Bureau of Justice Statistics U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994 on probation on parole 484,000 2,964,000 992,000 690,000 5.1 million adults in the United States were under correctional supervision in 1994 Male Female White Black 1.5 million in local jail or prison 731,000 722,000 106,000 1,370,000 Male Female White Black 3.7 million on probation or parole 2,998,000 656,000 2,330,000 1,283,000 in prison in jail
Transcript
Bureau of Justice Statistics
U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice Programs
Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
in jail
on probation in prison
on parole
484,000
2,964,000
992,000
690,000
5.1 million adults in the United States were under correctional supervision in 1994
Male
Female
White
Black
1.5 million in local jail or prison
731,000
722,000
106,000
1,370,000
Male
Female
White
Black
3.7 million on probation or parole
2,998,000
656,000
2,330,000
1,283,000
in prison
in jail
BJS
This report is one in a series. More recent editions may be available. To view a list of all in the series go to http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pubalp2.htm#cpus
U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice ProgramsBureau of Justice Statistics
Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
By Jodi M. Brown, Darrell K. Gilliard, Tracy L. Snell,
James J. Stephan, and Doris James Wilson
BJS Statisticians
June 1996, NCJ 160091
U.S. Department of JusticeOffice of Justice Programs
Jan M. Chaiken, Ph.D.Director
This volume resulted from a collaborativeeffort managed by Allen J. Beck, Chief,Corrections Statistics. Jodi M. Brown up-dated the correctional population trendssection. Darrell K. Gilliard prepared thesection on jail inmates. Jodi M. Brown,assisted by Darrell K. Gilliard and ColieceR. Rice, collected the data and preparedthe tables for probation and parole sec-tions. James J. Stephan, assisted byCraig Perkins, prepared the section onmilitary corrections. Tracy L. Snell pre-pared the section on capital punishment.Doris James Wilson prepared the sectionon prisoners. Thomas Hester and Ida Hines edited this volume. Marilyn Marbrook supervised production.
Pamela Butler, Martha Greene, HenriettaHerrin, and Lisa McNelis of the Govern-ments Division of the U.S. Bureau of theCensus collected and collated the data onjails and jail inmates under the supervisionof Alan Stevens.
Jeanne C. Benetti, Patricia A. Clark, andMarita K. Perez of the Crime SurveysBranch, Demographic Surveys Division ofthe U.S. Bureau of the Census collected,processed, and tabulated the data on pris-oners and capital punishment under thesupervision of Gertrude B. Odom andKathleen P. Creighton. ChristopherAlaura of the Crime Surveys ProgrammingBranch provided programming assistancewhile supervised by Stephen T. Phillips.
Introduction 1
Jail inmates in 1994 23
Probation in 1994 31
U.S. military corrections, 1994 51 Prisoners in 1994 65 Parole in 1994 105
Capital punishment in 1994 123
Index 181
ii Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Contents
This report and its data are available on the Internet:
http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/
The National Archive of Criminal JusticeData also offers the data for jails andcapital punishment:
http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/NACJD/home.html
An estimated 5.1 million adults were under some form of correctional supervi-sion in 1994. Nearly three-quarters ofthese people were on probation or parole.About 2.7% of the U.S. adult residentpopulation were under correctional care or supervision in 1994, up from 1.1% in 1980.
Jails
Local jails are facilities that hold inmatesbeyond arraignment, usually for more than48 hours but less than a year. Local jailsare administered by city or county officials.
Local jails held an estimated 484,000adults, or about 1 in every 398 adult U.S.residents, on June 30, 1994. Men madeup 90% of adult jail inmates. White non-Hispanic inmates accounted for 39%of the total jail population; black non-Hispanics, 44%; and Hispanics, 15%.
The total number of adults in jail increasedby an estimated 28,200 inmates duringthe year ending June 30, 1994, or 6.2%.The overall increase of 300,800 adult in-mates between 1980 and 1994 representsan average annual increase of 7.2%.
Probation
Nearly 3 million adults were on probation on December 31, 1994. Probationers made up 58% of all adultsunder correctional supervision in 1994.
Approximately 20% of the probationerswere women, a larger proportion than forany other correctional population. About66% of adults on probation were white,and 32%, black. Six in ten persons dis-charged from probation had successfullycompleted their sentences.
The number of adults on probation in theUnited States increased by 61,100 (2.1%)between yearend 1993 and 1994. From1980 to 1994 the probation population
grew by more than 1.8 million, an averageof 7.2% annually.
Prisons
An estimated 992,000 men and womenwere in the custody of State and Federalprisons at yearend 1994. About 94% of allprisoners were men; 47% were white, and51%, black.
Two-thirds of sentenced prisoners enter-ing prison in 1994 were new court commit-ments, and nearly a third were parole orother conditional release violators. Amongpersons released from prison in 1994,77% were placed on probation, parole, orsome other type of conditional release.
The number of prisoners rose by 9% during 1994, the equivalent of 82,200 in-mates. This brought the total increase inprisoners between 1980 and 1994 to672,014, which translates to an averagegrowth rate of 8.4% each year.
Parole
An estimated 690,000 adults were on pa-role at yearend 1994, an increase of 2.1%from 1993. Nine of every ten paroleeswere men. An estimated 53% of personson parole were white; 46%, black; and1%, of other races.
About half of all entries to parole werebased on a parole board decision. Half ofall exits from parole were categorized assuccessful completions. Most of the re-mainder were returned to incarceration,but only a tenth of parolees were returnedto incarceration with a new sentence.
While the parole population increased byonly 2% during the year, the average an-nual rate of increase from 1980 to 1994was 8.5%, more than that of any othercorrectional population. The number ofadults on parole tripled during the 14-yearperiod (from 220,438).
Highlights iii
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 19940
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
Probation
Prison
Parole
Jail
Number of adults
Highlights
Adults on probation, in jail or prison, or on parole, 1980-94
Capital punishment
During 1994, 306 inmates were receivedunder sentence of death by State andFederal prisons, and 112 had their deathsentences removed by means other thanexecution. State and Federal prisons helda total of 2,890 prisoners under sentenceof death on December 31, 1994.
An estimated 57% of those under sen-tence of death at yearend were white and41% were black. Half of the inmates hadbeen under sentence of death for at least6 years.
Thirteen States executed 31 male prison-ers during 1994. The total number of pris-oners executed under civil authority in theUnited States from 1977 to 1994 was 257.
iv Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
All adults Male Female White Black0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
.77%
.44%
3.31%
1.48%
Percent of adult U.S. population for each group
.11%
All adults Male Female White Black0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
Percent of adult U.S. population for each group
4.74%
.76%
1.88%
9.12%
2.67%
Incarceration rates
Adults in local jail or in State or Federal prison, 1994
Adults in jail, on probation, in prison, or on parole, 1994
Military confinement
In 1994 the U.S. Department of DefenseCorrectional Council established an an-nual military confinement report. Thecouncil, comprised of representatives fromeach branch of military service adopted astandardized questionnaire and a commonset of definitions. With the CorrectionalCouncil, the Bureau of Justice Statisticshas produced a series of tables, whichprovide a unified profile of persons in thecustody of U.S. military authorities.
On December 31, 1994, the Army, MarineCorps, and Navy held a total of 2,782 pris-oners in 33 facilities, including 324 per-sons in pretrial detention and 2,458 inpost trial confinement. The Coast Guarddid not operate confinement facilities. Prisoner data from the Air Force were notreported; however, a total of 453 AirForce personnel were held by otherbranches of service. Slightly less than halfof military prisoners reported at yearend1994 (47%) belonged to the Army. The re-mainder were nearly equally dividedamong members of the Navy (19%), theMarine Corps (17%), and the Air Force(16%). Less than 1% belonged to theCoast Guard.
Approximately 98% of military detaineeswere men and 2% were women. Halfwere non-Hispanic whites; 39%, non-Hispanic blacks; 7%, Hispanics; and 4%,other races.
About 89% of prisoners held by the Army,Marine Corps, and Navy at yearend 1994were convicted inmates; and 11% wereunconvicted persons whose cases had not been tried.
A third of convicted military prisoners wereconfined for rape (17%), or sexual assaultoffenses (15%); and nearly a fifth (19%)were confined for military infractions, suchas desertion, AWOL, insubordination, or failure to obey a lawful order.
Prisoners convicted of murder or nonnegli-gent manslaughter accounted for 11%, asdid those convicted of larceny/theft. Druglaw violators made up 9%, and assaulters,8%. Each of the remaining categories ofoffenders accounted for 3% or less.
Approximately 90% of the 3,657 admis-sions to military confinement during 1994were new commitments from a militarycourt. The remainder were transfers fromother military confinement, and paroleesand escapees returned. More than three-fifths of the 5,181 per-sons released from military confinement in1994 were released through expiration ofsentence or other form of unconditionalrelease. About a fifth left on parole or other conditional release, and nearly a fifthwere transferred, either within the sameconfinement branch or to another branchof service.
The Army, Marine Corps, and Navy oper-ated a total of 33 confinement facilities, asof December 31, 1994. These included11 local and 10 regional facilities, 1 long-term facility inside the continental UnitedStates, and 11 facilities outside the conti-nental U.S. The number of Air Force fa-cilities was not reported.
The Navy maintained 16 facilities, and theMarine Corps, 5. The Army operated 12facilities, including the U.S. DisciplinaryBarracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas,which is the only U.S. military confinementfacility holding prisoners with sentencesof more than 5 years.
The design capacity of the 33 U.S. militaryconfinement facilities totalled 5,910. At yearend 1994, these facilities were operat-ing at 47% of their design capacity.
Highlights v
Summary of U.S. military confinement, December 31, 1994
Number of prisoners Branch ofserviceholdingprisoners
Branch of service towhich prison-ers belonged
Number offacilities
Designcapacity
Percent ofcapacityoccupied
All services 2,782 2,782 33 5,910 47%Air Force -- 453 -- -- --
Army 1,779 1,311 12 3,358 53Marine Corps 405 485 5 1,180 34
--Data for Air Force confinement facilities were not reported....Not applicable. The Coast Guard does not operate confinement facilities.
Correctional Populations in the United Statespresents numbers that describe persons undersome form of correctional supervision. In thiscompilation the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS)seeks to help users by
making readily apparent the links betweendifferent correctional institutions or methods ineach State
suggesting the similarities and differencesbetween States and regions as our system ofcriminal justice responds to both common anddisparate needs
permitting comparisons, however limited theymust be, with previous years' statistics.
Helping readers find a single number
Through an index at the end of the volume,readers can find all topics treated in the tables.The index numbers refer to the tables.
Footnotes give extra information about how tointerpret the numbers in the tables.
Category definitions are available in three places:the explanatory notes in the appendices ofsections, the questionnaires also in theappendices, and the definitions of commonterms in the Introduction on page 3.
To make comparisons across years or betweenjurisdictions
BJS makes every effort to report numbers that areconsistent in interpretation with those of the pastand between separate jurisdictions in the present.Data collection rules and reporting protocols that fithistorical statistics and that impose the least burdenon respondents are used.
Some jurisdictions depart from the reportingconventions, and some categories for countinghave shifted over the years. Users who try to drawconclusions from such numbers by comparingyears or jurisdictions must take into account specialcircumstances and changes. Footnotes, tablenotes, explanatory notes, and other materialhighlighting the tables must be consulted for afull understanding of the data.
The following symbols are used in the tables:
/ not reported
: not known
... not applicable
Important note
vi Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Introduction
History of U.S. corrections statistics 2Definitions of common terms used in the tables 3Data sources 4
Tables
1.1 Number of adults on probation, in jail, in prison, or on parole, 1980-94 5
1.2 Estimated number of adults onprobation, in jail, in prison, or onparole and their percent of theadult population, by sex andrace, 1994 5
1.3 Estimated number of adults under correctional supervision, by sex and race, 1985-94 6
1.4 Percent of adults undercorrectional supervision, by sex and race, 1985-94 6
1.5 Number of adults in custody of State or Federal prisons or local jails, 1980, 1985, 1990-94 7
1.6 Estimated number of adults held in State or Federal prisons or local jails, by sex and race, 1985-94 7
1.7 Number of adults held in State or Federal prisons or local jails, per 100,000 adult residents in each group, by sex and race,1980-94 7
1.8 Number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federaljurisdiction, by sex and race,1980-94 8
1.9 Estimated number of sentencedprisoners under State or Federaljurisdiction per 100,000 residentsin each group, by sex and race, 1980-94 9
1.10 Number of Hispanic prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, 1980-94 9
1.11 Estimated number of prisoners in custody of State correctionalauthorities, by the most serious offense, 1980, 1985, 1990-94 10
1.12 Estimated percent of prisonersin custody of State correctionalauthorities, by the most seriousoffense, 1980, 1985, 1990-94 11
1.13 Number of sentenced inmatesin Federal prisons, by the mostserious offense, 1980, 1985,1990-94 12
1.14 Percent of sentenced inmates in Federal prisons, by the most serious offense, 1980, 1985, 1990-94 13
1.15 Number of new court commitmentsto State and Federal prison, byrace, 1980-94 14
1.16 Percent of new court commitmentsto State and Federal prison, byrace, 1980-94 15
1.17 Number of new court commitmentsto State and Federal prison, bysex, 1980-94 16
1.18 Percent of new court commitmentsto State and Federal prison, bysex, 1980-94 17
1.19 Estimated number of sentencedprisoners admitted to State prisons, by the most serious offense, 1980, 1985, 1990-93 18
1.20 Percent of sentenced prisonersadmitted to State prisons, by the most serious offense, 1980,1985, 1990-93 19
1.21 Number of offenders sentencedto Federal prison in U.S. districtcourt, by the most serious offense,1980, 1985, 1990-94 20
1.22 Percent of offenders sentenced to Federal prison in U.S. districtcourt, by the most serious offense,1980, 1985, 1990-94 21
Explanatory notes 22
Technical note 22
Figures
1. Percent of U.S. adult population in State or Federal prisons or localjails, by race and sex, 1984-94 8
2. Number of prisoners in custodyof State correctional authorities, by offense, 1980-94 10
3. New court commitments ofState prisoners, by race, 1980-93 14
4. New court commitments ofFederal prisoners, by race, 1980-94 15
5. Percent of sentenced prisonersadmitted to State prisons, by offense type, 1980-93 19
Introduction 1
Introduction
History of U.S. corrections statistics
In 1850 the Federal Government, incooperation with the States as a part ofthe Seventh Decennial Census, initiated acount of prisoners in 32 States and in theterritories of Minnesota, New Mexico,Oregon, and Utah. Between 1850 and1870, U.S. marshals administered thecensus of prisoners as part of a specialschedule of social statistics. The 1880report indicated there were 61 prisoners inState institutions per 100,000 residents.By 1890 Nevada had the highest percapital rate among the States, 203, andWyoming had the lowest, 16. In thatsame year New York had 136 prisonersper 100,000 residents, and California had169.
In 1926 the Bureau of the Census beganthe annual collection of prisoner statistics,and the report for that year described thegoal of the effort as the collection of datato "show the application of penal policiesfor various classes of offenders and indifferent parts of the country." That firstannual report in 1926 provided informationby jurisdiction on admissions, releases,sentences and time served, inmates undersentence of death, recidivism, andcrowding issues of major concerntoday.
In 1950 the corrections program wastransferred from the Bureau of the Censusto the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) in theDepartment of Justice and in 1971 to theagency predecessor of the Bureau ofJustice Statistics (BJS), the NationalCriminal Justice Information and StatisticsService of the Law EnforcementAssistance Administration (LEAA). LEAAadded the statistical series on local jails(1970), probation (1979), and parole(1976).
All the major reporting series and projectsof the corrections unit, Bureau of JusticeStatistics, are outlined under "Datasources" below. The Bureau of theCensus serves as the data collectionsagency for most of these series. Thefollowing chronology sketches the evolu-tion of the statistical reports grouped inthis volume.
1904. Prisoners and Juvenile Delinquents,1904 reported movements rather thanindividuals. Prison officials served asenumerators.
1924. Prisoners, 1923 presented adultsseparate from juveniles.
1926. Prisoners in State and FederalPrisons and Reformatories began as anannual report that continued until 1946.The report included a special section onprisoners under sentence of death. From1946 to 1970 the Bureau of Prisonspublished the annual figures. The LEAAfollowed for 9 years until BJS was createdin 1980. (The Bureau of Census hasacted as collecting agent since 1972.)
1947. The Bureau of Prisons began theseparate annual reports on prisonersunder sentence of death. LEAA and thenBJS continued the reports until 1984.BJS will continue to publish annualbulletins about the death penalty andpersons sentenced to death; the moredetailed statistics appear in thecorrections volume.
1965. The National Council on Crime andDelinquency (NCCD), a nongovernmentalorganization, started the Uniform ParoleReports project under Federal contract.
1970. LEAA conducted its first 1-daycount of jails.
1974. LEAA, with the Bureau of theCensus, surveyed a national randomsample of inmates in State prisons. Thesurvey, repeated in 1979, 1986, and 1991,collected information on personalbackground and criminal history andinquired about drug and alcohol usage.
1976. The NCCD and LEAA annualreports covered parole data beginning in1976.
1978. The Bureau of the Census countedprisoners in U.S. jails; Census repeatedthe complete enumeration in 1983, 1988,and 1993.
1979. The first annual report on paroleand probation appeared, published byBJS.
1982. The Bureau of the Censuscompleted the first annual jail samplesurvey for BJS. Bulletins containing datafrom the sample survey are supple-mented by the corrections volume
1983. The National Prisoner Statisticsprogram on admissions and releases(NPS) and the Uniform Parole Reports(UPR) were combined into one reportingsystem, the National CorrectionsReporting Program (NCRP). Each yearNCRP collects individual-level data onpersons admitted to prison, released fromprison, and released from parole.
1985. BJS published the first CorrectionalPopulations in the United States. Thereport consolidated data collectedannually from Federal, State, and localcorrectional agencies. The reportcontained a chapter highlighting a specialcollection completed during the year.
2 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Definitions of common terms used intables
Custody. To have custody of a prisoner, aState must hold that person in one of itsfacilities. Early statistical reports gavecustody counts that largely have beenreplaced by jurisdiction counts of Stateprison populations. A State may havecustody of a prisoner over whom anotherState maintains jurisdiction. The tablespresent both kinds of counting proce-dures, with jurisdiction counts being morecomplete; States that report only oncustody are noted.
Detention status. This term distinguish-es between prisoners, usually in jail, whowere convicted or who were awaitingjudgment.
Discretionary parole. A release fromprison to supervision is discretionary whenit is decided by a board or other authority.
Hispanic origin. A person of Hispanicorigin may be of any race; however, a fewStates treat the ethnic category as a racialone. Reporting officials usually rely onself-definition, but some States classifyaccording to surname.
Jurisdiction. Jurisdiction refers to a unitof government or to the legal authority toexercise governmental power. Accordingto the latter meaning, the prisoners undera State's jurisdiction may be in the custodyof local jails. (See "Custody.")
Mandatory parole. Mandatory parole re-sults from statutory or correctional guide-lines, and no judgment by a panel orboard is required for release of a prisonerto supervision outside prison.
Maximum sentence length. Somejurisdictions sentence offenders to a rangeof years; the larger number in that rangeis the most that a prisoner may serve on asentence. Often, good time is subtractedfrom the maximum sentence. When thetables report on prisoners with sentenceslonger or shorter than a year, the
maximum sentence is used whereapplicable.
Military justice terms General court-martial is the highest mili-tary court for judging the most serious of-fenses. A military judge presides. Thiscourt includes members (jurors) at theelection of the accused, except when thecourt must have members for impositionof the death penalty. If an enlisted personis accused, in the absence of exigent cir-cumstances at least a third of the courtmust be enlisted members who are notlower ranking than the accused. A gen-eral court-martial may be used to try anyperson subject to the Uniform Code ofMilitary Justice.
Special court-martial is used for judgingoffenses less serious than those in a gen-eral court-martial. A military judge pre-sides. A special court-martial may notimpose the following: the death penalty, a dishonorable discharge, dismissal of anofficer, confinement in excess of 6months, hard labor without confinementfor more than 3 months, forfeiture of payin excess of two-thirds of pay per month,or forfeiture of any percentage of pay formore than 6 months.
Summary court-martial is the least formalmilitary court, consisting of one active-dutycommissioned officer. This court promptlyadjudicates minor offenses under a simpleprocedure. Punishment may not exceedconfinement for 1 month, hard labor with-out confinement for 45 days, restriction tospecified limits for more than 2 months, orforfeiture of more than two-thirds pay formore than 1 month. If the service mem-ber is above the rank of E-4, the presidingofficer may not impose confinement, hardlabor without confinement, or reduction ofmore than one grade.
Movement. In corrections, a movement isan admission to or a release from a status prisoner, parolee, or probationer.Unless specifically noted, a transfer
between facilities does not count as amovement.
Most serious offense. The offense withthe longest term of incarceration imposed.
New court commitments. Inmates whowere admitted to prison directly from acourt with all new sentences. Thiscategory includes probation violatorsentering prison for the first time on theprobated offenses. Parole violators areexcluded from this category.
