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Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
WP 2/3
Technical and economic characteristics and
environmental assessment of BREW case
study products
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Progress track WP 2/3
•Kickoff (Apr 03): Product preselection, data collection methodology, LCA methodology
•Plenary 1 (Sep 03): Product list finalised, data received from companies, generic approach proposed by DSM/Shell
•Plenary 2 (Jan 04): Product trees developed for key platform chemicals, BREWtool developed as tool for standardised LCI and product value calcs
•Plenary 3 (May 04): Preliminary results based on company data. Choice of feedstocks finalised. Background data issues discussed.
•Plenary 4 (Sep 04): LCIs for 3 sugar feedstock types. Uncertainty analysis for dextrose. Environmental and economic comparison of selected petchem and bio-based feedstocks and end products. Sensitivity cases for energy recovery/waste management.
Gen
eric
bac
kgr
oun
d d
ata,
sp
ecif
ic c
omp
any
dat
a fo
r b
iop
roce
ss
Par
alle
l pat
h
Gen
eric
bio
pro
cess
des
ign
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
- Continuous biotechnological processes
-Waste biomass and water recycling
-Energy integration
-Technologically advanced workup
Emerging bulk, bio-based, biotech industry
PE
TC
HE
M-
BA
SE
D
BIO
-BA
SE
D
CO
NV
EN
TIO
NA
L P
RO
CE
SS
ING
BIO
-BA
SE
D
SP
EC
IALT
Y
CO
NC
EP
T
LAB
PIL
OT
BU
LK
Lactic acid Shell Shell Cargill Dow
1,3-propanediol Shell Shell DuPont
Acetic acid1 BP A&F
Succinic acid (SRI) Others
Fatty acids Uniqema Uniqema
Hydrogen Others A&F
Ethylene Shell Shell
Ethanol Shell Shell
Adipic acid DSM Shell
Acrylamide Degussa
Lysine DSM
Ethyl lactate (solvent) Shell Shell
Fatty acid esters (lubricants, surfactants)
Others UCM Cargill Dow
PLA (plastic) Others Cargill Dow
PTT (plastic)DuPont Shell
DuPont
PHA* (plastic) Biomer A&FMetabolix
P&G
MATRIX OF PRODUCTS SPEARHEADING THE DEVELOPMENT OF BIO-BASED, BIOTECH, BULK ('BBB') CHEMICALS
ESTABLISHED CONVENTIONAL PRODUCTS WITH BBB
POTENTIAL
EMERGING BBBs - stage of development
BIO-BASED
BIOTECH
BULK
PLA
TF
OR
M
CH
EM
ICA
LS
Pro
cess
dat
a av
aila
ble
PLA
TF
OR
M
CH
EM
ICA
LS
Gen
eric
app
roac
h
SE
CO
ND
AR
Y P
RO
DU
CT
S
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Scope of presentation
Case ‘TODAY’
Company data
Industry technology reviews (SRI)
Generic process design
Case ‘TOMORROW‘
(2010)
Generic process design
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
System Boundaries for BREW products
PROCESS BOUNDARY
to processes from processesCo-products4
Land
CO2
SYSTEM BOUNDARY - CRADLE TO GRAVE
Production & delivery of utilities, fuels,
materials
Waste treatment: solids (organic, other); waste water, sludge, exhaust
gases
SYSTEM BOUNDARY - CRADLE TO FACTORY GATE
Biomass production
& conversion
ferment-able
sugars1Biotech.
