Coral Reef Rehabilitation

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Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction

CONTENTS Report on Artificial Coral Reef Construction

Table of Content

1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 GoalandObjectives ........................................................................................................................ 2 1.2 Output ............................................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 ScopeofActivity .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 ActivitySchedule ............................................................................................................................. 3

2 CoralReefasAnImportantAquaticEcosystem ..................................................................................... 5 2.1 ImportanceofCoralReef ................................................................................................................ 5 2.2 ImportanceofCoralReeftoHumanWelfare ................................................................................. 5 2.3 ThreatsFacingCoralReefEcosystem .............................................................................................. 6 2.4 CoralReefTransplantation .............................................................................................................. 7

3 OverviewofPangandaranCoralReef ..................................................................................................... 8 3.1 GeographicandAdministrativePosition ......................................................................................... 8 3.2 ClimateandOceanographyCondition ............................................................................................ 8 3.2.1 Bathymetric .......................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.2 Sea Current ........................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.3 Tide ....................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.4 Wave ..................................................................................................................................... 8 3.2.5 Temperature ......................................................................................................................... 9 3.2.6 WaterClarity ........................................................................................................................ 9 3.2.6 Salinity .................................................................................................................................. 9 3.3 GeneralConditionofCoralReefatPangandaranBeach ................................................................. 9 3.4 ProblemsofCoralreefproblemsatPangandaranbeach. ............................................................... 10

4 CoralReefTransplantationinPangandaran ........................................................................................... 12 4.1 InitiationandPreparation ............................................................................................................... 12 4.2 PlanningandDesign ........................................................................................................................ 13 4.2.1 SurveyonProposedAreaforCoralTransplantation ............................................................. 13 4.2.2 DesignofConstructionMethod ........................................................................................... 14 4.3 ImplementationofConstructionActivities ..................................................................................... 16 4.4 TourDevelopmentandPromotion .................................................................................................. 18 4.5 MonitoringandEvaluation .............................................................................................................. 19 4.6 CommunityAwarenessandConservationEducation ..................................................................... 20 Annex1.ArticleofCoralReefTransplantationinPangandaran ...................................................................... 23Annex2.TemplateoftheMonitoringReport(providedinbilingual) ............................................................. 24

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PPangandaranispopularbothfordomestictouristsandinternationaltouristsasoneofthetourismdestinationswithnaturaland

culturalfeaturesinWestJava.However,Pangandarannowfacesseveralseriousproblems;forinstancedegradationanddecliningpopulationofmarinebiotaduetouncontrolledcollectionbothbylocalsandbytourists,poorlawenforcement,weakmanagement,andpooreducationalcontentintourismactivitiesofferedtovisitors.

Therefore,itisnecessarytohaveaninnovativeinterventiontoraiseawarenessofbothlocalsandvisitorsonthecrucialimportancetoconservenaturalresourcesastourismassetsforlocalcommunity;aswellastoencourageinitiativestoconservemarinebiodiversity.INDECONinpartnershipwithKMPP(KelompokMasyarakatPeduliPangandaran)–alocalcommunitygroupwhohasparticularinterestsandattentiontocoastalconservationinPangandaran–underprogramofTourismDevelopmentSupportingBiodiversityConservationinPangandaransupportedbyUNWTOconductedthecoralreefrehabilitationbyconstructingartificialcoralreef,inordertopromotesustainableactivitieswhichaimtodecreaseanydestructiveactivitiesoncoralreefandmarinebiota.

1.1. Goal and ObjectiveCoralreeftransplantationispartofrehabilitationandconservationprogramoncoralreefecosysteminPangandaran.Thegoalsofthisactivityare:1. TorecovercoralreefconditionatPangandaran2. Toincreasetheecosystemfunctionofcoral

reefasanurseryground,feedingground,andspawninggroundofmarinebiota,aswellasfortourismandcoastalprotection

3. Toincreaselocalcommunityawarenessontheimportanceofcoralreefconservation,inordertoenhancecommunityroleineffectiveandefficientofsustainablecoralreefmanagement

Chapter01

Introduction

4. Toincreasetouristawarenessontheimportanceofcoralreefconservation

TheobjectivesofcoralreeftransplantationinPangandaranare:1. Todevelopexampleoftransplantationoffew

coralspeciesasoneofconservationactivitiesthatsupporttourismactivity.

2. Toincreasecommunityskillincoralreeftransplantationinordertoachieverehabilitationandconservation

3. Toincreasecommunityinvolvementinsharingroleandresponsibilityinenvironmentrehabilitation

4. Toeducatecommunitythatcoraltransplantationaimstorecovercoralreefinnature,whileinthelongtermitwillprovidebenefitthroughtourismactivity.Inthiscase,coraltransplantationcanbeanalternativeactivityintourismattraction.

5. Todevelopeducationalreeftourtoincreaseawarenessoflocalcommunityandtouristsontheimportanceofmarinebiotaconservation.

Inlongterm,throughmonitoringbyrelatedinstitution,itisexpectedthattheprogramcanbecontinuouslyconductedbythelocalcommunityandcanexpandcoverageareaofcoralreef.Itisnecessarytoestablishacommunitybasedcoralmanagementsystem,whichisaneffectiveandefficientstrategyinnaturalresourcesmanagementtowardssustainableuse.

1.2. Output1. Implementationofcommunitybasedartificial

coralreefconstructionactivities2. Existenceofcoraltransplantationsamples

asamodeloncoralreefrehabilitationandconservationthatsupportingtourismactivity.

3. Implementationof‘coraladoptionprogram’whichcanbesoldtovisitororhotels.

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No Activity Oct 08 Nov 08 Dec 09 Jan 09 Feb 09 Mar 09 Apr 09

5 Development of tourpackage, includingpreparing flyer for visitors

6 Progress Report on design,constructionimplementation, and tourpackage development.

7 Conduct press tour;targeting press and studentscoming from the villagewhere their parents sellingor collecting live shell forsouvenir

8 Develop mechanism formonitoring and evaluation.

9 Growth monitoring andcontrolling of transplantedcoral which arecontinuously implementedby local community group

10 Community awareness andconservation educationSocialization of coral

transplantation programDevelop code of conduct

among relatedstakeholders.

11 Conduct an evaluationmeeting to fine tune theprogram.

12 Final report onimplementation of coralreef construction.

4. Increasingskillofcommunitygroupsactiveinconservation,whicharethecoregroupinconductingcoraltransplantation.ItwillsupportrehabilitationandconservationofcoralreefinPangandaranatthefuture.

5. Establishmentofcoralreefeducationorawarenessprogram

1.3. Scope of Activity 1. InitiationandPreparation,includingseriesof

meetingwithLWGandKMPPtodevelopactivityframework,andselectdesignfortheconstruction

2. Surveytodeterminetransplantationsiteandcoralgermresources.

3. Implementationofconstructionactivities.• Coraltransplantationfieldactivity(sampleplot

establishment)• Implementationofconstructionactivities.• Determinationoftransplantationactivity

thatcoversresourcessharingamongkeystakeholders.

