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07/06/60 1 Crystal deposition disease: Imaging perspectives Warapat Virayavanich, MD Ramathibodi hospital, Mahidol University Crystal associated arthropathies Commonly seen arthropathy MSU (gout) CPPD HADD Uncommon arthropathy Calcium oxalate aluminium phosphate Cholesterol, corticosteroid ester Xanthine Cysteine/cysteine Charcotleyden (lysophospholipase) Gout Asymptomatic hyperuricemia Acute gouty attack Intercritical gout Chronic tophaceous gout Clinical Stages of Gout “Conventional radiography remain the examination of choice” Mineralization Joint space narrowing Erosion Bone proliferation Soft tissue swelling Calcification Mineralization Maintained normal bone density (until late stage) However, every arthropathy except rheumatoid arthritis maintained normal mineralization Joint space narrowing Maintained joint space
Transcript

07/06/60

1

Crystal deposition disease:Imaging perspectives

Warapat Virayavanich, MDRamathibodi hospital, Mahidol University

Crystal associated arthropathies

Commonly seen arthropathy

• MSU (gout)

• CPPD

• HADD

Uncommon arthropathy

• Calcium oxalate aluminium phosphate

• Cholesterol, corticosteroid ester

• Xanthine 

• Cysteine/cysteine

• Charcot‐leyden(lysophospho‐lipase)

Gout

Asymptomatic hyperuricemia

Acute gouty attack

Intercriticalgout

Chronic tophaceous gout

Clinical Stages of Gout

“Conventional radiography 

remain the examination of choice”

• Mineralization

• Joint space narrowing

• Erosion

• Bone proliferation

• Soft tissue swelling

• Calcification

Mineralization

• Maintained normal bone density (until late stage)

• However, every arthropathy except rheumatoid arthritis maintained normal mineralization

Joint space narrowing

• Maintained joint space

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Erosion

• Non‐aggressive

• well circumscribed, sclerotic margin

Bone production

• Reparative response

• Overhanging edge of cortex

Soft tissue swelling

• Lumpy‐Bumpy soft tissue swelling

Calcification

• Calcium precipitated with the urate crystal to veryingdegrees

“Tophi” • Dense nodule: cloudy, amorphous, occasionally contain distinct calcifications

• Eccentric, not necessarily associated with joint

US findings

• Double contour sign

• Hyperechoic soft tissue area

• Bright dotted foci 

• Snowstorm appearance of synovial fluid

• Hypervascularization (Doppler US)

• Tophi with or without posterior shadow

• Soft tissue edema

CT

• CT more sensitive to detect erosion and tophi

.

• Dual‐energy CT (DECT) allows differentiation of materials and tissues based on CT density values

Image from Perez‐Ruiz F, et.al. Arthritis Research & Therapy 2009, 11:232

07/06/60

3

MRI

• MRI helps establish bone damage and erosions early in the disease

• Tophus: • Intermediate T1/variable T2 related to amount of calcium but intermediate to lower heterogeneous signal has been reported most frequently

• Variable enhanced with contrast (homogeneous, heterogeneous, or peripheral enhancement*)

• Soft tissue or intraosseous location

Distribution

• Random involvement

• Foot: 1st MTP joint (MC in body)

CPPD

Confusing nomenclature of CPPD

• Chondrocalcinosis

• Pseudogout

• Pyrophosphate arthropathy

Clinical manifestation

• Asymtomatic (most common form)

• “Great mimicker” 6 patterns of joint involvement• Pseudogout

• Pseudorheumatoid

• Pseudoosteoarthritis (acute episode)

• Pseodoosteoarthritis (no acute episodes)

• Asymptomatic • Pseudoneuropathy

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Imaging characteristic

• Soft tissue calcification• Chondrocalcinosis

• Synovial and capsular calcification

• Tendon, ligament and bursal calcification

• Pyrophosphate arthropathy

Chondrocalcinosis

• Hyaline cartilage

• Fibrocartilage

Chondrocalcinosis

• Hyaline cartilage

• Fibrocartilage

CT

MRI

• MRI of chondrocalcinosis can be confusion (high or low SI on either T1 or fluid‐sensitive sequences

• Decreased sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis meniscal tear

Synovial and capsular calcification

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Tendon, ligament and bursal calcification Pyrophosphate arthropathy

• Unusual articular distribution

• Unusual intra‐articular distribution

• Prominent subchondral cyst formation

• Severe & progressive destructive bone changes• Variable osteophyte formation

Hand and wrist involvement

• Radiocarpal joint space narrowing  SLAC wrist and stepladder appearance

• The triscaphe joint more commonly affected in CPPD crystal disease than in OA 

• Narrowing MCP (especially 2nnd and 3rd) with sparing IP joint

• Drooping osteophytes (radial aspect)• Sclerosis, cysts or collapse metacarpal head

Knee joint

• Isolated patellofemoral compartment

Knee joint

• Isolated patellofemoral compartment

07/06/60

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HADD

Clinical presentation

• Pain, erythema, swelling, and limitation of motion of the neighboring joint

• Most commonly between the ages of 40 and 70 years (rare in children)

HADD

• Characterized by periarticular calcifications, usually in tendons near their osseous attachments

• Usually monoarticular

• Tends to be self‐limiting with resolution of both clinical and imaging findings

Acute calcific periarthritis

• 60% at shoulder joint (M/C)

• Second most common is hip (gluteus medius near greater trochanter or acetabulum, gluteus maximusattachment along the posterolateral femoral shaft of the femur

• Can see erosive change adjacent to area of deposition

Radiographs Ultrasound

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7

HADD and joint abnormality

• OA

• Milwaukee shoulder epitomizes

• HADD athropathy• Elderly

• Mostly women (90%) 

• Predilection for large joints (shoulder, hip, knee, elbow)

• Large joint effusion ( hemorrhagic and non‐inflammatory, extensive bone destruction, accerelatedOA, intraarticular bodies 


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