processing
Raw materials
used product
Post-consumer
waste
treatment3
GHG emissions
Non-renew. energy Exported
energy
product in broth
Product recovery &
purification2
product in bulk form
Product use
Renewable energy
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Feedstocks (fermentation substrates)Benchmark for ‘TODAY’
NR energy use
R energy use
Total energy use
NR GHG emissions
R GHG emissions
Total GHG emissions Land use
Product value Price
GJHHV/t GJHHV/t GJHHV/t(t CO2 eq./t) (t CO2/t)
(t CO2 eq./t) (ha/t) (EUR/t) (EUR/t)
Sucrose (59%ds) from sugar cane. 1st fig: AVERAGE (medium sucrose); 2nd fig: ADVANCED
(high sucrose) 1)
-10.5 -14.9
33.9 48.0
23.4 33.1
-0.26 -0.36
0.11 0.15
705)
(Brazil)3307)
Dextrose (32%ds) from
corn wet milling2)6.3 17.3 23.6 0.47 -1.54 -1.07 0.13 805)
(US)2006)
C5/C6 sugars (13%ds) from lignocellulosics
(corn stover) 3)
5.6 29.2 34.8 0.28 -1.46 -1.18 0.051503)
125-
1604)
-
NR: non-renewable-sourced
R: renewables-sourced
FE
ED
ST
OC
KS
(S
UG
AR
S)
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Sensitivity analysis on feedstock:dextrose from corn
Energy use (GJ/t)Cradle to factory gate
02468
101214161820
1 2 3 4 5
Non-renewable energyuse (GJ/t)
Renewable energy use(GJ/t)
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Sensitivity: dextrose from corn
Greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2eq/t)
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1 2 3 4 5
NR-GHG(processing)emissions (tCO2eq./t)
R-GHG (CO2sequestered) (tCO2/t)
TGHG emissions(cradle to factorygate) (t CO2eq./t)
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Assumptions for dextrose from corn
-Corn production in US
- Industry current best practice corn wet milling
- Dextrose 32% dry solids. For higher % ds there will be
additional energy inputs to evaporate water
Integrated facility for dextrose production and biorefinery
(allows delivery of fairly dilute sugar solution)
- Allocation by mass (small difference for price-basis
allocation)
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Commercialised today: lactic acid & PLASRI Conventional HLa Process BFD (pH = 6)
FermentationBiomassFiltration
SeedPre-Seed
CSL
CaCO3Tank
CaCO3
H2O
GlucoseNutrients
L. delbrueckii
CO2
Biomass
Acidification
H2SO4
GypsumFiltration
H2O
Evaporation
Recycle H2O
Polishing Extractor
To WWT
H2O
Solvent
ref: Cargill Dow (SRI process)
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Lactic acid and PLA via dextrose from corn
Energy use (GJ/t)Cradle to factory gate
0102030405060708090
LA1
LA2
LA3
LA4
PLA1
PLA2
LDPE
PET
Non-renewableenergy use(GJ/t)
Renewableenergy use(GJ/t)
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Lactic acid and PLA via dextrose from corn
Breakdown of non-renewable energy use (GJ/t)Cradle to factory gate
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
LA1
LA2
LA3
LA4
PLA1
PLA2
LDPE
PET
Otherprocesses
Bioprocess &workup
Substrateproduction
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Lactic acid and PLA via dextrose from corn
NREU (GJ/t) cradle to grave with different post-consumer energy recovery options
0102030405060708090
LA1
LA2
LA3
LA4
PLA1
PLA2
LDPE
PET
No energyrecovery
Digestion withenergyrecovery
Incinerationwith energyrecovery
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Lactic acid and PLA via dextrose from corn
Greenhouse gas emissions (kg CO2eq/t)
-2.0
-1.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
LA1
LA2
LA3
LA4
PLA1
PLA2
LDPE
PET
NR-GHGemissions (=cradle to grave*)(t CO2eq./t)
Renew. C storedin product (CO2eq.) (t CO2/t)
GHG emissions(=cradle tofactory gate) (tCO2eq./t)
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Lactic acid and PLA via dextrose from corn
Land use (ha/t)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
LA1
LA2
LA3
LA4
PLA1
PLA2
LDPE
PET
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Near future commercialisation (<2010):Succinic acid (SRI design)
Design capacity: 75 k t.p.a.>> First medium-scale plant being built. Market
for products still under development.