One-day count. For a 1-day count ajurisdiction or facility is asked to reporthow many people were on its roll on acertain day. The average daily populationis a year's total number of people on theroll each day, divided by the number ofdays. The methods of counting inaggregate do not yield estimates of eitherthe number of persons in a status duringthe year or the average amount of timepersons remain in a status.
Race. Classification by race oftendepends on the reporting program and theState. A few States reported twocategories: white and nonwhite. A fewothers categorized Hispanic offenders asbelonging to "Other race." The number ofpersons with certain racial backgroundswere sometimes estimated.
Reporting time. The prison and capitalpunishment figures are from December31, 1994, unless otherwise noted. TheBureau of the Census surveyed jails onJune 30, 1994; the bureau completedcensus of jails on June 30, 1993.
Revisions. Many States revise theyearend number reported for the previousyear. Those revisions are made in thetotal, not the detail. For example, thenumber of blacks, whites, and members ofother races for 1993 were not changed bya State in 1994 to equal its revised 1993total.
Introduction 3
Data sources
Series that aggregate by reporting unit
NPS-1. Annual yearend count of prisonerspresent by jurisdiction, sex, race, Hispanicorigin, and admissions and releasesduring the year.
NPS-1A. Count of prisoners present on June 30 by jurisdiction.
NPS-1B. Advance yearend count ofprisoners; emergency releases because ofprison crowding; rated, operational, anddesign capacities of prison facilities.
NPS-8A. Yearend count of persons in prison under sentence of death.
NPS-8B,8C. Complete survey of States todetermine any significant changes instatues or case law relating to the deathpenalty.
CJ-8. Yearend count, admissions, andreleases of persons on probation byjurisdiction.
CJ-7. Yearend count, admissions, andreleases of persons on parole byjurisdiction.
CJ-5. Annual survey to estimate thepopulation of jails in jurisdictions holding adaily average of more than 100 people.
CJ-5A. Annual survey to estimate thepopulation of jails in jurisdictions holding adaily average of fewer than 100 people.
CJ-43. Census every 5 years of all Stateand Federal prison facilities to record theircharacteristics.
CJ-3. Census every 5 years of all jailfacilities to record their characteristics.
Series based on reported individualoffenders
NPS-8. Characteristics of personsadmitted to, under, or released from asentence of death during the year.
NCRP-1A. Individual record data on eachoffender admitted to prison during theyear, covering race, age, Hispanic origin,jail credits, prior prison credit, offensesand number of counts, and maximum andminimum sentence.
NCRP-1B. Individual record data on eachoffender released from prison during theyear, covering data from NCRP-1A,offenses and sentences since admission,time spent in halfway houses, time served,and category of discharge.
NCRP-1C. Individual record data on eachoffender discharged from parolesupervision, covering data contained inNCRP-1A and NCRP-1B, paroledischarge, and category of discharge.
Series based on interviews of sampledprisoners
SIJ-43. Survey every 5 years of a randomsample of jail inmates to determinecriminal history, drug and alcohol use, andpersonal background.
NPS-25. Survey every 5 years of arandom sample of prison inmates todetermine criminal history, drug andalcohol use, and personal background.
4 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Introduction 5
Table 1.2. Estimated number of adults on probation, in jail, in prison, or on parole and their percent of the adult population, by sex and race, 1994
Sex RaceTotala Male Female White Black Other
Total 5,129,700 4,367,500 762,200 3,051,100 2,013,400 65,200
U.S. adult resident populationb 192,323,000 92,231,000 100,092,000 162,472,000 22,080,000 7,771,000
Percent under correctional supervision 2.7% 4.7% .8% 1.9% 9.1% .8%
Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. In cases wheresex or race was unknown or not reported, percentages were applied based on known cases. aA small number of individuals may have multiple correctional statuses;consequently, the total number of persons under correctional supervision is an overestimate. See Technical note. bResident population age18 or older on July 1, 1994.
Table 1.1. Number of adults on probation, in jail or prison, or on parole, 1980-94
Note: Counts for probation, prison, and parole population are for December 31 of each yearand have been revised based on the most recently reported counts. Jail population counts are for June 30 of each year. Prisoner counts are for inmates in custody only. aA small number of individuals may have multiple correctional statuses; consequently, the total number of persons under correctional supervision may be an overestimate. See Technical note.b The jail population counts are estimated.
6 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 1.4. Percent of adults undercorrectional supervision, by sex andrace, 1985-94
Note: Populations are estimated and rounded to the nearest 100.Previously published estimates by sex and race have been revised,based on the most recently reported population totals.
Introduction 7
Table 1.5. Number of adults in custody of State or Federal prisons or local jails, 1980, 1985, 1990-94
aState and Federal inmate counts exclude those under State of Federal jurisdictionwho were housed elsewhere, as in county or local jails. bNumber of adults held in local jails. cTotal number of adults held in the custody of State, Federal, or local jurisdictionsper 100,000 U.S. residents. dJail population counts are estimated.
Table 1.7. Number of adults held in State or Federal prisons or local jails per 100,000 adult residents ineach group, by sex and race, 1985-94
Note: Sentenced prisoners are those with a sentence of more than 1 year.aIncludes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and other racial groups.bThe numbers for sex and race were estimated and rounded to the nearest 100. For men and women, the total number of sentenced prisoners was multiplied by the proportion of black or white of the total population in each group. The reported racial distribution was used to estimate unreported data.cThe numbers of sentenced prisoners on December 31, 1993, have been updatedand will differ from numbers reported elsewhere in this volume.
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 19940%
2%
4%
6%
8%
Percent of U.S. adultpopulation for each group
Black males (6.75%)
White males (0.86%)
White females (0.06%)Black females (0.44%)
Figure 1. Percent of U.S. adult population in State or Federal prisons or in local jails, by race and sex, 1984-94
Introduction 9
Table 1.9. Estimated number of sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction per 100,000 residents in each group, by sex andrace, 1980-94
Number of sentenced prisoners per 100,000 residentsMale Female
Note: Sentenced prisoners are those with a sentence of more than 1 year. aRates may differ from those previously published because the number of prisoners under jurisdiction has been revised and is based on the U.S. residentpopulation on December 31 of each year. bRates may differ from those previously published because the number of prisonersunder jurisdiction has been revised and is based on the U.S. resident populationon July 1 of each year.cIncludes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives,and other racial groups.
Table 1.10. Number of Hispanic prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, 1980-94
State or Federal SentencedHispanic prisoners Hispanic prisonersa
Note: Data are based on incomplete counts. Each year, some States were unable to report data on Hispanic origin, others reported estimates only, and others reported incomplete counts. To determine the extent of underreporting in 1994 see table 5.9 and Explanatory notes. aSentenced prisoners are those with a sentence of more than 1 year.bNumbers of Hispanics with a sentence of more than a year were estimated by multiplying the total number of sentenced prisoners by the proportion Hispanic of all prisoners under State and Federal jurisdiction. Estimates were rounded to the nearest 100. cRates are based on estimates of the U.S. resident Hispanic population on July 1 of each year.
10 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 1.11. Estimated number of prisoners in custody of State correctional authorities,by the most serious offense, 1980, 1985, 1990-94
Most serious offense
Number of inmates in State prison1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Total 295,819 451,812 684,544 728,605 778,495 828,566 906,112
Drug offenses 19,000 38,900 148,600 155,200 172,300 183,200 202,100
Public-order offenses d 12,400 23,000 45,500 49,500 51,100 53,800 58,800
Other/unspecified e 1,800 3,200 3,100 2,900 3,100 4,400 6,000
Note: Offense distributions for yearend 1991 are based ondata from the Survey of Inmates of State Correctional Fa-cilities, conducted in August 1991. The offense distribu-tions for other years are estimated using forward andbackward stock-flow methods. See Explanatory notes forfurther details on the estimations. All estimates are basedon the total number of prisoners in custody, includingthose with a sentence of 1 year or less and those whowere unsentenced. Estimates for 1993 have been up-dated; those for 1994 are preliminary and subject to revi-sion. See definitions for the distinction between custodyand jurisdiction counts. Due to rounding, detail may notsum to total. aIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter.
bIncludes extortion, intimidation, criminal en-dangerment, and other violent offenses.cIncludes possession and selling of stolenproperty, destruction of property, trespass-ing, vandalism, criminal tampering, andother property offenses.dIncludes weapons, drunk driving, escape,court offenses, obstruction, commercializedvice, morals and decency charges, liquorlaw violations, and other public-orderoffenses.eIncludes juvenile offenses and unspecifiedfelonies.
Introduction 11
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 19940
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
500,000
Number of State prison inmates
Violent
Property
Drug Public-order
Table 1.12. Estimated percent of prisoners in custody of State correctionalauthorities, by the most serious offense, 1980, 1985, 1990-94
Percent of inmates in State prison
Most serious offense 1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Drug offenses 6.4% 8.6% 21.7% 21.3% 22.1% 22.1% 22.3%
Public-order offenses d 4.2% 5.1% 6.6% 6.8% 6.6% 6.5% 6.5%
Other/unspecified e .6% .7% .5% .4% .4% .5% .7%
Note: Offense distributions for yearend 1991 are based on data from the Survey of Inmates of StateCorrectional Facilities, conducted in August 1991. The offense distributions for other years are esti-mated using forward and backward stock-flow methods. See Explanatory notes for further details onthe estimations. All estimates are based on the total number of prisoners in physical custody, includ-ing those with sentences of 1 year or less and those who were unsentenced. See definitions for thedistinction between custody and jurisdiction counts. Due to rounding, detail may not sum to total.aIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter.bIncludes extortion, intimidation, criminal endangerment, and other violent offenses.cIncludes possession and selling of stolen property, destruction of property, trespassing,vandalism, criminal tampering, and other property offenses.d Includes weapons, drunk driving, escape, court offenses, obstruction, commercialized vice, morals and decency charges, liquor law violations, and other public-order offenses.eIncludes juvenile offenses and unspecified felonies.
Figure 2. Number of prisoners in custody of State correctional authorities, by offense type, 1980-94
12 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 1.13. Number of sentenced inmates in Federal prisons,by the most serious offense, 1980, 1985, 1990-94
Number of inmates in Federal prisona
Most serious offense 1980b 1985c 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994d
Total 19,471 27,607 56,989 65,802 72,851 82,698 87,515
Note: Data for September 30 of 1980 and 1985 are from table A-9 of Statistical Report,Federal Bureau of Prisons. Data for December 31, 1990-94, are from the BJSFederal justice database. Numbers may differ from the Federal Bureau of Prisons' count because the Federal Justice Statistics Program includes prisoners in transit.aIncludes prisoners of any sentence length.bOffenses are known for 89.5% of 21,758 total. cOffenses are known for 88.1% of 31,346 total.dPreliminary data.eIncludes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and negligent manslaughter.fIncludes kidnaping, rape, other sexual assault, threats against the President, and other offenses.gIncludes embezzlement, counterfeiting, forgery, bankruptcy, and fraud (excluding tax fraud but including securities fraud). hIncludes motor vehicle theft, trespassing, destruction of property, and transport of stolen property.iIncludes flight to avoid prosecution, escape, parole and probation violation, and other court offenses.jIncludes liquor laws, national security laws, income tax, selective service acts, bribery, gambling, traffic offenses, and other public-order offenses.kIncludes offenses not classifiable or not a violation of the United States Code.
Introduction 13
Table 1.14. Percent of sentenced inmates in Federal prisons,by the most serious offense, 1980, 1985, 1990-94
Percent of inmates in Federal prisona
Most serious offense 1980b 1985c 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994d
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Note: Data for September 30 of 1980 and 1985 are from table A-9 of Statistical Report,Federal Bureau of Prisons. Data for December 31, 1990-94, are from the BJS FederalJustice database. aIncludes prisoners of any sentence length. bOffenses are known for 89.5% of 21,758 total. cOffenses are known for 88.1% of 31,346 total.dPreliminary data.eIncludes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and negligent manslaughter.fIncludes kidnaping, rape, other sexual assault, threats against the President, and otheroffenses.gIncludes embezzlement, counterfeiting, forgery, bankruptcy, and fraud (excluding tax fraudbut including securities fraud). hIncludes motor vehicle theft, trespassing, destruction of property, and transport of stolen property.iIncludes flight to avoid prosecution, escape, parole and probation violation, and other court offenses.jIncludes liquor laws, national security laws, income tax, selective service acts, bribery, gambling,traffic offenses, and other public-order offenses.kIncludes offenses not classifiable or not a violation of the United States Code.
14 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 1.15. Number of new court commitments to State and Federal prison, by race, 1980-94
Total num-ber of ad-missionsa
Number of State andFederal admissions Total num-
ber of Stateadmissions
Number of State admissions
Total num-ber of Federal admissions
Number of Federal admissions
Year White Black Otherb White Black Otherb White Black Otherb
Note: The total number of admissions is from the National PrisonersStatistics (1980-84) and from Correctional Populations in the UnitedStates (1985-94). The number of admissions by race are from Race ofPrisoners Admitted to State and Federal Institutions, 1926-86(NCJ-125618) and the National Corrections Reporting Program(1987-93), and unpublished data are from Federal Justice StatisticsProgram (1993-94). All percentages are based on totals excludingprisoners of unknown race. For Federal admissions 1980-85, "Other"is included with "Black."
. . .Not available. aSentenced prisoners only. b"Other" includes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, andAlaska Natives. cFederal admissions data are from the National Corrections Report-ing Program. dFederal admissions data are from National Prisoners Statistics,and the detail data are calculated, based on data provided by theFederal Justice Statistics Program. eThe number of State admissions for 1994 was estimated forAlaska.
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 19930
100,000
200,000
300,000
400,000
Number of new courtcommitments to State prisons
All races
Whites
Blacks
Figure 3. New court commitments of State prisoners, by race, 1980-93
Introduction 15
Table 1.16. Percent of new court commitments to State and Federal prison, by race, 1980-94
Total num-ber of ad-missionsa
Percent of State and Federal admissions
Total num-ber of Stateadmissions
Percent of State admissionsTotal numberof Federal admissions
Percent of Federal admissions
Year Total White Black Otherb Total White Black Otherb Total White Black Otherb
Note: The total number of admissions is from the National Prisoners Statis-tics (1980-84) and from Correctional Populations in the United States(1985-94). The number of admissions by race are from Race of PrisonersAdmitted to State and Federal Institutions, 1926-86 (NCJ-125618) and theNational Corrections Reporting Program (1987-93), and unpublished dataare from Federal Justice Statistics Program (1993-94). All percentagesare based on totals excluding prisoners of unknown race. For Federal admissions 1980-85, "Other" is included with "Black."
. . .Not available. aSentenced prisoners only. b"Other" includes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, and Alaska Natives. cFederal admissions data are from the National Corrections Reporting Program. dFederal admissions data are from National Prisoners Statistics, and the detail data are calculated, based on data provided by the Federal Justice Statistics Program. eThe number of State admissions for 1994 was estimated for Alaska.
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 19940
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Number of new courtcommitments to Federal prisons
Blacks
Whites
All races
Figure 4. New court commitments of Federal prisoners, by race, 1980-94
16 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 1.17. Number of new court commitments to State and Federal prison, by sex, 1980-94
Total num-ber of ad-missions
Number of State andFederal admissions Number of State admissions Number of Federal admissions
Year Males Females Total Males Females Totala Males Females
aTotal number of Federal admissions for 1990-92 is from the NationalCorrections Reporting Program and for 1993-94, from the Federal JusticeStatistics Program. The breakdown by sex is calculated by taking thepercent that the Federal Justice Statistics Program reports for each of the years and applying it to the total number of admissions. bThe number of State admissions for Alaska was estimated. Data are preliminary and subject to revision.
Introduction 17
Table 1.18. Percent of new court commitments to State and Federal prison, by sex, 1980-94
aTotal number of Federal admissions for 1990-92 is fromthe National Corrections Reporting Program and for 1993-94, from the Federal Justice Statistics Program.The breakdown by sex for each year is provided by the Federal Justice Statistics Program (calculated based ontheir count of Federal admissions for each year).bThe number of State admissions for Alaska was estimated.Data are preliminary and subject to revision.
18 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 1.19. Estimated number of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons,by the most serious offense, 1980, 1985, 1990-93
Mostserious offense
Number of new court commitments to State prisona
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993
All offenses 131,215 183,131 323,069 317,237 334,301 318,069
Note: All data were estimated. For each year, the proportion of new court commitments in eachoffense category was multiplied by the total number of new court commitments and rounded to the nearest hundred. (See table 1.20 for percentages.) Detail may not add to total because of rounding. aIncludes only those with sentences of more than 1 year.bIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. cIncludes rape and other sexual assault.
Introduction 19
Table 1.20. Percent of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons,by the most serious offense, 1980, 1985, 1990-93
Note: Data based on the most serious offense as reported by participating States. For 1980, data are from the National Prisoner Statistics program. For 1985 and 1990-97, data are from the National Corrections Reporting Program. aIncludes only those with sentences of more than 1 year.bIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter. cIncludes rape and other sexual assault.
1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 19930%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
Percent of new court commitments to State prisons
Property Violent
Drug
Public-order
Figure 5. Percent of sentenced prisoners admitted to State prisons, by offense type, 1980-93
20 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 1.21. Number of offenders sentenced to Federal prison in U.S. district court,by the most serious offense, 1980, 1985, 1990-94
Mostserious offense
Number of offenders sentenced to Federal prisona
1980 1985 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Total b 13,766 20,605 28,659 30,555 33,622 34,844 31,586
Note: Data are from the BJS Federal Justice StatisticsProgram. For 1980 and 1985, the data source is Fed-eral Criminal Case Processing, 1980-90, with Prelimi-nary Data for 1990. aIncludes all offenders sentenced to incarcerationlonger than 4 days. Excludes offenders with sus-pended sentences and those sentenced to time al-ready sesrved. bTotal may include offenders for whom the offensecategory could not be determined. cIncludes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, andnegligent manslaughter.
dIncludes rape and other sex offenses. eIncludes forgery, fraud, embezzlement, and counterfeiting. fIncludes arson, transportation of stolen property, and otherproperty offenses. gIncludes bribery, perjury, national defense, tax law violations(excluding tax fraud), racketeering, extortion, gambling, liquoroffenses, traffic offenses, mail or transport of obscene materials,and other public-order offenses.
Introduction 21
Table 1.22. Percent of offenders sentenced to Federal prison in U.S. district court,by the most serious offense, 1980, 1985, 1990-94
Note: Data are from the BJS Federal Justice Statis-tics Program.aIncludes all offenders sentenced to incarcerationlonger than 4 days. Excludes offenders with sus-pended sentences and those sentenced to time al-ready served.bPercents exclude offenders for whom the offensecategory could not be determined.cIncludes murder, nonnegligent manslaughter, and negligent manslaughter.
dIncludes rape and other sex offenses.eIncludes forgery, fraud, embezzlement, and counterfeiting.fIncludes arson, transportation of stolen property, and otherproperty offenses.gIncludes bribery, perjury, national defense, tax law violations (excluding tax fraud), racketeering, extortion, gambling, liquor offenses, traffic offenses, mail or transport of obscene materi-als, and other public-order offenses.
Explanatory notes
The offense distributions of State prisonersat yearend are estimated for 1980-93. Inmate surveys, conducted in November1979, March 1986, and August 1991, pro-vide estimates for the custody populations at yearend 1979, 1985, and 1991. Whencombined with counts by offense of annualadmissions and releases, these surveys pro-vide the basis for estimating the offense dis-tributions of the other years.
The offense distributions were estimated us-ing the following forward and backwardstock-flow procedures:
1. To obtain a base population for eachsurvey year, survey estimates were appliedto counts of the total sentenced jurisdictionalpopulations for the survey year. The 1979survey provided estimates for yearend 1979;the 1986 survey for yearend 1985; and the1991 survey for yearend 1991.
2. To obtain flow populations for each year,the offense distributions of admissions andreleases (in percents) were drawn from an-nual reports of the National Prisoner Statis-tics (1980-82) program and the NationalCorrections Reporting Program (1983-93).These percents were then multiplied by thetotal number of admissions and releases ofsentenced prisoners to obtain an estimate ofthe number of admissions and releases bytype of offense for each year.
3. Forward estimates of the number of in-mates at yearend in nonsurvey years wereestimated iteratively by adding admissionsand subtracting releases from the basepopulations. The estimated end of year dis-tribution was then used as the base popula-tion for the next year. The process was thenrepeated until the subsequent survey yearwas reached. Data from the 1979 surveywere used for forward estimates for1980-84; data from the 1986 survey, for1986-90; and data from the 1991 survey, for1992-93.
4. Backward estimates were obtained itera-tively by adding releases and subtracting
admissions from the yearend base popu-lation. The estimated distribution wasthen used as the base population for thepreceding year. This process was re-peated until the previous survey year wasreached. Data from the 1991 surveywere used to estimate data for 1990 backto 1986; data from the 1986 survey wereused to estimate data for 1984 back to1980.