4. Developmentofcoral‘adoption’program.5. Developmentoftourpackage,includingpreparing

flyerforvisitors

6. ProgressReportondesign,constructionimplementation,andtourpackagedevelopment.

7. Conductpresstour;targetingpressandstudentscomingfromthevillagewheretheirparentssellingorcollectingliveshellforsouvenir

8. Developmechanismformonitoringandevaluation.

9. Growthmonitoringandcontrollingoftransplantedcoralwhicharecontinuouslyimplementedbylocalcommunitygroup

10.Communityawarenessandconservationeducation• Socializationofcoraltransplantationprogram• Developcodeofconductamongrelated

stakeholders.11.Conductanevaluationmeetingtofinetunethe

program.12.Finalreportonimplementationofcoralreef

construction.

1.4. Activity ScheduleAllactivitiesarescheduledtotakeplacein5(five)monthsfromNovember2008toMarch2009,asdetailedbelow:

No Activity Oct 08 Nov 08 Dec 09 Jan 09 Feb 09 Mar 09 Apr 09

1 Initiation and Preparation,including series of meetingwith LWG and KMPP todevelop activity framework,and select design for theconstruction

2 Survey to determinetransplantation site andcoral germ resources.

3 Implementation ofconstruction activities.Coral transplantation

field activity (sample plotestablishment) Implementation ofconstruction activities. Determination oftransplantation activity thatcovers resources sharingamong key stakeholders.

4 Development of coral�adoption� program.

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CCoralreefisanecosystemwhichisecologicallyandeconomicallyimportanttocoastalareas.Theterminologycoralreefis

familiarandheardfrequently,sincethisecosystemisknownasabeautifulanduniquemarinegarden.Coralreefisknownforitsbeautifulshapeandcolor.Thisbeautifulecosystemishomeformanykindsoforganismswithdifferentcolorsandattractiveshapes.Coralreefisfrequentlycalled‘MarinePark’andbecomesaprimarytourismattraction.

2.1. Importance of Coral ReefBiologically,coralreefisauniquemarineecosystemsinceitisformedthroughacomplexbalanceofbiologicalprocessesbydifferentorganisms,bothplantsandanimals.Generally,coralreefmeansahardsubstrate,whichliesinshallowaquaticareaandbecomesahabitatformarinebiota.Thetermactuallycontainstwowords,whichare‘reef’and‘coral’.‘Reef’or‘animalreef’isagroupofanimals,particularlyPhylumofCnidarians(OrderofScleractinia),calcareousalgae,andcalciumproducersuchassponge,mollusk,andphoraminiphores;whichcantransformcarbonatesintocoral.‘Coral’isthebasicsubstrateproducedbythesedimentmadeofcalciumcarbonates(CaCO3).Therefore,coralreefcanbeexplainedasastructureofcarbonateshabitatmadebyreefanimals.Tropicalareaisanabundantplaceforcoralreef;becauseitprovidestheentirerequirementashabitatandgrowingareaforcoralanimals.Temperaturereaching180C,salinitybetween29ppt–30ppt(partperthousand),highwatervisibility,abundanceofsunshine,goodwatercirculation,andsolidofwaterbasedasasubstrateforanimalcorals.

Coralreefplaysimportantroleforhumankindandinnaturalresources.Comparedtoothermarine

Chapter2

Coral Reef as an Important Aquatic Ecosystem

ecosystems,coralreefhasahighproductivity,richbiodiversity,andhighestheticfunction.Coralanimalscanbefoundinalmostallseawaterfromnorthtosouthpole;however,coralanimalsthatareabletoformcoralreefcanliveonlyintropicalareas.Basedonitsabilitytoformcoralreef,coralanimalsaredividedintwogroups:hermatipicandahermatipiccoral.Inhermatipiccoralcultures,asymbioticalgaeofzooxanthellaethatproduceCaCO3arefrequentlyfound,oppositetoahermatipiccoral.

Geographically,coralreefsaredistributedinshallowwatersthatliearoundearth,fromtropictosub-tropicarea,at35oofnorthlatitudeand32oofsouthlatitude.Latitudelineisthemaximumlimitforcoralreefgrowtharea,sinceinthisarealivingrequirementforcoralisavailable;suchasdepthofwater,sunshineintensity,temperature,salinity,andgroundsubstrate(Suharsono,1984).

2.2. Importance of Coral Reef to Human Welfare Coralreefplaysanimportantroleinhumankindsuchastourismattraction,fisheryground,naturalcoastalprotector,andbiodiversityresources;asdetailedbelow:• Function for Biodiversity Coralreefecosystemhashighproductivityand

biodiversity.Speciesdiversityperunitareaofcoralreefecosystemisequalorhigherthanaunitareaoftropicalforest.Coralreefisknownasaknowledgelaboratoryparticularlyforbiologicalandenvironmentalstudy.Coralreefhashighpotentialformedicine,antivirus,anticancerandothermedicalpurposes.

• FunctionforTourism Thebeautyofcoral,itsbiologicalrichness,and

waterclarityhavemadecoralreefafavourablerecreationplace.Skindivingorsnorkeling,SCUBA,

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andphotographyaresomeofthecommontourismactivitiesdoneincoralreefarea.

• FunctionforFishery Coralreefishabitatandfisherygroundofhigh-

valueexoticfishes.TheaveragefisherycatchmentatPhilippinescoralreefis15,6ton/km2/year.However,thisamountvariedfromthreetons/km2/yearto37tons/km2/year(WhiteandCruz-Trinidad,1998).Moreover,ithasbeenreportedthat1kilometersquareofhealthycoralreefinPhilippinesisabletoproduce20–35tonsoffreshfishtomeetfoodrequirementsfor400–700person;whiledamagedcoralreefcanonlyproduce5tonsoffreshfishtomeetfoodrequirementfor100peopleonly(McAlister&Ansula,1993).

• FunctionforProtectingShoreline Coralreefisbarrierforwaves;itprotects

thecoastalareafromerosion,flood,andotherdestructionprocessmadebyseawaterphenomenon.Italsocontributestoshorelineaccretionbyaddingsandtobeach;andprotectsvillagesandotherinfrastructuressuchasroadsandbuildingsontheshoreline.Itwillneedbillionsofrupiahtobuildmanufacturedbarrierthatisequivalenttocoralreefability.

2.3. Threats Facing Coral Reef Ecosystem Destructionofcoralreefecosystemmayleadtothedestructionoftheentiremarineecosystem.Threatscanbenaturaloranthropogenic.Naturalthreatsareforexampletsunami,coralpathogenicdisease(Acanthasterplancii),increasingwatertemperature(ElNino),etc.Whileanthropogenicthreatsareforexampledestructivefishing(usingbombandpotassium),landreclamation,coralmining,etc.

