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Think about it:• What sicknesses have
you had?
• Can you name an infectious disease that causes people or animals to die?
• What is an infectious disease that has been in the news recently?
Epidemiology• The branch of medical science dealing with the
transmission and control of disease.• There are human physicians that study
epidemiology and also veterinarians that study animal epidemiology. Both of these types of epidemiologists also deal with diseases that are transmitted from humans to animals and from animals to humans.
• Pathogens are microbes (microscopic living organisms) or other agents that cause diseases.
• Example: Foot and mouth disease is a highly contagious disease of cattle, swine, and other cloven-hoofed animals.
– It is caused by a viral pathogen called picornavirus.
– It causes blisters in the mouths and hooves of animals.
What are Pathogens?
Not all microbes are pathogens• There are many types of microbes that are
actually beneficial to animals.• Examples include the symbiotic bacteria found
in the digestive system of cattle and horses that help them digest cellulose in roughage.
• There can be one trillion or more microbes in 1 ounce of rumen fluid from a cow!*
Bacteria• Bacteria are single celled
organisms that are prokaryotic.
• There are countless numbers of bacteria on the Earth but less than 1% of them cause diseases.
• Bacterial infections make an animal noticeably sick.
• Bacteria reproduce rapidly and many give off toxins which damage body tissue.
Bacteria are shaped like cocci (spheres), bacilli
(rods), or spirilla (spirals).
A Closer Look at the types of Pathogens:
Bacteria• Symptoms of bacterial infections
depend on the type of bacteria but can include fever, pain, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, formation of pus, and even abortion.
• Body fluids can be sampled and cultured to grow and identify the bacterial pathogen.
• Antibiotics are the usual treatment for bacterial infections, but treatment can vary.
• Bacteria adapt quickly and may become resistant to antibiotics.
Strangles in horses is caused by Streptococcus equi bacteria
A positive culture for Streptococcus bacteria
A broad spectrum antibiotic
Common Bacterial Diseases
Disease Body System Symptoms Examples
Dermatitis Skin Inflammation, pruritus (itching)skin lesions (bumps, blisters, scales, crusts)
Staphylococcus aureus
Pyoderma Skin Purulent exudate (pus) from skin lesions
Staphylococcus intermedius
Keratocunjunctivitis Eye Inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva , pain, sensitivity to sunlight, tears, squinting
“Pinkeye” is common nameStaphylococcus aureus
Otitis Externa Ear Inflammation of external ear canal with reddening, drainage and itching
Staphylococcus
Rhinitis and Sinusitis Respiratory Inflammation of the membranes of the nasal passages and sinuses. Mucus nasal discharge, open-mouth breathing, sneezing.
Strangles in horses caused by Streptococcus equi
Pneumonia Respiratory Deep cough and difficulty breathing Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Streptococcus species
Gastroenteritis Digestive Inflammation of stomach and intestines, excessive salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, straining, abdominal pain.
Salmonellosis, colibacillosis, eneterotoxemia
Metritis Reproductive Inflammation of uterus. Purulent vaginal discharge, abortion, premature birth.
Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM)
Abortion Reproductive Premature birth (expelling) of fetus by pregnant female.
Brucellosis, leptospirosis and camphylobacteriosis (vibriosis)
Mastitis Reproductive Inflammation of mammary gland or udder tissue. Swollen, warm and painful mammary glands.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and many other bacteria
Anthrax Skin, Digestive, Respiratory Sudden death in cattleVaried in humans depending on exposure method
Bacillus anthracis is reportable disease responsible for outbreaks in cattle. Zoonotic, possible bioterrorism agent
Prions• A prion is an infectious particle
(not a cell) made from an abnormally folded protein found on the surfaces of nerve cells.
• Prions are highly resistant to heat, radiation, and disinfectants.
• The best known prion forms holes in brain tissue, making the brain look like Swiss cheese.
• The prion causes mad-cow disease and may cause some forms of Alzheimer's Disease.
Ribbon diagramof prion*
Click here for PEER curriculum on proteins
Viruses• A virus consists of a piece of
genetic material (RNA) housed within a protective coat. Viruses are not cells.
• The virus reproduces by hijacking the cell of another organism (host) and getting the host cell to reproduce more viruses.
• Most viruses cause disease and are specific as to which type of cell they will attack.
Rabies Virus
Viruses • Symptoms of viral diseases are varied
and related to the types of tissues that are infected. Viral diseases are commonly associated with infections of the skin, blood, liver, uterus, fetus, brain, lungs, stomach, and intestines.
• Diagnosis is done by virus isolation, ELISA* and PCR* testing. A decrease in lymphocytes on a CBC can also indicate a viral infection.
• Treatments are mainly supportive in nature. This can include administering fever reducers and allowing the animal to rest. Antiviral medications are being developed, but many are cost prohibitive. Antibiotics kill bacteria and have no effect on viruses.