5. Final estimates were obtained by cal-culating a weighted sum of the forwardand backward estimates. The forwardand backward estimates were weightedinversely to the elapsed number of years(up to 6 years) from the base populationand then summed. Forward weightswere reduced by one-sixth for each yearafter the base survey year, and backwardweights were reduced by one-sixth foreach year preceding the base surveyyear. For example, in calculating the finalestimates for 1980, the forward estimatesbased on the 1979 survey received aweight of .83 (or 1 minus a sixth), and thebackward estimates based on the 1986survey received a weight of .17 (or 1.0minus five-sixths). The final estimateswere then converted to proportions.
6. Because the 1979, 1986, and 1991survey estimates were based on custodycounts, the final estimates (which werebased on the sentenced jurisdictionalcounts) were then converted to custodycounts. To estimate the number of in-mates by offense, the total number of in-mates in physical custody was multipliedby the proportion of inmates in each of-fense category.
Technical note
To estimate the total correctionalpopulations in tables 1.1-1.5, the fourcorrectional populations are assumed tocontain individuals with only one status at a time. This assumption may not bevalid. Multiple correctional statuses mayoccur because
probation and parole agencies arenot always notified of new arrests, jailentries, or prison admissions;
absconders on agency caseloads inone jurisdiction may actually beincarcerated in another jurisdiction;
individuals may be admitted to jail orprison before formal revocation hear-ings by a probation or parole agency.
By adding the number of persons onprobation, on parole, in jail, and in prison,we may count some persons more thanonce; consequently, the sum will be anoverestimate of the total number ofpersons under correctional supervision at any one time. The magnitude of theoverestimation is not known; however,data collected in previous BJS surveys of prison and jail inmates indicate that thenumber of inmates doublecounted maybe small relative to the total populationunder correctional supervision. Resultsfrom the 1989 Survey of Inmates of LocalJails indicated that 28% of the jailinmates were on probation and 10% wereon parole at the time of admission. Results from the 1991 Survey of Inmatesin State Correctional Facilities indicated 23% of the State prisoners on probationand 22% on parole when entering prison.
If the survey results are applied to thetotal jail and prison populations in 1994,and if all of these inmates are assumedto have been doublecounted, then thetotal number of doublecounted inmateswould be 612,000, or about 11.9% of theestimated correctional population. This isan extreme assumption.
Somewhat lower estimates are generatedif it is assumed that the survey figuresshould be applied only to those jailinmates who are unconvicted and toprisoners who are technical violators ofparole or probation supervision. Underthis assumption, the doublecount wouldbe an estimated 170,000 inmates, or3.5% of the total correctional population.
22 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Tables2.1 One-day population and average
daily population of jail inmates,midyear 1990-94 24
2.2 Demographic characteristics of jailinmates, midyear 1990-94 24
2.3 Number of local jail inmates andrates per 100,000 U.S. residents,midyear 1984-94 25
2.4 Number of local jail inmates andrates per 100,000 U.S. residents, byrace, midyear 1984-94 25
2.5 Jail capacity and occupancy,selected years, midyear 1990-94 26
2.6 The 25 largest local jail jurisdictions:Number of facilities and inmatesand average daily populationmidyear 1988, 1993, and 1994 26
2.7 Standard error estimates, midyear 1994 27
2.8 Standard error estimates for thenumber of inmates and ratedcapacity for the Annual Survey ofJails, midyear 1984-94 27
Figure6 Number of jail inmates per
100,000 U.S. residents, by race,1984-94 25
Methodology 28
Questionnaire 29
Jail inmates in 1994 23
Jail inmates in 1994
24 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 2.2. Demographic characteristics of jail inmates, midyear 1990-94
Number of jail inmates Percent of jail inmatesCharacteristic 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Note: Race/Hispanic origin was reported for 89.7% of inmates in 1990, 91.1% in 1991, 97.6% in 1992, 85.1% in 1993, and 95.8% in 1994. *Includes Amercian Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, and Pacific Islanders.
Table 2.1. One-day count and average daily population of jail inmates, midyear 1990-94
Number of jail inmates
Annual Survey of Jails Census of Jails
AnnualSurvey of Jails
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
One-day count All inmates 405,320 426,479 444,584 459,804 490,442
Note: Data for 1-day counts are for June 30, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993,and 1994; June 29, 1990; and June 28, 1991. Data for detail for 1993were estimated and rounded to the nearest hundred.*Juveniles are persons defined by State statute as being under a cer-tain age, usually 18, and subject initially to juvenile court authorityeven if tried as adults in criminal court. In 1994 the survey's definitionof juveniles was changed to include all persons under age 18. Be-cause about 1% of the jail population were juveniles, caution must beused in interpreting any changes over time.--Not available.
Jail inmates in 1994 25
Table 2.3. Local jail inmates and their number per 100,000 U.S. residents, midyear 1984-94
Note: Inmate counts for midyear 1984-87, 1989-92, and 1994 are survey estimates subject to sampling error. For estimates of each year's sampling error, see table 2.7.*The number of adult inmates was estimated and rounded to the nearest 100. See Methodology.
Table 2.4. Number of local jail inmates and rates per100,000 U.S. residents, by race, midyear 1984-94
Note: Categories for black and white inmates include Hispan-ics. Inmate counts for midyear 1984-87, 1989-92, and 1994 are survey estimates subject to sampling error. Data are estimated and rounded to the nearest 100.
1984 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 19940
200
400
600
800
118
188
695
Number of inmates in local jailsper 100,000 U.S. residents in each group
Figure 6. Number of jail inmates per 100,000 U.S. residents, by race, 1984-94
Blacks
All races Whites
26 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 2.5. Jail capacity and occupancy, midyear 1990-94
Annual Survey of Jails
Censusof Jails
AnnualSurvey ofJails
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994
Number of inmates 405,320 426,479 444,584 459,804 490,442
Rated capacity of jailsa 389,171 421,237 449,197 475,224 504,324
Percent of rated capacity occupiedb 104% 101% 99% 97% 97%
Amount of capacity addedc 21,402 32,066 27,960 26,027 29,100
Note: Data are for June 30, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, and 1994; June 29, 1990; and June 28, 1991.aRated capacity is the number of beds or inmates assigned to facilities within each jurisdiction.bPercent of rated capacity occupied is based on the 1-day count of inmates. This ratio may include some inmates not in physical custody but under the jurisdiction of a local jail, such as inmates on electronic monitoring, under house arrest, or in day reporting or other community supervision programs.cThe amount of bedspace added during the 12 months before the survey or census in each year.
Table 2.6. The 25 largest local jail jurisdictions: Number of facilities, inmates, and average daily population, midyear 1988, 1993, and 1994
Number of facilities Number of inmatesChange in number of inmates Average daily population*
Los Angeles County, CA 12 8 9 21,782 20,065 20,113 (1,669) 48 22,246 23,232 19,725New York City, NY 14 15 15 15,227 17,307 18,171 2,944 864 15,401 17,488 18,091Harris County, TX 4 4 4 6,611 9,472 10,716 4,105 1,244 6,546 11,637 10,282Dallas County, TX 7 4 6 4,221 7,592 9,715 5,494 2,123 4,097 6,747 9,321Cook County, IL / / / 6,148 9,054 9,092 2,944 38 5,700 8,851 8,950
Dade County, FL 6 7 7 4,603 5,553 6,338 1,735 785 4,275 5,489 6,656San Diego County, CA 10 12 11 4,463 5,374 5,487 1,024 113 3,699 5,350 5,651Orleans Parish, LA / -- 11 3,611 -- 5,351 1,740 -- 3,530 -- 5,231Tarrant County, TX 5 4 4 2,390 4,408 5,317 2,927 909 2,366 4,508 5,167Shelby County, TN 2 2 2 3,411 6,451 5,124 1,713 (1,327) 2,857 6,426 4,891
Maricopa County, AZ 10 7 7 3,722 4,478 5,170 1,448 692 3,626 4,641 4,862Orange County, CA 6 3 3 4,075 4,659 4,987 912 328 4,012 4,672 4,836Philadelphia City, PA 7 5 5 3,798 4,836 4,696 898 (140) 3,927 4,912 4,799Santa Clara County, CA 10 7 8 3,358 4,237 4,303 945 66 3,382 4,451 4,103Bexar County, TX / / / 1,270 3,740 4,301 3,031 561 1,447 3,400 3,882
San Bernardino County, CA 2 2 2 2,192 2,999 3,136 944 137 2,053 3,146 3,188Broward County, FL 3 3 3 2,516 2,921 3,367 851 446 2,629 2,892 3,165Orange County, FL 4 / / 2,309 3,096 3,470 1,161 374 2,374 3,386 3,162Baltimore City, MD 6 5 5 2,745 3,112 3,350 605 238 2,773 3,011 3,160Alameda County, CA 5 2 3 3,079 3,281 3,330 251 49 3,040 3,604 3,098
Sacramento County, CA 3 2 2 2,548 2,741 2,954 406 213 2,214 2,976 2,852Fulton County, GA 11 4 4 3,233 2,702 2,684 (549) (18) 3,063 2,529 2,524Travis County, TX 3 3 3 899 2,065 2,636 1,737 571 779 2,106 2,463Wayne County, MI 2 / 3 1,693 2,280 2,499 806 219 1,717 2,160 2,400Duval County, FL 3 3 3 1,684 2,423 2,775 1,091 352 1,392 2,366 2,383
Note: The jurisdictions are ranked by their average daily population in 1994.Negative numbers are in parentheses.--Not available./These jurisdictions provided a single report covering all of their jail facilities.*Based on the average daily population for the year ending June 30.
Jail inmates in 1994 27
Table 2.8. Standard error estimates for the number of inmates and rated capacity for the Annual Survey of Jails, midyear 1984-94
One-day count All inmates 490,442 2,471 .5% Adults 483,717 2,459 .5 Male 434,838 2,331 .5 Female 48,879 384 .8 Juveniles 6,725 174 2.6 Held as adults 5,139 128 2.5 Held as juveniles 1,586 104 6.6
Average daily population 479,757 2,156 .5%
Rated capacity 504,324 3,221 .6%
Sex Male 441,219 2,339 .5% Female 49,223 389 .8
Race/Hispanic origin White non-Hispanic 183,762 1,932 1.1% Black non-Hispanic 206,278 1,862 .9 Hispanic 72,348 930 1.3 Other* 7,344 331 4.5
*Includes American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and persons of other races.
Methodology
Annual Survey of Jails
In each of the 4 years between the full censuses, a survey of jails is con-ducted to estimate baseline characteristicsof the Nation's jails and the inmateshoused in these jails. The 1994 AnnualSurvey of Jails is the 10th such survey in aseries begun in 1982. The reference datefor the 1994 survey was June 30, 1994.
Using information from the 1993 Census of Jails, a new sample of jail jurisdictionswas selected for the 1994 survey. A juris-diction is a county (parish in Louisiana) or municipal government that administersone or more local jails. The sample included all jails in 796 selected jail juris-dictions and 23 multijurisdiction jails. Amulti-jurisdiction jail is one in which two or more jurisdictions have a formal agree-ment to operate the facility.
In drawing the sample for 1994, jail juris-dictions were first stratified into twogroups: single-jurisdiction jails and multiju-risdiction jails. All of the multijurisdictionjails were included in the survey. The remaining jurisdictions were then furtherstratified into two groups: jurisdictions with jails authorized to hold juveniles andjurisdictions with jails holding adults only.Jurisdictions were then selected based on the average daily population in the1993 census. All jails in 203 jurisdictionswere automatically included if the jurisdic-tion held juveniles and had an averagedaily population of 250 or more inmates in 1993 or if it held only adults and had anaverage population of 500 or more. Theother jurisdictions (593) were then selectedbased on stratified probability sampling.
Data were obtained by mailed question-naires. After followup phone calls to non-respondents, the response rate for thesurvey was 100%.
National estimates for the inmate popula-tion on June 30, 1994, were produced bysex, race/Hispanic origin, and age groupand for the average daily population duringthe year ending June 30, 1994. Nationalestimates were also produced for rated capacity.
Sampling error
Survey estimates have an associatedsampling error because jurisdictions withsmaller average daily populations weresampled for the survey. Estimates basedon the sample survey may differ somewhatfrom the results of conducting a completecensus. Different samples could yieldsomewhat different results. Standard erroris a measure of the variation among theestimates from all possible samples, stat-ing the precision with which an estimatefrom a particular sample approximates theaverage of all possible samples. The esti-mated relative sampling error for the totalinmate population of 490,442 on June 30,1994, was 0.50%. (See tables 2.7 and2.8.)
Measures of population
Two measures of inmate population areused: the average daily population for theyear ending June 30 and the inmate counton June 30 of each year. The averagedaily population balances out any extraor-dinary events that may render atypical theinmate count on June 30. The June 30count provides data on characteristics of inmates, such as race, Hispanic origin, and age, that may not be available on an annual basis.
Juveniles
State statutes and judicial practices allowjuveniles to be incarcerated in adult jailsunder a variety of circumstances. Be-cause of the differing statutes and prac-tices, however, accurate and comparabledata on juveniles are difficult to collect.The 1994 Annual Survey of Jails providesnew and more accurate estimates of thejuvenile population. For the first time thesurvey provides estimates of the totalnumber of jail inmates under age 18, thenumber held as adults, and the numberheld as juveniles. New sampling proce-dures were also introduced in 1994 tominimize the standard errors of these esti-mates. By stratifying jurisdictions basedon the authority to house juveniles, theprecision of the juvenile counts wasimproved.
28 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Tables
Adults on probation, 1994
3.1 Characteristics 323.2 Counts, January 1
and December 31 333.3 Status of probation 343.4 Status of supervision 353.5 Adults entering probation,
by type of sentence 363.6 Adults leaving probation,
by type of exit 373.7 Sex and Hispanic origin 383.8 Race 393.9 Type of offense 403.10 Intensive supervision and
electronic monitoring 41
Explanatory notesby jurisdiction 42
Questionnaire 47
Probation in 1994 31
Probation in 1994
32 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 3.1. Characteristics of adults on probation, 1994
Characteristic
Number of adults on probationfrom State or Federal courts
Percent of thosepersons with aknown status
Total number of adults on probation 2,964,171 100%
Status of probation 1,534,386 100% Execution of sentence suspended 408,784 27 Imposition of sentence suspended 135,509 9 Direct imposition of probation 749,645 49 Split sentence (incarceration with probation) 159,544 10 Other 80,904 5
Status of supervision 2,633,237 100%
Active supervision 2,067,461 79 Inactive supervision 226,928 9 Absconded from supervision 252,358 10 Supervised out of State 54,613 2 Other 31,878 1
Adults entering probation 1,046,829 100%
Probation without incarceration 692,112 66 Probation with incarceration 99,728 10 Probation of other types 254,989 24
Adults leaving probation 1,200,230 100%
Successful completions 717,720 60 Returned to incarceration 222,604 19 With new sentence 54,806 5 With the same sentence 167,798 14 Death 6,583 1 Other type of exit 253,323 21
Sex of adults on probation 2,182,359 100%
Male 1,749,007 80 Female 433,352 20
Race of adults on probation 2,171,271 100%
White 1,440,502 66 Black 705,180 32 American Indian/Alaska Native 17,288 1 Asian/Pacific Islander 8,301 --
Hispanic origin of adults on probation 1,627,929 100%
Hispanic 240,259 15 Non-Hispanic 1,387,670 85
Type of offense of adults on probation 2,327,369 100%
Felony 1,254,596 54 Misdemeanor 629,593 27 Driving while intoxicated 386,441 17 Other infractions 56,739 2
Note: See the detailed tables, the questionnaire, and the Explanatory notes for definitions, limitations, and exceptions. For every characteristic there were persons of unknown status or type; their numbers are in the detailed tables. Jurisdictions failed to report data for 48% of "status of probation," 11% of "status of supervision," 65% of "adults entering probation," 60% of "adults leaving probation," 26% of "sex of adults on probation," 27% of "race of adults on probation," 45% of "Hispanic origin of adults on probation," and 21% of "type of offense of adults on probation." --Less than 0.5%.
Probation in 1994 33
Table 3.2. Adults on probation, 1994
Region and jurisdiction
Probationpopulation1/1/94
1994Probationpopulation12/31/94
Percent changein probationpopulation dur-ing 1994
Number onprobation on 12/31/94 per100,000 adultresidentsEntries Exits
U.S. total 2,903,061 1,397,505 1,340,630 2,964,171 2.1% 1,541
Federal 48,358 20,692 24,003 45,047 -6.8% 23 State 2,854,703 1,376,813 1,316,627 2,919,124 2 1,518
:Not available. aBecause of nonresponse or incomplete data, the population on De-cember 31, 1994, does not equal the population on January 1,1994, plus entries minus exits. bAll data are estimated.
cSee Explanatory notes for more detail. dJanuary 1, 1994, population count is estimated.eData are for year beginning July 1, 1994. fTotal exits are estimated.
34 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 3.3. Adults on probation, by status of probation, 1994
Region and jurisdiction
Probationpopulation12/31/94
Executionof sentencesuspended
Imposition of sentencesuspended
Direct im-position ofprobation
Split sentence(incarceration with probation)
Other, un-known, ornot reported
U.S. total 2,964,171 408,784 135,509 749,645 159,544 1,510,689
Federal 45,047 : : : : 45,047 State 2,919,124 408,784 135,509 749,645 159,544 1,465,642
: Not available. ...Not applicable. aSee Explanatory notes for more detail. bExcludes absconders.cDetailed data are estimated for status of supervision.
36 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 3.5. Adults entering probation, by type of sentence, 1994
Number of adults entering probation
Region and jurisdiction Total
Probationwithout incarceration
Probation with incarceration
Other,unknown, ornot reported
U.S. total 1,397,505 692,112 99,728 570,928
Federal 20,692 20,047 645 0 State 1,376,813 672,065 99,083 570,928
: Not available. . . .Not applicable. aSee Explanatory notes for more detail.bDetailed data are estimated for intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, and bootcamps.
Explanatory notes by jurisdiction
Because many States update their popula-tion counts, the January 1, 1994, numbersmay differ from those previously publishedfor December 31, 1993.
Federal Prison System
Detailed data are not provided for status ofprobation and Hispanic origin.
"Other" exits include administrative clos-ings and transfers.
"Other" offense type includes pettyoffenses.
About 70% of the 2,343 total is actuallyelectronically monitored, but all are con-fined at home (table 3.10).
Alabama
Alabama has 3 reporting agencies: 1 State and 2 local.
All data are estimated.
Detailed data are not provided for theState's probation status, entries, exits, sex, Hispanic origin, race, and offensetype. In addition, one local jurisdiction did not provide detailed data for probation status.
Alaska
All data are estimated.
Detailed data are not provided for probation status.
"Other" races include Hispanics of unknown race and other unknown.
Arizona
Arizona has 2 reporting agencies: 1 State and 1 local. Detailed data are notprovided for the State's probation status,entries, sex, Hispanic origin, and race.
"Other" includes 581 miscellaneous casesand 73 cases which includes probation ex-tended, revoked, or additional jail time dueto violations of probation (table 3.6).
Arkansas
Detailed data are not provided for proba-tion status, entries, and Hispanic origin.
"Other" exits include early discharge bycourt and discharged absconders.
California
Detailed data are not provided for proba-tion status, sex, Hispanic origin, race, of-fense type, intensive supervision, electricmonitoring, and bootcamp.
"Probation without incarceration" includes"probation with incarceration" (table 3.5).
"Other" exits include supervision transfers,loss of jurisdiction, and deaths.
Colorado Colorado has 9 reporting agencies: 1 State and 8 local. Data are estimatedfor one local agency that did not respond.
Connecticut
Detailed data are estimated for sex, Hispanic origin, race, offense type, and electronic monitoring.
Delaware
All data are estimated.
Detailed data are not provided for proba-tion status, entries, exits, and offense type.
District of Columbia
"Direct imposition of probation" includes"Execution of sentence suspended" and"Imposition of sentence suspended" (table 3.3).
"Other" exits include undetermined rea-sons and absconders.
Florida
Florida has 15 reporting agencies: 1 State and 14 local.
Georgia
Georgia has 2 reporting agencies: 1 State and 1 local.
"Other" probation status includes abandonment and out-of-State.
"Other" entries include suspended sentences and abandonment cases.
"Other" exits include transfers to anotherState, absconders, and specialterminations.
Hawaii
Detailed data are not provided for supervi-sion status, entries, exits, Hispanic origin,and race.
Detailed data are estimated for probationstatus, sex, intensive supervision, andelectronic monitoring.
Idaho
Detailed data for entries, sex, Hispanic origin, and race are estimated.
Suspended execution of sentence (table 3.3) and "absconder" supervisionstatus (table 3.4) are estimated.
42 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Illinois
Detailed data are not provided for entries and Hispanic origin.
Detailed data are estimated for sex andrace.
The total number of supervision status ex-cludes 4,000 absconders.
"Other" exits include 5,582 unsatisfactory,4,000 absconders, 4,102 revoked and4,156 other.
"Other" offense type includes trafficviolations.
Indiana
Detailed data are not provided for probation status, supervision status, entries, exits, sex, Hispanic origin, and race.
"Other" probation status includes 2,035 interstate, 3,009 intrastate, 639 shock probation, and 4,111 others.
