12  Fall  

COSMIC  MANIA  

[ C o m p a n y   A d d r e s s ]  

LEARN  SCIENCE  THE  RIGHT  WAY!  

IN  THIS  ISSUE  YOU  WILL  DICOVER  THE  MAGNIFICENT  MYSTERIES  OF  SPACE,  LIFE  AND  MORE!  

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Table  of  Contents    

-­‐ Life  on  other  planets:  An  introduction............................................3  

 

-­‐ The  extra-­‐terrestrial  wordsearch?....................................................5  

 

-­‐ Habitable  zones  and  What  makes  the  Earth  so  special?  .........6  

 

-­‐ The  Meteorite  Experiment  ...................................................................7  

 

-­‐ Life  on  other  planets:  Could  it  all  be  possible?............................8  

 

-­‐ A  Scientific  debate  on  life  on  other  planets.................................9  

 

-­‐ How  do  Scientists  think.....................................................................10  

 

-­‐ A  Scientific  approach  to  the  growing  theories........................11  

 

-­‐ Fun  Facts  to  keep  you  going............................................................12  

 

-­‐ Complete  the  Maze..............................................................................14  

 

-­‐ Life  on  other  planets  vs.  religion  ..................................................15  

 

-­‐ Watch  what  scientists  have  to  say................................................16  

 

-­‐ What  does  the  world  think?.............................................................17  

 

-­‐ A  Scientist’s  opinion..........................................................................18  

 

 

 

Our Mission

Statement:

Our goal is to help our readers better understand the concept of life existing on other planets through a series of information as well as self-improved games and quizzes that will surely put them on the right track of knowing how to think like a scientist and learn about extra-terrestrial life

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Life  on  Other  Planets:  An  Introduction    

For  decades  there  had  always  

been  the  ongoing  question  of  whether  

or  not  there  was  life  on  other  planets.  

Scientists  and  NASA  have  been  

exploring  our  great  universe  and  

coming  up  with  many  theories  that  may  

help  explain  all  the  peculiar  aspects  of  

our  universe.    

 

Quick  Info  Burst:  

But  what  defines  what  is  life?  

-­‐ Respiration  (ability  to  create  energy)  

-­‐ Cellular  (composed  of  cell(s))  

-­‐ Reproduction  -­‐ Growth  -­‐ Responds  to  changes  in  

the  Environment  

 

The Big Bang and Our Universe

There  are  countless  theories  on  how  our  universe  

was  created  and  how  life  came  to  existence.  The  most  

popular  one  however  is  the  Big  Bang  theory.  But  what  is  

the  Big  bang  theory?  

  The  Big  bang  theory  was  first  suggested  by  

Georges  Lemaitre  and  states  that  about  10  billion  to  20  

billion  years  ago,  a  massive  explosion  allowed  all  the  

universe's  known  matter  and  energy,  including  space  as  

well  as  time  to  leap  from  an  unknown  form  of  energy.  

After  that  blast,  the  universe  started  to  expand  at  an  

immeasurable  speed  and  is  still  expanding.    Cosmic  

objects  were  then  formed  such  as  stars.  

  But  what  does  this  have  to  do  with  life  you  might  

ask?  It  is  a  widely  believed  theory  that  life  started  in  our  

universe  as  a  cause  of  supernovae  of  stars  where  as  the  

start  dies  the  massive  explosion  causes  it  to  give  off  all  

the  elements  in  the  periodic  table,  including  carbon,  

which  is  the  backbone  of  life.    

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MEET  THE  ASTRO-­‐BIOLOGIST!  

Astrobiology:

  Astrobiology  is  a  scientific  field  that  is  concerned  with  the  study  of  the  origins  of  life  as  well  as  the  future  of  extra-­‐terrestrial  life  their  goals  is  to  search  for  habitable  planets  in  our  solar  system,  in  hopes  of  finding  new  life.  