Moreover,threatsfacingbycoralreefecosysteminIndonesiaaredescribedbelow:i. Sedimentation Sedimentationthatcomesfromlandhighlyaffects

coralreefecosystemdegradation.Sedimentationprocessiscausedbylanddegradation.Loggingleadstoerosion,andthenthesoilisbroughttotheseathroughriverflow.Oncethesoilcovers

thecoralreef,itwillenterthedigestiveorganofpolyps,andmaycausetheirdeath.

ii. Destructivefishing Useofbombandcyanidepotassiuminfishing

maydamagecoralreef.Catchinganeconomic-valuedfishthatliveincoralreefisthepurposeofblastfishing.However,italsodamagecoralreefsincethebombwilldestroythecoralintorubbles.Intheotherhand,potassiumwhichisusuallyusedforcoralfishwillkillboththefishandthecoralanimal.

iii. Environmentaldestructionandagriculturedrainage

Oilproductandotherchemistryagentsspilledinseawaterwillkillpolypanddamagecoralreef.Inmanycases,deathofcoralcolonyiscausedbyplasticandotherwaste.Overcultivationandintensificationmethodinagricultureisothercausesofdestruction.Riverflowwillbringfertilizer’swastetotheseaandsupportsalgaegrowth.Itwillaffectthebalanceofwaterconditionsurroundingcoralreef,sincethealgaewillbeobstructsunshinepenetrationandbecomeacompetitortocoralpolypinphotosyntheticprocess.

iv. Recreationalactivities Mismanagementofrecreationplaceincoastal

areacanbeharmfultoenvironment,sincetherearemanytourismactivitieswhichcandamagecoralreefiftheyarenotcarefullycontrolled.Throwingboatanchorandgroundedboatinthewrongplacecandestroyandbreakthecoral.Walkingoncoralreef,picking,andcollectingcoralassouveniralsocontributetocoralreefdestruction.

2.4. Coral Reef Transplantation Ingeneral,rehabilitationtechniqueforcoralreefcanbeconductedintwoways,whicharepassiveandactiverehabilitation.Passiverehabilitationisconductedthroughnaturalprocess,whichusescoralplanulafromotherplacesascoralresources.Amassivegroundbaseascoralplanulasubstrateisthemainrequirementforcoralgrowth.Inpassivealternative,wecreatecoralsubstrateandputitat

appropriatelocations.ArtificialreefcreationsuchasdrowningapedicabandrumponinJakartabay,shipwreckinsomelocations,aimtoprovidehabitatforfishandsubstrateforcoralplanula.Activerehabilitationisconductedthroughdirecthumaninterventionbydistributingcoralanimalstootherplaces.Transplantationisanactiverehabilitationmethodbymovingorstickingcolonytoanartificialcoralreeflocatedatanewarea;thecolonyisexpectedtogrowbigger.ThismethodoftenusesAcropora,whichisconsideredafastgrowingcoral.

Coraltransplantationisacoralreefrehabilitationmethodthatcanbeimplementedintwoatthesametime.Thefirstprocessisstickingthefragmentedcolonydistributionofadultcoralintosubstrates.Thecolonyisexpectedtogrowandenlargethepercentageofcoralcoverage,whichisamilestoneforqualityofcoralreefecosystem.

Thesecondprocessisdistributingthetransplantedcoral.Ifcoralplanulaspreadevenly,theprocessofnaturalrecruitmentwillrunfasteraswellastheprocessofcoralrehabilitationitself.Toimplementatransplantationprogram,thewaterenvironmentshouldmeetthesecriteriabelow:a. Damageoccurredincoralreefwithrubblesand

sandingroundsubstrateofwaters.b. Locationofcoralreefisprotectedfromwavec. Salinityisaround29–31pptd. Watertemperaturereachestheoptimum

requirementforcoralgrowthwhichis23–27oCe. BalanceofpHwaterf. Wideareag. Waterclarityisbetween6–8meters.h. Theareaisfreefrompollutant,awayfrom

freshwaterresources,andfreefrompredator(Acanthasterplancii)


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3.1. Geographic and Administrative PositionPangandaranissituatedat108035’108041’Tand7040’10”–7040’20”S;thelargebayisgeographicallyborderedbytwosmallerbayscalledParigibayatthewest,andPangandaranbayattheeast.Itislocatedatslightly0to20mASL.TemperatureinPangandaranvariesbetween250C–350C,withhumiditylevelat80–90%andaveragerainfallat3.196mm/year.Administratively,PangandaranissituatedinCiamisRegency,WestJava.

3.2. Climate and Oceanography Condition

3.2.1. Bathymetric Pangandaranbeachhasabathymetrythatvariesbetween0–30metersofslight.MorphologyofthebeachisaffectedbytheriverflowsthatestuarytoPangandaranandParigibeach.Watergroundiscoveredbysandymudwhichisformedbysedimentlandmaterial.

3.2.2. Sea Current Ingeneral,currentpatterninPangandaranbeachisaffectedbyMonsoonsimilarlytocurrentpatternatthewestofJavaIsland.Windblowsfromcertaindirectioninoneperiod,thenblowstotheoppositedirectioninanotherperiod.InDecembertoFebruary,windblowsfromAsiatoAustralia,whichiscalledtheNorthWestMonsoon.InJulytoAugust,windblowsfromAustraliatoAsia,whichiscalledtheSouthEastMonsoon.

WestseasonaffectsseacurrentinIndonesianwaters,fromSouthChinatoJavathencontinuedtoBandaandFloresSea.DuringSouthEastmonsoon,currentflowsfromwesttoSouthChina.Thereare4windseasonsinPangandaran,whichare:1. WestSeason;itoccursinDecembertoMarchand

windblowsfromwesttoeast2. Firsttransitionperiod;itoccursinApriltoMay.

Chapter3

Overview of Pangandaran Coral ReefTransitionoccursinMayfromeasttowest

3. EastSeason;itoccursinJunetoSeptemberandwindblowsfromeasttowest

4. Secondtransitionperiod;itoccursinOctobertoNovemberandwindblowsfromwesttoeast.

3.2.3. TideBasedondataanalysis,thetypeofwavetideinPangandaranbeachishalf-diurnal.Itmeansthattidechangestwicedaily.TideforecastforParigiandPangandaranBayshowsthattherangeoftideisbetween199cmto93cm.

3.2.4. Wave

WaveisadominantphysicalfactorofthesouthernwaterofWestJava,duetoitsstrength.Inaverage,theheightofthewaveis2to5meters.

3.2.5. Temperature TemperatureatPangandaranbeachvariesbetween29,2–30,1oC,with29,5oCinaverage.Temperatureofwatersurfacevariesbetween27o to 32oC,whichisconsideredasgoodtemperatureforfishactivity(AnalysesofBPLHDofWestJavaProvince).

3.2.6. Water ClarityWaterclaritylevelisusedtoidentifythelevelofintensityofsunshinewhichcanpenetratewater.WaterclarityatPangandaranbeachisinaveragebetween3to4meters,whileinParigibeachitisbetween5,5–8metersor6meterinaverage.

3.2.7. SalinityWatersalinityatPangandaranbeachrangesfrom31,1to32,3%,whichisconsideredagoodnumbersincecoralhasahighleveloftoleranceforitsgrowth.LevelofsalinityatPangandaranbeachisheavilyaffectedbytheintrusionoffreshwatertoestuariesinPangandaranandParigibay.