ref: SRI
CO2 SuccinicGlucose acid
UltrafiltrationSolvent
extractionDistillationFermentation
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Longer-term commercialisation (<2020):bio-Hydrogen
Photofermentation (A&F)Design capacity: 0.45 k t.p.a
>>Factor 100 + higher for bulk commodity status
ref: A&F
Biomass Hydrogen
CO2
Protein slurry
hydrolysis
Fermentation with
(hyper)thermo-philic bacteria
(Photo)fermentation with
purple, non-S bacteria
Gas separation
Gas separation
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Longer-term commercialisation (<2020): Splitting of fats/oils using enzymes
Fatty acidFat/oil
Glycerol waterConv: 10 - 15% glycerolEnzym: 50% glycerol
(1) Conventional, 250 °C, 70 bar(2) Enzymatic, 60 °C
Continuous splitting (1) or
(2)
2010?
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
-20% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Lactic acid-CD
Succinic acid-SRI
Bio-H2-A&F
Feedstocks
Auxil/Cat
By-product cred/deb
Utilities
Waste mgmt
Supplies
Labour
Tax + insur
Overhead
Marketing, admin, R&D
Capital charge (20%)
Product value breakdown for BBBs with commercialisation (1) today, (2) in near future (<2010)
and (3) longer term (<2020)
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Thought exercise – common scaling for case ‘TODAY’
- Plant size scaleup: I2/I1 = (C2/C1)2/3, C2 = 200 k t.p.a.
BUT
- ISBL in this case LINEAR since scale-up will be just a matter
of replication
- OSBL: power 2/3 rule? Ensure: Offsites include CHP plant or
other energy recovery/waste management options for biomass
waste from process (basis NREL investment figs)
- Fixed + variable direct: linear
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Lactic acid-CD
Lactic acid-Shell s
Lactic acid-Shell e
Ethyl lactate from lactic acid-Shell
PLA from lactic acid-CD
1,3-propanediol Aer-SRI
1,3-propanediol Anaer-SRI
PTT-SRI from 1,3-propanediol Aer-SRI
PTT-SRI from 1,3-propanediol Anaer-SRI
Succinic acid-SRI
Hydrogen
mcl-PHA latex from fatty acids
Fatty acids enzymatic splitting
mcl-PHA latex from dextrose:fatty acids 5:1 wt/wt
Succinic acid from methanol-TNO
mcl-PHA by fermentation with p. putida on fatty acid substrate. DSP acc. to A&FI (2003)
Splitting of fats using Candida Rujosa lipase
mcl-PHA by fermentation with unspecified microorganism using dextrose supplemented with 20% wt/wt fatty acid as substrate. DSP acc. to A&FI (2003)
Succinic acid by methanol fermentation according to TNO study
Polycondensation of PDO and PTA to PTT (SRI 1999) using PDO from SRI anerobic bioprocess on dextrose, PTA from APME report (Boustead 2002).
Fermentation of glucose to succinic acid (A. succinogenes 130Z) according to SRI, purification by solvent extraction and distillation.
Hydrogen from potato waste by hydrolysis followed by dark fermentation and photo fermentation, A&F process.
1,3-propanediol (PDO) from SRI anaerobic bioprocess on dextrose
Low pH fermentation of glucose to lactic acid followed by pervaporation assisted esterification (one step process; lactic acid is not isolated). Shell design.Fermentation of dextrose to lactic acid, purification by repeated neutralisation & acidification steps. Condensation polymerisation to poly(lactic acid). Cargill Dow data, supplemented by SRI process design. EU data for utilities (electr, steam).
Polycondensation of PDO and PTA to PTT (SRI 1999) using PDO from SRI aerobic bioprocess on dextrose, PTA from APME report (Boustead 2002).
1,3-propanediol (PDO) from SRI aerobic bioprocess on dextrose
Fermentation of dextrose to lactic acid, purification by repeated neutralisation & acidification steps. Cargill Dow data, supplemented by SRI process design. EU data for utilities (electr, steam).
Fermentation of glucose to lactic acid, purification by solvent extraction and distillation. Shell analysis based on SRI process design.
Fermentation of glucose to lactic acid, purification by electrodialysis. Shell analysis based on SRI process design.