Because intensive supervision is run bythe local agencies an exact number isunavailable.
Data for "electronic monitoring" includethose on home electronic monitoring (table3.10). This figure comes from data col-lected in September 1994 and is not in-cluded in the December 31, 1994, count.
Iowa
Detailed data are not provided for proba-tion status, sex, Hispanic origin, and race.
"Other" exits include 362 transferred out-of-State, and 1,062 absconders.
Kansas
Detailed data are not provided for proba-tion status and supervision status.
Detailed data are estimated for exits.
Kentucky
Detailed data are not provided for sex, His-panic origin, and race.
"Other" status of probation includes pretrialdiversion.
Louisiana
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanicorigin.
"Other" entries includes reinstatement and executive probation.
"Other" exits includes error, revocation by other than the Department of Correc-tions, and transfer to the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS).
"Other" race includes Latins of unknownrace and others.
Maine
Detailed data are not provided for proba-tion status, entries, exits, race, and His-panic origin.
Detailed data are estimated for offensetype.
"Other" supervision status includes publicservice (not on probation) and bailsupervision.
Maryland
Detatiled data are not provided for Hispanic origin.
"Other" supervision status includes delinquents in custody.
"Other" exits include 6,903 unsatisfactory,4,771 pending warrant service.
Massachusetts
No detailed data are provided.
Michigan
Michigan has 115 separate reportingagencies: 1 State and 114 local. Data areestimated for 9 local agencies which didnot respond.
Minnesota
Detailed data are not provided for probation status, supervision status, entries, and exits.
Interstate cases the State supervises are counted, while interstate cases in other States are not counted. Absconders may not be included in the detailed data.
Mississippi
Detailed data are not provided for probation status and Hispanic origin.
"Inactive" supervision status is estimatedand includes "absconders."
Detailed data are estimated for race and sex.
"Other" races include Hispanics of unknown race and an unknown numberof Asians.
Probation in 1994 43
Missouri
Missouri has 2 reporting agencies: 1 State and 1 local.
All data are estimated.
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanicorigin.
"Other" exits include 130 revoked warrantand 29 transfers to another jurisdiction.
"Other" offense type includes ordinanceviolations.
Detailed data are estimated for intensivesupervison, electronic monitoring, and boot camp.
Montana
Detailed data are not provided for supervision status, probation status, entries, exits, offense type, intensive supervision, and electronic monitoring.
Nebraska
The January 1, 1994, count is estimated(table 3.2).
Detailed data are estimated for entries, intensive supervision, and electronicmonitoring.
"Under current sentence" and "with newsentence" are estimated (table 3.6).
Nevada
Detailed data are estimated for sex, His-panic origin, race, offense type, and elec-tronic monitoring.
"Active" and "absconder" are estimated(table 3.4).
Exits of incarceration "with new sentence" are estimated and include "un-der current sentence."
New Hampshire
Detailed data are not provided for entries.
Detailed data are estimated for status ofprobation, sex, Hispanic origin, race, andoffense type.
New Jersey
Detailed data are not provided for probation status and sex.
Detailed data are estimated for race and Hispanic origin.
"Other" entries include 29,550 probationwith or without incarceration and 13,365pretrial intervention (pretrial interventionprogram for felony offenders diverted inSuperior Court) and conditional discharge(pretrial intervention program for misde-meanants diverted in Municipal Court) (table 3.5).
"Other" exits include 4,400 absconder,4,503 violations of probation (VOP), and6,577 other.
Total intensive supervision includes 751cases in the State program and 331 casesin the local.
New Mexico
All detailed data are estimated.
Detailed data are not provided for entries.
"Other" exits include 461 absconders, 292special action discharge, and 819 unsatis-factory discharges.
New York
"Other" status of probation includes localconditional release.
"Other" entries include local conditional release.
"Other" exits include technical violationsand revocations.
"Other" offense type includes unclassifiedlaws, non-penal laws, and transfer cases.
North Carolina
"Other" entries includes adjustmentresidual.
"Under current sentence" includes incarcerated "with new sentence" (table 3.6).
North Dakota
"Suspended execution of sentence to incarceration" includes "split sentence" (table 3.3).
"Absconder" is not included in December31 count and therefore not provided in supervision status (table 3.4).
Incarcerated "with new sentence" and "under current sentence" include revoca-tions (table 3.5).
"Other" exits include 61 absconders.
Ohio
Ohio has 53 separate reporting agencies:1 State and 52 local. Data are estimatedfor 3 local agencies which did not respond.
44 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Oklahoma
Oklahoma has 3 reporting agencies: 1 State and 1 local. "Other" probation status includes delayed sentence.
"Other" exits include 847 unsatisfactorycompliance.
Oregon
Detailed data are estimated for probationstatus and entries.
"Other" probation status and "other" en-tries include 287 conditional dischargesand 397 diversions.
"Other" offense type includes 877 unknown and 31 unclassified.
"Intensive supervision" and "electronicmonitoring" include both probationers andparolees.
Pennsylvania
Detailed data are estimated for exits, sex,Hispanic origin, race, and offense type.
"Other" supervision status includes 257detainees.
"Other" exits include 731 transfers and 429 absconders.
Rhode Island
Detailed data are not provided for probation status, entries, sex, Hispanic origin, and race.
South Carolina
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanic origin.
"Other" supervision status includes offender under supervision of Federal immigration authorities.
"Other" exits include 15 medical, 192 prison, and 202 technical charges pending.
"Other" races include an unknown combi-nation of all races other than black andwhite.
South Dakota
Data are for year beginning July 1, 1993 (table 3.2).
Detailed data are not provided for proba-tion status, entries, sex, Hispanic origin,and race.
Total supervision status excludes 116 out-of-State cases.
"Other" exits includes revoked.
"Misdemeanor" includes driving while in-toxicated or under the influence of alcohol(table 3.9).
Tennessee
Tennessee has 3 reporting agencies: 1 State and 2 local.
Detailed data are not provided for theState's probation status, entries, exits, and Hispanic origin. In addition, one local jurisdiction did not provide detaileddata for Hispanic origin.
"Other" exits includes 10 appeals.
Texas
Detailed data and totals are estimated for exits, sex, and race.
Detailed data are not provided for entries and Hispanic origin.
"Direct sentence" includes "split sentence."
Absconders continue under inactive supervision until located.
"Other" supervision status includes inactive due to incarceration for a separateoffense.
"Other" exits includes other revocations(without incarceration) and administrativeclosures.
Offense type is estimated.
Data includes interstate compact casessupervised in Texas.
Utah
"Other" entries includes reinstated on probation.
"Other" exits consist of 11 court ordered release and 224 revoked and terminated.
Vermont
Detailed data are estimated for race and Hispanic origin.
Probation in 1994 45
Virginia
Detailed data are not provided for probation status.
"Other" entries includes restored to supervision, returned from States or dis-trict, transfers, and others.
"Other" exits include probation revoked, out-of-State terminations, war-rant issued, transfers to other districts or States, and other.
Washington
Washington has 24 separate reportingagencies: 1 State and 23 local.
West Virginia
All data are estimated.
No detailed data are provided.
Wisconsin
Detailed data are not provided for probation status and entries.
"Other" supervision status includes vacating order and violation warrant is-sued.
"Other" entries are a combination of proba-tion without incarceration and probationwith incarceration.
"Other" exits include 45 returned to courtsand sentenced, 21 revoked by court, 97order violated, 100 sentenced to timeserved, and 1,853 other.
Wyoming
Detailed data are not provided for entries.
"Other" supervision status includes com-pact cases from another State.
"Other" exits includes bench warrants andinterstate transfers/ unsupervised proba-tion.
46 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Tables
U.S. military confinement facilities,1994
4.1. Characteristics of facilities andlegal status of prisoners held, by the branch of service holding prisoners and type of facility 52
4.2. Prisoners, by the branch of service to which prisoners belonged and the branch of service holding them 53
4.3. Percent of prisoners, by the ranch of service to which prisoners belonged and the branch of service holding them 53
4.4. Prisoners, by the branch of service and sex, race, and Hispanic origin 53
4.5. Convicted prisoners, by the most serious offense and the branch of service to which prisoners belonged 54
4.6. Percent of convicted prisoners, by the most serious offense and the branch of service to which prisoners belonged 55
4.7. Prisoners, by conviction status, sentence length, and the branch of service 56
4.8. Convicted prisoners, by the most serious offense and the branch of service holding prisoners 57
4.9. Percent of convicted prisoners, by the most serious offense and the branch of service holding prisoners 58
4.10. Admissions to facilities, by type of admission and the branch of service holding prisoners 59
4.11. Percent of admissions to facilities, by type of admission and the branch of service holding prisoners 59
4.12. Admissions to facilities, by type of admission and the branch of service to which prisoners belonged 60
4.13. Percent of admissions to facilities, by type of admission and the branch of service to which prisoners belonged 60
4.14. Releases from facilities, by methodof release and the branch of service to which prisoners belonged 61
4.15. Percent of releases from facilities, by method of release and the branch of service to which prisoners belonged 61
4.16. Releases from facilities, by methodof release and the branch of service holding prisoners 62
4.17. Percent of releases from facilities, by method of release and the branch of service holding prisoners 62
Explanatory notes 63
U.S. military corrections 51
Military corrections in 1994
52 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 4.1. Characteristics of U.S. military confinement facilities and legal status of prisoners held, by the branch of service holding prisoners and type of facility, December 31, 1994
Number of prisonersBranch of service holding prisoners and type of facility
Note: Local facilities hold unsentenced persons and prisoners with sentences of less than 90 days. Regional facilitieshold prisoners with sentences of less than 5 years. The U.S. Disciplinary Barracks, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, the onlylong-term military confinement facility, holds prisoners with sentences of more than 5 years. This report excludes per-sons who receive nonjudicial punishment for less serious infractions, based on the Uniform Code of Military Justice;nonjudicial punishment may include reduction in grade, forfeiture of pay, restriction to quarters, extra duty, cancellation of leave, or other penalties.*Data for Air Force confinement facilities were not reported. The Coast Guard does not operate confinement facilities.
U.S. military corrections 53
Table 4.2. Prisoners in the custody of U.S. military authorities, by the branch of service to which prisoners belonged and thebranch of service holding them, December 31, 1994
Branch of service holding prisonersBranch of service to whichprisoners belonged Total* Army
MarineCorps Navy
Total 2,782 1,779 405 598Air Force 453 322 18 113Army 1,311 1,249 24 38Marine Corps 485 116 342 27Navy 526 92 21 413Coast Guard 7 0 0 7
Note: The Coast Guard does not operate confinement facilities. *Excludes prisoners held in Air Force confinement facilities.
Table 4.3. Percent of prisoners in the custody of U.S. militaryauthorities, by the branch of service to which prisoners belongedand the branch of service holding them, December 31, 1994
Branch of service holding prisoners
Branch of service to whichprisoners belonged Total* Army
MarineCorps Navy
Total 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%Air Force 16.3 18.1 4.4 18.9Army 47.1 70.2 5.9 6.4Marine Corps 17.4 6.5 84.4 4.5Navy 18.9 5.2 5.2 69.1Coast Guard .3 0 0 1.2
Number of prisoners 2,782 1,779 405 598Note: The Coast Guard does not operate confinement facilities. Detail may notadd to total because of rounding.*Excludes prisoners held in Air Force confinement facilities.
Table 4.4. Prisoners in the custody of U.S. military authorities, by the branch of service and sex, race, and Hispanic origin, December 31, 1994
All Sex Race/Hispanic originBranch of service inmatesa Male Female Whiteb Blackb Hispanic Otherc
aExcludes prisoners held in Air Force confinement facilities.bNon-Hispanic inmates only.cIncludes Asians, Pacific Islanders, American Indians, Alaska Natives, and persons of other races.
54 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 4.5. Convicted prisoners in the custody of U.S. military authorities, by the most serious offense and the branch of service to which prisoners belonged, December 31, 1994
Branch of service to which prisoners belonged
Most serious offense Totala Air Force Army Marine Corps Navy Coast Guard
aExcludes prisoners held in Air Force confinement facilities. Includes 25 unconvicted prisoners held in Army confinement facilities.bIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter.cIncludes desertion, AWOL, disrespect, insubordination, failure to obey order or regulation, false official statement, conduct unbecoming an officer, and other infractions.
U.S. military corrections 55
Table 4.6. Percent of convicted prisoners in the custody of U.S. military authorities, by the most serious offense and the branch of service to which prisoners belonged, December 31, 1994
Branch of service to which prisoners belongedMost serious offense Totala Air Force Army Marine Corps Navy
Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding.--Less than 0.05%.aExcludes prisoners held in Air Force confinement facilities. Includes 25 unconvicted prisoners held in Army confinement facilities and 5 prisoners held for the Coast Guard.bIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter.cIncludes desertion, AWOL, disrespect, insubordination, failure to obey order or regulation, false official statement, conduct unbecoming an officer, and other infractions.
56 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 4.7. Prisoners in the custody of U.S. military authorities, by conviction status, sentence length, and the branch of service, December 31, 1994
Branch of service to whichprisoners belonged and Branch of service holding prisonerssentence length Total* Army Marine Corps Navy
All branchesAll inmates 2,782 1,779 405 598
Convicted 2,461 1,751 268 442One year or more 2,007 1,625 128 254Less than 1 year 454 126 140 188
Unconvicted 321 28 137 156
Air ForceAll inmates 453 322 18 113
Convicted 443 317 15 111One year or more 390 298 6 86Less than 1 year 53 19 9 25
Unconvicted 10 5 3 2
ArmyAll inmates 1,311 1,249 24 38
Convicted 1,276 1,227 18 31One year or more 1,139 1,127 1 11Less than 1 year 137 100 17 20
Unconvicted 35 22 6 7
Marine CorpsAll inmates 485 116 342 27
Convicted 347 116 219 12One year or more 228 111 114 3Less than 1 year 119 5 105 9
Unconvicted 138 0 123 15
NavyAll inmates 526 92 21 413
Convicted 390 91 16 283One year or more 246 89 7 150Less than 1 year 144 2 9 133
Unconvicted 136 1 5 130
Coast Guard All inmates 7 0 0 7
Convicted 5 0 0 5One year or more 4 0 0 4Less than 1 year 1 0 0 1
Unconvicted 2 0 0 2
*Excludes prisoners held in Air Force confinement facilities.
U.S. military corrections 57
Table 4.8. Convicted prisoners in the custody of U.S. military authorities, by the most serious offense and the branch of service holding prisoners, December 31, 1994
Branch of service holding prisonersMost serious offense Total Army Marine Corps Navy
Other offenses 2 0 1 1aExcludes prisoners held in Air Force confinement facilities. Includes 25 unconvicted prisoners held in Army confinement facilities.bIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter.cIncludes desertion, AWOL, disrespect, insubordination, failure to obey order or regulation, false official statement, conduct unbecoming an officer, and other infractions.
58 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 4.9. Percent of convicted prisoners in the custody of U.S. military authorities, by the most serious offense and the branch of service holding prisoners, December 31, 1994
Branch of service holding prisonersMost serious offense Total Army Marine Corps Navy
Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding.--Less than 0.05%.aExcludes prisoners held in Air Force confinement facilities. Includes 25 unconvicted prisoners held in Army confinement facilities.bIncludes nonnegligent manslaughter.cIncludes desertion, AWOL, disrespect, insubordination, failure to obeyan order or regulation, false official statement, conduct unbecoming anofficer, and other infractions.
U.S. military corrections 59
Table 4.10. Admissions to U.S. military confinement facilities, by type of admission and the branch of service holding prisoners, 1994
Branch of service holding prisoners
Type of admission Total Army Marine Corps* Navy
Total 3,657 1,381 358 1,918
New court commitments 3,295 1,026 358 1,911From summary court 806 95 88 623From special court 1,033 177 149 707From general court 1,456 754 121 581
Parole violators returned 75 73 0 2
Transfers from other military confinement 281 281 0 0
Escapees returned 6 1 0 5
Note: See the definitions of military courts onpage 3.*Data are for October 1 to December 31, 1994.
Table 4.11. Percent of admissions to U.S. military confinement facilities, by typeof admission and the branch of service holding prisoners, 1994
Branch of service holding prisoners
Type of admission Total Army Marine Corps* NavyTotal 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100 %
New court commitments 90.1 74.3 100.0 99.6From summary court 22.0 6.9 24.6 32.5From special court 28.2 12.8 41.6 36.9From general court 39.8 54.6 33.8 30.3
Parole violators returned 2.1 5.3 0 .1
Transfers from other military confinement
7.7 20.3 0 0
Escapees returned .2 .1 0 .3
Number of admissions 3,657 1,381 358 1,918
Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. See the definitions of military courts on page 3.*Data are for October 1 to December 31, 1994.
60 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 4.13. Percent of admissions to U.S. military confinement facilities, by type of admissionand the branch of service to which prisoners belonged, 1994
Transfers from other military confinement 7.7 18.5 12.2 2.8 2.4 7.4
Escapees returned .2 0 .2 .2 .1 0
Number of admissions 3,657 373 1,327 457 1,473 27
Note: Detail may not add to total because of rounding. See the definitions of military courts on page 3.*Data from Marine Corps facilities are for October 1 to December 31, 1994.
Table 4.12. Admissions to U.S. military confinement facilities, by type of admission and the branch of service to which prisoners belonged, 1994
Note: No releases from military confinement facilities as the result of execution or other causes of death were reported in 1994.*Data from Marine Corps facilities are for October 1 to December 31, 1994.
Table 4.15. Percent of releases from U.S. military confinement facilities, by method of releaseand the branch of service to which prisoners belonged, 1994
Branch of service to which prisoners belonged
Method of release TotalAir Force Army
Marine Corps* Navy
CoastGuard
All methods 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Note: No releases from military confinement facilities as the result of execution or other causes of death were reported in 1994. Detail may not add to total because of rounding.*Data from Marine Corps facilities are for October 1 to December 31, 1994.
62 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 4.16. Releases from U.S. military confinement facilities, by methodof release and the branch of service holding prisoners, 1994
Transfers 886 456 10 420Within same branch 347 0 0 347To other military branch 533 453 10 70To Federal civilian facility 6 3 0 3
Other 17 0 0 17Escape from confinement 0 0 0 0Unknown 17 0 0 17
Note: No releases from military confinement facilities as the result of execution or other causes of death were reported in 1994.*Data are for October 1 to December 31, 1994.
Table 4.17. Percent of releases from U.S. military confinement facilities, by method of release and the branch of service holding prisoners, 1994
Transfers 17.1% 26.9% 2.8% 13.4%Within same branch 6.7 0 0 11.1To other military branch 10.3 26.8 2.8 2.2To Federal civilian facility .1 .2 0 .1
Other .3% 0 0 .5%Escape from confinement 0 0 0 0 Unknown .3 0 0 .5
Number of releases 5,181 1,693 352 3,136
Note: No releases from military confinement facilities as a result of execution or other causes of death were reported in 1994. Detail may not add to total because ofrounding.*Data are for October 1 to December 31, 1994.
Explanatory notes
In 1994 the U.S. Department of DefenseCorrections Council established an annualmilitary confinement report (DD Form2707). The council, comprised of repre-sentatives from each branch of militaryservice, adopted a standardized question-naire with a common set of definitions.With the Corrections Council, the Bureauof Justice Statistics produced a series oftables that provide a unified profile of per-sons in the custody of U.S. militaryauthorities.
The annual confinement report providesyearend counts of persons in U.S. militaryconfinement facilities inside and outsidethe continental United States, by branch ofservice, sex, race, and Hispanic origin,conviction status and sentence length, andoffense. It also provides counts of thenumber persons admitted to confinementand the number released during the calen-dar year, by branch of service, type ofcommitment, and type of release. Theconfinement report also includes the num-ber of facilities and their design and ratedcapacities, by level.
Data for 1994 are incomplete. Informationon Air Force confinement facilities (includ-ing the number and characteristics of pris-oners held at yearend as well as thoseadmitted or released during the year) wasnot available. Admission and release datafor Marine Corps facilities covered only theperiod October 1, 1994, to December 31,1994.
In future years, with the full participation ofall military services, the annual confine-ment report will provide a complete enu-meration of U.S. military confinementfacilities, both inside and outside the conti-nental United States. With the cooperationof the Corrections Council, BJS will includethese counts in future publications.