The Drake Equation: Since  our  universe  is  so  large  and  infinite  the  job  of  

scientists  and  Astrobiologists  of  finding  life  beyond  our  earth  (exobiology)  is  incredibly  difficult.  In  order  to  make  an  approximate  estimation  of  civilizations  beyond  earth  an  equation  was  established  for  that  purpose,  which  is  the  Drake  Equation.  

The  purpose  of  the  equation  is  to  calculate  the  approximate  number  of  extraterrestrial  civilization  in  out  solar  system  (the  Milky  Way).  The  way  the  equation  is  calculates  is  quite  complicated  but  we  can  simplify  it  by  the  following:  

 R=  Average  rate  of  star  formation  fp=  The  fraction  with  planets    ne=  The  no.  of  planets  than  can  potentially  have  life  fl=The  fraction  of  planets  that  can  actually  develop  life  fi=  The  fraction  of  planets  that  can  develop  intelligent  life  fc=The  fraction  that  develop  technology  that  can  release    signals  into  space  L=  The  length  in  which  they  release  detectable  signals  

 

 

Are We Alone on the Universe? Some statistics that may freak you out!

1. There  are  hundreds  of  billions  of  galaxies  in  our  universe  

2. 150  spied  planets  in  the  neighborhood  near  the  sun  (which  means  its  warm  enough  for  life  to  flourish  on  these  planets)  

3. SETI  (search  for  extra-­‐terrestrial  life)  researchers  searched  710  star  systems  at  28  million  channels  simultaneously  across  an  1800-­‐megahertz  range!  (That’s  big)  

4. There  are  a  hundred  million  star  out  there  

The  universe  is  too  big  for  us  to  be  alone!  

Want  to  be  updated  by  the  latest  news  and  discoveries  about  the  search  of  life  on  other  planets?  Click  here.  

 

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THE EXTRA-TERRESTRIAL WORDSEARCH

Food  for  Thought!  

We  all  know  that  water  is  the  source  of  life.  Liquid  tends  to  flow  downwards  due  to  gravity  on  Earth,  however,  since  space  has  zero  gravity  liquids  form  spheres!  HOW  COOL!  

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What Makes the Earth So Special and Habitable

Zones  

What  is  a  Habitable  Zone?  

A  Habitable  zone  is  the  area  around  a  certain  star  where  the  planets  can  maintain  water  in  liquid  form  on  it  

Habitable Zones and Stars The  search  for  life  is  largely  limited  to  the  search  for  

water.  Therefore,  we  should  search  with  a  region  around  a  star  where  a  planet  with  sufficient  atmospheric  pressure  under  a  certain  temperature  which  can  maintain  liquid  water  on  its  surface.    

Location  of  the  star's  habitable  zone  depends  on:  

-­‐ Star  luminosity:  it  increases  with  time  therefore,  the  outer  and  inner  bounders  of  the  habitable  zone  move  outward.  Four  billion  years  ago  the  sun  luminosity  was  about  75  percent  intense  as  today.  Therefore,  the  most  promising  region  where  we  can  find  Earth-­‐like  life  would  be  in  the  continuously  habitable  where  liquid  water  is  present  from  the  early  star's  life  up  to  now.  For  the  sun,  this  area  is  about  0.9  to  1.3  astronomical  units.  

-­‐ Star  mass:  smaller  stars  survive  longer  than  high  mass  stars  that  have  a  life  time  of  only  millions  of  years  which  is  too  short  to  support  advanced  life  that  takes  billion  of  years  to  develop.  

 

What makes Earth so special?

There  are  eight  planets  in  

our  solar  system,  yet  only  one  of  

them  has  the  ability  to  sustain  life,  

our  planet  Earth.  Is  it  the  Earth’s  

size?  Is  it  its  distance  from  the  sun?  

What  makes  Earth  so  special?  It  is,  

in  fact,  water  that  makes  life  

possible  on  our  planet.  