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3.3. General Condition of Coral Reef at Pangandaran Beach

CoralreefatPangandaranislocatedinsidetheMarineNatureReserve,bothattheeastandwestpart.ThePananjungNatureReservewasdeclaredonMay8,1990,marineareaaroundNatureReserveandNatureRecreationParkwasturnedintoMarineNatureReservecovering470hectareofmarinebyMinistryofForestryDecreeNo.225/Kpts-II/1990.ThecoralreefatPangandaranis1.2kilometerlongand20-50meterwidth;withdepthrangesfrom1to10meter.Itisaffectedbythepenetrationlevelofsunshinetogroundwater.

CoralreefatPangandaranbeachisfringingreeftype;dominatedbymassivecoralthatcansurviveinPacificseaconditionwithhardwave.SomeofthemareGoniastrea retformis, G. Pectinata. G. favulus, Platygyra pini, P. lamelina, Montastrea curta, M. annuligera, M. magnistellata, M. leptastrea. Tranversa, Cyphastrea serailia, C. chalcidium, Echinopora lamellosa, E. gemmacea, and E. hirsitussima. Somebranchedspecieswerefoundincertainlocationswithcalmerwave,suchasAcropora polifera, A. grandis, A. digifera, A. cerealis, Montipora stellata, M. danae, and M. aequituberculata. Moreover,13speciesofbivalvefamilywerealsofoundinPangandaran.AtEastbeach,about13specieswerefound,whileintheWestBeachtherewere6speciesfound.GenusofGastropodswasfoundin23species,where14genus

isfoundatWestbeach,and20genusisfoundinEastbeachofPangandaran

Naturalcoralreefdegradationiscausedmostlybyhumanactivityandnaturalprocesses.Ithasbeenaseriousissueinsomecountries,sincecoralreefhasanimportantroleinsupportingfishresourcesandseaorganism,aswellasinbufferingwaveandtide.AtPangandaran,coralreefdamagewascausedbyhumanactivity,suchassedimentation,wastespilling,overnutrientintrusion,overfishing,tourismactivitiesforexamplecollectingcoralforsouvenir,fishanchoring,andwalkingoncoral;aswellasnaturaldisastersliketsunami.

TsunamihitinJuly2006damagingbothlandecosystemandmarineecosystem,includingcoralreef;asshownbyastudyatthewestandeastPangandaranbeachposttsunami.Livecoralinwestbeachremains11.49to38.3%,whiledeadcoralcovers8.21to49.13%,andrubblecovers25.72to67.76%ofcoralreefcoverage.ThesituationissimilarlyworseattheEastbeach,wherelivecoralcovers32.5to40.39%ofcoralreefcoverage,whiledeadcoralreaches7.53to28.34%,andrubblereaches30.72–58.1%.BasedonthestandardcriteriaofMinistryofEnvironmentoncoverageofcoraldegradation,thecoralreefatboththeWestandEastbeachofPangandaranisconsidereddamage.

Image1.DeadcoralandshellcollectionatWestBeach,2008

Table 1. Transect Benthic Life Form at Pangandaran

Transect Benthic Life form in West beach

SiteDepth

(m)Hard Coral (%) Dead Coral (%) Fauna (%) Rubble (%)

13 25.09 49.13 0.4 25.72

6 11,49 10.9 12,7 65.3

23 38,3 15.26 1,35 45.03

6 17.09 8.21 5,92 67.76Transect Benthic Life form in East beach

13 33.44 7.71 0.06 58.1

6 32.5 9 3.8 48.68

23 39.34 28.34 1.58 30.72

6 40.39 7.53 3.59 48.48

Source: developed based on survey of coral reef, which was conducted by University of Diponegoro in July 2008.

Highnumberofrubblesismostlikelycausedbytsunamiandtourismactivities.CoralreefdamageattheWestbeachismoreseriousthantheEastbeach,probablybecausetheWestbeachismoreoftenvisitedbymanytouristsparticularlythosewhowanttosailtothewhitesandbeach(insideNatureReserve)orjusttakeashortcruisebyfishermanboat.TheWestbeachhasacalmwaveandlowtide,soitismoreconvenientforvisitorstovisitoreventowalkoncoralreeftoseemarinebiota;whiletheEastbeachhasstrongerwavethuslessconvenientforvisitors.

3.4. Problem of Coral Reef at Pangandaran Beach HumanactivityisaseriousthreattocoralreefbothattheWestandEastbeachofPangandaran;particularlytourismactivitiesandfishermanactivity.‘Cangkrungan’–alocalterminologyforwalkingoncoralreeftofindshellsorexoticfishandcollectingcoralforsouvenir–candirectlydamagethecoralreef.Itisconductedduringlowtidewhencoralreefiseasilyvisible.Whencoralreefissteppedon,itwillbeparriedintorubble.Moreover,poisonoussubstancelikepotassiumcyanideusedforfishingwillpoisonboththefishandcoralpolyp.Regardlessofthetidelevel,touristboatoftentakesvisitortocoralreefarea,whichissometimeslessthan1meter

ofdepth.Boat’sscrewwillstiruptheseawaterandthesedimentattheseabed,whichwillcoverspolyp.Duringlowtide,sometimesmanyboatsaregroundedatcoralreefarea,whichleadstoseriouscoraldamage.

RiversthatestuaryatPangandaranbeachsuchasCikidang,Cialitandotherriversoftentransfersediment,garbage,andagriculturewastefromlandtosea.Theywillcauseanegativeimpacttocoralreefthroughtwomechanisms.Firstly,itwillcauseshadesatwatersurfacewhichwillbecomeabarrierforlightpenetrationneededbyzooxanthelaeforphotosynthesis;andsecondly,sedimentparticlescovercoralsurfaceandsuffocatecoralpolyp.Agriculturewastewillcausepopulationboomingforcertainalgae,whichbecomeacompetitortocoralgrowth.


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RRehabilitationofmarineenvironment,particularlycoralreef,shouldbeconductedimmediatelytorestorethefunctionof

coralreef,andfurthertoprovidebenefittothecommunityinPangandaran.Therehabilitationisexpectedtorestorecoralreeffunctionasspawningground,feedingground,andnurserygroundformarinebiotaatPangandaranbeach;aswellastorestorethebeautyofmarinepanoramaastourismattractioninPangandaran.

TheguidelinesonpreventionandrestorationofcoralreefdamageisexplainedintheattachmentofDecreeLetterofMinistryofEnvironmentNo.KEP-/MENLH/04/2001,onFebruary23,2001.Theattachmentaccuratelyexplainedthepreventionandrestorationofcoralreefdamageinseveralsteps:1. Increasingofcommunityawarenessand

participation Trytoincreasecommunityawarenessand

knowledgeontheimportanceofcoralreef.Theactivityisaimtoinvolvecommunitytoactivelyparticipateandhasaresponsibilityincoralreefsustainablemanagement.

2. Community-basedmanagementa.Educatecommunitytoconductedan

alternativeactivitythataimtoreducethreatoncoralreef,suchascultivation,tourismguiding,andothersactivitytoincreasecommunityincome.Thiseducationeffortshouldbesupportedbygrantthatdistributedthroughexistingsystemandnottogiveanypressuretocommunity.

b.Implementingknowledgeandtechnologyonrehabilitationaswellasinvolvingstakeholderinsustainablecoralreefmanagement.

