CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TESTCREOSOTE

COST ACTION E22: ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMISATION OF WOOD PROTECTIONCOST ACTION E22: ENVIRONMENTAL OPTIMISATION OF WOOD PROTECTION

CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TESTCREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TESTACCORDING TO ENV 807ACCORDING TO ENV 807

byby

VAN ACKER, Joris ; GHEKIERE, Kristof and STEVENS, Marc

Ghent University (RUG), Belgium

TuusulaTuusula, Finland, COST Action E22 Workshop, 2, Finland, COST Action E22 Workshop, 2--4 June 20024 June 2002‘Current advances in timber protection’‘Current advances in timber protection’

GHENT UNIVERSITY

CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807

ObjectiveObjective

Creosote formulations are under ‘reconsideration’ and should be tested according to the effectiveness assessment as described inEN 599

The use of both evaporative ageing (EN 73) and leaching (EN 84) alone as pre-conditioning for testing creosote to be used under hazard classes 4 and 5 prevents a valid test to be carried out

A range of pre-conditioning systems have been evaluated on their impact on mass loss to identify potential solutions

Different types of creosote have been tested according to ENV 807 taking into account the results from this introductory research on adequate ageing systems

GHENT UNIVERSITY


Materials and methods for evaluating ageing systemsMaterials and methods for evaluating ageing systems

Creosote types used:- WEI Type B for most pre-conditioning work- WEI Type C for a limited number of ageing systems.- 5 % creosote solutions aiming at retention levels of

25 kg/m³ in Scots pine sapwood and 15 kg/m³ in beech

Ageing systems:- Evaporation procedures:

EN 73; 12 weeks exposure in fume cupboard; vacuum oven- Leaching procedures:

EN 84; leaching with agitation (ENV 1250-2); wetting as in ENV 807- Specimens for Basidiomycetes efficacy testing according EN 113: 1.5 x 2.5 x 5.0 cm

GHENT UNIVERSITY


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

EN 73 12 wks Vacuum EN 84 EN 1250 Wetting EN 73 +EN 84

12 wks +EN 84

Vacuum +EN 84

12 wks +EN 1250

Vac. +EN 1250

12 wks +wetting

12 wks +EN 73

12 wks +vacuum

Pre-condtioning of Scots pine sapwood treated with creosote type B

Rete

ntio

n in

kg/

m³

Conditioned After ageing 1 Before ageing 2 After ageing 2 at 50 °C at 102°C

GHENT UNIVERSITY


-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Pine - Type B

Pine - Type C

Beech -Type B

Beech -Type C

Pine - none

Beech - none

Pine - Type B

Pine - Type C

Beech -Type B

Beech -Type C

Pine - none

Beech -none

Wood species - creosote type

Rete

ntio

n in

kg/

m³

Conditioned After 12 wks Before ageing 2 After EN 84 at 50 °C at 102°C

Toluene Toluene XyleneXylene

GHENT UNIVERSITY


Results Results -- Discussion on ageing systemsDiscussion on ageing systems

-- Mass reduction is lower for leaching procedures than for evaporMass reduction is lower for leaching procedures than for evaporationation-- 12 weeks in a ventilated room (fume cupboard) prior to a subseq12 weeks in a ventilated room (fume cupboard) prior to a subsequent uent

evaporation (EN 73 or vacuum oven) does not evacuate more evaporation (EN 73 or vacuum oven) does not evacuate more -- Wood blocks treated with creosote WEI type C show higher residuWood blocks treated with creosote WEI type C show higher residual amounts al amounts

than type Bthan type B-- XyleneXylene as solvent evaporates less than toluene and should not be as solvent evaporates less than toluene and should not be

recommended for creosote testingrecommended for creosote testing-- Taking into account mass losses of purely solvent treated blockTaking into account mass losses of purely solvent treated blocks 50 to 60 % s 50 to 60 %

of the initial creosote retention for respectively type B and tyof the initial creosote retention for respectively type B and type C remain pe C remain after 12 weeks ventilated room + EN 84 leachingafter 12 weeks ventilated room + EN 84 leaching

GHENT UNIVERSITY


Conclusions on ageing systems Conclusions on ageing systems

-- Release of volatile components from creosote treated test speciRelease of volatile components from creosote treated test specimens mens is reached using a 12 weeks storage in a ventilated cupboard in is reached using a 12 weeks storage in a ventilated cupboard in addition to the ‘conditioning and fixation’ requirements as addition to the ‘conditioning and fixation’ requirements as described in EN 113described in EN 113