BREWtool results - key
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
NREUCradle to
factory gate
NREU REU TEU
NREU Incineration
without energy
recovery (1)
NREU Digestion
with energy
recovery (2)
NREU Incineration
with energy
recovery (3)
NREU (4)
NREU Incineration
without energy
recovery
NREU Digestion
with energy
recovery
NREU Incineration
with energy
recovery
P
Aero
bic
AN Lactic acid-CD 25.1 19.8 44.9 25.1 21.3 18.7 - - - -
P AN Lactic acid-Shell s 33.3 29.3 62.6 33.3 29.5 26.9 - - - -
P AN Lactic acid-Shell e 33.9 29.3 63.3 33.9 30.1 27.5 - - - -
P
Ethyl lactate from lactic acid-Shell
52.7 21.8 74.5 52.7 46.1 41.6
P PLA from lactic acid-CD 44.9 25.3 70.2 44.9 39.6 36.1
G AE 1,3-propanediol Aer-SRI 57.4 29.6 87.0 57.4 50.3 45.5
G AN 1,3-propanediol Anaer-SRI 65.7 37.1 102.8 65.7 58.6 53.8
G
PTT-SRI from 1,3-propanediol Aer-SRI
69.1 11.0 80.1 69.1 62.3 57.6
G
PTT-SRI from 1,3-propanediol Anaer-SRI
72.2 13.8 86.0 72.2 65.3 60.6
G AN Succinic acid-SRI 45.8 21.2 67.0 45.8 42.0 39.5 96.8 96.8 93.0 90.4
P AN Hydrogen -0.9 (190.3) (189.4) - - - 180.0 - - -
G AN
mcl-PHA latex from dextrose:fatty acids 5:1 wt/wt
80.0 78.2 158.2 0.0 -10.1 -17.0
P BT Fatty acids enzymatic
splitting0.0 68.1 68.1 72.4 62.2 55.1 4.1 4.1 -6.0 -12.9
P AN mcl-PHA latex from fatty
acids72.4 171.1 243.5 80.0 69.7 62.7
P AN Succinic acid from methanol-
TNO40.2 74.6 114.8 40.2 36.5 33.9 96.8 96.8 93.0 90.4
Energy Use (GJHHV/t)Cradle to factory gate Cradle to grave
Biotechnological process Petrochemical (reference) process
Cradle to grave
Sugar
feedsto
ck
Pro
prieta
ry p
rocess: P
; G
eneric p
rocess: G
Oth
er
feedsto
ck
NREU = Non-renewable energy use; REU = Renewable energy use; TEU = Total energy use = NREU + REU
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
GHGCradle to
factory gate
NRGHG RGHG TGHG
TGHG Incineration
without energy
recovery (1)
NRGHG Digestion
with energy
recovery (2)
NRGHG Incineration
with energy
recovery (3)
TGHG (4)
TGHG Incineration
without energy
recovery
NRGHG Digestion
with energy
recovery
NRGHG Incineration
with energy
recovery
P
Aero
bic
AN Lactic acid-CD 1.9 -1.3 0.6 1.9 1.7 1.6 - - - -
P AN Lactic acid-Shell s 2.3 -1.3 1.0 2.3 2.1 2.0 - - - -
P AN Lactic acid-Shell e 2.1 -1.3 0.8 2.1 1.9 1.7 - - - -
P
Ethyl lactate from lactic acid-Shell
3.3 -1.9 1.4 3.3 3.0 2.7
P PLA from lactic acid-CD 3.1 -1.8 1.3 3.1 2.9 2.7
P AE 1,3-propanediol Aer-SRI 57.4 -1.7 55.6 3.6 3.3 3.0
P AE 1,3-propanediol Anaer-SRI 65.7 -1.7 63.9 4.1 3.8 3.5
P
PTT-SRI from 1,3-propanediol Aer-SRI
69.1 -0.6 68.5 5.0 4.7 4.4
P
PTT-SRI from 1,3-propanediol Anaer-SRI
72.2 -0.6 71.6 5.2 4.9 4.6
G AN Succinic acid-SRI 2.9 -1.5 1.4 2.9 2.7 2.5 7.2 8.7 8.5 8.3
P AN Hydrogen 0.0 (11.0) (11.0) - - - 10.1 - - -
G AN
mcl-PHA latex from dextrose:fatty acids 5:1 wt/wt
4.0 -2.6 1.4 0.0 -0.4 -0.8
P BT Fatty acids enzymatic
splitting0.0 -2.5 -2.4 3.3 2.8 2.4 0.2 0.2 -0.2 -0.6
P AN mcl-PHA latex from fatty
acids3.3 -2.6 0.7 4.0 3.5 3.1
P AN Succinic acid from methanol-