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Do  It  Yourself!  

What  you  will  need:  

• Large  piece  of  white  paper  or  plastic    • Magnet    • Magnifying  glass  or  a  microscope  (Preferably  a  microscope)    

Procedure:    • Choose  a  clear  sunny  day    • Leave  the  sheet  of  paper  or  plastic  outside  in  an  area  not  covered  by  trees.    • Place  the  pan  on  a  hard  surface  (Like  the  ground).    • Leave  in  place  for  4  hours  or  more.  (Collect  before  it  rains.)    • Carefully  collect  the  sheet  by  lifting  the  edges  so  any  material  collected  rolls  into  the  

center.    • Carefully  tap  the  sheet  to  shift  all  material  to  the  center.    • Hold  the  magnet  against  the  bottom  of  the  sheet  and  gently  tilt  the  sheet  so  the  material,  

which  is  not  attracted  to  the  magnet,  rolls  off.    • Take  the  remaining  material  and  place  it  under  your  magnifying  glass  or  microscope.    • Examine  your  material,  looking  for  dark  round  particles  with  pitted  surfaces.    • You  have  found  micrometeorites!  

 What  does  this  mean?  Each  day  countless  tons  of  particles  are  deposited  on  our  planet,  many  of  them  actually  originated  at  about  the  same  time  that  our  solar  system  is  thought  to  have  been  created  (about  4.5  billion  years  ago!).  So  maybe  that  particles  you’ve  collected  may  even  have  evidence  of  extra-­‐terrestrial  life!    

So  far  Kepler  NASA  satellite  discovered  48  planets  within  the  habitable  zone  of  their  stars.  To  find  out  more  about  this  click  here.  

 

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LIFE ON MARS: Could it all be possible?  The  search  of  life  on  other  planets  has  been  going    on  for  decades,  so  can  there  be  a  chance  that    we  are  finally  reaching  our  goal?  

Fifty  years  ago  no  one  would  have  ever  predicted  

that  there  might  have  been  a  discovery  of  

evidence  of  life  on  other  planets,  which  is  why  it  

was  a  huge  story  when  scientists  from  NASA  

announced  that  they  had  finally  found  

“compelling  evidence”  of  life  in  a  fossilized  form  

on  Mars.  

   

It  all  began  with  a  meteorite  that  was  originally  

from  Mars  and  that  had  potentially  biogenic  chemical  of  

fossilized  bacteria  that  were  about  3.8  billion  years  old!  

As  much  as  this  discovery  shook  the  scientific  

community,  people  were  not  as  excited  as  one  would  

expect.  NASA  Administrator  Dan  Goldin  stated  that,  “I  

want  everyone  to  understand,  we  are  not  talking  about  

little  green  men.”  

 

 

 

Before  our  planet  Earth  was  roaming  with  

human  beings,  it  was  made  of  very  

primitive  elements  that  evolved  to  LUCA  

(last  universal  common  ancestor).  

Evolution  continued  until  multi-­‐cellular  

organisms  were  appearing  and  so  on.  So  

this  may  as  well  mean  that  billions  of  

years  from  now,  Mars  may  end  up  with  

human-­‐like  creatures  living  on  it.  

  To  this  day  NASA  scientists  have  

captured  34  Marsian  meteorites,  which  is  

why  they  have  established  some  criteria  to  

help  establish  whether  past  life  indeed  

exists  in  these  geological  samples:  

1.  Is  the  geologic  sample  fitting  with  past  

life?  

2.  Is  it  compatible  in  terms  of  age  with  

possible  life?  

3.  Sample  should  have  enough  evidence  to  

show  cellular  morphology  and  colonies  

4.  Is  there  any  verification  of  biomaterials?  

5.  Is  there  any  

evidence  of  stable  

isotope  patterns?  

6.  Is  the  sample  of  

indigenous  features?  