U.S. military corrections 63
Tables
Prisoners under State or Federaljurisdiction, by sentence length, 1993 and 1994
5.1 All prisoners 66 5.2 Male prisoners 675.3 Female prisoners 68
5.4 Incarceration rates for prisoners under State or or Federal jurisdictionor in State or Federalcustody, by sentencelength, 1994 69
5.5 Prisoners housed in jailsbecause of crowded State facilities, by sex, 1993and 1994 70
Prisoners under State or Federaljurisdiction, 1994
5.6 All prisoners, by race 715.7 Male prisoners, by race 725.8 Female prisoners, by race 735.9 All prisoners, by sex and
Hispanic origin 74
Sentenced prisoners admitted toor released from State or Federaljurisdiction, by type of admission or release, 19945.10a All prisoners admitted 755.10b All prisoners released 765.11a Male prisoners admitted 775.11b Male prisoners released 785.12a Female prisoners
admitted 795.12b Female prisoners
released 80
Sentenced prisoners releasedconditionally or unconditionally from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1994
5.13 All prisoners 815.14 Male prisoners 825.15 Female prisoners 83
Sentenced prisoners admitted to Stateor Federal jurisdiction for violation ofparole or other conditional release
5.16 All prisoners, by sex and status of sentence 84
Sentenced prisoners under State orFederal jurisdiction
5.17 Deaths, by sex and cause of death 85
Prisoners in custody of State or Federalcorrectional authorities, by sentencelength, 1993 and 1994
5.18 All prisoners 865.19 Male prisoners 875.20 Female prisoners 88
Explanatory notes by jurisdiction 89
Questionnaire 98
Prisoners in 1994 65
Prisoners in 1994
66 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 5.1. Prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sentence length, 1993 and 1994
Maximum sentence lengthYear or less/unsentenced
Total More than a year TotalRegion andjurisdiction
Percentchange
Percentchange
Percentchange
Year or less Unsentenced 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93
U.S. total 1,054,774 969,301 8.8% 1,016,760 932,074 9.1% 38,014 37,227 2.1% 15,833 16,703 22,181 20,524
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. ...Not applicable./Not reported.
aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system.bData are for custody rather than jurisdictioncounts.cData for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year may include some inmates sentenced to a year or
less. See Explanatory notes.dData for 1993 are custody rather than jurisdictioncounts.eData for inmates sentenced to more than 1 yearare estimated.
Prisoners in 1994 67
Table 5.2. Male prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sentence length, 1993 and 1994
Maximum sentence lengthYear or less/unsentenced
Total More than a year TotalRegion andjurisdiction
Percentchange
Percentchange
Percentchange
Year or less Unsentenced 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93
U.S. total 990,434 911,044 8.7% 956,691 878,037 9.0% 33,743 33,007 2.2% 13,766 14,569 19,977 18,438
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions andExplanatory notes for State-by-State variations from defi-nitions. ..Not applicable./Not reported.
aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system.bData are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.cData for inmates sentenced to more than 1 yearmay include some inmates sentenced to a year orless.
See Explanatory notes.dData for 1993 are custody rather than jurisdictioncountseData for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year areestimated
68 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 5.3. Female prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sentence length, 1993 and 1994
Maximum sentence lengthYear or less/unsentenced
Total More than a year TotalRegion andjurisdiction Percent
changePercentchange
Percentchange
Year or less Unsentenced 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/92 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93
12/31/94 12/31/93
U.S. total 64,340 58,257 10.4% 60,069 54,037 11.2% 4,271 4,220 1.2% 2,067 2,134 2,204 2,086
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitionsand Explanatory notes for State-by-State variationsfrom definitions. ...Not applicable./Not reported.
aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails andprisons are combined in one system.bData are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.cData for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year may include some inmates sentenced to a year
or less. See Explanatory notes.dData for 1993 are custody rather than jurisdictioncounts.eData for inmates sentenced to more than 1 yearare estimated.
Prisoners in 1994 69
Table 5.4. Incarceration rates for prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction or in State or Federal custody, by sentence length, 1994
Number of prisoners per 100,000 resident populationTotal More than a year Year or less/Unsentenced
Note: See the questionnaire for category defini-tions and Explanatory notes for State-by-Statevariations from definitions. ...Not applicable./Not reported.
aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jailsand prisons are combined in one system.bData are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.cData for inmates sentenced to more than 1 year
may include some inmates sentenced to ayear or less. See Explanatory notes.dData for inmates sentenced to more than 1year are estimated.
70 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 5.5. Prisoners housed in jails because of crowded State facilities, by sex, 1993 and 1994
Prisoners in jailsas a percent ofall prisoners
Number of prisoners housed in jails because of crowdingRegion and jurisdiction
Total Male Female12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94
U.S. total 45,618 52,716 40,520 51,051 5,098 1,665 4.3%
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. Unlisted jurisdictions either had combined jail-prison systems or did not report prisoners held in local jails.Arizona and Oklahoma did not include inmates in local
jails in their jurisdiction count; however, the percentage ofjurisdiction population was calculated for all persons servingsentences to incarceration, whether in State prison or in jail./Not reported.*In 1993 Texas did not distinguish the gender of prison in-mates housed in jails.
Prisoners in 1994 71
Table 5.6. Prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by race, 1994
Number of prisoners
Region and jurisdiction
Prisonerpopulation12/31/94
White
Black
AmericanIndian/Alaska Native
Asian/ PacificIslander
Not known
U.S. total 1,054,774 464,167 501,672 9,283 6,005 73,647
Federal 95,034 58,403 33,448 1,385 1,322 476 State 959,740 405,764 468,224 7,898 4,683 73,171
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions andExplanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. /Not reported. aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system. bSome or all Hispanic prisoners reported under "Not known." cThe numbers in racial categories were estimated.dData are custody rather than jurisdiction counts.eInmates housed in local jails or other facilities
are reported under "Not known." fMinnesota includes some Asian/Pacific Islanders under "Not known." gOhio includes American Indians, Alaska Natives, and Asian/Pacific Islanders under"White."hMontana includes all Hispanic inmates under "White."
72 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 5.7. Male prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by race, 1994
Number of male prisoners
Region and jurisdiction
Prisonerpopulation12/31/94 White Black
AmericanIndian/Alaska Native
Asian/ PacificIslander
Not known
U.S. total 990,434 436,453 471,583 8,515 5,705 68,178
Federal 87,894 54,317 30,591 1,305 1,214 467 State 902,540 382,136 440,992 7,210 4,491 67,711
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and the ex-planatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. /Not reported. aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons arecombined in one system.bSome or all Hispanic prisoners are reported under "Not known." See Explanatory notes.cRace was estimated.
dData are custody rather than jurisdiction counts.elnmates housed in local jails or other facilities are re-ported under "Not known." See Explanatory notes. fMinnesota includes a number of Asian/Pacific Islandersunder "Not known."gOhio includes American Indians, Alaska Natives,and Asian/Pacific Islanders under "White." hMontana includes all Hispanic inmates under "White."
Prisoners in 1994 73
Table 5.8. Female prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by race, 1994
Number of female prisoners
Region and jurisdiction
Prisonerpopulation12/31/94
White
Black
AmericanIndian/Alaska Native
Asian/ PacificIslander
Not known
U.S. total 64,340 27,714 30,089 768 300 5,469
Federal 7,140 4,086 2,857 80 108 9 State 57,200 23,628 27,232 688 192 5,460
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitionsand Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations fromdefinitions./Not reported.aFigures include both jail and prison inmates;jails and prisons are combined in one system.bSome or all Hispanic prisoners are reported under "Not known." See Explanatory notes.cThe numbers of prisoners in racial categories were
estimated.dData are custody rather than jurisdiction counts. eInmates housed in local jails or other facilities are re-ported under "Not known." See Explanatory notes.fMinnesota includes a number of Asian/Pacific Islandersunder "Not known."gOhio includes American Indians, Alaska Natives, andAsian/Pacific Islanders under "White."hMontana includes all Hispanic inmates under "White."
74 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 5.9. Prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sex and Hispanic origin, 1994
Number of prisonersTotal Male Female
Region and jurisdiction
Prisonerpopulation12/31/94 Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Notknown Total Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Notknown Total Hispanic
Non-Hispanic
Notknown
U.S. total 1,054,774 156,908 695,731 202,135 990,434 149,552 652,501 188,381 64,340 7,356 43,230 13,754
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from defini-tions. ...Not applicable./Not reported.aFigures include both jail and prison inmates;jails and prisons are combined in one system.
bData for Hispanic prisoners are estimated.cData are custody rather than jurisdiction counts.dInmates housed in local jails or other facilities are reported under "Not known." See Explanatorynotes.eMichigan included only Mexican-Americans as Hispanic prisoners and reported other Hispanic
inmates as non-Hispanic.fState does not distinguish Hispanic ethnicity of prisoners.gSome Hispanic prisoners are reported under "Notknown." See Explanatory notes.hData include Puerto Ricans and persons with Hispanic surnames in "Other" race category.
Prisoners in 1994 75
Table 5.10a. Sentenced prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 1994
Number of sentenced prisoners admitted during 1994
Region and jurisdiction
Prisonerpopulation1/1/94 Total
New courtcommitments
Parole or other conditional releaseviolators returned
Escapees andAWOLs returned
Returns from appeal or bond
Transfersfrom otherjurisdictions
Otheradmissions
U.S. total 934,640 541,434 345,035 170,974 13,346 775 4,511 6,793
Federal 74,399 27,325 23,956 3,146 / / 54 169 State 860,241 514,109 321,079 167,828 13,346 775 4,457 6,624
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitionsand Explanatory notes for State-by-State variationsfrom definitions. ...Not applicable./Not reported.aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jailsand prisons are combined in one system.
bData are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.cSome or all data for the admissions categories areestimated.dIncludes imates housed in local jails or other facilities.See Explanatory notes.eNew court commitments may include a small
number of other admissions. See Explanatorynotes.fData for inmates by sentence length may beslightly incorrect. See Explanatory notes.gBecause of reporting difficulties, Alaska wasunable to provide movement data.
76 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 5.10b. Sentenced prisoners released from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1994
Number of sentenced prisoners released during 1994
Region and jurisdiction Total
Conditionalreleases
Unconditionalreleases
Escapees andAWOLs
Out on appeal or bond
Transfers to otherjurisdictions Deaths
Other releases
Prisonerpopulation12/31/94
U.S. total 456,942 353,020 72,836 14,307 801 4,858 3,011 8,109 1,016,760
Federal 21,445 4,790 15,986 / / 186 197 286 79,795 State 435,497 348,230 56,850 14,307 801 4,672 2,814 7,823 936,965
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. ...Not applicable./Not reported.aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jailsand prisons are combined in one system.
bUnconditional releases may include some releases to pro-bation or appeal/bond. See Explanatory notes. cData are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.dSome or all data for release categories are estimated. See Ex-planatory notes.eData for inmates by sentence length may be slightly
incorrect. See Explanatory notes.fBecause of reporting difficulties, Alaskawas unable to provide movement data.gUnconditional releases may include transfers to other jurisdictions.
Prisoners in 1994 77
Table 5.11a. Sentenced male prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 1994
Number ofmale prisoners1/1/94
Number of sentenced male prisoners admitted during 1994
Region and jurisdiction Total
New courtcommitments
Parole or otherconditional releaseviolators returned
Escapees andAWOLsreturned
Returns from appeal orbond
Transfersfrom otherjurisdictions
Otheradmissions
U.S. total 880,375 495,964 313,850 158,774 12,320 571 4,241 6,208
Federal 68,847 24,985 21,816 2,964 / / 53 152 State 811,528 470,979 292,034 155,810 12,320 571 4,188 6,056
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. ...Not applicable/Not reported.aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system. bData are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.cSome or all data for the admissions categories are estimated.
dIncludes inmates housed in local jails or other facilities. See Explanatory notes.eNew court commitments may include a small number of other admissions. See Explanatory notes.fData for inmates by sentence length may be slightly incorrect. See Explanatory notes.gBecause of reporting difficulties, Alaska was unable to provide movement data.
78 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 5.11b. Sentenced male prisoners released from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1994
Number of sentenced male prisoners released during 1994 Number of male prisoners12/31/94
Region andjurisdiction Total
Conditionalreleases
Unconditionalreleases
Escapees andAWOLs
Out on appeal orbond
Transfers to otherjurisdictions Deaths
Otherreleases
U.S. total 417,136 321,962 66,200 13,233 735 4,577 2,888 7,541 956,691
Federal 19,391 4,574 14,166 / / 186 193 272 73,929 State 397,745 317,388 52,034 13,233 735 4,391 2,695 7,269 882,762
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitionsand Explanatory notes for State-by-State variationsfrom definitions. ...Not applicable./Not reported.aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system.
bUnconditional releases may include a small number of inmates who were released to probation or appeal/bond. SeeExplanatory notes.cData are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.dSome or all release categories are estimated.eData for inmates by sentence length may be slightly incorrect. See Explanatory notes.
fThe District of Columbia was unable to report deaths by sex; therefore, all deathsare reported under males.gBecause of reporting difficulties, Alaskawas unable to provide movement data.hUnconditional releases may include transfers to other jurisdictions.
Prisoners in 1994 79
Table 5.12a. Sentenced female prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of admission, 1994
Number of femaleprisoners1/1/94
Number of sentenced female prisoners admitted during 1994
Region and jurisdiction Total
New courtcommitments
Parole or other conditional releaseviolators returned
Escapees and AWOLsreturned
Returns from appeal orbond
Transfersfrom otherjurisdictions
Otheradmissions
U.S. total 54,265 45,470 31,185 12,200 1,026 204 270 585
Federal 5,552 2,340 2,140 182 / / 1 17 State 48,713 43,130 29,045 12,018 1,026 204 269 568
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. ...Not applicable./Not reported.aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system. bData are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.
cSome or all data for the admissions categories are estimated.dIncludes inmates housed in local jails or other facilities. See Explanatory notes.eNew court commitments may include a small number of other admissions. See Explanatory notes.fData for inmates by sentence length may be slightly incorrect. See Explanatory notes.gBecause of reporting difficulties, Alaska was unable to provide movement data.
80 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 5.12b. Sentenced female prisoners released from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1994
Number of sentenced female prisoners released during 1994 Number offemale prisoners12/31/94
Region andjurisdiction Total
Conditionalreleases
Unconditionalreleases
Escapeesand AWOLs
Out on appeal orbond
Transfers to otherjurisdictions Deaths
Otherreleases
U.S. total 39,806 31,058 6,636 1,074 66 281 123 568 60,069
Federal 2,054 216 1,820 / / 0 4 14 5,866 State 37,752 30,842 4,816 1,074 66 281 119 554 54,203
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions....Not applicable./Not reported.aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system. bUnconditional releases may include a small number of inmates who were released to probation.cData are for custody rather than jurisdictional counts.
dSome or all release categories are estimated. eData for inmates by sentence length may be slightly incorrect. See Explanatory notes.fThe District of Columbia was unable to report deaths by sex; therefore, all deaths are reported under males.gBecause of reporting difficulties, Alaska was unable to provide movement data.hUnconditional releases may include transfers to other jurisdictions.
Prisoners in 1994 81
Table 5.13. Sentenced prisoners released conditionally or unconditionally from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1994
Conditional release Unconditional release
Region and jurisdiction Total Parole Probation
Supervisedmandatoryrelease Other Total
Expiration of sentence Commutation Other
U.S. total 353,020 149,004 21,587 151,150 31,279 73,074 67,787 644 4,405
Federal 4,790 2,621 9 2,160 / 15,986 15,623 363 / State 348,230 146,383 21,578 148,990 31,279 57,088 52,164 281 4,405
Note: See the questionnaire for category defini-tions and Explanatory notes for State-by-Statevariations from definitions. . . .Not applicable./Not reported.aFigures include both jail and prison inmates;jails and prisons are combined in one system.
bUnconditional releases may include somereleases to probation or appeal/bond. See Explanatory notes.cData are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.dSome or all release categories are estimated. See Explanatory notes.
eBecause of reporting difficulties, Alaska was un-able to provide movement data.fUnconditional releases may include transfers toother jurisdictions.
82 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 5.14. Sentenced male prisoners released conditionally or unconditionally from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1994
Conditional release Unconditional release
Region and jurisdiction Total Parole Probation
Supervised man-datory release Other Total
Expiration of sentence Commutation Other
U.S. total 321,962 135,672 19,199 138,985 28,106 66,200 61,637 550 4,013
Federal 4,574 2,494 9 2,071 / 14,166 13,848 318 / State 317,388 133,178 19,190 136,914 28,106 52,034 47,789 232 4,013
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatory notes for State-by-State variationsfrom definitions. . . .Not applicable./Not reported.
aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system.
and prisons are combined in one system.bUnconditional releases may include some releases to probation or appeal/bond. SeeExplanatory notes.cData are for custody rather than jurisdictioncounts. See Explanatory notes.
dSome or all release categories are estimated.See Explanatory notes.
eBecause of reporting difficulties, Alaskawas unable to provide movement data.fUnconditional releases may includetransfers to other jurisdictions.
Prisoners in 1994 83
Table 5.15. Sentenced female prisoners released conditionally or unconditionally from State or Federal jurisdiction, by type of release, 1994
Conditional release Unconditional release
Region and jurisdiction Total Parole Probation
Supervisedmandatoryrelease Other Total
Expiration of sentence Commutation Other
U.S. total 31,058 13,332 2,388 12,165 3,173 6,636 6,150 94 392
Federal 216 127 0 89 / 1,820 1,775 45 / State 30,842 13,205 2,388 12,076 3,173 4,816 4,375 49 392
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatory notes for State-by-State variationsfrom definitions. . . .Not applicable./Not reported.
aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system.bUnconditional releases may include some releases toprobation or appeal/bond. See Explanatory notes.cData are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.dSome or all release categories are estimated.
See Explanatory notes.eBecause of reporting difficulties, Alaska was unable to provide movement data.fUnconditional releases may include transfers toother jurisdictions.
84 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 5.16. Sentenced prisoners admitted to State or Federal jurisdiction for violation of parole or other conditional release, by sex and status of sentence, 1994
Parole violators Other conditional release violatorsRegion and jurisdiction
New sentence No new sentence New sentence No new sentence Total Total Male Female Male Female Total Male Female Male Female
U.S. total 170,974 73,685 36,998 2,551 31,878 2,258 97,289 29,053 2,048 60,845 5,343
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions....Not applicable./Not reported.aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system.
bData are for custody rather than jurisdiction counts.cSome or all release categories are estimated.dBecause of reporting difficulties, Alaska was unable toprovide movement data. See Explanatory notes.
Prisoners in 1994 85
Table 5.17. Deaths among sentenced prisoners under State or Federal jurisdiction, by sex and cause of death, 1994
Number of deaths among sentenced prisoners
Region and jurisdiction
Total
Illness or natural cause AIDS Suicide
Accidental self-injury Execution
Caused byanother
Unspecified cause
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Malea Male Female Male Female
U.S. total 2,888 123 1,320 73 888 35 151 4 32 1 30 67 1 400 9
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatory notes for State-by-State variations from defini-tions. . . .Not applicable./Not reported.aNo female deaths due to execution occurred during 1994.bFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisonsare combined in one system.
cData are custody rather than jurisdiction counts.Most, but not all, States reserve prison for offenders sentenced to more than 1 year.dThe District of Columbia was unable to separate deaths by sex. All deaths are reported under males.eBecause of reporting difficulties, Alaska was unable to provide movement data.
86 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 5.18. Prisoners in custody of State or Federal correctional authorities, by sentence length, 1993 and 1994
Maximum sentence lengthYear or less/unsentenced
Total More than a year TotalRegion and jurisdiction
Percentchange
Percentchange
Percentchange
Year or less Unsentenced12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93
U.S. total 991,612 909,381 9.0% 957,318 876,392 9.2% 34,294 32,989 4.0% 13,839 13,968 20,455 19,021
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatory notes for State-by-State variationsfrom definitions. ...Not applicable./Not reported.
aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails and prisons are combined in one system.bData for inmates sentenced to more than a year may include some inmate sentenced to a year or less.
Prisoners in 1994 87
Table 5.19. Male prisoners in custody of State or Federal correctional authorities, by sentence length, 1993 and 1994
Maximum sentence lengthYear or less/unsentenced
Total More than a year TotalRegion and jurisdiction
Percentchange
Percentchange
Percentchange
Year or less Unsentenced12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93
U.S. total 934,718 858,092 8.9% 904,193 828,690 9.1% 30,525 29,402 3.8% 11,999 12,194 18,526 17,208
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions and Explanatorynotes for State-by-State variations from definitions. . . .Not applicable./Not reported.
aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails andprisons are combined in one system.bData for inmates sentenced to more than a year mayinclude some inmates sentenced to a year or less.
88 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 5.20. Female prisoners in custody of State or Federal correctional authorities, by sentence length, 1993 and 1994
Maximum sentence lengthYear or less/unsentenced
Total More than a year TotalRegion and jurisdiction
Percentchange
Percentchange
Percentchange
Year or less Unsentenced12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93 12/31/94 12/31/93
U.S. total 56,894 51,289 10.9% 53,125 47,702 11.4% 3,769 3,587 5.1% 1,840 1,774 1,929 1,813
Note: See the questionnaire for category definitions andExplanatory notes for State-by-State variations from definitions. ...Not applicable./Not reported.
aFigures include both jail and prison inmates; jails andprisons are combined in one system.bData for inmates sentenced to more than a year mayinclude some inmates sentenced to a year or less.
Explanatory notes by jurisdiction
Federal prisons
Population, admissions, and releasescounts: Movement data were provided;however, when admissions are added tothe January 1 population and releases aresubtracted, the total does not equal theDecember 31, 1994 population.
Inmates with a year or less sentence: Ju-risdiction and custody counts include in-mates whose sentence length is unknown.