Horses can be infected by at least four different papilloma viruses
that cause warts
*See slide notes for more information
Common Viral DiseasesDisease Body System Symptoms Examples
Hepatitis General-many organs involved
Vary from slight fever to death
Infectious canine hepatitis-canine adenovirus 1
Anemia Blood Fever, weight loss, abortion, low iron level in blood
Equine infectious anemia-equine infectious anemia virus
Warts Skin Fibrous tumors of the skin an mucous membranes
Papilloma virus
Pox Skin Skin lesions-bumps, blisters, pustules, and crusts
Cowpox
Pneumonia Respiratory Labored or “flank” breathing, hard deep cough, fever, leukocytosis
Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD)-Mannheimia haemolytica There are MANY viruses that cause Pneumonia
Abortion Reproductive Loss of fetus Equine Rhinopneumonitis-equine herpesvirus 1
Meningitis and encephalitis
Nervous Invfammation of the brain covering causing blindness, paralysis, wobbling, seizures, coma and delirium
Encephalomyelitis, distemper, parvovirus, swine pseudorabies
Rabies Nervous Throat paralysis, behavior change, change in bark (dog), aggression in later stages, lack of fear
Rabies virusTypically fatal
Protozoa• Protozoa are unicellular microbes
that can be parasites or predators of other microbes. Many are motile.
• Most need a moist environment to live and many are transmitted through water.
• Infections of small numbers of protozoa are common, they are seen quite often on microscopic fecal examinations with the animal showing no evidence of diseases.
• Infected animals are recognized as carrier animals and as possible sources of infection for susceptible animals.
Protozoa found in human stool sample
Giardia
Protozoa• Symptoms vary considerably
depending on the protozoa involved but often include intestinal disorders such as diarrhea, weight loss, and anorexia. Some protozoa cause fever, flu-like symptoms, or anemia.
• Diagnosis is conducted through examination of blood, feces, or urine for the presence of the microscopic organisms. ELISA and PCR tests can also be done.
• Many antiprotozoal agents are available for treatment of protozoal infections.
Direct fecal smear stained to detect
Cryptosporidium sp., a protozoan parasite. (Source: CDC)
Toxoplasmosis is a zoonotic parasite
that causes disease in humans and
animals
Protozoal DiseasesDisease Body System Symptoms ExamplesGiardiasis Digestive abdominal cramps, watery
diarrhea, vomiting, flatus (gas), and fever
Giardia lamblia Affects animals and humans
Coccidiosis Digestive Thin, watery feces with considerable amounts of intestinal mucosa and blood
Coccidia Eimeria and Isospora, affects animals and humans
Tricnomoniasis Reproductive venereal disease characterized primarily by early fetal death and infertility
TritrichomonasAffects animals and humans
Hexamitiasis Digestive Watery diarrhea, dry unkempt feathers, listlessness, and rapid weight loss despite the fact that the birds continue to eat
Hexamita meleagridis in turkeys and other fowl
Toxoplasmosis Multiple Systems Cough, fever, loss of appetite, and lethargy. Can be passed to fetus (congenital). Congenital toxoplasmosis can damage the baby's eyes, nervous system, skin, and ears.
Toxoplasma gondiiZoonotic, affects animals and humans
Babesiosis Circulatory Fever, anemia, sudden cardiac deathMalaria-like (Malaria is a protozoal disease)
Babesia microti in dogs transmitted by ticks
Fungi• A single or multi-cellular
microbe that can infect various tissues in animals.
• Symptoms can include skin lesions, hair loss and respiratory or digestive system disorders.
• Many antifungal drugs are available and can be used systemically as well as orally.
Microsporum-the fungus that causes ringworm.
Fungi• Diagnosis of fungal infections may be
done by examination of skin lesions, fungal culture, biopsies, skin immunologic tests, or by blood tests.
• Treatment of skin lesions in the patient usually includes a combination of anti-fungal drugs, topical medications and anti-fungal medicated shampoos for animals with skin lesions.
• Systemic fungal diseases can be serious and result in severe tissue damage.
A horse with a severe case of ringworm, which is cause by a fungus
Treatment includes bathing with a medicated shampoo
Fungal DiseasesDisease System Symptom ExamplesDermatophytosis or Ringworm
Skin Circular skin lesions with hair loss, itching, pruritus may or may not be present
Microsporum canis in dogs
Dermatophilosis or Rain Gall/Rain Rot
Skin Lumpy, crusty, lesions covered with hair that can be pulled off
Dermatophilus congolensis has a variety of hosts-cattle, sheep, goats, and horses are affected most frequently; and pigs, dogs, and cats rarely
Aspergillosis Respiratory Fever, cough, chest pain or breathlessness
Aspergillus fumigatus in many species. Type of mold.
Candidiasis or Yeast Infection
Skin, Respiratory, Digestive
Signs can be variable. Diarrhea and listlesses can be observed. Lesions of the skin and mucosae are generally single or multiple, raised, circular, white masses covered with scabs.
Candida albicans in many species.
Coccidiosis Digestive Diarrhea, dehydration, hemorrhaging,
Eimeria and Isospora in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, poultry, and rabbits
Quick Check #1:
1. What is a pathogen?
2. Name five kinds of pathogens.
3. How are these five kinds of pathogens alike?
4. How are these five kinds of pathogens different?
How Are Pathogens Spread?