 

In  reality,  this  however,  was  a  great  

cosmic  find  as  it  confirms  many  

theories  that  support  the  existence  

(or  prior  existence)  to  life  on  other  

planets.   Click  here  to  learn  more  

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A Scientific Debate on life on other

Planets

The  possibility  of  an  existence  of  life  on  other  planets  beyond  our  Earth  has,  like  most  controversial  subjects  stirred  a  scientific  debate  that  argues  for  and  against  the  idea  of  extra-­‐terrestrial  life.  So  who  is  right  and  who  is  wrong?  Well  the  answer  is  different  for  every  individual  due  to  his  or  her  preferences  and  beliefs.  

 

Yes:  

“Thousands  of  reports  of  UFO  sightings  come  in  yearly,  hundreds  of  thousands  over  the  last  twenty  years  or  so.  Can  it  really  be  that  none  of  these  are  genuine?  A  quick  search  online  produces  thousands  of  hits:  not  of  only  of  pictures  or  videos,  but  also  of  detailed  accounts  that  simply  cannot  be  scientifically  explained.”  

   

Yes  and  No  Debate.  People’s  and  scientist’s  Opinions  

No:  

“No,  we  cannot  know  what  is  beyond  that  edge,  and  so  cannot  tell  if  anything  is  out  there.  But  any  philosopher  and  scientist  would  tell  you  that  just  because  you  cannot  answer  a  question  in  the  negative,  does  not  mean  we  are  resigned  to  the  fact  that  the  answer  is  positive.”  

No:  

“We  really  do  only  have  a  weak  idea  about  the  constants  in  Drake's  equation.  

E.g.  the  constant  for  the  fraction  of  planets  ecologically  able  to  sustain  life  that  actually  evolves  life  is  at  best  a  wild  guess.”  

Yes:  

“Yes  I  can  believe  that  there  is  life  on  mars  simply  because  with  today's  technology  it  is  a  lot  easier  to  dig  deeper  into  whether  or  not  life  had  once  exited  or  does  exist.  After  studies  from  satellite  photos  and  mars  are  out,  I  am  led  to  believe  that  life  did  once  exist  because  they  found  out  that  there  are  signs  of  water  once  running  through  the  planet.”  

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With  the  rise  of  the  amount  of  knowledge  that  is  being  obtained  everyday  there  has  been  an  

undeniable  increase  in  the  amount  of  false  information  and  theories  that  are  not  backed  up  by  any  

evidence  out  there.  That  is  why  one  should  always  make  sure  of  their  sources  from  where  they  get  their  

information  in  order  to  guarantee  an  accurate  gain  of  information.  

That  is  why  it  is  especially  important  to  understand  how  a  real  scientist  comes  to  obtain  their  

information  (in  other  words  how  do  scientists  think).  

 

 

How  Do  Scientists  Think?  

Let  us  define  the  following  terms:  

-­‐ Good  science:    good  science  is  science  that  is  obtained  by  following  the  scientific  method,  which  means  that  it  is  backed  up  by  evidence  and  can  be  testable  (not  necessarily  in  a  lab).  

-­‐ Bas  science:  is  science  that  is  not  based  on  evidence  and  that  obtained  by  not  following  the  scientific  method  and  has  no  validity.  

-­‐ Pseudoscience:  a  claim  or  belief  that  seems  to  be  science  but  does  not  follow  the  scientific  method  or  can  be  falsified  or  tested.  

It  can  be  easily  seen  that  a  real  scientist  would  only  follow  and  obtain  good  science.    

 EVEN  EINSTEIN  CAN  GET  IT  WRONG!  

When  developing  his  theory  of  general  relativity,  he  assumed  the  universe  was  static  but  according  to  his  equations  this  cannot  be  right.  Instead  of  predicting  that  the  universe  was  changing,  he  modified  his  equations  to  introduce  a  cosmological  constant  to  support  his  theory.  When  physicist  Edwin  Hubble  discovered  that  the  universe  was  not  static  but  was  expanding,  Einstein  called  his  cosmological  constant  "the  greatest  mistake  of  my  life"  

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As  you  learn  more  about  the  huge  topic  of  extra  

terrestrial  life  it’ll  often  be  hard  for  you  to  know  

 what  is  true  and  what  is  not.    