3. InstitutionalDevelopmenta.Strengtheningcoordinationamonginstitution

thathasroleincoralreefmanagementsuchas

sitemanager,securitystaff,naturalresourceuserandenvironmentexpert.

b.Increasingabilityonhumanresourcesthroughseveraltrainingrelatedtocoralreefmanagementandrehabilitationtechnique.

4. Research,MonitoringandEvaluation Research,monitoringandevaluationare

importantcomponentsincoralreefrehabilitationprocess.Inthiscase,governmentwilldevelopmonitoringandinformationnetworksystembydevelopmanagementnetworkandmonitoredbyLIPIasscientificauthority.

5. LawEnforcement Communityhasanimportantroleinlaw

enforcementasareefwatcher.Communityhaveobligationtoreporttheirresulttosecurityofficerforanyactivitythatleadstocoralreefdestruction.Asoneofresponsibilitysharingform,communityshouldbedirectlyinvolvedinsecuringtheirownarea.

4.1. Initiation and PreparationItiscrucialtoensurethatlocalstakeholdersareactivelyinvolvedsincethebeginningoftheprojectactivity.Therefore,theinitiationstartedwithidentificationofstakeholdersanddisseminationoftheproject.Theactivitiesare:1. Identifiedstakeholdersthatwillbeinvolvedaskey

implementeroftheprogram,whichare:• KelompokMasyarakatPeduliPangandaran

(KMPP),whichisoneofthelocalenvironmentalNGO.KMPPhaspreviouslyconductedcoralreeftransplantationthusselectedasourlocalpartnertoimplementtheprojectinPangandaran.KMPPwillresponsibleforfieldoperationalunderINDECON’ssupervision.

Chapter4

Artificial Coral Reef Construction in Pangandaran


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• BalaiBesarKSDAJawaBaratResortKonservasiWilayahTWA/CAPangandaran,orConservationResortofNatureTourismPark/NatureReserveofPangandaran.ItistheauthorityformanagementoftheconservationareainPangandaran.

andalsorelatedstakeholderswhichmightbedirectlyaffectedorhaveinterests:• FisheryandMarineOfficeofCiamisRegency• Tourboatoperatorgroup,whichconsistsof

communitywhoworksascoralreeftourguide• ’Bagang’fishermangroupthatoperatein

EasternPangandaranbeach• Visitorsandtourismmanagers• GuideAssociation• DiveoperatorinPasirPutihBeach

2. ConductedmeetingwithBKSDACiamis–astheinstitutionthatmanagesPananjungNatureReserve-todisseminateinformationaboutthecoraltransplantationworkplanandtoaskpermittoenterandworkontheconservationareas(SIMAKSI,inBahasaIndonesia).

3. DisseminationofinformationabouttheprojectactivitytogetherwithKMPPtorelatedstakeholdersandlocalcommunity.Thefishermangroups,Pangaubanguide,andtourboatoperatorwereinformedabouttheprojectbecausetheyaredirectlyaffectedbythequalityofcoralreef.Thentheywereinvolvedtodisseminatetheinformationbothtolocalcommunityandtourists.

Aftertherehabilitationprogramstarted,theMarineandFisheryofficehassupportedtheprogrambyconstructingcoralreeftransplantation.

4.2. Planning and Design

4.2.1. Survey on Proposed Area for Coral Transplantation

Properplacingisvitaltotheoverallsuccessofanartificialreef.Siteselectionisbasedonthegoalsofcoralrehabilitationconservation,aswellasbio-ecologicalandsocio-economicalfactorsforthecommunitysurroundingPangandaran.

Bio-ecologicalconsiderationsforartificialreefsiteare:

• Watertemperatureis23–30oC• Depth,seabedcondition,lowsedimentationlevel,

andfarfromtheedgeofdropoff• Averagecurrentvelocities• Salinityisaround30–33ppt• Waterclearnessislessthan10meters• Freefrompollutant,awayfromfreshwater

resources,andfreefrompredator(Acanthasterplancii)

• Availabilityofhardsubstrate

Othercriteriatosupportthesuccessofcoralreeftransplantationare:• Farfromhousingbutwithineyesight,inorderto

monitorthereef• Productiveandexistingcoralreefsite,though

therewassomedamage,thesitecandynamicallyperformasfishspawningarea.

• Accessibilityoftouriststothesite.• Farfromcommercialfishingactivities

Surveyswereconductedinfour(4)locations(pleaserefertoMap1forlocation):(1)PasirPutih,(2)BatuMandi,(3)BatuLayar,and(4)infrontofwatchingpost.Basicinformationforsitesurveywasgatheredfromliterature,research,andassessmentontheexistingcoralreef.Atwodaysurveywasconductedby3(three)diversin2.5hoursdivingusingscubadivingequipmentandsnorkeling(surfacesurvey)infour(4)locations.Identificationwasmadeforseabedcondition,coralcoverage,planulasupplies,biophysicalcondition(temperature,salinity,visibilityandcurrent),humanactivities,andenvironmentpressurewerealsoidentifying.ThesurveyresultwasanalyzedbySWOT.

Basedonthesurvey,thesiteincloseproximitytoBatuMandiisthemostpossiblesiteforcoraltransplantation.Batumandiisanidealsiteregardingthebio-ecologicalandothersiterequirements.Waveandcurrentvelocityisrelativelyslowbutfastinhigh/lowtide.Artificialreefdesignreliesmuchonthissituationtopreventcoralfragmentfromseriousdifficultiescausebytidalcurrents.Otherimportantsubstancesaretheavailabilityofhardcoral,especiallybranchingcoralspecies.Thesecoralswill

Map1.LocationofCoralReefinPangandaran

becomesourcesofappropriatedonortobeplantedintheartificialreef.Theexistenceofcoralsourcesconfirmthattheplanulasuppliesandnaturalcoraldonorareabletogrowandplantedintheartificialreef.

Flatbaseofseabed,spaciousspace,andvolcanicrockbeachinBatuMandiisadditionalvaluescomparetoPasirPutih.SandbeachinPasirPutihreleasessedimentanddecreasesvisibility.Thereisnosignofcoralpredator(Acanthasterplancii)andalgaedominationinBatuMandi.Deepseacurrentandsurfacewavesarerelativelyslow,butinhighorlowtidethedeepseacurrentisstrongenough.

4.2.2. Design of Construction MethodThemethodchosenisactiverehabilitationthroughcoraltransplantation.Tooptimizethegrowthof

coraltransplantation,itisnecessarytoconsidernotonlythebio-ecologicalcondition,butalsotheenvironmentalcondition,suchasdeepseacurrentandsurfacewaves.Generally,JavanesesouthernbeachesincludingPangandaranBeachisanopensea.Typically,ithashighsurfacewavesandstrongcurrent.Theheightofwaveapproximatelyreaches2–5meters.