Alabama
Other conditional release violators withnew sentences: Includes inmates returnedfrom supervised release under AlabamaAct 754 and split sentence/probation withand without new sentences.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Other admissions: Unspecified in the Ala-bama data system.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases.
Cause of death: Can specify onlyexecutions.
Other releases: Type of release not knownat time of data collection.
Other race: Alabama’s "Other" racecategory.
Alaska
Population, admissions, and releasescounts: Alaska was unable to report move-ment data and prison overcrowding.Population counts for 1993 are based oncustody data.
Total inmate population: Jurisdiction andcustody counts include inmates in prisonsand jails, which form an integrated systemin Alaska.
Race and ethnicity: Numbers areestimated. Alaska classifies race into White, Black, Hispanic, Indian, Alaska Na-tive, Asian, and unknown.
Other race: Includes Hispanic inmates.
Arizona
Population, admissions, and releasescounts: Based on custody data.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases.
Other conditional releases: Includes super-vised early releases, provisional releases,supervised work furloughs, earned creditreleases, and releases to home arrestprogram.
Cause of death: Type of death pending in-vestigation at time of data collection.
Other releases: Includes early releases todetainer and persons returned to prisonpending revocation hearing where no revo-cation occurred.
Jurisdiction population, total: Excludes 118men housed in local jails solely to easeprison crowding.
Other race: Includes inmates not catego-rized as white, black, American Indian,Asian, Pacific Islander, or Spanish origin.
Arkansas
Arkansas changed its December 31, 1993,count.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases.
Other conditional releases: Comprised ofpersons released under the provisions ofArkansas’ Acts 378 and 814 and BootCamp to some form of supervision.
Jurisdiction population, inmates with a yearor less sentence: Includes 21 men and 3women being held in the county jail await-ing transfer to Department of Correctionfor whom the sentence is unknown.
Custody population, inmates with a yearor less sentence: Includes 13 men and 5women being held in the county jail await-ing transfer to Department of Correctionfor whom the sentence is unknown.
Other race: Includes Arkansas' Cubanrace category.
California
Population, admissions, and releasescounts: Based on custody data.
Other conditional release violators withnew sentences: May include some paroleviolators and returns from supervisedmandatory releases with new sentences.
Other conditional release violators only, nonew sentences: May include some paroleviolators without new sentences. The cate-gory also includes supervised mandatoryand parole releases returned pending arevocation hearing.
Other admissions: Contains returns fromappeal/bond in other admissions category.
Unconditional releases, expirations of sen-tence: Includes some court-orderedreleases.
Conditional releases, supervised manda-tory releases: Includes some court-orderedreleases.
Other releases: Contains releases toappeal/bond in “Other releases” category.The category also contains the net differ-ence between total admissions and theyear-end population. These are mostlikely prisoners temporarily released tocourts, jail, and hospitals and not returnedto prison as of December 31, 1994.
Prisoners in 1994 89
Jurisdiction population, unsentenced in-mates: Includes civil narcotic addict com-mitments and county diagnostic cases.
Other race and not known Hispanic origin:Includes some Asian, Pacific Islander, andHispanic inmates admitted to Californiaprisons prior to January 1990 (when thesecategories were added to the Californiacomputer system).
Colorado
Sentencing information: Reported popula-tions with sentences of more than 1 yearinclude a small number of inmates with amaximum sentence of 1 year or less.
Transfers from other jurisdictions: Includescustody transfers of inmates to otherStates due to interstate compacts.
Escapees: Numbers are estimated.
Cause of death: Type of death not deter-mined at time of data collection.
Other releases: Court-ordered releasesnot classified as conditional orunconditional.
State inmates housed in other facilities toease overcrowding: Includes 320 menhouse in a facility owned and operated bythe County of Bent; and 725 men and 90women housed in county correctional fa-cilities owned by the State.
Race and Hispanic origin: Numbers areestimated.
Connecticut
Other admissions: Includes returns fromdischarge and returns from inadvertentreleases.
Unconditional releases, expirations of sen-tence: Connecticut’s data system does notdistinguish inmates with probation condi-tions in effect upon expiration of the incar-ceration portion of their sentence. Includessome releases to probation.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered discharges and releases fromConnecticut supervision.
Other conditional releases: Release tohome jurisdiction and community releases.
Other releases: Includes inmates releasedin error.
Total inmate population: Jurisdiction andcustody counts include inmates in prisonsand jails, which form an integrated system.
Other race: Connecticut’s Hispaniccategory.
Delaware
Delaware revised the previously reportedDecember 31, 1993, count of male in-mates with a maximum sentence of morethan 1 year.
Sentencing information, partially sus-pended sentences: Some prisoners servesentences in which the term in prison ispartially suspended, to be completed un-der probation. They were categorized withinmates sentenced to 1 year or more onlywhen the prison portion of their sentencesexceeded 12 months. As a result, thepopulation and movement counts of in-mates with maximum sentences of morethan 1 year are understated, and thepopulation count of inmates with 1 year orless maximum sentence is overstated.
Parole and other conditional release viola-tors with new sentences: Includes violatorswith and without new sentences.
Other admissions and releases: Includesadmissions from and releases to State andlocal hospitals, inmates serving weekendsentences, and inmates whose terms werechanged from jail sentences of less than 1year to prison sentences of more than ayear.
Unconditional releases, expirations of sen-tence: Includes some releases toprobation.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases.
Total inmate population: Jurisdiction andcustody counts include inmates in prisonsand jails, which form an integrated system.
Other race: Includes Puerto Rican andMexican prisoners.
District of Columbia
Sentencing information, partially sus-pended sentences: Some prisoners servesentences in which the term in prison ispartially suspended, to be completed un-der probation. They were categorized withinmates sentenced to 1 year or more onlywhen the prison portion of their sentencesexceeded 12 months. As a result, thepopulation and movement counts of in-mates with maximum sentences of morethan 1 year are understated, and thepopulation count of inmates with 1 year orless maximum sentence is overstated.
Sentencing information, short sentences:An undetermined number of inmateshoused in neither the District of Columbiajail nor the Detention Center and having ei-ther no sentence or a minimum sentenceof 1 year or less were included in themovement and population counts of in-mates with more than 1 year maximumsentences. As a result, the population andmovement counts of inmates with maxi-mum sentences of more than 1 year areoverstated, and the population count of in-mates with 1 year or less maximum sen-tence is understated.
Transfers from and to other jurisdictions:Includes transfers from and to mental hos-pitals and other State and Federalfacilities.
Unconditional releases, expirations of sentence: Includes some inmates with partially suspended sentences and re-leases to probation.
90 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Number of deaths: The District of Colum-bia is unable to provide number of deathsby sex. Therefore, all deaths are reportedunder males. As a result, total male re-leases are sightly overcounted, and femalereleases are slightly undercounted.
Cause of death: Type of death was not de-termined at time of data collection.
Total jurisdiction population: Includes maleand female District of Columbia criminalcode violators housed in Federal Bureau ofPrisons facilities and male inmates housedin other State facilities. Of these inmates,an undetermined number are beinghoused solely to ease prison crowding.
Unsentenced inmate populations: Jurisdic-tion and custody counts include unsen-tenced inmates held in the District jail orDetention Center.
Total inmate population: Jurisdiction andcustody counts include inmates in prisonsand jails, which form an integrated systemin the District of Columbia.
Florida
Population, admissions, and releasescounts: Based on custody data.
Other conditional release violators withnew sentences: Includes violators of con-trol releases, provisional releases, condi-tional releases, and supervised communityreleases who have been given newsentences.
Transfers from other jurisdictions: Includesadmissions through interstate compactagreements with and without newsentences.
Other admissions: Contains the net differ-ence between total admissions and the re-lease movements not classified in othercategories.
Other unconditional releases: Includes va-cated sentences and control releases with-out supervision.
Other conditional releases: Includescontrol releases with supervision, condi-tional medical releases, conditional re-leases, supervised community releases,and reinstatement to control releases.
Transfers to other jurisdictions: Includesinterstate transfers (inmates who havebeen under Florida’s jurisdiction but servetheir sentence in another State or Federalprison).
Other race: Includes prisoners of Oriental,Scandinavian, Slavic and otherbackgrounds.
Georgia
Georgia revised its December 31, 1994,count.
Population, admissions, and releasescounts: Based on custody data.
Parole violators with new sentences: Mayinclude a small number of other conditionalrelease violators with new sentences.
Parole violators only, no new sentences:May include a small number of other con-ditional release violators returned withoutnew sentences.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Unconditional releases: Includes one in-mate who was pardoned.
Other conditional releases: Consists ofspecial and supervised reprieves con-trolled by the Georgia Parole Board.
Cause of death: Unknown.
Jurisdiction population: Excludes inmatesawaiting pick-up from local jails.
Other race: Includes inmates who identifyrace categories other than those specified.
Hawaii
Category estimates: Jurisdiction and cus-tody counts are actual counts. Admissions,
releases, race, and Hispanic origin are estimated based on information from Hawaii’s Correctional Information System(CIS).
Other unconditional releases: Administra-tive discharges and emergency releases.
Other conditional releases: Type of releasenot known at the time of data collection.
Total inmate population: Jurisdiction andcustody counts include inmates in prisonsand jails, which form an integrated systemin Hawaii.
Other race: Includes Puerto Ricans, pris-oners of other Hispanic origin, and otherracial categories (inmates who identifiedmore than one racial background). Pris-oners of part-Hawaiian ancestry arecounted as Asians/Pacific Islanders.
Hispanic origin: Includes Hawaii’s PuertoRicans category and individuals of Hawaii’s"Other race" category with Spanishsurnames.
Idaho
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Other admissions: Civil commitments.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases, reprieves, pardons, ap-peal won/discharges, and acquittals.
Other conditional releases: Releases todetainer.
Race and Hispanic origin: Numbers areestimated. Not known includes inmateshoused in local jails to ease overcrowdingfor whom race and ethnicity data areunavailable.
Illinois
Population, admissions, and releasescounts: Based on custody data.
Sentencing information: Reported popula-tions with sentences of more than 1 year
Prisoners in 1994 91
include an undetermined number of in-mates with maximum sentences of 1 year.
Other conditional release violators withnew sentences: Includes some parole vio-lators with new sentences.
Other conditional release violators only, nonew sentences: Includes some parole vio-lators without new sentences.
Escapees: Illinois now reports the move-ment of escapees using the OffenderTracking System. Because all inmates inCommunity Correctional Centers and Elec-tronic Detention Centers are now includedin the counts, the number of escapes andreturns from escape appear to have in-creased from reporting in previous years.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases.
Cause of death: Unknown at time of datacollection.
Other admissions and releases: Containsthe net difference between long-term ad-missions and release movements not re-ported in other categories (transfers, writs,and medical furloughs) in order to balancethe yearend populations. The categoryalso includes an undetermined number oftransfers to other jurisdictions.
Other race: Illinois’ Hispanic category.
Indiana
New court commitments: Includes proba-tion violators with and without newsentences.
Other unconditional releases: Sentencesterminated based on Parole Boarddecisions.
Iowa
Population, admissions, and releasescounts: Based on custody data.
Parole violators only, no new sentences:Includes parolees remanded to prison priorto a formal revocation hearing.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered discharges.
Conditional releases, paroles: Includespersons returned to parole following revo-cation hearings and persons released toparole by Conditional CommutationOrders.
Other admissions and releases:Safekeepers.
Other conditional releases: Releases towork release programs.
Other race: Iowa’s Hispanic category.
Kansas
Total population: The Kansas SentencingGuidelines Act, which became effective onJuly 1, 1993, is being applied retroactivelyduring 1993 and 1994 to approximately1,210 existing Kansas prisoners at thetime the law was enacted. As a result,there is an overall decrease in male andfemale jurisdiction and custody counts, aswell as a change in some admission andrelease categories.
New court commitments: May includesome returns from appeal/bond.
Other conditional release violators, withand without new sentences: Includes someprobation violators who should have beencategorized as new court commitments.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Other admissions: Admission type notknown at time of data collection.
Other conditional releases: Conditional re-leases to supervision, similar to that forparole.
Cause of death: Unknown.
Hispanic origin: Estimates based on previ-ous years’ Hispanic population.
Kentucky
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Other admissions: Includes court-orderedreturns to prison.
Other releases: Includes court-ordered re-leases not identifiable as conditional orunconditional.
Other race: Includes inmates whose racecannot be classified in the specifiedcategories.
Louisiana
Population, admissions, and releasescounts: Based on custody data.
Sentencing information: Jurisdiction andcustody counts of inmates with a maxi-mum sentence of more than 1 year andwith 1 year or less maximum sentence arenot comparable to 1992 and previously re-ported data. Prior to 1993, reported in-mates with 1 year or less sentence wereactually parole revocations with a remain-ing sentence equal to 1 year or less. Theoriginal sentences for these persons weregreater than 1 year, but when they re-turned from parole the remaining time ontheir sentences had decreased to 1 year orless. Since persons with sentences of 1year or less are not sentenced to Louisi-ana prisons, all inmates are now reportedas having a maximum sentence greaterthan or equal to 1 year.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Other admissions: Admissions to treat-ment programs from probation and paroledistricts.
Other unconditional releases: Includescourt-ordered and good-time releases.
Cause of death: Can specify only forexecutions.
92 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Other releases: Consists of inmates re-leased in error.
American Indian or Alaskan Native: In-cludes American Indian only.
Asian or Pacific Islander: Includes Chi-nese and Japanese only.
Other race: Includes Latins and all otherracial categories.
Hispanic origin: Not included in Louisiana’sdata system.
Maine
Other conditional release violators withnew sentences: Probation violators withnew sentences.
Other conditional release violators only, nonew sentences: Probation violators with nonew sentences.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Other admissions: Returns from intensivesupervision programs. This program wasterminated by the State Legislature as ofJune 30, 1993.
Other releases: Releases to detainer orwarrant.
Race and Hispanic origin: Numbers areestimated.
Maryland
Category estimates: The movement andpopulation totals are actual counts. Cate-gories for admissions and releases are es-timated by applying percentages fromautomated data to the totals that are mademanually. The automated data systemcounts only inmates with maximum sen-tences of more than 1 year, while the de-tailed categories in the manual datainclude inmates with maximum sentencesof 1 year or less.
New court commitments: May include asmall number of returns from appeal/bond.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases. May also include a smallnumber of releases to appeal/bond.
Massachusetts
Population, admissions, and releasescounts: Based on custody data.
Parole violators only, no new sentences:Includes some parole violators with newsentences, other conditional release viola-tors with and without new sentences, anda small number of returns fromappeal/bond.
Category estimates: The totals for admis-sions and releases are actual; the catego-ries are estimated.
Other admissions: Includes 966 inmateshoused in local facilities and 109 inmatesheld in Federal and other State facilities.
Unconditional releases, expirations of sen-tence: Includes some releases toprobation.
Other unconditional releases: Includescourt-ordered releases and a small num-ber of releases to appeal/bond.
Other race: Includes Hispanic inmateswhose race is not specified; also includes966 male inmates housed in local facilitiesand 109 male inmates held in Federal andother State facilities.
Unknown ethnicity: Includes 966 male in-mates housed in local facilities and 109male inmates held in Federal and otherState facilities.
Michigan
Population, admissions, and releasescounts: Based on custody data.
Transfers from and to other jurisdictions:Includes transfers from and to mental hos-pitals and Federal and other Statefacilities.
Returns from and releases to appeal/bond:Contains the net difference of all move-ments from and to the courts.
Cause of death, illness or natural causes:Includes unspecified type of death, includ-ing deaths resulting from AIDS- or HIV-related diseases.
Other deaths: Shot during escape.
Unknown race: Includes Michigan’sMexican-Americans.
Hispanic origin: Includes only inmates ofMexican-American descent.
Minnesota
Minnesota revised its December 31, 1993,count.
Other conditional release violators withnew sentences: Includes parole violators,supervised mandatory release violators,and work release violators with newsentences.
Other conditional release violators only, nonew sentences: Includes parole violators,supervised mandatory release violators,and work release violators with no newsentences.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Escapeesand AWOL prisoners are not formally re-leased; therefore, returns from and re-leases to escape or AWOL are notconsidered valid admission categories in Minnesota’s data system.
Other unconditional releases: Includes inmates discharged by court or executiveorders. May include some commutations.
Other conditional releases: Work releasesand intensive community supervision.
Prisoners in 1994 93
Other race: Includes an undeterminednumber of Asian/Pacific Islanders andother unclassified categories.
Unknown race: Includes Minnesota’s His-panic category.
Mississippi
New court commitments: Includes someprobation violators with and without newsentences.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Other admissions: Includes inmates await-ing revocation hearings and returns fromappeal/bond.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases.
Other releases: Inmates returned to com-munity supervision following a revocationhearing where no revocation occurred.Also includes releases to appeal/bond.
Unknown race: Includes Mississippi’s His-panic category.
Missouri
Population and admissions counts: 1993counts are based on custody data.
Escapee returns, with and without newsentences: Include some returns fromAWOL which cannot be separated fromescape return admissions.
Other admissions: Includes inmates re-turned from erroneous releases and per-sons whose commitment was reinstated.
Other unconditional releases: Includescourt-ordered releases.
Other conditional releases: Includes condi-tional release to custody/detainer, adminis-trative parole, and credit time releases.
Causes of death: Unknown.
Escapes from confinement: Includeswalkaways from residential treatment facili-ties, electronic monitoring program, andcommunity release centers.
Other releases: Includes deferred commit-ments and erroneous releases.
Montana
Montana revised the previously reportedDecember 31, 1993, population of inmateswith maximum sentences of more than 1year.
Other admissions: Includes some proba-tion violators. Also includes 47 males and1 female inmate added to balance thepopulation count.
Escapee releases: Includes 6 inmates whoescaped from prison and 50 frompre-release.
Jurisdiction and custody population: In-cludes some inmates from other jurisdic-tions who are housed by Montana.
Race, white: Includes inmates of Hispanicorigin.
Nebraska
Parole violators only, no new sentences:Includes some parole violators with newsentences.
Race and ethnicity: Numbers areestimated.
Nevada
Total admissions and releases: May in-clude some inmates with a 1 yearsentence.
New court commitments: May include avery small number of returns fromappeal/bond.
Parole violators only, no new sentences:Includes some parole violators with newsentences.
Transfers from other jurisdictions: Theseinmates are considered part of Nevada’sout count and are not counted asadmissions.
Other admissions: Includes Nevada’s "notphysically received" category. Inmates arecounted as admissions when Nevada be-gins to monitor their sentences and in-cludes them in their out-count population.
Unconditional, expiration of sentence: Mayinclude some inmates transferred to otherjurisdictions.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases.
Race: Numbers are estimated.
Other race: Includes some Hispanicinmates.
New Hampshire
New court commitments: Includes somereturns from appeal/bond. May also in-clude some other conditional release viola-tors with and without new sentences.
Parole violators only, no new sentences:Includes parole violators with a newsentence.
Unconditional releases, expiration of sen-tence: Includes other unconditional re-leases and some releases to appeal/bond.
Other releases: Court-ordered releasesnot identifiable as conditional orunconditional.
New Jersey
Sentencing information: Reported popula-tions with sentences of more than 1 yearinclude 96 male and 12 female inmateswith a sentence equal to 1 year.
New court commitments: May includesome transfers from other jurisdictions and returns from appeal/bond.
Other conditional release violators only, nonew sentences: Prisoners returned (some
94 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
with new sentences) from the IntensiveSupervision Program, an experimental pro-gram operated by the Administrative Officeof Courts.
Other conditional releases: Prisoners re-leased to the Intensive SupervisionProgram.
Causes of death: Unknown at time of datacollection.
Unknown race: Includes 1,526 male and12 female Hispanic inmates who are notclassified as white or black. Also includes17 male inmates for whom the race cate-gory was unspecified.
Unknown ethnicity: Includes inmates forwhom race category was unspecified.
New Mexico
Parole violators only, no new sentences:Includes parole violators with and withoutadditional sentences.
Other conditional release violators only, nonew sentences: Includes violators bothwith and without new sentences. Also in-cludes returns from community correctionsprograms.
Other conditional releases: Releases tocommunity corrections programs.
Cause of death: Can specify onlyexecutions.
New York
New court commitments: Includes paroleand other conditional release violators withnew sentences.
Transfers from other jurisdictions: Includes553 men and 63 women previously underthe jurisdiction of the Department of Men-tal Hygiene for psychiatric treatment.
Other admissions: Includes 26 men re-turned from conditional parole deportationto the custody of the U.S. Bureau of Immi-gration and Naturalization Services, as wellas 13 men and 1 woman returned follow-ing erroneous release.
Causes of death: Unknown at time of datacollection.
Transfers to other jurisdictions: Includes577 men and 65 women transferred to thejurisdiction of the Department of MentalHygiene for psychiatric treatment.
Other releases: Consists of erroneous re-leases of 6 men and 6 women.