However,  if  you  find  yourself  unsure  of  a  certain  aspect    

or  information  you  can  use  this  self-­‐quiz  to  help  

 you  distinguish  between  the  two.  

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Once  you  follow  these  methods,  you  will  be  able  to  distinguish  between  the  amateur  and  unrealistic  claims  

about  “the  green  aliens”  who  want  to  take  over  the  Earth  and  the  real  scientific  claims  about  the  search  

and  gradual  discoveries  of  life  on  other  planets.  

 

A  Scientific  Approach  to  the  Growing  Theories  of  Life  on  Other  Planets    

 

When  approaching  the  theories  of  life  on  other  planets,  you  should:    

1)  Ask  yourself  is  the  source  reliable?  

 

4)  Is  it  testable  and  

falsifiable?  

 

5)  Is  the  claim  

backed  up  by  

evidence?  

 

6)  Is  the  

claim/information  

unbiased?  

backed  up  by  

evidence?  

 

2)  Have  these  claims/information  been  proven  by  another  scientist?  

 

3)  Does  the  claim/information  fit  with  the  way  our  world  works?  

 

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 Fun Facts to keep

you going! Did  you  know  that  there  are  thousands  of  yearly  reports  of  “Alien”  sightings    

 

-­‐  Voyager  2  is  the  only  spacecraft  to  have  visited  Neptune,  in  1989  

-­‐  The  largest  volcano  in  our  solar  system  is  actually  located  on  Mars  and  is  called  “Olympus  Mons”  

Jupiter  is  so  big  that  all  other  planets  can  fit  inside  it  and  it  has  the  most                                            violent  storms  known  to  our  solar  system  

 

Pluto  is  no  longer  considered  a  planet  instead  it  is  a  dwarf  planet  or  planetoid  

 

In  1854,  William  Whewell,  who  popularized  the  word  scientist,  theorized  that  Mars  had  seas,  land  and  possibly  life  forms.  

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 Did you know?

Jupiter's moon Europa may

May have water!

Saturn's  moon  Titan  has  plenty  of  evidence  of  organic  (life)  chemicals  in  its  atmosphere!  

In  2004,  astronomers  

discovered  a  star  made  of  diamond!    

The  Drake  equations  

calculated  the  approximation  of  the  civilizations  that  could  exist  in  our  galaxy.  The  figure  was  in     MILLIONS!

Astronomer  Fred  Hoyle  believes  the  basic  life  chemicals  came  from  space,  

specifically  from  stars.

The first regular pulses received from space were considered signals from aliens. Scientists called them Little Green Men!

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Complete the Maze!

You’re  goal  is  to  start  and  pass  over  all  the  planets  then  to  finally  reach  your  destination!  To  make  it  more  challenging  you  should  

time  yourself!  Finished  in  30s1min=PERFECT  

1min2min=GOOD  2min+=Hey  at  least  you’ve  arrived  

 

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Life on other

planets

Religion

V.S  

Ever  since  1543,  centuries  before  today,  there  has  been  the  non-­‐ending  ongoing  conflict  between  science  and  religion.    

-­‐   Religion  said  that  the  sun  moved  around  the  stationary  earth.  The  bible  stated  that  the  earth  does  not  spin  or  move:  “The  world  is  firmly  established;  it  cannot  be  moved.”  [Psalm  93:1,  Psalm  96:10,  1  Chronicles  16:30].  However  Galileo  believed  that  it  should  have  not  been  understood  in  a  literal  sense  

-­‐ The  Son  of  God  came  to  earth;  therefore  earth  must  be  the  center  of  the  universe  to  demote  the  centrality  of  Christ.  