Basedonexperience,mostofcoralreefrehabilitationsinIndonesiaweredevelopedinashallowdepththuswasnotinfluencedbytidalcurrents.TheprevioustransplantationbyKMPPatWestandEastbeachusedthebracketmodel,bio-rock,umbrellashapecementblocksandtires;yettheywerenotsuccessful.Afterawhile,mostartificialreefsturnedupsidedownandmanyreeffragmentswerebrokenbystrongcurrent.


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Therefore,inthisproject,wedecidedtousefourconcreteblockswithdimensionof20x20x100cmtobuildtypicalpyramidreeftobeplacedinflatseabed.Eachconcreteblockpilewasconnectedwithother150cmconcreteblockswithscrewbolts.CompletedetailpictureofmodulesandconcreteblockframecanbeseeninImage1andImage2.

Pyramidtypeconcreteblockframeisselectedforitsadvantageasastrongfooting.Thesurfaceisusedtoputcoralfragment,whiletheconcreteblockcanalsostandasanartificialbarriertofacecurrentandwaves.Furthermore,itcanslowdownthecurrentandwavesbeforereachingthebeachthusreducingbeacherosion.

Image2.TypicalConcreteBlock

Image3.PlanofthePyramidConcreteBlockandConcreteBlockinProduction

4.3. Implementation of Construction ActivitiesTheimplementationwasconductedinfewsteps,whichare:1. Constructtheconcreteblockmold.Theprocess

took3(three)weeksinOctober-November2008bylocalworkersandsupervisedbyKMPPandIndecon.ExpensesforcoralreefconstructionareRp.45,382,948formaterialandlabor.

2. Installationofartificialreef.Theinstallationofconcreteblockpilesinseabedinvolved4diversandKMPPmembers.Ittookapproximatelyoneweek.Ninetynine(99)blockpileswerecarriedbyboattothetransplantationsiteandinstalled.ThefirsttransplantationactivitywillbeconductedatcoralreefareaattheWestbeach.

3. Collectcoralfragment.CoralfragmentswerecollectedfromtheareassurroundingBatuMandiandBatuNunggulatEastBeach.Coralfragmentswerecollectedfromhealthycolonyofcoralbycutting10-15cmfromthetop.Acroporaisthebestcoralspeciesfortransplantationbecauseitgrowsfast.

4. Implantcoralfragmentandconductceremoniallaunchingof“AdopttheCoralReef”Program

Thefirstimplantofcoralfragmentwasconductedon17thNovember2008.ItwasofficiallymarkedbythereleaseofoneconcreteblockbearingthemarkoftheprojectandsupportedinstitutionsbyMr.JuergenNauber(UNWTO).Theeventnotonlyservedasthefirstimplantactivity

Image4(clockwise).Concreteblockwiththeofficiallogos;Mr.JuergenNauberwithhisbabycoral,Mr.Supratman(localcommunity)withhisbabycoral;Taggingbabycoral;HandbabycoraltoKMPPdivers


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Image5.ProcessofInstallationofConcreteBlock

No Name Institution

1 Mr. Juergen Nauber UNWTO

2 Mr. Michael Meyer UNWTO

3 Chitraria Liestywati Ministry of Culture and Tourism

4 Wita Simatupang Indecon

5 Wawan Jumarna BKSDA Wil. III Ciamis

6 A Supriatna Bapeda Ciamis

7 Trinil Office for Marine and Fishery, West Java

8 Safrudin H.N Local Working Group/PGRI

9 Supratman Head of Presidium

10 H. Adang Hadari Head of PHRI

11 Encih Sarsih LWG/Kelompok Perempuan

12 PASUS ADIWIYATA SMPN 2 Pangandaran

13 SMK Kelautan SMK Kelautan

Table 2. List of Coral Adopters in November 2008

ThesecondadoptionprogramwasheldinFebruary2009.NameofgueststhathaveadoptedthecoralreefinNovember2008isshowninTable3.

Table 3. List of Coral Adopters in February 2009

No Name Institution

1 Firmansyah Rahim Ministry of Culture and Tourism

2 Gordo Jain Federal Ministry for the Environment,Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety

3 Akhyarudin Ministry of Culture and Tourism

4 Ary Suhandi Indecon

5 W.Ridwan Head of Economic Division of West JavaProvincial Secretary

6 Tiwa Sukrianto Head of Ciamis Planning Board

7 Drs. Cu Herman S Head of Ciamis Tourism Office

8 Wahidin Head of Ciamis Marine and Fishery Office

Image6(lefttoright).Mr.JuergenNauberreceivedhiscertificate;Mr.GordoJainwithhisbabycoral;andMr.FirmansyahRahimwithhisbabycoral

4.4. Tour Development and Promotion ThecoralreeftourpackageincludestheAdopttheCoralReefprogram.Themainobjectiveofthetourpackageistodirectlyinvolvecommunityandtouriststoshareroleandresponsibilityinenvironmentrehabilitationactivity.Visitorwillbeaskedtoconductcoraltransplantationactivityinthefieldandbeadonatorinthesametime.‘Adoption’methodissimilarwith‘adoptthenest’conceptonturtleconservation,whilevisitorgivefundincertainnominalforcaringthenestfromeggtohatchling.Visitorthatinvolveintransplantationactivitywillreceiveacertificateasanappreciationgift.Besidesinvolvingvisitor,‘Adoption’conceptcanbe‘sold’tocompanyorprivatesector;suchashotelsandtouroperators.Thecompanieswillgain“greenimage”asanenvironmentfriendlycompanyorinstitution.

Thetourwasfurtherpromotedbyflyer,whichdepictsthefirstadoptionactivityinNovember2008.Presstour,whichtargetspressandstudentscomingfromthevillagewheretheirparentssellingorcollectingliveshellforsouvenirwereconductedinNovember2008.TheinvitedjournalistshavejoinedtheadoptionprogramandpublishedarticlesatnewspapercoveringlocalareasandCiamisregency.Thearticleswerescannedand provided at Annex 1.

Themechanismofthetourisasfollow:1. Theadoptionprogramisofferedtoadopters,

eithertourists,communitymembers,orcompanies.

2. TheadopterspayanamountofRp200,000(minimum5pax)perannum,whichwillbeusedtocover:• 1coralfragmentandnametag• Constructioncostoftheartificialreef• Implantationcost,includingboatanddivers• Monitoringfor6(six)times.Reportwillbesent

toadopterseverymonthbyemail. Thefundwillbesharedto:KMPP(80%)tocover

allcostand(20%)toLWGforpromotionanddevelopment.

butalsoastheceremoniallaunchingof”AdopttheCoralReef”program.ThefirstadoptersincludedrepresentativesofWestJavaandCiamisgovernment,UNWTO,privatesector,womangroup,schoolchildren,andNGO.Eachpicked

outone“baby”coral,whichwastaggedbytheirname;handedtoKMPPdivers,whodivedandplacedeachcoralattheartificialreef.NameofgueststhathaveadoptedthecoralreefinNovember2008isshowninTable2.

Image7.Flyerofcoraladoptionprogram


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3. Theadopterssailoffshoretoimplantthebabycoralonthelocation.Iftheywantandhavelicence,adoptersdiveandimplantitdirectlytotheartificialreef(withadditionalcost).