-- Both EN 73 evaporation and the alternative vacuum oven ageing Both EN 73 evaporation and the alternative vacuum oven ageing result in similar gravimetric losses which are higher than a 12 result in similar gravimetric losses which are higher than a 12 weeks ventilated storageweeks ventilated storage

-- In order to assess the impact of leaching (EN 84) adequately, iIn order to assess the impact of leaching (EN 84) adequately, it is t is recommended to precede the leaching by a 12 weeks storage in a recommended to precede the leaching by a 12 weeks storage in a ventilated cupboardventilated cupboard

RECOMMENDED AGEING METHODSRECOMMENDED AGEING METHODSFor EN 113: 12 weeks air ventilation For EN 113: 12 weeks air ventilation prior toprior to EN 73 or EN 84EN 73 or EN 84For ENV 807: EN 73 or 12 weeks air ventilation For ENV 807: EN 73 or 12 weeks air ventilation prior toprior to EN 84EN 84

GHENT UNIVERSITY


Materials and methods for testing according to ENV 807 1(2)Materials and methods for testing according to ENV 807 1(2)

Creosote types used:- WEI Type B - WEI Type C- reference creosote type IV (replacing original WEI Type A).- creosote solutions aiming at retention levels of 17.5 / 25 / 35 / 50 and 75 kg/m³

Ageing systems:- 12 weeks in ventilated room + EN 84 leaching- EN 73 evaporation (wind tunnel) + EN 84 leaching

GHENT UNIVERSITY


Materials and methods for testing according to ENV 807 2(2)Materials and methods for testing according to ENV 807 2(2)

Test specimens:- Wooden stakes measuring 100 mm x 10 mm x 5 mm - Beech and Scots pine sapwood

Soil soft rot testing systems:- According to ENV 807 for 4 periods: 8, 16, 24 and 32 weeks- CC as reference preservative- standard test soil RUG + additional testing of creosote WEI type C in John Innes II- In each test container (60 in total): 1 wood species / 1 creosote / 1 concentration

GHENT UNIVERSITY


Remaining creosote Type WEI B in Scots pine sapwood

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60

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80

16 wks0.0

32 wks0.0

16 wks3.5

32 wks3.5

16 wks5.0

32 wks5.0

16 wks7.0

32 wks7.0

16 wks10.0

32 wks10.0

16 wks15.0

32 wks15.0

Treating concentration and period

Creo

sote

rete

ntio

n (k

g/m

³)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Wei

ght g

ain

corr

ectio

n (%

)

EN73 + EN8412 wks + EN84EN73 + EN8412 wks + EN84

GHENT UNIVERSITY


Remaining creosote Type WEI B in beech

0

10

20

30

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50

60

70

80

90

100

16 wks0.0

32 wks0.0

16 wks5.8

32 wks5.8

16 wks8.3

32 wks8.3

16 wks11.6

32 wks11.6

16 wks16.5

32 wks16.5

16 wks25.0

32 wks25.0


Creo

sote

rete

ntio

n (k

g/m

³)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Wei

ght g

ain

corr

ectio

n (%

)


GHENT UNIVERSITY


Remaining creosote Type WEI C in Scots pine sapwood (series 1)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

16 wks0.0

32 wks0.0

16 wks3.5

32 wks3.5

16 wks5.0

32 wks5.0

16 wks7.0

32 wks7.0

16 wks10.0

32 wks10.0

16 wks15.0

32 wks15.0


Creo

sote

rete

ntio

n (k

g/m

³)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Wei

ght g

ain

corr

ectio

n (%

)


GHENT UNIVERSITY


Remaining creosote Type WEI C in beech (series 1)

0

10

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30

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60

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80

90

100

16 wks0.0

32 wks0.0

16 wks5.8

32 wks5.8

16 wks8.3

32 wks8.3

16 wks11.6

32 wks11.6

16 wks16.5

32 wks16.5

16 wks25.0

32 wks25.0


Creo

sote

rete

ntio

n (k

g/m

³)

-5

0

5

10

15

20

Wei

ght g

ain

corr

ectio

n (%

)


GHENT UNIVERSITY

CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807Mass loss of Scots pine sapwood treated with creosote Type IV


0

10

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30

40

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70

80

8 w

ks0.