 

-­‐ No  religion  actually  contradicts  that  life  may  exist  on  other  planets  since  God  doesn’t  say  that  he  only  created  life  on  planet  earth,  in  the  bible  its  mentioned  that  there  are  intelligent  life  besides  humans  

 

 

-­‐   Nicolaus  Copernicus  theorized  that  the  sun  was  the  center  of  the  universe,  that  the  earth  rotated  on  an  axis,  and  that  the  earth  circled  the  sun  once  a  year.  

 

-­‐ Galileo  proved  him  right  when  he  used  a  new  invented  telescope  to  look  at  the  stars  and  moon.  He  saw  four  moons  circling  Jupiter,  proof  of  a  miniature  planetary  system.  

 

-­‐ Evidence  of  life  on  other  planets  are  being  found  every  day  with  primitive  cellular  fossils  of  organisms  were  found  in  meteorites  as  well  as  many  planets  with  liquid  water  on  them  that  shows  that  life  may  indeed  exist  or  might  exist  in  the  future  on  other  planets  

 

Many  scientists  are  in  fact  religious  believers.  Science  does  not  have  to  contradict  religion  because  not  everything  is  explained  scientifically.  At  certain  times  science  may  even  back  up  religion.  

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Watch what do Scientists have to say?

Evolution  of  life  on  other  planets  

Rhawn  Joseph,  Ph.D  

“The  seeds  of  life,  actual  living  creatures  and  their  DNA,  flow  throughout  the  cosmos  and  have  taken  root  on  innumerable  worlds  much  older  than  our  own.”  

 

 

Life  on  Mars:  NASA.  Evidence  of  Past  Life  on  the  Red  Planet    

Rhawn  Joseph,  Ph.D.  

“This  video  details  the  scientific  evidence  proving  that  microbial  life  lived  on  Mars  from  4  billion  to  at  least  1  million  years  ago”  

 

The  search  for  life  in  outer  space  

John  Zarrella  

“CNN's  John  Zarrella  reports  on  a  growing  body  of  evidence  that  there  is  life  beyond  Earth.”  

CLICK  ON  THE  VIDEO!  

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                                                                                                                                                                         The  people  have  spoken!  

                                                                                                                               This  was  a  close  one  with  33%  choosing    

Oxygen,  whereas  28.4%  

 voted  for  Earth’s  size  and  location.  

 Although  they  are  all  important  

           38.6%  are  correct.  It  is  water    

that  makes  Earth  a  lucky  planet,    

enabling  life  to  form.  

                                               Guess  what?  

55.8%  of  voters  consider  it  possible  that    

you  can  walk  on  Mars  within  the  next  

quarter  decade.  It  is  understandable    

due  to  the  skyrocketing  technological  

advancement.  But  then  again,  walking    

on  Mars?!  What  do  you  think?  

 

 

 

 

 

What the World Thinks?  

Find  out  what  other  think  about  the  

ongoing  debate  about  extra-­‐terrestrial  life.  

An  extra-­‐terrestrial  survey  was  conducted  

with  quite  interesting  results  amongst  

people  of  ages  15+!  

In  an  online  survey  in  which  people  of  age  group  15  and  over  participated,  67.8%  of  voters  believed  that  there  could  be  life  on  planets  other  than  Earth,  while  32.2%  thought  it  would  be  impossible.  

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A Scientist’s Opinion This  is  an  intervie  with  Dr.  Edmund  Douglass  who  is  an  assistant  professor  at  AUC  and  who  also  has  a  PhD  in  Astronomy    

Interview  was  conducted  by:  

Sara  Daoud    

Beshoy  Mafdi  

- Starting off the interview, do you believe in life on other planets?

