Corn By-Product Diversity and Feeding Value to Non-Ruminants

Jerry Shurson1, Sally Noll1, and John Goihl2Dept. of Animal Science1 and Agri-Nutrition Services2

CornCorn Wet-Milling Process Overview

steepwater

germ

Feed Industry Co-Products

Corn Cleaning

Steep Tanks

Germ Seperation

Grinding Mills

Washing Screens

Centrifugal Separators

Starch washing

Steepwater Evaporation

Germ Extraction

Corn Oil

Starch and Nutritive

Sw eetners

Corn Gluten Meal

Corn Gluten Feed

Corn Germ Meal

Cond. FermentedExtractive

CornCorn Dry-Milling Process Overview

alpha amylase enzyme

CO2

Yeast andGlucoamylaseEnzyme

whole stillage

thin stillage

coarse solids

Feed Industry Co-products

Corn Cleaning

Hammermill Mix SlurryLiquefaction

Cooker

Centrifuge Evaporator

Fermentation

Dist illat ion

Ethyl Alcohol

Cond. DistillersSolubles

Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles

Distillers Wet Grains

Rotary Dryer

What is DDGS?Distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS)

By-product of the dry-milling ethanol industry

Nutrient composition is different between dry-mill, wet-mill and beverage alcohol by-products

DDGS – fuel ethanolDDGS - whiskey distilleriesCorn gluten feed – wet millCorn gluten meal – wet millBrewer’s dried grains – beer manufacturing

Nutrient content depends on the grain source usedCorn DDGS - Midwestern USWheat DDGS - CanadaSorghum (milo) DDGS - Great Plains USBarley DDGS

Comparison of Nutrient Composition (100% Dry Matter Basis) of Golden DDGS to Corn Gluten Feed, Corn Gluten Meal, Corn Germ Meal, and Brewer’s Dried Grains

0.210.170.080.540.80Available P, %

0.350.330.060.240.06Ca, %

0.280.220.340.080.24Trp, %

1.031.222.310.821.13Thr, %

0.490.671.590.390.55Met, %

1.171.001.130.700.83Lys, %

21303222425628943827ME, kcal/kg

2283No data469433224011DE, kcal/kg

52.9No data9.737.043.6NDF, %

7.91.13.23.310.7Fat, %

28.822.266.923.930.6Protein, %

Brewer’s Dried Grains (NRC)

Corn Germ Meal (Feedstuffs)

Corn Gluten Meal (NRC)

Corn Gluten Feed (NRC)

Golden DDGS (UM)

Types of Distiller’s By-Products from Dry-Grind Ethanol PlantsWet distiller’s grains

Fed primarily to beef, some dairy

Dry distiller’s grainsFed to beef and dairy

Wet distiller’s grains with solublesFed to beef and dairy

Dried distiller’s grains with solublesFed to dairy, swine, poultry, some beef

Modified wet cake (blend of wet and dry distiller’s grains)Fed primarily to beef, some dairy

Condensed distiller’s solublesFed to beef and dairyOntario, Canada - swine liquid feeding systems

Distillers Products Definitions27.6 Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles is the product obtained after the removal of ethyl alcohol by distillation from the yeast fermentation of a grain or a grain mixture by condensing and drying at least ¾ of the solids of the resultant whole stillageand drying it by methods employed in the grain distilling industry. The predominating grain shall be declared as the first word in the name.

Averages and Ranges of Selected Nutrients Among 32 U.S. DDGS Sources (100% Dry Matter Basis)

0.42 – 0.990.75 (19.4)Phosphorus, %0.61 – 1.060.90 (11.4)Lysine, %3504 – 40483810 (3.5)Swine ME, kcal/kg

3.0 – 9.86.0 (26.6)Ash, %5.4 – 10.47.2 (18.0)Crude fiber, %8.8 – 12.410.7 (16.4)Crude fat, %28.7 – 32.930.9 (4.7)Crude protein, %87.3 – 92.489.3Dry matter, %

RangeAverageNutrient

Comparison of the Nutrient Content of Corn Distiller’s Grains and Corn Condensed Distiller’s Solubles

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Grains Solubles

DM, %CP, %Fat, %CF, %Ash, %Ca, %P, %

Color Extremes of DDGS

High Quality,Highly DigestibleDDGS

Lower Quality,Less DigestibleDDGS

DDGS Varies Nutrient Content and Digestibility, Color, and Particle Size Among U.S. Sources

Fig. 1. Regression of digestible lys (%) and color (L*, b*)

R2 = 0.71

R2 = 0.74

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80

Lys (%)

L*, b

* sc

ore L*

b*Linear (L*)Linear (b*)

Source: Dr. Sally Noll (2003)

Comparison of Nutrient Composition of Golden DDGS to Other “DDGS Sources” (100% Dry Matter Basis)

0.620.570.680.890.780.77P, %

0.170.040.510.060.120.07Ca, %

No data0.270.250.230.180.25Trp, %

No data1.101.131.041.011.17Thr, %

No data0.610.660.540.540.62Met, %

No data0.990.830.900.610.92Lys, %

No data37893560No data35773781ME, kcal/kg*

No dataNo data3796No data38084053DE, kcal/kg*

4.283.77.34.65.36.9Ash, %

No data20.221.017.911.812.4ADF, %

15.1010.67.8No data7.96.3Crude fiber, %

9.008.88.915.33.511.3Fat, %

27.029.930.131.629.331.8Protein, %

PelletedDDGS

Whiskey DDGS

Partial De-germed

DDGS

High Fat DDGS“DDGS”