TNO3.2 -1.5 1.8 3.2 3.1 2.9 7.2 8.7 8.5 8.3
GHG emissions (t CO2 eq./t)
NRGHG = emissions from non-renewable energy use; RGHG = emissions from renewable energy use, TGHG = Total GHG = NRGHG + RGHG
Pro
prieta
ry p
rocess: P
; G
eneric p
rocess: G
Sugar
feedsto
ck
Oth
er
feedsto
ck
Cradle to graveCradle to graveCradle to factory gate
Petrochemical (reference) processBiotechnological process
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Land useBiotech process
Cradle to factory gate
Land use
PA
ero
bic
m
eta
AN Lactic acid-CD 0.146
P AN Lactic acid-Shell s 0.216
P AN Lactic acid-Shell e 0.216
PEthyl lactate from lactic acid-Shell
0.161P PLA from lactic acid-CD 0.187
P AE 1,3-propanediol Aer-SRI 0.217
P AE 1,3-propanediol Anaer-SRI 0.271
P
PTT-SRI from 1,3-propanediol Aer-SRI
0.081
P
PTT-SRI from 1,3-propanediol Anaer-SRI
0.101
G AN Succinic acid-SRI 0.155
P AN Hydrogen 0.003
G AN mcl-PHA latex from
dextrose:fatty acids 5:1 wt/wt0.319 + NA
P BT Fatty acids enzymatic
splittingN/A
P AN mcl-PHA latex from fatty
acidsNA
P AN Succinic acid from methanol-
TNO0.001
Su
ga
r fe
ed
sto
ck
Land use (ha/t)
Land use
Pro
prie
tary
pro
cess
: P;
Ge
ne
ric p
roce
ss: G
Oth
er
fee
dst
ock
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Product valuePetrochemical
(reference)
process1)
Product Value Price Price
P AN Lactic acid-CD
P AN Lactic acid-Shell s
P AN Lactic acid-Shell e
P
Ethyl lactate from lactic acid-Shell
P PLA from lactic acid-CD LDPE, Amorphous PET
P AE 1,3-propanediol Aer-SRI PDO EO, PDO Acrolein
P AE 1,3-propanediol Anaer-SRI PDO EO, PDO Acrolein
P
PTT-SRI from 1,3-propanediol Aer-SRI
PTT via PDO EO, PDO Acrolein
P
PTT-SRI from 1,3-propanediol Anaer-SRI
PTT via PDO EO, PDO Acrolein
G AN Succinic acid-SRI
P AN Hydrogen Hydrogen from natural gas
G AN mcl-PHA latex from
dextrose:fatty acids 5:1 wt/wtPP
P BT Fatty acids enzymatic
splittingFatty acids conventional splitting
P AN mcl-PHA latex from fatty
acidsPP
P AN Succinic acid from methanol-
TNO
Biotechnolgical process
Oth
er
fee
dst
ock
Product value and price (EUR/t) (1 USD = 1.1 EUR/t)
Product value = production cost + 20% of total fixed P
rop
rie
tary
pro
cess
: P
; G
en
eri
c p
roce
ss:
G
Ae
rob
ic m
eta
bo
lism
: AE
; An
ae
rob
ic m
eta
bo
lism
(fe
rme
nta
tion
): A
N; B
iotr
an
sfo
rma
tion
: B
T
Su
ga
r fe
ed
sto
ck
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
END
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Additional slides (methodology)
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Environmental indicatorsNREU, REU, GHG, LAND USE
Economic indicatorPRODUCT VALUE
input process-Sensitivity analysis specific dataNREU, GHG, PRODUCT VALUE
background datavia lookup
via cellreferences
BACKGROUNDDATA
FF(feedstocks and fuels)
ERE(energy requirements for energy) UTIL
(utilities conversion)
PRODUCTCALCSHEET
BREWtool: data structure
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Production cost and Product value calculations (~ SRI methodology)
Investment costs (EUR/t.p.a)Inside battery limits (ISBL)Outside battery limits (OSBL)