North Carolina
Sentencing information, partially sus-pended sentences: Some prisoners servesentences in which the term in prison ispartially suspended, to be completed un-der probation. They were categorized withinmates sentenced to 1 year or more onlywhen the prison portion of their sentencesexceeded 12 months. Nearly all of the in-mates with a partially suspended sentencewere included with those prisoners havingsentences of 1 year or less. As a result,the population and movement counts of in-mates with maximum sentences of morethan 1 year are understated, and thepopulation count of inmates with 1 year orless maximum sentence is overstated.
Category estimates, sentencing: Popula-tion totals are actual; populations by sen-tence length are estimated.
Parole violators with new sentences: In-cludes some parole violators without newsentences and some conditional releaseviolators with and without new sentences.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Other admissions: Consists of an adjust-ment residual to balance movement datawith the December 31 populations.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases.
Other conditional releases: Includes somesupervised mandatory releases.
Hispanic origin: Not included in NorthCarolina’s data system.
North Dakota
Other conditional releases: Court-orderedreleases.
Ohio
Ohio updated the December 31, 1993,count for inmates with a maximum sen-tence of more than 1 year.
Sentencing information: Reported popula-tion of inmates with maximum sentencesof more than 1 year includes some in-mates with sentences of 1 year or less.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: All unau-thorized absences are classified asescapes.
Other unconditional releases: Sentencesvacated by courts.
Other conditional releases: Includes fur-loughs and other conditional releases
Race, white: May include some AmericanIndians, Alaska Natives, Asians, or PacificIslanders.
Oklahoma
Sentencing information: Reported popula-tion of inmates with maximum sentencesof more than 1 year includes some in-mates with sentences of 1 year or less.
New court commitments: Include someconditional release violators with and with-out new sentences.
Prisoners in 1994 95
Other unconditional releases: IncludesLegislative CAP releases (Senate Bill 445).
Other conditional releases: Includes condi-tional commutations and CAP releases toprobation supervision.
Other deaths: Shot during a robbery at-tempt while on community supervision.
Total jurisdiction population: Excludes 328men and 47 women housed in local jailssolely to ease prison crowding.
Unknown race: Includes Hispanic inmates.
Oregon
Oregon revised its December 31, 1993,count due to an adjustment in methodol-ogy to identify inmates with a maximumsentence of more than 1 year.
Transfers from and to other jurisdictions:Oregon cannot distinguish transfers fromother admissions or release categories.Transfers may be included in any admis-sions or release category.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: All unau-thorized absences are classified asescapes.
Other admissions: Type of admission un-known at time of data collection.
Other unconditional releases: Type of un-conditional release unknown at time ofdata collection.
Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania revised its December 31,1993, count.
Other admissions: Type of admissions un-known at time of data collection.
Other unconditional releases: Court-ordered releases.
Escapee and AWOL prisoners: Excludesprisoners who absconded while residentsof community-based facilities.
Other releases: Includes releases to theState Mental Hospital.
Other race: Pennsylvania’s Hispaniccategory.
Rhode Island
Sentencing information, partially sus-pended sentences: Some prisoners servesentences in which the term in prison ispartially suspended, to be completed un-der probation. They were categorized withinmates sentenced to 1 year or more onlywhen the prison portion of their sentencesexceeded 12 months. As a result, thepopulation and movement counts of in-mates with maximum sentences of morethan 1 year are understated, and thepopulation and movements counts of in-mates with 1 year or less maximum sen-tences are overstated.
Other conditional releases: Includes court-ordered releases to drug/alcohol treatmentprogram.
Jurisdiction population, unsentenced in-mates: Includes 16 men held on civil con-tempt of court for nonpayment of childsupport.
Total inmate population: Jurisdiction andcustody counts include inmates in prisonsand jails, which form an integrated systemin Rhode Island.
South Carolina
New court commitments: May include asmall number of transfers from otherjurisdictions.
Other unconditional releases: Releases bycourt-order and remanded.
Other conditional releases: Inmates re-leased to the jurisdiction of the Departmentof Parole, Probation, and Pardon Servicesunder the Emergency Powers Act.
South Dakota
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Transfers to other jurisdictions: Includestransfers to Federal or other Statefacilities.
Race: Numbers are estimated.
Tennessee
Sentencing information: Reported popula-tion and movement of inmates with maxi-mum sentences of 1 year include inmateswith maximum sentences of more than 1year. As a result, the population andmovement counts of inmates with maxi-mum sentences of more than 1 year areoverstated.
Parole violators with new sentences: Mayinclude some parole violators with no newsentences.
Other conditional release violators withnew sentences: Includes some probationand community corrections program viola-tors with no new sentences.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Conditional releases, paroles: May includea small number of supervised mandatoryreleases.
Other conditional releases: Releases tocommunity corrections programs.
Total jurisdiction population: Includes1,640 men and 189 women housed in localfacilities solely to ease prison crowding.Excludes 3,134 felons sentenced to servetheir time in local facilities.
Other race: Includes Hispanic inmates.
Hispanic origin: Not included in Tennes-see’s data system.
Texas
Sentencing information: Reported popula-tion of inmates with maximum sentencesof more than 1 year includes some in-mates with maximum sentences of 1 yearor less.
96 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Admissions and releases: Numbers areestimated.
Parole violators with and without new sen-tences: Texas’ data system does not dis-tinguish parole violators with newsentences from those without newsentences.
Other conditional release violators withand without new sentences: Texas’ datasystem does not distinguish other condi-tional release violators with new sentencesfrom those without new sentences.
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Other admissions: Contains adjustment re-siduals to balance the movement data withthe December 31 population. The numberdoes include 17,422 men and 3,298women housed in local jails to easecrowding.
Race and ethnicity: Numbers areestimated.
Other race: Texas’ Hispanic category. Also Includes 17,422 men and 3,298women inmates housed in local jails.
Unknown Hispanic origin: Includes 17,422men and 3,298 women housed in local jailsto ease prison overcrowding.
Utah
Other unconditional releases: Inmateswhose sentences were terminated prior to expiration.
Vermont
Parole violators with and without new sentences: May include other conditionalrelease violators.
AWOL: May include some returns fromappeal/bond.
Total inmate population: Jurisdiction andcustody counts include inmates in prisonsand jails, which form an integrated systemin Vermont.
Race: Numbers are estimated.
Virginia
Virginia provided counts as of January 4,1994.
Other admissions: Includes pending parolerevocations (both discretionary and man-datory), transfers, and returns fromappeal/bond.
Other unconditional releases: Administra-tive releases.
Conditional releases, supervised manda-tory releases and paroles: Includes re-leases to detainer and transfers to otherjurisdictions.
Other releases: Includes persons releasedto appeal/bond and those who were re-turned to prison pending revocation of dis-cretionary or mandatory parole, where norevocation occurred, who are being re-turned to parole or other supervisedstatus.
Unknown race: Includes Virginia’s Hispanicrace category.
Washington
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Other unconditional releases: Vacatedsentences.
Other releases: Type of release unknownat time of data collection.
Other race: Inmates of mixed racial origin.
West Virginia
West Virginia has no footnotes or explana-tory notes.
Wisconsin
Admissions and releases counts: An unde-termined number of admissions and re-leases are not reported; therefore, whenadmissions are added to the January 1population and releases are subtracted,the total does not equal the December 31population.
Other admissions: Includes 632 males and85 females temporarily returned to prisonwithout a formal revocation; 52 males and1 female returned pending revocationhearings; 1 male and 1 female with noWisconsin sentence; 11 male sex offend-ers held under Wisconsin’s predator law;and 3 males erroneously admitted.
Other unconditional releases: Includescourt-ordered releases.
Other releases: Includes 513 males and73 females returned to the community af-ter being held without formal revocations;1 male and 1 female with no Wisconsinsentence; 15 males and 1 female pendingrevocation hearing; 3 males and 1 female erroneously admitted, and 9 males and 1 female with court-ordered releases.
Unsentenced inmates: Jurisdiction andcustody counts of inmates whose sen-tence was unknown at time of datacollection.
Wyoming
New court commitments and unconditionalreleases, expirations of sentence: May in-clude a small number of administrativeturnovers (starts and expirations of con-secutive sentences).
Escapees and AWOL prisoners: Countedas a single category.
Other conditional releases: Includes in-mates placed in the "S.T.O.P." program.
Other race: Wyoming’s Hispanic category.
Prisoners in 1994 97
Tables
Adults on parole, 1994
6.1 Characteristics 1066.2 Counts, January 1
and December 31 1076.3 Status of supervision 1086.4 Adults entering parole,
by type of sentence 1096.5 Adults leaving parole,
by type of exit 1106.6 Sex and Hispanic origin 1116.7 Race 1126.8 Sentence length 1136.9 Intensive supervision and
electronic monitoring 114
Explanatory notesby jurisdiction 115
Questionnaire 119
Parole in 1994 105
Parole in 1994
106 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 6.1. Characteristics of adults on parole, 1994
Characteristics
Number of adults on parole from Stateor Federal courts
Percent of thosepersons with aknown status
Total number of adults on parole 690,159 100%
Status of supervision 682,679 100%
Active supervision 514,616 75Inactive supervision 88,611 13Absconded from supervision 42,008 6Supervised out of State 32,539 5Other 4,905 1
Adults entering parole 402,531 100%
Discretionary parole 211,805 53Mandatory parole 168,669 42Reinstatement 15,652 4Other 6,405 2
Adults leaving parole 386,448 100%
Successful completions 177,870 46Returned to prison or jail 157,978 41
With new sentence 40,565 10With revocation pending 75,886 20Other 41,527 11
Transferred to another State 8,693 2Death 4,121 1Other 37,786 10
Less than 1 year 27,280 5One year or more 535,336 95
Note: See the detailed tables, the questionnaire, and the ex-planatory notes for definitions, limitations, and exceptions. Jurisdictions failed to report data for 1% of "status of supervi-sion," 42% of "adults entering parole," 44% of "adults exiting pa-role," 2% of "sex of adults on parole," 8% of "race of adults onparole," 28% of "Hispanic origin of adults on parole," and 18%of "length of sentence" of parolees.--Less than 0.5%.
Parole in 1994 107
Table 6.2. Adults on parole, 1994
Region and jurisdiction
Parole population1/1/94
1994Parole population12/31/94
Percent change inparole populationduring 1994
Number on parole on12/31/94 per 100,000adult residentsEntries Exits
U.S. total 676,100 411,504 396,971 690,159 2.1% 359
Federal 55,710 28,505 22,788 61,430 10.3% 32 State 620,390 382,999 374,183 628,729 1.3 327
Northeast 167,337 75,585 68,187 173,735 3.8% 447
Connecticuta,c 1,000 1,470 270 1,200 20.0 48
Maineb 38 3 1 40 5.3 4 Massachusettsd,e 4,370 3,872 3,709 4,533 3.7 98 New Hampshire 777 529 471 835 7.5 99 New Jersey 35,775 15,365 9,320 41,820 16.9 700 New York 52,186 25,493 23,847 53,832 3.2 394 Pennsylvania 72,100 28,052 29,797 70,355 -2.4 769 Rhode Island 536 482 490 528 -1.5 70 Vermont 555 319 282 592 6.7 136
:Not available.aBecause of nonresponse or incomplete data, the population on December 31, 1994, does not equal the population on January 1, 1994, plus entries minus exits.bSee Explanatory notes for more detail.cAll data are estimated.
dTotal entries are estimated.eThe December 31, 1994, count is estimated.fThe January 1, 1994, count is estimated.gTotal exits are estimated.hData are for the year beginning July 1, 1993.
108 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 6.3. Adults on parole, by status of supervision, 1994
Region and jurisdiction
Parolepopulation12/31/94
Number of adults on parole
Active Inactive Absconded Out-of-State
Other, un-known, or not reported
U.S. total 690,159 514,616 88,611 42,008 32,539 12,385
Federal 61,430 48,200 12,325 905 0 0 State 628,729 466,416 76,286 41,103 32,539 12,385
:Not available. . . .Not applicable. aDetailed data are estimated for supervision status.bExcludes absconders.cSee Explanatory notes for more detail.dExcludes absconders and out-of-State cases.
Parole in 1994 109
Table 6.4. Adults entering parole, by type of sentence, 1994
Number of adults entering paroleOther, un-known, or not reported
Region and jurisdictionTotal Discretionarya Mandatoryb Reinstatementc
U.S. total 411,504 211,805 168,669 15,652 15,378
Federal 28,505 26,725 1,780 0 0 State 382,999 185,080 166,889 15,652 15,378
Northeast 75,585 71,624 3,893 68 0 Connecticut 1,470 1,450 0 20 0 Maine 3 3 0 0 0 Massachusettsd 3,872 3,872 0 0 0 New Hampshire 529 515 0 14 0 New Jersey 15,365 15,365 0 0 0 New York 25,493 21,600 3,893 . . . 0 Pennsylvania 28,052 28,052 0 0 0 Rhode Island 482 448 . . . 34 0 Vermont 319 319 0 0 0
:Not known. . . .Not applicable.aDiscretionary parole entries are persons entering because of a parole board decision.bMandatory parole entries are persons whose releasesfrom prison were not decided by a parole board. Includes those entering because of
determinate sentencing statutes, good-time provi-sions, or emergency releases.cReinstatement entries are persons returned to paroleafter serving time in a prison because of a paroleviolation.dSee Explanatory notes for more detail.eDetailed data are estimated for entries.
110 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 6.5. Adults leaving parole, by type of exit, 1994
Number of adults leaving paroleReturned to incarceration
With new sentence
With revocation Other
Transferredto anotherjurisdiction
Other,unknown, ornot reported
Region and jurisdiction Total
Successfulcompletion Death
U.S. total 396,971 177,870 40,565 75,886 41,527 8,693 4,121 48,309
Federal 22,788 12,340 0 5,424 0 2,497 343 2,184 State 374,183 165,530 40,565 70,462 41,527 6,196 3,778 46,125
:Not available. . . .Not applicable. aSee Explanatory notes for more detail.bDetailed data are estimated for intensive supervision,electronic monitoring, and bootcamps.
Explanatory notes by jurisdiction
Because many States update their popula-tion counts, the January 1, 1994, numbersmay differ from those previously publishedfor December 31, 1993.
Federal
Reinstatements and those persons initiallyinactive are excluded for totals to be cor-rect (table 6.4).
"Other" exits include administrativeclosings.
Data for "electronic monitoring" repre-sented approximately 70% electronicmonitoring; the remainder are non-electronically monitored homeconfinement.
Alabama
Data are reported by the State and Bir-mingham City Parole Department.
All data are estimated.
Detailed data are not provided for entries,exits, sex, Hispanic origin, race, "intensivesupervision," and electronic monitoring.
Arizona
"Other" entries include cases fromout-of-State.
Arkansas
January 1 population count is estimated(table 6.2).
"Active" supervision status cases areestimated.
"Intensive supervision" cases are esti-mated (table 6.9).
"Other" entries include return from out-of-State, transfers, reactivated from detainer,absconders, and custody out-of-State andin-State.
"Other" exits includes detainer, out-of-State parole termination, absconder, andincarcerated out-of-State.
"Other" races includes Mexicans, Cubans, Europeans, Australians, and other non-Americans of unknown race.
California
Data are reported by the Department ofCorrections and the California YouthAuthority.
Felons supervised in California are in-cluded in January 1 count, entries, exits,December 31 count, sex, Hispanic origin,and race.
California felon inmates paroled to anotherState through interstate compact agree-ments are not included in entries, exits,sex, Hispanic origin, and race.
The total number of supervision status ex-cludes 15,012 absconders and 2,392 out-of-State cases because they are not in-cluded in December 31 count (table 6.2).
"Other" exits include suspensions andother releases.
"Returned to incarceration with revoca-tion" is included with "returned to incar-ceration other" (table 6.5).
"Other" races include any person whocould not be specifically classified.Detailed data are estimated for supervisionstatus, Hispanic origin, race, and "elec-tronic monitoring."
"Other" exits include "discharges-court action pending," absent without leaveat discharge, and end of jurisdiction.
"Other" races include an unknown numberof Filipinos and other unspecified.
Colorado
Total entries and total exits are estimated(table 6.2).
"Active" cases include interstate compactcases into Colorado (table 6.3).
"Other" entries are estimated and includeinterstate compact from other States.
Data for "transferred to another parole ju-risdiction" are estimated (table 6.5).
Detailed data are estimated for sex, His-panic origin, and race.
"Electronic monitoring" is included with "intensive supervision."
Connecticut
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanicorigin and race.
Delaware
Detailed data are not provided for entries,exits, and sentence length.
December 31 count includes all Delawareparolees because there are no local jails(table 6.2).
"Electronic monitoring" is operated by anoutside agency.
District of Columbia
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanicorigin and sentence length.
"Other" entries include parole/reparolegrants, administrative status, consecutivesentences, and detainers.
Parole in 1994 115
Florida
All data include cases that serve time incommunity supervision (Parole, MCR,Conditional Pardon, Community Control,Supervised Community Release, Provi-sional Release, Conditional Release, Control Release, Administrative ControlRelease, and Conditional MedicalRelease).
"Other" exits include pardons.
"Other" race include Latins of unknownrace and other unspecified.
Georgia
Detailed data are not provied for Hispanicorigin.
Detailed data are estimated for sex, race,sentence length, "intensive supervision,"and "electronic monitoring."
Because of accounting procedures and record keeping, the January 1 count, plusentries, minus exits, does not equal December 31 count (table 6.2)
Hawaii
Data are for calendar year ending June1994.
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanic orgin and race.
"Other" entries include cases from themainland.
"Other" supervision status includes casesin institutions (Federal or State) awaitingsentence or in Federal institutions servinga sentence.
Idaho
Detailed data are not provided for entries.
"Successful completion" is estimated (table6.5).
Detailed data are estimated for sex, His-panic origin, and race.Illinois
Detailed data are estimated for sex, His-panic origin, and race.
"Other" entries include transfers from otherStates and other unspecified cases."Other" exits include transfers to the Ap-prehension Unit and other unspecifiedcases.
"More than a year" includes cases withsentence of "one year or more" (table 6.8).
Indiana
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanicorigin, race, and sentence length.
Iowa
Detailed data are estimated for sex, His-panic origin, race, and sentence length.
Kansas
The following counts exclude 573 abscon-ders: January 1, December 31, supervi-sion status, sex, Hispanic origin, race, andsentence length.
December 31 count includes 4,239 in-State cases, and 2,052 out-of-State cases(table 6.2).
"Other" entries include release from pre-revocation and administrative holding con-finement, and previous absconders placedin jail.
"Other" exits include absconders, expiration of sentence, pre-revocation con-finement, confinement for administrativeholding, and others involving Kansas of-fenders who are out-of-State.
"Returned to incarceration-with revocation"includes condition violators and "returnedto incarceration-other" includes release todetainer-new sentence (table 6.5).
Detailed data are estimated for Hispanicorigin.
Kentucky
Detailed data are not provided for sex, His-panic origin, and race.
Louisiana
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanicorigin.
"Other" exits include error, revocations by
a non-Department of Corrections authority,and remands to the custody of INS.
Maine
Maine abolished parole in 1976. The datareported represent offenders convictedprior to 1976.
Supervision status excludes 15absconders.
Maryland
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanicorigin.
Detailed data are estimated for "intensivesupervision" and "bootcamp." "Other" supervision status includes delinquents in custody.
Massachusetts
Detailed data are estimated for entries,December 31 count, and "intensivesupervision."
"Other" races include Hispanics of un-known race and other unknown.
116 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Minnesota
Detailed data are estimated for "electronicmonitoring."
Some of the "active" count includes "inac-tive" cases (table 6.3).
"Other" entries include released to intensive community supervision program.
"Other" races include Hispanics of
unknown race, other unspecified, and unknown.
Mississippi
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanicorigin, and sentence length.
"Other" entries are due to an informationlag.
"Other" exits include a combination of "re-turned to incarceration with new sen-tence" and "Returned to incarceration with revocation."
"Other" races include a combined estimateof and Asian Hispanics of unknown race.
Programs for "electronic monitoring and"bootcamp" exist but only for offenderswith an "inmate" status.
Missouri
All data are estimated.
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanic origin.
Montana
Detailed data are not provided for entries,exits, Hispanic origin, and sentence length.
"Other" races include a combination of all races other than white.
Nebraska
Detailed data for sex, Hispanic origin, and race are estimated.
Nevada
"Active" and "absconder" status cases are estimated (table 6.3).
Detailed data are estimated for sex, His-panic origin, race, and sentence length.
Detailed data are estimated for "intensivesupervision" and "electronic monitoring."
"Returned to incarceration with revoca-tion" includes "returned to incarceration with new sentence" (table 6.5).
"Successful completion" is estimated (table 6.5).
New Hampshire
Detailed data are estimated for sex, Hispanic origin, and race.
New Mexico
All data are estimated.
Because of accounting procedures and record keeping, January 1 count, plusentries, minus exits, does not equal December 31 count (table 6.2).
New York
"Other" exits include board action and court orders.
"Other" races include Hispanics of unknown race and other unspecified.
North Carolina
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanicorigin and sentence length.
"Other" entries include an adjustment
residual.
North Dakota
Detailed data are not provided for "inten-sive supervision" and "electronicmonitoring."
North Dakota does not keep daily recordsof "absconders; data are collected at thetermination of sentence (table 6.3).