0

24 w

ks

Cre

osot

e re

tent

ion

(kg/

m³)

8 w

ks3.

5

24 w

ks

8 w

ks5.

0

24 w

ks

8 w

ks8.

0

24 w

ks

8 w

ks10

.0

24 w

ks

8 w

ks15

.0

24 w

ks

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Mas

s lo

ss c

orre

cted

(%)

EN73 +EN8412wks +EN84EN73 +EN8412wks +EN84

GHENT UNIVERSITY

CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807Mass loss of Scots pine sapwood treated with creosote Type WEI B


0

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8 w

ks0.

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24 w

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Cre

osot

e re

tent

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(kg/

m³)

8 w

ks3.

5

24 w

ks

8 w

ks5.

0

24 w

ks

8 w

ks7.

0

24 w

ks

8 w

ks10

.0

24 w

ks

8 w

ks15

.0

24 w

ks

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Mas

s lo

ss c

orre

cted

(%)


GHENT UNIVERSITY

CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807Mass loss of Scots pine sapwood treated with creosote Type WEI C (soil RUG)


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8 w

ks0.

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24 w

ks

Cre

osot

e re

tent

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(kg/

m³)

8 w

ks3.

5

24 w

ks

8 w

ks5.

0

24 w

ks

8 w

ks7.

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24 w

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8 w

ks10

.0

24 w

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8 w

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.0

24 w

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40

Mas

s lo

ss c

orre

cted

(%)


GHENT UNIVERSITY

CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807Mass loss of Scots pine sapwood treated with creosote Type WEI C (John Innes II soil)


0

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8 w

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24 w

ks

Cre

osot

e re

tent

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(kg/

m³)

8 w

ks3.

5

24 w

ks

8 w

ks5.

0

24 w

ks

8 w

ks7.

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24 w

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8 w

ks10

.0

24 w

ks

8 w

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.0

24 w

ks

-5

0

5

10

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30

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40

Mas

s lo

ss c

orre

cted

(%)


GHENT UNIVERSITY

CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807Mass loss of beech treated with creosote Type IV


0

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8 w

ks0.

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24 w

ks

Cre

osot

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tent

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(kg/

m³)

8 w

ks5.

0

24 w

ks

8 w

ks8.

0

24 w

ks

8 w

ks10

.0

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8 w

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.0

24 w

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.0

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Mas

s lo

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orre

cted

(%)


GHENT UNIVERSITY

CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807Mass loss of beech treated with creosote Type WEI B


0

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8 w

ks0.

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24 w

ks

Cre

osot

e re

tent

ion

(kg/

m³)

8 w

ks5.

8

24 w

ks

8 w

ks8.

3

24 w

ks

8 w

ks11

.6

24 w

ks

8 w

ks16

.5

24 w

ks

8 w

ks25

.0

24 w

ks

0

5

10

15

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25

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Mas

s lo

ss c

orre

cted

(%)


GHENT UNIVERSITY

CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807Mass loss of beech treated with creosote Type WEI C (soil RUG)


0

10

20

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100

8 w

ks0.

0

24 w

ks

Cre

osot

e re

tent

ion

(kg/

m³)

8 w

ks5.

8

24 w

ks

8 w

ks8.

3

24 w

ks

8 w

ks11

.6

24 w

ks

8 w

ks16

.5

24 w

ks

8 w

ks25

.0

24 w

ks

0

5

10

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Mas

s lo

ss c

orre

cted

(%)


GHENT UNIVERSITY

CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807CREOSOTE TESTED IN A SOIL SOFT ROT TEST ACCORDING TO ENV 807Mass loss of beech treated with creosote Type WEI C (John Innes II soil)


0

10

20

30

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50

60

70

80

90

100

8 w

ks0.

0

24 w

ks

Cre

osot

e re

tent

ion

(kg/

m³)

8 w

ks5.

8

24 w

ks

8 w

ks8.

3

24 w

ks

8 w

ks11

.6

24 w

ks

8 w

ks16

.5

24 w

ks

8 w

ks25

.0

24 w

ks

0

5

10

15

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25

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55

60

Mas

s lo

ss c

orre

cted

(%)


GHENT UNIVERSITY


Results Results -- Discussion on soil soft rot testing 1(2)Discussion on soil soft rot testing 1(2)

-- Creosote treatments at retentions of 75 kg/m³ change the weightCreosote treatments at retentions of 75 kg/m³ change the weight 5% for 5% for creosote type B and 10 % for creosote type C after ageingcreosote type B and 10 % for creosote type C after ageing

-- The retained or residual amount of creosote is very similar forThe retained or residual amount of creosote is very similar for both ageing both ageing methods.methods.

