Population(10 thousand) GDP(billion Chinese Yuan)ICT (billion Chinese Yuan)
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Knowledge Societ ies Development in Beijing - Environment
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Knowledge Societ ies Development in Beijing - Knowledge
2434
2635
23
38
76
137
38
51
72
10
34
94
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2000 2005 2010 2015
Number of Researcher(10000) R&D Funds(billion)Number of Contracts(1000) Number of Patents(1000)
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Drivers, Enablers and Barriers
Drivers Enablers Barriers
Governance Government Management Requirements
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei integrating growth
InfoComm The Development of ICT Infrastructure
New Technologies Market Economy
Public Service Public Service Requirements
Public Service Center
Government Transparency
Society Olympic Games in 2008
Olympic Winter Games in 2022
Education
Education System Improvement
Learning Ability: Government, Society, Personal
EconomyEconomy Developing
Smart City Plan
Environment Environment Stress Nature Resources
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 42
Slide Out line
1. Introduction2. Methodology3. Literature Review4. Conceptual Framework5. Analysis
6.Policy Recommendations7. Conclusions
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HebeiBeijing
Tianjin
Data
Services
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 44
Policies for Knowledge Societ ies
KS Element PolicyRecommendation
Rationale DigitalGovernment Stage
Governance
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei IntegratingGrowth Policies
Tianjin and Hebei are two adjacent provinces of Beijing. These three provincesare going to make breakthroughs in integrated transportation, environmentalprotection, industrial upgrading and relocating functions non-essential toBeijing’s role.
Collaboration
GovernanceOpen DataPolicies
To improve transparency and democracy, civil participation, reduces corruption,improved and new private products and services, ICT and Scientific innovation,Governmental efficiency
Engagement
InfoCommMarket EconomyPolicies
Combine the telecommunication network, television network, internet andwireless network as a whole. So people could obtain all the needed services fromone company.
Digitization
Society
Increasing theScope of SocialAssistance fromBeijing to HebeiProvidence
Beijing only has 134,000 poor people. The government spend 8000 Yuan ($1200)for everyone per year to help them. However, Hebei has 3.10 million poor people,and government only spend 2800 Yuan ($420) for one person every year. Thejoint government need to spend more to help the poor in the future.
Engagement
EducationNew EducationPolicies
Section 5.2.3 showed us that the education cannot jump greatly in a short time.The government need to consider new directions of online education to take fulladvantage of the ICT infrastructure.
Engagement
Economy
Four FactorsSynergicDevelopingPolicies
Modern information revolution provides efficient ways to monitor, observe,analyze, and control the development of economy. Informatization is not only apart of quickly developing industry, but also a new measure and method tocoordinate the urbanization, industrialization and modern agriculture.
Collaboration
Environment
RegionalCooperationPolicies
The practices have proven that Beijing could not resolve the environment issuesby itself. Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei need to collaborate together in the future.
Collaboration
Knowledge
Think TankSupportingPolicies
Most of the researchers, contracts, and funds are servicing some specificinstitutions. Some of them also should service for the public in the future.
Contextualization
Digital Government and Knowledge Societ ies – Advancing SDG 16 IFAP Council, Paris | 31 May 2016 | 45
Slide Out line
1. Introduction2. Methodology3. Literature Review4. Conceptual Framework5. Analysis6. Policy Recommendations
7.Conclusions
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Conclusions
Digital Government
Smart CitiesGovernment
Knowledge Societies
InforComm + Open Data
Governance
Digital Governance Knowledge