Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning . Chapter 21 Mental health diseases and disorders.

Copyright © 2015 Cengage Learning®.

Chapter 21Mental health diseases and disorders


Common signs and symptoms• Typically, symptoms of mental health

begin with behavioral changes, so symptoms may not be noticed and many symptoms such as forgetfulness, anxiety, or temper tantrums are attributed to age, stress, or other illnesses.


Diagnostic Tests• Brain Scans• EEG• MRI• Psychological testing such as

aptitude test, personality test, and others depending on severity of symptoms


Intellectual Disability p. 533• Fall into two categories—genetic and

acquired• If testing is used the most common are

the Wechsler and the Stanford-Binet systems

• Scores 90-109 are considered normal• 71-89 are considered boderline• Below 70 indicate profound disability with

an inability to perform the simplest tasks


Attention Deficit Hyperactivity

Photo courtesy the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

• AD HD– a mental health disorder characterized by an inability to concentrate, hyperactivity, and

• Cause not known but does appear to be familial• Treatment is usually amphetamines and behavior

modification.


Eating Disorders p. 534-535


• A compulsion to eat or not eat, that affects the mental and physical condition

• --anorexia nervosa—self imposed starvation resulting from a distorted body image

• --bulimia—characterized by episodes of binge eating (intake of up to 5,000 calories in 1 to 2 hours) followed by purging

• Can lead to cardiac problems, delayed puberty, menstrual problems, personality changes, death


Tic Disorders• -Develops in children ages 5 to 10

years.• Cause is unknown, maternal

emotional stress during pregnancy might play a part.

• Examples include eye blinking, facial grimacing, neck or shoulder jerking, throat clearing, snorting, grunting


Enuresis (bedwetting)


• Must occur at least twice a month for this diagnosis

• Incontinence after the age of bladder training.• More common in males• Reprimanding, ridiculing and shaming the

child should be avoided.


Look atAlcohol and the Teenage Brain page

535


Substance Related

1. Alcoholism---physical and mental dependence2. Chronic alcoholism causes physical damage to

nearly every organ system3. Mental disorders include anxiety, depression,

insomnia, impotence, and amnesia. 4.Look at page 537 for more ingo


Substance cont.


• Marijuana is a mixture of the leaves and flowers of an Indian hemp plant. Hashish , a resin form the flowering top the hemp plant is thought to be 4-8 times stronger.

• Marijuana Abuse--disrupts the nerve cells in the brain making it difficult to problem solve, remember events, and participate in activities with normal skill


synthetic cannabis abuse

• Also known as K2 or Spice—a mixture of marijuana and spice sprayed with chemicals.


Cocaine Abuseit is estimated 1 in 2 women ages 25 to 35 has tried cocaine. Effects include increased blood pressure,

dilated pupils, increased heart rate, hyperstimulation, reduced fatigue, and high associated with pleasure. Length of effect depends on route and amount used.

Crack cocaine is four to five times stronger and much more addictive. When mixed with alcohol, the liver combines the drugs, creating a third substance called coaethylene which intensifies the euphoric effects but

increases the risk of sudden death


Methamphetamine Abuse p. 539

Photo courtesy Robert A. Silverman, MD, Pediatric Dermatology, Georgetown University

• An addictive, potent stimulant that affects the central nervous system. It can be injected, smoked or sniffed. Repeated abuse can lead to addiction accompanied by chemical and molecular changes in the brain.


Ectasy• Affects the brain and may cause

persistet memory . Can affect the bodys ability to regulate temperature. May increase heart rate and blood pressure, muscle tension, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, confusion, depression, sleep problems, drug craving, and severe anxiety


Caffeine and Nicotine Abuse• Caffeine causes vasoconstriction and

over long period of time can cause circulatory problems. Withdrawal headaches are common.

• Nicotine is a stimulant that narrows blood vessels and raises the heart rate and blood pressure. Withdrawal symptoms include depression, irritability, anger, anxiety and an increase in appetite.


Sedatives or depressants• Ex: antianxiety(Librium or Valium),

barbiturates(Nembutal or Seconal), hypnotics(Dalmane)

• Barbiturates are the most baused. Taking with alcohol potentiates or ehances the effect. Addiction and tolerance develop quickly and commonly lead to overdose. Affected withdrawals are frequently hospitalized.


Amphetamine abuseStimulant drugs that cause a release of the bodys natural epinephrine leading to an increase in heart rate, respiration, and digestion. Are addictive and do lead to tolerance. Depression and suicide can result from sudden withdrawal


LSD– Most commonly abused in the

hallucinogenic class.– A small amount is enough to cause

an 8-hour hallucination– Heart rate increases, pupils dilate,

blood pressure increases, and appetite diminishes.