-- Only at high retention levels with creosote type C there is somOnly at high retention levels with creosote type C there is some distinction e distinction between both ageing systems. Variability is also higher and a lobetween both ageing systems. Variability is also higher and a longer period nger period in the test chamber (32 weeks versus 16 weeks) still induces somin the test chamber (32 weeks versus 16 weeks) still induces some extra e extra loss of volatiles.loss of volatiles.

-- Mass loss of creosote treated pine at 75 kg/m³ is approximatelyMass loss of creosote treated pine at 75 kg/m³ is approximately 5% after 24 5% after 24 weeks of testing.weeks of testing.

GHENT UNIVERSITY


Results Results -- Discussion on soil soft rot testing 2(2)Discussion on soil soft rot testing 2(2)

-- Creosote treated beech specimens show the same pattern over timCreosote treated beech specimens show the same pattern over time in mass e in mass loss as control specimens at levels up to 25 kg/m³.loss as control specimens at levels up to 25 kg/m³.

-- All creosote treated beech specimens show mass loss of 10 % andAll creosote treated beech specimens show mass loss of 10 % and higher higher even at 8 weeks testing.even at 8 weeks testing.

-- Testing of beech treated with creosote type C in JohnTesting of beech treated with creosote type C in John InnesInnes II soil showed II soil showed lower mass loss figures but still over 5 % at the highest retentlower mass loss figures but still over 5 % at the highest retention for test ion for test periods over 16 weeks. periods over 16 weeks.

-- Since mass losses were below 10 % even after testing control ScSince mass losses were below 10 % even after testing control Scots pine ots pine sapwood in the Johnsapwood in the John InnesInnes II soil no valid results can be obtained for that II soil no valid results can be obtained for that particular test.particular test.

GHENT UNIVERSITY


Conclusions on soil soft rot testing 1(2)Conclusions on soil soft rot testing 1(2)

-- Evaluation of creosote in relation to the system described in EEvaluation of creosote in relation to the system described in EN 599 N 599 is impossible since mass losses recorded are above critical valuis impossible since mass losses recorded are above critical values.es.

-- There is no indication that at high retention level the toxic lThere is no indication that at high retention level the toxic limit for imit for creosote is approached especially when focussing on beechcreosote is approached especially when focussing on beech

-- It can be assumed that creosote is detoxified allowing soft rotIt can be assumed that creosote is detoxified allowing soft rot decay decay to progress and decay the small section mini stakes within the sto progress and decay the small section mini stakes within the set et test period.test period.

-- The fact that test soils in ENV 807 contain natural variabilityThe fact that test soils in ENV 807 contain natural variability in microin micro--organisms allow both detoxifying and decaying organisms to be organisms allow both detoxifying and decaying organisms to be active. active.

GHENT UNIVERSITY


Conclusions on soil soft rot testing 2(2)Conclusions on soil soft rot testing 2(2)

-- This result is however not in contradiction with the excellent This result is however not in contradiction with the excellent performance of creosote in practical application. performance of creosote in practical application.

-- Mechanisms of detoxification followed by decay progress slowly Mechanisms of detoxification followed by decay progress slowly inwards from the outer zone of treated material. The large inwards from the outer zone of treated material. The large dimensions of treated material and the mobility of creosote bothdimensions of treated material and the mobility of creosote bothtowards the detoxified zones and into some surrounding soil towards the detoxified zones and into some surrounding soil allows a time span to failure leading to over 50 year performancallows a time span to failure leading to over 50 year performance.e.

-- The fact that creosote is detoxified by soil inhabiting microThe fact that creosote is detoxified by soil inhabiting micro--organisms might lead to the provocative conclusion that creosoteorganisms might lead to the provocative conclusion that creosotecould well be one of the most modern wood preservatives....could well be one of the most modern wood preservatives....

GHENT UNIVERSITY


AcknowledgementAcknowledgement

This research was carried out as part of an European research project FAIR-CT98-3933: 'Integrating the processes involved in the production of creosoted utility poles’ (WOODPOLE).

Financial support was given by the European Commission as part of the Agriculture and Fisheries Programme.

GHENT UNIVERSITY

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