Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 16 Eye and Ear Diseases and...

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Chapter 16

Eye and Ear Diseases and Disorders

Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Anatomy and Physiology of the Eye

• Sensory organ located in orbit of skull

• Components:– Sclera, cornea, iris, and pupil

– Anterior and posterior chambers

– Lens, retina, choroid layer, and posterior cavity


Animation

Click Here to Play Vision Animation


Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear

• External ear– Pinna and auditory canal

• External and middle ear separated by tympanic membrane

• Middle ear– Also known as tympanic cavity

– Malleus, stapes, and incus bones


Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear

• Inner ear– Most sophisticated

– Vestibule, semicircular canals, round window, and cochlea• Responsible for hearing and equilibrium

• Cochlea– Organ of hearing


Animation

Click Here to Play Hearing Animation


Common Signs and Symptoms of the Eye

• Pain or burning in or around eye

• Decreased visual acuity or ability to see

• Any disorder– E.g., seeing flashes of light

• Eye redness


Common Signs and Symptoms of the Ear

• Otalgia

• Deafness

• Vertigo

• Tinnitus


Diagnostic Tests of the Eye

• Ophthalmoscopy

• Visual acuity

• Tonometry

• Slit lamp

• Angiography


Diagnostic Tests of the Ear

• Otoscopy

• Audiometry


Refractive Errors of the Eye

• Inability to focus images on retina

• One-third of population affected

• Types:– Myopia

• Nearsightedness

– Hyperopia• Farsightedness


Refractive Errors of the Eye

• Types:– Presbyopia

• Age-related hyperopia

– Astigmatism• Irregularity of cornea surface


Inflammation and Infection of the Eye

• Conjunctivitis– Inflammation of conjunctiva

– Excessive tearing, itching, burning, and pain

– Treatment:• Warm compresses

• Anti-inflammatories

• Analgesics

• Perhaps antibiotic ointment



• Conjunctivitis– Prevention:

• Good hygiene


Conjunctivitis

Photo courtesy Mark L. Kuss



• Blepharitis– Inflammation of edge of eyelid, eyelash follicles, and

glands

– Causes:• Bacterial infection

• Allergic reaction

• Seborrhea



• Blepharitis– Symptoms:

• Red, swollen, and crusted eyelids

– Treatment:• Antibiotics

• Allergy medication

• Treatment of seborrhea



• Keratitis– Inflammation of cornea caused by trauma or infection

– Usually unilateral

– Symptoms:• Photophobia

• Pain

• Excessive tearing



• Keratitis– Treatment:

• Antibiotic ointment or drops

• Analgesics

• Eye patch



• Stye– Also known as hordeolum

– Inflammatory infection of sebaceous gland of eyelid

– Resembles pimple

– Usually caused by staphylococcus bacteria

– Treatment:• Warm compresses

• Topical or systemic antibiotics


Stye



Cataract

• Clouding of lens

• Causes:– Change in metabolism and nutrition in lens

– Aging


Cataract

• Symptoms:– Decreased visual acuity

• Treatment:– Lens replacement surgery


Cataract



Glaucoma

• Characterized by excessive eye pressure

• Slow progression with or without symptoms

• Permanent damage can occur before symptomatic


Glaucoma

• Treatment:– Eye drops

– Surgery


Nystagmus

• Constant, involuntary movement of eyes

• May affect one or both eyes

• Causes:– Brain tumors

– Disease

– Alcohol abuse

– Congenital defects


Nystagmus

• Treatment:– Correct underlying cause


Strabismus

• Eyes fail to focus in same direction simultaneously

• Due to muscle weakness in one or both eyes


Strabismus

• Treatment:– Cover normal eye to train affected eye to function

– Eye exercises

– Corrective lenses

– Surgery


Strabismus



Macular Degeneration

• Degeneration of macular area of retina

• Cause:– Most commonly age-related

• Symptoms:– Loss of central vision

• Treatment:– Laser surgery to improve vision


Diabetic Retinopathy

• Leading cause of blindness in United States

• Diabetes mellitus causes vascular changes in retina leading to decreased visual acuity


Diabetic Retinopathy

• Treatment:– Laser photocoagulation

• Prevention:– Controlling blood sugar


Color Blindness

• Also called color vision deficiency (CVD)