4.5. Monitoring and EvaluationGrowthmonitoringisanimportantsteptoensurethesuccessofcoraltransplantation.Itcanalsoinformusaboutanysituationwhichrequiresimmediateaction.Monitoringtoolsweredevelopedasguidelinetoconductmonitoringactivities.Bio-ecologicalparameterswerecompiledasmonitoringmeasurement.Theyareasfollows:

Table 3. Bio-Ecological Indicators for Healthy Coral

Bio Ecological Indicator for Healthy CoralWaterTemperature

Optimum water temperature requirement for coral growth is 25�30o C (Sukarno etall., 1983). Water temperature influences the coral feeding behaviour. Most coralloss their ability in capturing their food in temperature above 33,50C, or below 160C(Mayor,1918). Sudden change of 4 � 60C above and below threshold can causedeath to coral.

Salinity Hard coral is very sensitive to salinity change. Optimum salinity requirement forcoral growth is between 300/00 � 350/00. Fresh water from the river and rainfall canchange the salinity.

Sunlight Alga zooxanthella and most coral need sunlight and carbon dioxide to producehigh energy substances, thus providing an important dietary supplement(Nybaken, 1992). Without enough sunlight, the process will degrade and coralgrowth becomes slow.

Sedimentation Sedimentation that flows from land highly affects coral reef ecosystemdegradation. Sedimentation process caused by degradation of land ecosystem,such as logging that leads to erosion. Soil is brought to sea through river flow andcoats the coral reef. Clay coating coral reef will enter digestive organ of polyp andmay cause death. Infiltration of sediment may indirectly halt light penetration tothe sea bed, which is required by coral reef for photosynthesis.

Coral growthmeasurement

Coral health is measured by their height and volume in certain time. Somereference said that Acropora in healthy environment will grow 3 5 cm per year. Itcan also be measured by observing the additional polyp at a colony.

Coralfragmentobservation

Healthy coral will show their bright color. It depends on symbiotic process withAlgae in the coral.

Muccusobservation

In certain condition coral produces muccus as a response to tolerableenvironmental pressure. In worse situation, slowly coral will release its pigment,become pale, and may die.

Image8.(fromlefttoright)MichaelMeyer’sBabyCoralattwo-monthold;Safrudin’sBabyCoralattwo-monthold;Safrudin’sBabyCoralatfour-monthold

Particularlytoevaluatethegrowthoftransplantedcoral;regularmeetingswereheldaftereachmonitoringwithKMPPtodiscuss.Monitoringactivitiesareconductedevery3(three)monthsatthe

minimumoraccordingtotherequirements.Fortheearlydaysaftertransplantation,monitoringshouldbeconductedevery2(two)weeks,becauseitisthecriticalperiodforbabycoral.Anydeadfragmentsshouldbereplaced.Afterthefirsttwoweeks,monitoringshouldbeconductedinthefollowingmonth,thenevery3(three)months.MonitoringactivitiesareconductedbyKMPP,LWG,andIndecon.

Monitoringandobservationwereconductedonemonthafterthefirstimplanttogetinformationoncoralgrowthandhealth.Healthycoralgrowthcanbemainlyobservedfromitsbrownishcolorand

existenceoffigmen.Thebrowncolourindicatesthemutualismsymbiosiswithzooxanthellaalgae.Unhealthycoralgrowthislargelycausedbysedimentationandtemperaturechange;thecoral

isusuallycoveredbymucusasitsrespondstotheenvironment.ThemonitoringactivityinDecember29,2009showedthat234coralfragmentsgrewwelland23fragmentsdied.Thedeathwascausedbythesizeofbabycoralbeingtoosmall.Theyhavebeenreplacedbynewbabycorals.TheadoptersofthefirsttransplantationbatchinNovember2008havereceivedanAdopterCertificateandMonitoringReport.ThetemplateoftheMonitoringReportisprovided at Annex 2.

4.6. Community Awareness and Conservation Education

Disseminationofcoraltransplantationprogramwereconductedthroughnewsletter(the3rdeditionandthe5thedition);film(latestrevisioninMarch09);andflyers.Itprovedtobequitesuccessful;consideringmanyfeedbackfromlocalcommunitythroughLWGandrequestfromfewhotelsaboutfurthercollaboration.

Image8.Snapshotofthe3rdNewsletter–ArticleaboutCoralReefTransplantation


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Identificationofstakeholderswhocanbecomefacilitatorsforconservationeducationprogramswasconductedinthefirsttwomonths.SomepotentialstakeholdersidentifiedarePPLP,RAKOM,andIlalang(alocalNGO).SomelocalschoolsurroundingPangandaransuchasSMPandSMKKelautanarealsoidentifiedasalocalschooltobecomethetargetforconservationeducationprogram.Thetrainingswereconductedfewtimesfordifferentaudiences:1.TrainingforKMPP Date/Time :Tuesday,24March2009 Venue :OfficeofKMPP,WhiteSandbeach Participants :MembersofKMPP TopicsandBriefDescriptionofContent:

• Howtoconductmonitoringandevaluationofcoral reef

• DiscussandagreeontheBio-EcologicalIndicatorsforHealthyCoral

• Opportunitiestodevelopcoralreefadoptionprogramasoneofthemeanstodisseminatetheinitiatives

2. ConservationEducationforSchoolChildren Date/Time :4November2008 Venue :WhiteSandBeach Participants :AdhiwiyataStudent

EnvironmentalGroupofSMPNegeri2Pangandaran

TopicsandBriefDescriptionofContent:• Introductionofcoastalandcoralreef

ecosystem• ActualconditionandthreatsofPangandaran

coral reef

Image9.ConservationEducationforStudentfromSMP2Pangandaran

Bengen,D.G.2004.SynopsisonEcosystemandCoastalNatureResourcesanditsManagementPrinciples.CoastalandMarineResourcesResearchCenter,BogorInstituteofAgriculture

Gomez,E.D.,andA.C.Alcala.1982.SurveyofPhilippinecoralreefusingtransectandquadranttechniques.In:ComparingCoralReefSurveyMethods.ReportofRegionalUNESCOUNEPWorkshopPhuketMarineBiologicalCenter.Thailand.UNESCO.

Nonjti,A.1984.RoleofZooxanthelaeinCoralReefEcosystem.OseanaIX.pp:74–87.

StudyinCoralReefManagementinSouthCoastalofCiamisRegency2206,EnvironmentManagementBoardofWestJava.

REFERENCESSuharsono,1984.CoralGrowth.OseanaIX.pp:41–48.

DevelopmentofArtificialCoralandCoralTransplantationinCiamisRegency.FinalReportofMarineandFisheryOfficeofWestJavaProvince,PangandaranCareCommunityGroup.