"Other" exits include absconders and mis-cellaneous exits. Ohio
Detailed data are estimated for sex, Hispanic origin, and race.
Detailed data are not provided for sen-tence length and supervision status.
"Other" entries include out-of-Stateplacement.
"Other" exits include status changed toinactive.
Oklahoma
"Other" races include Hispanics of un-known race and unknown.
Oregon
"Other" entries include transitional leave.
"Other" exits include cases unknown at thetime of data collection.
"Intensive supervision" and "electronicmonitoring" includes probation and parolecases.
Parole in 1994 117
Pennsylvania
Detailed data are estimated for exits, sex,Hispanic origin, and race.
Detailed data are not provided for sen-tence length.
"Other" supervisory status includesdetainees.
"Other" exits include absconders, trans-fers, and unknown.
Rhode Island
"Other" supervisory status includes INSdetainees, persons in Federal detention orwitness program, and persons under Statedetention warrants.
"Reinstatement of parole" includes re-parole after revocation, (table 6.4).
"Returned to incarceration other" in-cludes "persons who are held on detentionwarrants by the parole board to serve thebalance of the parole time expired whileheld on that warrant" (table 6.5).
"Other" exits includes absconders.
South Carolina
Detailed data are not provided for Hispanicorigin and sentence length.
"Other" supervision status includes supervised by INS.
"Other" exits include pardon and medical.
"Other" races include an unknown combi-nation of all races other than black orwhite.
South Dakota
Detailed data are estimated for Hispanicorigin.
Tennessee
"Other" supervisory status includes detainer cases.
"Other" exits include expired sentence.
"Intensive supervision" is "enhanced su-pervision" (table 6.9).
Texas
All data are estimated.
"Successful completion" includes dis-charged cases (table 6.5).
"Returned to incarceration with revoca-tion" includes all revocations for year in-cluding those with new convictions andthose with no new convictions (table 6.5).
"Electronic monitoring" cases are included in the total "intensive supervision"cases.
Utah
"Other" entries include parole to custody.
"Not of Hispanic origin" includes unknown (table 6.6).
Virginia
Detailed data are estimated for sex.
"Other" entries include restored to supervision, transferred from other district, transfer from other State, returned from other States.
"Other" exits include out-of-State cases,termination, miscellaneous, administrative, and others.
"Other" races include Hispanic of unknownrace and other unspecified.
Washington
All data are estimated.
"Other" exits include out-of-State.
"Other" races include offenders of mixedrace.
Wisconsin
Because of missing data, January 1 count,plus entries, minus exits, does not equalDecember 31 count(table 6.2).
"Other" supervision status includes vacating order issued and violationwarrant issued.
"Other" exits include voluntary/invol-untary return, revised and remanded, and errors.
Wyoming
"Other" supervisory status include compactcases supervised for another State.
118 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Tables
7.1 Summary characteristicsof all prisoners present at yearend, received fromcourt, and removed fromdeath row, 1994 124
Prisoners under sentence of death,by race, 1994
7.2 Movement of all prisoners 1257.3 Movement of female
prisoners 1257.4 Movement of Hispanic
prisoners 1277.5 Time between sentencing
and yearend 1287.6 Age 1317.7 Level of education
completed 1347.8 Marital status at time
of imprisonment 1377.9 Legal status at time
of capital offense 1407.10 Felony history 143
Prisoners received from court undersentence of death, by race, 19947.11 Age 1467.12 Level of education
completed 1487.13 Marital status at time
of imprisonment 1507.14 Legal status at time
of capital offense 1527.15 Felony history 154
Prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1994
7.16 Status of prisoners 1567.17 Means of removal
from death row 1577.18 Time between sentencing
and yearend 1587.19 Age 1597.20 Level of education
completed 1627.21 Marital status at time
of imprisonment 1647.22 Legal status at time
of capital offense 1667.23 Felony history 168
Current statutes7.24 Status of death penalty,
by jurisdiction, 1994 170
Prisoners executed under civilauthority in the United States, 1930-94
7.25 Year, region, and jurisdiction 171
7.26 Race and offense 172
Explanatory notes 173
Questionnaires 174
Capital punishment in 1994 123
Capital punishment in 1994
124 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.1. Summary characteristics of all prisoners present at yearend, receivedfrom court, and removed from death row, 1994
Prisoners on death rowSentence of death removed in 1994
AgeUnder 20 years 19 17 0 120-24 years 231 80 0 725-29 years 434 62 1 1730-34 years 654 66 7 1835-39 years 627 27 9 1740-54 years 822 51 14 4255 years or older 103 3 0 10
Median age 35 29 39 38
aIncludes deceased from causes other than execution, commutation of sentence, sentence vacated, and convictionvacated. b "Other" race present at yearend includes 23 American Indians, 17 Asians, and 8 inmates of unspecified race.
"Other" race admitted includes 2 American Indians, 1Asian, and 5 inmates of unspecified race. One Ameri-can Indian had his death sentence removed in 1994.
Capital punishment in 1994 125
Table 7.2. Movement of all prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Prisoners under sentence of death
Region and State
Under death sentence 12/31/93
Received from court in 1994
Executed in 1994
Death sentence removed in 1994a
Under death sentence 12/31/94
Total White Black Other Total White Black Otherb Total White Black Total White Black Otherb Total White Black Otherb
Note: The following States with death penaltystatutes reported no prisoners under sentenceof death in 1994: New Hampshire and Wyoming. aDispositions of death sentences other than byexecution included dismissal of indictment, re-versal of judgment, commutation, re-sentencing, order of a new trial, and death.One American Indian prisoner in North
Carolina had his sentence overturned byan appellate court and was awaiting resen-tencing.b Two American Indians, 1 Asian, and 5 in-mates of unspecified race were receivedfrom court; 1 American Indian had hisdeath sentence removed; 23 American In-dians, 17 Asians, and 8 inmates ofunspecified race were under a sentence of death at yearend.
cA black male in Ohio was sentenced to death inMarch 1994 and removed from under sentence ofdeath in June 1994. This inmate is included in boththe admission and removal counts of inmates.dA white male in North Carolina was removed fromdeath row in January 1994 and resentenced to deathin April 1994. This inmate is included in both the ad-mission and removal counts of inmates.
126 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.3. Movement of female prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Female prisoners under sentence of death Under death sentence12/31/93
Received from court in 1994a
Under death sentence 12/31/94
Region and State Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black
Note: The following States with death penalty statutesreported no women under sentence of death in 1994:Connecticut, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Nebraska,South Dakota, Arkansas, Delaware, Georgia, Ken-tucky, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina, Virginia,Colorado, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah,Washington, and Wyoming.
aAll women received from court with adeath sentence in 1994 had been con-victed of murder. bNo women under sentence of deathwere executed or removed from deathrow during 1994.
Capital punishment in 1994 127
Table 7.4. Movement of Hispanic prisoners under sentence of death, 1993
Note: Hispanic prisoners may be of any race. Statesthat do not appear had no Hispanic prisoners under adeath sentence in 1994.
*Dispositions of death sentences other than by executionincluded dismissal of indictment, reversal of judgment,commutation, resentencing, and order of a new trial.
128 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.5. Time between sentencing and the yearend for prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Prisoners under sentence of deathRegion and State
Total
Less than 12 months
12-23 months
24-35 months
36-47 months
48-71 months
More than 71 months
Median num-ber of months
All prisonersU.S. total 2,890 280 267 248 240 379 1,476 73
Note: Of 37 jurisdictions with a death penalty stat-ute, the following States reported no prisoners ondeath row at yearend 1994: New Hampshire andWyoming.
*Medians were not calculated on fewer than 5 cases.†"Other prisoners" includes 23 American Indians, 17Asians, and 8 inmates of unspecified race.
Capital punishment in 1994 131
Table 7.6. Age of prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Prisoners under sentence of deathRegion and State
All ages
Under 20 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 39 years
40 to 54 years
55 years or older
All prisoners U.S. total 2,890 19 231 434 654 627 822 103
Note: Of 37 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute, thefollowing States reported no prisoners on death row atyearend 1994: New Hampshire and Wyoming.
*"Other prisoners" includes 23 American Indians, 17Asians, and 8 inmates of unspecified race.
134 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.7. Level of education completed by prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Prisoners under sentence of deathRegion and State
Totalnumber
7th gradeor less
8th grade
9th to 11th grade
12thgrade
Anycollege
Notreported
All prisonersU.S. total 2,890 186 198 930 939 255 382
Note: Of 37 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute,the following States reported no prisoners on deathrow at yearend 1994: New Hampshire andWyoming.
*"Other prisoners" includes 23 American Indians,17 Asians, and 8 inmates of unspecified race.
Capital punishment in 1994 137
Table 7.8. Marital status at time of imprisonment of prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Prisoners under sentence of death Region and State
Total Married
Divorced orseparated Widowed
Nevermarried
Notreported
All prisonersU.S. total 2,890 707 568 67 1,320 228
Note: Of 37 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute, thefollowing States reported no prisoners on death row atyearend 1994: New Hampshire and Wyoming. *"Other prisoners" includes 23 American Indians, 17Asians, and 8 inmates of unspecified race.
140 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.9. Legal status at time of capital offense for prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Prisoners under sentence of death who had the following legal status when they committed capital crimesRegion and State
Not charged with or sen-tenced for another crime
Charged withanother crime
Under sentence for another crime Legal statusnot reported Total On probation On parole Escaped In prison Othera
All prisonersU.S. total 1,487 175 903 251 518 42 61 31 325
Prisoners under sentence of death who had the following legal status when they committed capital crimesNot charged with or sen-tenced for another crime
Charged withanother crime
Under sentence for another crime Legal statusnot reportedRegion and State Total On probation On parole Escaped In prison Othera
White prisonersU.S. total 875 106 485 144 264 28 33 16 179
142 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.9. Continued
Prisoners under sentence of death who had the following legal status when they committed capital crimesNot charged with or sen-tenced for another crime
Charged withanother crime
Under sentence for another crime Legal statusnot reportedRegion and State Total On probation On parole Escaped In prison Othera
Black prisonersU.S. total 583 64 408 104 249 13 28 14 142
Note: Of 37 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute,the following States reported no prisoners on death rowat yearend 1994: New Hampshire and Wyoming.
a"Other" includes mandatory conditional release,bail, temporary leave, work release or furlough,halfway house, house arrest, and jail.
b"Other prisoners" includes 23 American Indi-ans, 17 Asians, and 8 inmates of unspecifiedrace.
Capital punishment in 1994 143
Table 7.10. Felony history of prisoners under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Prisoners under sentence of deathWith prior felony convictions With
no priorfelonies
Felony historynot reportedRegion and State
Total
Total withprior felonies
Criminal homicide
Otheroffenses
Type of offensesunreported
All prisonersU.S. total 2,890 1,810 242 1,460 108 889 191
Note: Of 37 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute, thefollowing States reported no prisoner on death row at year-end 1994: New Hampshire and Wyoming.
*"Other prisoners" includes 23 American Indians, 17Asians, and 8 inmates of unspecified race.
146 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.11. Age of prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Prisoners received from court under sentence of deathRegion and State
All ages
Under 20years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 39 years
40 to 54 years
55 years or older
Median agein years
All prisonersU.S. total 306 20 80 64 62 30 47 3 28
Note: Of 37 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute, the following States reported receiving from court no prisonersunder sentence of death in 1994: Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho, Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
*Medians were not calculated on fewer than 5cases.†"Other prisoners" consists of 2 American Indians(1 each in North Carolina and Oklahoma), 1 Asian(Texas), and 5 Hispanic persons of unspecifiedrace (2 in Pennsylvania and 3 in Arizona).
148 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.12. Level of education completed by prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Prisoners received from court under sentence of deathRegion and State
Note: Of 37 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute, thefollowing States reported receiving from court no prison-ers under sentence of death in 1994: Colorado, Con-necticut, Delaware, Idaho, Maryland, Montana, NewHampshire, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
*"Other prisoners" consists of 2 AmericanIndians (1 each in North Carolina andOklahoma), 1 Asian (Texas), and 5 His-panic persons of unspecified race (2 inPennsylvania and 3 in Arizona).
150 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.13. Marital status at time of imprisonment for prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Prisoners received from court under sentence of deathRegion and State
Note: Of 37 jurisdictions with a death penaltystatute, the following States reported receiv-ing from court no prisoners under sentence ofdeath in 1994: Colorado, Connecticut, Dela-ware, Idaho, Maryland, Montana, New Hamp-shire, South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
*"Other prisoners" consists of 2 AmericanIndians (1 each in North Carolina andOklahoma), 1 Asian (Texas), and 5 His-panic persons of unspecified race (2 inPennsylvania and 3 in Arizona).
152 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.14. Legal status at time of capital offense for prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Prisoners under sentence of death who had the following legal status when they committed capital crimesUnder sentence for another crime
Note: Of 37 jurisdictions with a death penalty stat-ute, the following States reported receiving fromcourt no prisoners under sentence of death in1994: Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Idaho,Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire, South Da-kota, Utah, and Wyoming.
a "Other" includes mandatory conditional release,bail, temporary leave, work release or furlough, halfway house, house arrest, and jail.
b"Other prisoners" consists of 2 American Indians(1 each in North Carolina and Oklahoma), 1 Asian(Texas), and 5 Hispanic persons of unspecifiedrace (2 in Pennsylvania and 3 in Arizona).
154 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.15. Felony history of prisoners received from court under sentence of death, by race, 1994
Prisoners received from court under sentence of death With prior felony convictions With
Note: Of 37 jurisdictions with a death penalty statute, the fol-lowing States reported receiving from court no prisoners un-der sentence of death in 1994: Colorado, Connecticut,Delaware, Idaho, Maryland, Montana, New Hampshire,South Dakota, Utah, and Wyoming.
*"Other prisoners" consists of 2 American Indians (1each in North Carolina and Oklahoma), 1 Asian(Texas), and 5 Hispanic persons of unspecified race(2 in Pennsylvania and 3 in Arizona).
156 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.16. Status of prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1994
Prisoners removed death row
Region and State
Serving life sentencesa
Died
Awaiting new trial
Awaiting new sentence
All charges on capital offense dropped Other
Total Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black White Total White Black
U.S. total b 143 43 28 15 43 27 16 18 12 6 28 18 9 2 9 5 4
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes reported no prisoners leaving death row in 1994: Colorado, Montana, New Hampshire, NewMexico, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Wyoming.aOne black man in Ohio was sentenced to death inMarch 1994 and had his sentence commuted to life in prison in June 1994. He is included in both admis-sion and release counts for 1994.
bThe totals include an American Indian in NorthCarolina whose sentence was overturned andwho was awaiting a new sentence at yearend.c"Other status" consists of 5 men whose convic-tions and sentences were overturned. No further action was taken during 1994.d"Other status" consists of a man whose convic-tion and sentence were overturned; he was found not guilty in retrial.
e"Other status" consists of a man whose sen-tence was overturned in January 1994. He wasresentenced to death in March 1994. He is in-cluded in both admission and release counts for1994.f"Other status" consists of 2 men whose deathsentences were overturned; both were releasedbecause the terms of their new sentences hadexpired.
Capital punishment in 1994 157
Table 7.17. Means of removal for all prisoners from death row, by race, 1994
Prisoners removed from death row Death by other than executionb
Sentence commutedc
Sentence vactatedd
Conviction vacateddRegion
and StateTotala Executed
Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black Total White Black
U.S. total 143 92 50 31 20 11 12 7 5 4 1 3 63 43 19 32 21 11
Note: The following States with death penaltystatutes reported no prisoners leaving death rowin 1994: Colorado, Montana, New Hampshire,New Mexico, South Carolina, South Dakota, andWyoming. aTotal includes a black male in Georgia who wasremoved upon a court judgment of retar-dation; he was resentenced to life in prison.
bWhite inmates died of natural causes in each of the following States: Arizona, Florida, Illinois, andCalifornia; 1 white inmate in Florida committed suicide. Black inmates in Florida and Pennsylvaniadied from natural causes; black inmates in Ala-bama and California committed suicide; and 1 black inmate in California was shot to death by a correctional officer during an altercation. cCommutation changed sentences from death to life in prison or a term of years.
dFurther legal proceedings may have followed thevacating of sentences and of convictions and mayhave resulted in new sentences of death. A whitemale in North Carolina whose sentence was over-turned in January 1994 was resentenced to deathin March 1994. The death sentence of an AmericanIndian in North Carolina was overturned, and hewas awaiting a new sentence.
158 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.18. Time between sentencing and removal for prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1994
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes re-ported no prisoners leaving death row in 1994: Colorado, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Wyoming.
*Includes 1 American Indian in North Caro-lina removed from death row within 12-23months.
160 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.19. Age of prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1994
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes reported noprisoners leaving death row in 1994: Colorado, Montana, NewHampshire, New Mexico, South Carolina, South Dakota, andWyoming.
*Includes 1 American Indian in North Carolinawho was between ages 20 and 24 at the timeof removal.
162 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.20. Level of education completed by prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1994
Note: The following States with death penalty statutesreported no prisoners leaving death row in 1994: Colorado, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Wyoming.
*Includes 1 American Indian in North Carolinawho had completed the 12th grade.
164 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.21. Marital status at time of imprisonment for prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1994
Prisoners removed from death rowRegion and State Total Married
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes re-ported no prisoners leaving death row in 1994: Colorado, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Wyoming.
*Includes 1 American Indian inNorth Carolina who had nevermarried before imprisonment.
166 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.22. Legal status at time of capital offense for prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1994
Prisoners removed from death row who had the following legal status when they committed capital crimesRegion
and State
Not charged with or sen-
tenced for another crime
Charged with
another crime
Under sentence for another crime Legal status
not reportedTotal On probation On parole Escaped In prison Other
Note: The following States with death penalty statutesreported no prisoners leaving death row in 1994: Colorado, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Wyoming.
*Includes 1 American Indian who was not chargedwith or sentenced for another crime at the time ofthe capital offense.
168 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.23. Felony history of prisoners removed from death row, by race, 1994
Prisoners removed from death row With prior felony convictions With no
Note: The following States with death penalty statutes re-ported no prisoners leaving death row in 1994: Colorado,Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, South Carolina,South Dakota, and Wyoming.
*Includes 1 American Indian in North Caro-lina who had no prior felony.
170 Correctional Populations in the United States, 1994
Table 7.24. Status of death penalty, by jurisdiction, 1994
Jurisdictions with death penalty law Jurisdictions thatchanged a deathpenalty law in 1994
Jurisdictionswithout deathpenalty law
With no executions, 1994
With execu-tions, 1994
Number ofexecutions
Alabama Arkansas 5 Alabama AlaskaArizona Delaware 1 Colorado Dist. of ColumbiaCalifornia Florida 1 Delaware HawaiiColorado Georgia 1 Florida IowaConnecticut Illinois 1 Idaho MaineFederal Indiana 1 Illinois MassachusettsLouisiana Maryland 1 Indiana MichiganKansas Nebraska 1 Kansas MinnesotaKentucky North Carolina 1 Maryland New YorkMississippi Texas 14 Mississippi North DakotaMissouri Virginia 2 New Jersey Rhode IslandMontana Washington 1 North Carolina VermontNevada South Dakota West VirginiaNew Hampshire Tennessee WisconsinNew Jersey WashingtonNew MexicoOhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvaniaSouth CarolinaSouth DakotaTennesseeUtahWyoming
Capital punishment in 1994 171
Table 7.25. Prisoners executed under civil authority in the United States,by year, region, and jurisdiction, 1930-94
*Includes executions for armed robbery (25), kidnaping (20), burglary (11), sabotage (6), aggravated assault (6), and espionage (2).
Explanatory notes
The statistics reported for capitalpunishment may differ from data collectedby other organizations. The differencesoccur for a variety of reasons:
Inmates under sentence of death areoriginally added to the National PrisonerStatistics (NPS) counts when they entercorrectional facilities rather than whenjudges pronounce sentence.
Following the year when prisoners arefirst counted, their admissions or releasesas a result of court order are attributed tothe year for the sentence or court order.For example, a prisoner sentenced inNovember 1992 entering prison custody in January 1993 would be counted as anadmission in the 1993 report; the 1994report would count him or her as beingunder sentence of death at yearend 1992.Similarly, a prisoner whose sentence isoverturned in 1992 but who remains in thecount until 1994 when the court's decisionis reported would be subtracted from the1992 and 1993 reports.
NPS counts of persons under sentenceof death are always for the last day of acalendar year and will differ from morerecent counts.
Some figures shown for yearend 1993 arerevised from those reported in CorrectionalPopulations in the United States, 1993.The revised figures include 25 inmateswho either were reported late to the NPSprogram or were not in the custody ofState correctional authorities at yearend1993: Arizona (5), California (1), Florida(3), Illinois (2), North Carolina (1),Tennessee (1), and Texas (12). Nineteeninmates had sentences to death removedin 1993 but were not reported: California(1), Florida (2), Georgia (2), Idaho (1),Illinois (3), Kentucky (1), Louisiana (2),Maryland (1), Nevada (1), North Carolina(1), South Carolina (1), and Texas (3).