• Ability to see color diminishes with age due to yellowing of lens

• Inherited

• Most common affects ability to distinguish between red and green

• No cure


Infection of the Ear

• Otitis media– Inflammation in middle ear

– Usually affects infants and young children

– Types:• Serous

• Suppurative



• Otitis media– Treatment:

• Analgesics

• Decongestants

• Antibiotics



• Otitis externa– Also known as swimmer’s ear

– Inflammation of external ear canal caused by bacterial or fungal infection

– Symptoms:• Extreme pain

• Fever

• Pruritus



• Otitis externa– Symptoms:

• Hearing loss

• Clear or purulent drainage

– Treatment:• Keep ear canal clean and dry

• Analgesics

• Antibiotics



• Mastoiditis– Inflammation of mastoid bone or process

– Acute mastoiditis usually result of middle ear infection

– Symptoms:• Tinnitus

• Otalgia



• Mastoiditis– Treatment:

• Antibiotics

• Mastoidectomy


Deafness

• Affects more than 25 million people

• Conductive and sensory– Conductive

• Caused by external or middle ear disorders that decrease or stop sound conduction

– E.g., impacted cerumen, otosclerosis, ruptured eardrum


Deafness

• Conductive and sensory– Sensory

• Cochlear or auditory nerve damage preventing sound to be carried to brain

• Cause related to damaging noise levels and ototoxic medications


Deafness

• Impacted cerumen– Cerumen

• Soft, yellow-brown secretion

• Also known as earwax


Deafness

• Impacted cerumen– Causes:

• Skin dryness

• Excessive hair

• Narrow ear canal

• Excessive dust

– Treatment:• Ear irrigation


Deafness

• Otosclerosis– Bony fixation of middle ear bones do not allow vibrations

from eardrum to inner ear

– Treatment:• Stapedectomy


Deafness

• Sensorineural deafness– Sensory deafness due to damage to cochlea or auditory

deafness• Damage may be due to exposure to loud noise

• Damage often permanent


Deafness

• Presbycusis– Progressive sensory deadness related to aging

– Symptoms usually begin after age 50

– Treatment:• Use of hearing aid


Motion Sickness

• Experiencing nausea when traveling by car, boat, or airplane

• Symptoms:– Nausea and vomiting

– Diaphoresis

– Vertigo


Motion Sickness

• Treatment:– Anti-motion sickness medication

– Rest

– Closing of eyes


Trauma

• Corneal abrasion– Causes:

• Obstruction trapped between eyelid and cornea

• Ill-fitting or worn contact lenses

• Accidentally poking finger in eye

• Extreme light– E.g., welding


Trauma

• Corneal abrasion– Treatment:

• Remove obstruction

• Antibiotic ointment or analgesics

• Pressure dressing to prevent eye movement

• Reduce photophobia pain


Trauma

• Retinal detachment– Often occurs with trauma, diabetes, and other retinopathies

– Symptoms:• Blurred vision

• Flashes of light

• Floating spots


Trauma

• Retinal detachment– Painless disorder, but needs attention

– Treatment:• Surgery


Retinal Detachment


Trauma

• Ruptured tympanic membrane– Causes:

• Middle ear infection

• Sticking sharp object in ear canal

– Symptoms:• Pain

• Partial loss of hearing

• Bloody or purulent discharge


Trauma

• Ruptured tympanic membrane– Treatment:

• Antibiotics

• Surgical patching of membrane with tissue graft


Rare Diseases

• Retinoblastoma– Hereditary malignant tumor of eye occurring during

infancy and childhood

– Fatal if untreated

– Treatment:• Enucleation

• Radiation

• Chemotherapy


Rare Diseases

• Meniérè’s disease– Chronic disease of inner ear

– Symptoms:• Tinnitus

• Vertigo

• Progressive hearing loss

• Feeling of fullness in ear

– Attacks last few hours to several days


Rare Diseases

• Meniérè’s disease– Treatment:

• Medications to control nausea

• Low-salt diet

• Diuretics

• Antihistamines

• Smoking cessation

– Surgery may be necessary


Effects of Aging on the Eye

• Changes in ability to focus on near objects, color perception, some sensitivity to light, and decreased visual acuity

• Glaucoma and cataracts

• Arcus senilis


Arcus Senilis



Effects of Aging on the Ear

• Thinner and less flexible tympanic membrane

• Degenerative changes in neurons, bones of middle ear, and cochlea

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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 16 Eye and Ear Diseases and...

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