RencanaPengelolaanTamanWisataAlamPangandaran,2006.DepartemenKehutananDirektoratJendralPerlindunganHutandanKonservasiAlam.BalaiKonservasiSumberDayaAlamJawaBaratWilayahII


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Annex 1. Article of Coral Reef Transplantation in Pangandaran

Bapak/IbuAsuhKarangyangterhormat,DearestCoralAdopter,

Ucapanterimakasihyangsebesar-besarnyaataspartisipasiandadalamkegiatanrehabilitasikarangmelaluiprogram”adopsikarang”.PartisipasiandasangatmembantuupayamensukseskanprogramrehabilitasiperairanlautdiPangandaranmelaluitransplantasikarang.Programinidikembangkanuntukmenampungpartisipasidanmelibatkansecaralangsungberbagaikomponenmasyarakatuntukikutberbagiperandantanggungjawabdalampelestarianlingkungan.Kamisadarbahwapelestarianlingkunganmerupakantanggungjawabsemuapihakdemikelangsunganhidupanakcucukitadimasayangakandatang.

Herewithisourgreatestthanksforyourparticipationincoralreefrehabilitationthroughthe”CoralReefAdoption”program.Yourparticipationhighly

contributestothesuccessofcoralreefrehabilitationprogramthroughcoralreeftransplantation.Thisprogramisdevelopedtoallowparticipationandinvolvevariouscommunitymemberstoshareroleandresponsibilitiesinenvironmentalconservation.

Werealizethatitfallsunderresponsibilityofallforthelifeofourchildreninthefuture.

Berikutadalahlaporanpertumbuhanbayikaranganda.Belowisreportonthegrowthofyourbabycoral.

Annex2.TemplateoftheMonitoringReport(providedinbilingual)

SatuFragmen”BayiKarang”untukKehidupanyangLebihBaikdiMasaDepanOneFragmentofBabyCoralforBetterLifeintheFuture

Chitra Liestyati / Indonesia Picture of Adopter20 November 2008Jl........ ..

[email protected]

Periode PertumbuhanPeriod of growth

Desember 2008 � Januari 2009December 2008 � January 2009

Pertumbuhan �bayi karang� secara umumGrowth in general

Cukup sehat/kurang baikRelatively Good

Penambahan polip karangGrowth of coral polyp

Ada/tidak adaExistence

Kondisi Bayi KarangCondition of baby coral

Stress/sehatStress

Figmen Karang Berwarna cerah/pucat

Lendir di Sekitar Karang Sedikit/banyakKondisi Lingkungan secara umumCondition of the Sea Environment

Baik/ Kurang baikNot Too Good

Suhu/temperaturWater Temperature

280C (ambang normal)High

SedimentasiWater visibility

Rendah/tinggiLow

Penetrasi cahaya Cukup/rendah

Picture of the baby coral on the day ofmonitoring

Kadar Garam (Normal 30 25%0)Water salinity (Normal 30 25%)

Di Bawah Normal � 29%0

Below Normal � 29%21 Januari 200921 January 2009

Catatan: silakan dilihat lampiran indikator bioekologi karang sehat. Please the attachment below.


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Semogaketerlibatandanpartisipasibapak/ibu/saudaradapatmemberikanandildalamupayapelestarianterumbukarangkhususnya,danuntukkehidupanyanglebihbaikdimasayangakandatang.

Wehopethatyourinvolvementandparticipationcancontributetocoralreefconservationinparticularandforbetterfuture.

Indikator Bio ekologi Karang Sehat / Bio Ecology Indicator for Healthy Coral

Suhu/temperatureWaterTemperature

Suhu optimum untuk pertumbuhan karang adalah 250C � 300C (Sukarno et all 1983). Suhumempengaruhi tingkah laku makan karang. Kebanyakan karang kehilangan kemampuanuntuk menangkap makanan pada suhu diatas 33,50C, dibawah 160C (Mayor,1918). Pengaruhperubahan suhu mendadak sekitar 4 � 60C diatas atau dibawah ambient dapat menghambatbahkan mematikan karang.Optimum water temperature requirement for coral growth is 25�30o C (Sukarno et all., 1983).Water temperature influences the coral feeding behaviour. Most coral loss their ability incapturing their food in temperature above 33,50C, or below 160C (Mayor,1918). Suddenchange of 4 � 60C above and below threshold can cause death to coral.

SalinitasSalinity

Karang hermatifik (karang keras) adalah organisme laut sejati yang sangat sensitif terhadapperubahan salinitas. Karang tumbuh optimal pada kisaran salinitas antara 300/00 � 350/00.Perubahan salinitas disebabkan karena masuknya air tawar dari daratan atau hujan.Hard coral is very sensitive to salinity change. Optimum salinity requirement for coral growthis between 300/00 � 35

0/00. Fresh water from the river and rainfall can change the salinity.CahayaSunlight

Cahaya diperlukan untuk keperluan proses fotosintesis alga zooxanthella untuk menghasilkanoksigen yang diperlukan oleh hewan karang (Nybaken, 1992). Tanpa cahaya yang cukup, lajufotosintesis akan berkurang dan pertumbuhan karang akan terhambat.Alga zooxanthella and most coral need sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce high energysubstances, thus providing an important dietary supplement (Nybaken, 1992). Withoutenough sunlight, the process will degrade and coral growth becomes slow.

SedimentasiSedimentation

Pengaruh sedimentasi terhadap hewan karang dapat terjadi baik secara langsung naupuntidak langsung. Sedimen yang masuk ke perairan menjadi ancaman bagi karang. Pengaruhlangsung sedimen akan masuk kedalam polip karang dan mengakibatkan kematian langsung.Secara tidak langsung masuknya sedimen dapat menghambat penetrasi cahaya masukkedasar perairan yang diperlukan untuk proses fotosintesis hewan karang.Sedimentation that flows from land highly affects coral reef ecosystem degradation.Sedimentation process caused by degradation of land ecosystem, such as logging that leadsto erosion. Soil is brought to sea through river flow and coats the coral reef. Clay coating coralreef will enter digestive organ of polyp and may cause death. Infiltration of sediment mayindirectly halt light penetration to the sea bed, which is required by coral reef forphotosynthesis.

PengukuranpertumbuhankarangCoral growthmeasurement

Kesehatan pertumbuhan karang dapat diukur dari pertambahan tinggi/volume dalam kurunwaktu tertentu. Beberapa referensi menyatakan pertumbuhan karang Acropora padalingkungan yang sehat dapat mencapai 3 � 5 cm pertahun. Dapat juga dilakukan denganmenghitung pertambahan polip pada koloni fragmen karang.Coral health is measured by their height and volume in certain time. Some reference said thatAcropora in healthy environment will grow 3 5 cm per year. It can also be measured byobserving the additional polyp at a colony.

Pengamatanfigmen karangCoral fragmentobservation

Karang yang sehat menunjukkan kecerahan warna yang bervariasi. Hal ini sangat tergantungterhadap alga simbiosis yang terdapat didalam karang.Healthy coral will show their bright color. It depends on symbiotic process with Algae in thecoral.

Mukus (lendir)muccusobservation

Dalam kondisi tertentu karang mengeluarkan mukus (lendir) sebagai respon terhadaptekanan lingkungan yang masih dapat ditolelir. Akan tetapi dalam kondisi yang parah, secaraperlahan karang akan mengeluarkan figmennya (pucat) dan lama kelamaan akan mati.In certain condition coral produces muccus as a response to tolerable environmental pressure.In worse situation, slowly coral will release its pigment, become pale, and may die.

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Coral Reef Rehabilitation

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