• Pathogens can enter the body through air, food, water, sexual interactions, skin contact, blood transfusions, etc.
• The body’s reaction to an infection can vary from a mild discomfort to death.
Pathogen
For more on the immune system, click here
Species Specificity
• Some infectious diseases of animals can be transferred to humans.
• These are called zoonotic diseases.
• All mammals can transmit rabies but raccoons and skunks are the most common carriers.
I can transmit Brucellosis
We can transmit lotsof infectious agents
including arena viruses and hantavirus.
I can transmitEbola virus!
Think about it:Where Do Pathogens Hide When
Not Infecting People and Animals?
The soilBodies of waterSurfaces like farm equipmentThe skin of people and animalsIn the airIn body fluids
Where are those
pathogens?
Do you know the difference between “infectious” and
“contagious?” Infectious: pathogen can invade
the bodyContagious: pathogen can be
spread from one animal to another.
An animal that has a contagious condition will
probably have to be isolated from
otheranimals until it is determined that it
isno longer
contagious.
Quick Check #21. How can pathogens get in the body
to cause infection?
2. What is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from an animal to a human called?
3. Where are pathogens commonly found?
4. What’s the difference between being infectious and being contagious?
Different infectious diseases require different approaches for
prevention and control.
But for any disease, there are three key steps for dealing
with it.
Three Key Steps
reak the cycle of transmission
ill the infectious agent
ncrease host resistance
Do you have some ideas on how to do these three things?
Vaccination
• Vaccination acts to increase the host’s resistance to a pathogen.
• Vaccination is the administration of a material that stimulates adaptive immunity to a disease.
• Although it is not possible to devise precise schedules for each vaccine, certain principles are common to all methods of active immunization.
• Newborn animals are passively protected by maternal antibodies.
• If stimulation of immunity is
necessary at this stage, the mother may be vaccinated during late pregnancy.
• Because the exact time of loss of maternal immunity cannot be predicted, young animals are often vaccinated at least twice to ensure successful immunization.
Newborn animals acquire immunity from nursing
colostrum, or the first milk produced by the mother.
• The interval between vaccine doses depends on an animal’s immunologic memory. The duration of this memory depends on factors such as the nature of the antigen, the use of live or dead organisms, and the route of administration.
• Modern vaccines may induce immunity that persists for an animal’s lifetime. Other vaccines may require boosting only once every 2-3 years.
• Some vaccines, like Bordatella in dogs, are recommended to be given every 6 months.
• Annual revaccination has been the rule because this approach is administratively simple and has the advantage of ensuring that an animal is regularly seen by a veterinarian. It is likely that this is more than sufficient for most vaccines.
• The veterinarian in a local area will be most informed on protocols for vaccination.
PLEASE NOTE: Sample schedule only. Check with your local veterinarian for a complete schedule for your area.
Some Current ResearchOver-use of antibiotics has led to some bacteria developing resistance. This is a big problem. Scientists search for antibiotics that can replace current ones to which bacteria have evolved resistance.
Click here for more on antibiotic resistance
Delivery of nanoparticles to cells to kill drug-resistant bacteria
• Nanoparticles are sized between 1 and 100 nanometers. Nanoparticles are 100 times smaller than bacteria.
• Antibiotics bound with nanoparticles may be used one day to treat infections, especially those that are drug resistant.
• One study will allow nanoparticles to be engineered as “small machines that will carry large numbers of antibiotic molecules to a single bacterial cell, then release and kill the cell.” Artist’s rendition of nanoparticles
One New Strategy•Many bacteria have genes that can make products like toxins or even antibiotics against other bacteria.
•Forcing bacteria to grow with another kind of bacteria might cause them to start secreting a new antibiotic to kill off the competition.
•This new antibiotic could be used to kill resistant bacteria.
Staphylococcus aureus, cultured on an agar plate for drug sensitivity test
Simple Dissolvable Patch for Vaccines
•Scientists have created a dissolvable patch that is currently being tested which will deliver vaccine into the skin painlessly.
• Microscopic needles made from a special blend of vinyl and freeze-dried vaccine can be pressed against the skin causing the needles to dissolve in the body’s fluids.
•This eliminates risk of shared needles and it can be easily administered by health care officials.
Edible Vaccines in Food• Many studies are currently being done
to modify plants to contain vaccines.• Plant-based edible vaccines would be
safer, cheaper, and could be grown—or freeze-dried and shipped—anywhere.
• Vaccines delivered in food trigger a two-way immune response.
• Oral vaccines initiate a systemic and mucosal immunity, which fights infections in places where germs first attack the body: in the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, lungs, gut, and genitals.
Using Plants to Make Vaccines
• Plants can be genetically modified to produce vaccines as they grow.
• The process of growing the vaccine in a plant is about three times faster, and can cut costs by about 75 percent, compared to conventional methods.
Quick Check #3
1. What are the three key steps for dealing with infectious disease?
2. What is the purpose of vaccination?
3. What are some considerations when designing a vaccination protocol?
4. What are some current areas of research concerning vaccination and treatment of infectious diseases?