Well, that is a tough question because the universe is huge, the galaxies has hundreds of millions of stars, which have planets around them and the universe has been around for 13.5 billion years and that is a long time for elements to be formed and distributed everywhere and there is also much time for life to evolve on other planets, despite all that I do not know because the main question is not, "Do I believe there might be life on other planets?" but the question is "how difficult is it for life to start?"

- When do you believe that humans could walk on mars?

I do not know, it depends on the priorities; NASA's work is mainly observational astronomy. It is working on sending human space crafts, but the problem with sending someone to mars is not getting them there, but bringing them back because of the cost of shipping the fuel to get there; moreover the way we got to the moon was because putting a lot of money and talent into the space program, it was a matter of national identity and military purposes because of a space race between America and Russia and I think that the next space race would be between America and China and the space destination would be Mars.

- Are you aware of the drake equation?

Well, drake equation is a way to handle on how many civilizations, are in the galaxy currently, series of parameters or variables which give the total number of civilizations in the galaxy when these variables are multiplied together.

N= R*. Fp. Ne. Fl. Fi. Fe. L

R* is a rate of star formation in our galaxy.

Fp is the fraction of stars which have planets.

Ne is the fraction of stars with planets which have something capable of supporting life.

Fl the fraction of planets like earth which actually have life on them.

Fi is the fraction of those, which have life on them, that developed intelligent life.

Fe is the fraction of those planets with intelligent life on them which developed modern technological civilization.

L: how long do those civilizations survive?

So although we do not know the last three parameters for sure we can make a rough estimation as to how many civilizations are in the universe.

 

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- What distinguishes Astrobiologists and scientists who are trying to find extra-terrestrial life from amateurs who look for green aliens and UFOs?

Well there are Astrobiologists and SETI, which is the search for extra-terrestrial intelligence and comprised of many astronomers and physicists and of course the UFO people. It is all about the process and assumptions that are made, so as far as Astrobiologists go, they use their understanding of how life and biochemistry works on earth to search for life elsewhere. We know all life here is carbon based and we know that we need water for life here and so they are first going to start looking for that sort of evidence. Why carbon? The ratio of silicon to carbon on earth is 10:1 and both of them have the same number of possible bonds but carbon is the backbone of life. That is another reason to be looking for carbon in outer space. So there are these lines of evidence and methodical process that Astrobiologists use, same thing for the SETI listeners, who try to listen from sunlight stars so that if they do host planets these planets could possibly have life and they don’t look at the big stars because they have a lot of ultraviolet radiation and very short lifetimes and also to decide which radio frequency to listen at requires scientific assumptions. With UFOlogists there is never any evidence. Light in the sky that can be “interpreted” as UFOs could more often then not be atmospheric disturbances or military flights.

 

 

 

 

Click  to  download  and  watch  full  interview!  

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Acknowledgements We  would  like  to  acknowledge  the  efforts  of  those  following   people   who   helped   us   establish   this  magazine:  

-­‐ All   the   people   who   participated   in   our  survey  

-­‐ Dr.   Edmund  Douglass   (PhD   in   Astronomy)  for  making  the  time  for  an  interview  

-­‐ Sara  Daoud  (editor  of  magazine)  o Creator  of  pages:  3,  4  and  7  o Editor  of  pages:  8,  9  and  15  

-­‐ Nora  El  Saadany  (contributor  to  magazine)  o Creator  of  pages:  6  and  15  o Editor  of  pages:  5,  13  and  14  

-­‐ Nazek  Magdy  (contributor)  o Creator  of  pages:  11,  18  and  19  o Editor  of  pages:  16  and  17  

-­‐ Amyra  Mahmoud  (puzzle  maker)  o Creator  of  pages:  5,  10,  13  and  14  o Editor  of  page:  12  

-­‐ Beshoy  Mafdi  (contributor)  o Creator  of  pages:  8  and  9  o Editor  of  pages:  6,  18  and  19  

A   special   thanks   to   Dr.   Sawsan   Elgogary   for   her  excellent  guidance  

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