Total fixed capital (TFC)
Production costs (EUR/t)FeedstocksAuxil/cat FROMBy-product credits/debits CALCUtilities SHEET DIRECTWaste treatment OPERATINGOperating supplies (10% of operating labour) COSTSMaintenance supplies (1.5 % of ISBL)Operating labour (given or estimated)Maintenance labour (2.5 % of ISBL) PLANTLaboratory labour (13 % of operating labour) GATE
COSTSTaxes + insurance (2% of TFC)Plant overhead (80% of labour costs) PRODUCTION
COSTSMarketing, admin, R&D (6% of plant gate costs) Compare
PRODUCT BULKCapital Charge (20% of TFC) VALUE PRICE
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Energy recovery from post-consumer waste (1) incineration
Post-consumer waste Calorific value,
100 GJHHV
MSW incinerator with energy
recovery
Electricity to grid 12 GJ
Heat export 12 GJ
Primary energy avoided
η=38.0%1 31.6 GJ
η=76.9% 15.6 GJ
47.2 GJ
1Weighted according to EU electricity mix; assume same mix for avoided electricity.
Final Energy produced
~ 50 GJ
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Post-consumer waste Calorific value,
100 GJHHV
Anaerobic digester
Electricity to grid 8.8 GJ
Heat export 4.1 GJ
Primary energy avoided
η=38.0%1 23.2 GJ
η=76.9% 5.3 GJ
28.5 GJ
1Weighted according to EU electricity mix; assume same mix for avoided electricity.
Final Energy produced
~ 30 GJ
Biogas-fueled
CHP plant
Biogas, 37 GJ
Energy recovery from post-consumer waste (2) digestion
Copernicus InstituteResearch Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation
Energy recovery from post-consumer waste (2) digestion REFERENCES
Calc composition of organic waste from digestion + CHP process for a plant in Germany described in De Mes et al. 2003, p.77:
fruit + veg: 26 kt/y; of which organics: 35%
park wastes: 4 kt/y; of which organics: 70%
Avg organics 30%, Total organics: 11.9 kt/y
Composition organics: assume avg. carbohydrate CnH2nOn: 17 GJ HHV/t
For the Vagron plant described in De Mes et al. 2003, p.100 (process shown on this slide),
Assume same composition for OWF as above, i.e. 30% of total mass waste.
Ref organic fractions:
Provincie Antwerpen, 1999: Onderzoek naar de mogelijke toepassing van nieuwe afvalverwerkingsteknieken in de provincie Antwerpen. Eindrapport. http://www.gomesanet.be/nederlands/publicaties/afvalsverwerking/19mei99.pdf
Refs Vagron process:
De Mes, T.Z.D., Stams, A.J.M., Reith, J.H. and Zeeman, G (2003): Methane production by anaerobic digestion of wastewater and solid wastes, in: Reith, J.H., Wijffels, R.H., Barten, H. (eds): Bio-methane and Bio-hydrogen - Status and Perspectives of biological methane and hydrogen production. Dutch Biological Hydrogen Foundation 200, c/o ECN, Petten, the Netherlands. pp. 58-102.
Vagron plant in Groningen: http://www.vagron.nl/html/uk/vagron4.htm
Clarifies that Vagron is also treating GFT. The biowaste above refers to the organic wet fraction (OWF). Assume same composition of OWF as for the German plant. Calc. organic dm = 303 kg/1000 kg biowaste