– Abnormal thought processes can cause temporary or permanent mental chages.


Mescaline & PCP• Mescaline is Found in the Mexican

peyote cactus

• PCP is a depressant introduced as an animal tranquilizer. Can cause memory loss. Symptoms can be coma, convulsions, and respiratory arrest.


Narcotic AbuseNarcotics are depressants primarily prescribed as analgesics or painkillers. Narcotics lower blood pressure and slow nerve and muscle action and the rate of heart and breathing .Physical and physiological dependence develop rapidly.Opium—obtained from the poppy. Derivatives are morphine and herion. Heroin—it causes a rush followed by a sleepy drowsy state


Inhalant Abuse

•The inhalant abuse “look” include spots or sores around the mouth—a glassy-eyed look, fumes on the breath or clothing, anxiety, and loss of appetite.


Anabolic steroid abuse• Synthetic derivatives of testosterone.• Increase muscle strength, lean body

mass, and improved performance, but long term use is dangerous.

• Adolesents or preteens can experience accelerated puberty changes and growth.

• A variety of extreme behaviors is exhibited


Organic mental disorders• Associated with some type of known

physical cause.• Dementia—includes severe memory loss,

disorientation, impaired judgment and the inability to learn new information.

• Deliruimn acute condition that can develop suddenly or over a few days. Causes include medications, alcohol, fever, dehydration, or physical illness.


Alzheimer's disease• Progressive and irreversible form of

dementia. Accounts for 50% of all dementia. Post mortem studies have s

• Post mortem studies have shown high levels of aluminum in the brain. Brain plaques and neuronal tangles have also been found.


Psychosis• Describing conditions characterized

by a disintegration of one’s personality and a loss of contact with reality. Individuals have delusions, hallucinations, impaired communication skills, and an inability to deal with life’s demands. One of the most common is schizophrenia.


schizophreniaIt means “split mind” not split personality. have a genetic vulnerability. Most felt that

as children they were unloved.Symptoms appear at ages 16 to 25 and is

more common in females. They lose touch with reality and act on imagined or fantasized reality. Symptoms include , hallucinations, flat tone of voice, incoherent speech, unresponsiveness and muscular rigidity.


Delusional disorders page 545• Grandiose

• Erotomatic• Persecutory• Somatic

• Treated with antipsychotics


Mood or affective disordersInvolve the emotions—---moodOr , expressions of—---affect

Depression—prolonged feeling of extreme sadness or despair

Page 546 for etiology


Seasonal affective disorder• SAD—thought to be related to an increase

in the melatonin hormone- which is suppressed by light.

• Symptoms include chronic fatigue, excessive sleep, and excessive eating with weight gain.

• Treated with medications and exposure to light


Bipolar disorder (manic depressive)

Symptoms include feelings of euphoria, increased energy and restlessness, rapid thoughts and racing speech, unrealistic beliefs in one’s abilities, extreme irritability, unusual behavior and denial that anything is wrong


Dissociative disorders• Characterized by escape of reality in

involuntary and unhealthy ways ranging from suppressing memories to assuming alternate identities.include psychogenic amnesia, phychogenic fugue, depersonalization disorder, and multiple personality. Page 547-548


Anxiety Disorders p. 548• The cause might be related to genetic

factors, severe factors, severe stress, biochemical alterations, and in some cases, physical causes such as hyperthyroidism.

• Symptoms of each type are covered on page 548


Somatoform disordersp. 549

• Characterized by physical that lead one to believe in a physical disease, but on organic or physiologic cause.


Personality disorders personality disorders that make the person feel and behave in unacceptable or unsocial ways. This behavior limits relationships and can affect home and work life. See Page 551 for complete list


Personality disorders Paranoid personalitiesSchizoid personalitiesAntisocial personalitiesNarcissistic personalitiesHistrioic personalities.


Gender identity disorder• A condition in which the person is

distressed with his or her uncomfortable or distressed with his or her sexual identity

• Symptoms: sexual sadism• Exhibitionism sexual masochism• Fetishism voyeruism• Transvestic fetishism other paraphilia

• Frotteurism• Pedophilia


Sleep disorders• Dyssomnias are disorders related to

falling asleep • Parasomnias are disorders related to

staying asleep and include nightmares, sleep terror, and sleepwalking

• Insomnia sleep terror• Narcolepsy sleep walking• Sleep apnea


Trauma• Grief—a natural process of coping

with a loss.• Denial• Anger• Bargaining• grief/depression• acceptance


suicideOne third of people over age 65 try to

commit suicide.

Aging—because of the changes that occur in the aging process, some symptoms seen in the older population might just be normal changes.

Medication and medication interactions can also cause symptoms

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Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning . Chapter 21 Mental health diseases and disorders.

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