Golden Corn

DDGS

*Calculated energy values for swine

Benefits and Limitations of DDGS for Swine

Energy value = cornHigh available P

Reduce diet P supplementationReduce manure P excretion

Commonly fed at 10% of dietHigher levels can be used if amino acids are supplemented

Only “golden” DDGS should be used

High amino acid digestibilityAppears to reduce gut health problems due to ileitisMay increase litter size weaned when fed at high levels to sows

Low protein (lysine) qualityadd other supplements high in lys and trp

Manure N excretion increases Belly firmness and pork fat quality may become an issue when > 20% in the dietMycotoxin free grain should be used to produce ethanol and DDGSShort-term feed intake may be reduced when feeding high DDGS diets to sows

Benefits Limitations

Benefits and Limitations of DDGS for Poultry

Good energy and amino acid source when limited to < 15% of the dietSource of highly available P

Reduce manure PMay improve egg yolk and skin color (xanthophyll)Source of “unidentified growth factors” ?“Golden” DDGS gives best performanceHighly palatable

Energy value ~ 84% of cornLow protein quality

add other supplements high in lys, arg, trp

Sources high in sodium may increase litter moisture if adjustments to dietary salt levels are not made

Benefits Limitations

New Distiller’s Grains By-ProductsExamples of modified processes

Use of new enzyme technology to increase DDGS proteinRemoval of bran and/or germ prior to fermentationRemoval of phosphorus

Comparison of Nutrient Content of Dakota Gold DDGS with High Protein Dakota Gold (100% DM Basis)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Protein, % Fat, % NDF, % Ash, %

DDGSHP DDGS

Comparison of Amino Acid Content of Dakota Gold DDGS with High Protein Dakota Gold (100% DM Basis)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Lys, % Met, % Cys, % Thr, % Trp, %

DDGSHP DDGS

Comparison of Mineral Content of Dakota Gold DDGS with High Protein Dakota Gold (100% DM Basis)

00.1

0.20.30.40.5

0.60.70.80.9

Ca, % P, % Na, % S, %

DDGSHP DDGS

Comparison of Nutrient Content of DDGS with Glutenol and CPC (100% DM Basis)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Protein, % Fat, % NDF, % Ash, %

DDGSGlutenolCPC

Comparison of Amino Acid Content of DDGS with Glutenol and CPC (100% DM Basis)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

Lys, % Met, % Cys, % Thr, % Trp, %

DDGSGlutenolCPC

Comparison of Calcium and Phosphorus Content of DDGS with Glutenol and CPC (100% DM Basis)

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

Ca, % P, %

DDGSGlutenolCPC

Ingredient Price Assumptions

1.00VTM premix120.00DL-methionine145.00L-threonine80.00L-lysine HCl6.00Salt2.00Limestone13.00Dicalcium phosphate17.00Choice white grease4.00DDGS10.50Soybean meal (47)3.50Corn

$/cwtIngredient

Swine Grower Diet Formulation Assumptions

Assumed lower ME valuesHigh protein DDGS – 1300 kcal/lbGlutenol – 1200 kcal/lbCPC – 1258 kcal/lb

Assumed the same amino acid digestibility coefficients for all distiller’s by-products

Lys – 53%Trp – 64%Thr – 55%Met+cys – 52%

Assumed available P in all distiller’s by-products was 85%

Swine Grower Diet Formulation Assumptions

All diets contained:1553 kcal ME/lb1.0% total lysMin. 0.84% dig. lysMin. 0.48% dig. thrMin. 0.14% dig. trpSynthetic amino acids were used to meet minimum digestible amino acid levels as needed

L-lysine HCl (78.8%)DL-methionine (99%)L-threonine (98.5%)

Minimum ratios of digestible amino acids relative to digestible lysine were:Met+cys – 55%Thr – 55%Trp – 16.6%

0.58% Ca0.26% avail. PEquivalent salt, vitamins, and trace minerals

Turkey Grower Tom Diet Formulation Assumptions

All diets contained:1428 kcal ME/lbMin. 1.15% dig lysMin. 0.74% dig met+cysMin. 0.74% dig thrSynthetic amino acids were used to meet minimum digestible aminoacid levels as needed

L-lysine HCl (78.8%)DL-methionine (99%)

1.12% Ca0.56% available PEquivalent vitamins and minerals

Opportunity Costs of Corn By-Products in Swine and Poultry Diets

$43.00$75.20$53.00$75.20$80.00Poultry

$61.60$63.40$51.00$78.00$80.00Swine

CPCGlutenolHP DDGS

DDGS Spec. 2

DDGS Spec. 1

Key Points for Evaluating and Using DDGS and New Distiller’s By-Products in Monogastric Diets

Remember the primary components that affect nutritional and economic value

Metabolizable energyLevel and digestibility of amino acidsLevel and availability of P

Minimize variability in nutrient content by limiting the number of sources used

Question generic nutrient specification values provided by the supplier when formulating diets

Key Points for Evaluating and Using DDGS and New Distiller’s By-Products in Monogastric Diets

Request current, complete nutrient profiles from source(s) being considered

www.ddgs.umn.edu

Request evidence of consistent quality and nutrient content from each source

Although higher protein distiller’s by-products may initially appear to have higher value, they are:

generally lower in fat and P contentstill have inferior protein quality