CSC 2260 Operating Systems and Networks

CSC 2260Operating Systems and Networks

Chapter 1

Fall 2008

Dr. Chuck Lillie

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Course Overview

Course Information www.uncp.edu/home/lilliec/ Syllabus Assignments Homework Exams Attendance Policy

Textbook Survey of Operating Systems 2nd Addition, Charles

Holcombe and Jane Holcombe, McGraw-Hill, 2006

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Course Outline

History of Operating SystemsDisk Operating SystemsCommon Operating Systems

Windows NTWindows 2000Windows XPLinuxMacintosh

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Course Outline

Operating System SecurityNetworks

Server SideClient Side

Main Frame Operating Systems

Introduction to Operating Systems

An Overview of MicrocomputersWhat’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating SystemsYesterday’s Operating SystemsDesktop OSs Available Today

Chapter

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Learning Objectives

Describe the microcomputers in use todayIdentify common computer hardware

componentsDescribe the purpose and functions of

microcomputer operating systemsDescribe major events in the evolution of

microcomputer operating systemsList and compare the common

microcomputer operating systems

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An Overview of Microcomputers

What is a Microcomputer?A computer built around a microprocessor

Microprocessor performs calculations or

processing A personal computer (PC) is a microcomputer

that complies with hardware standards set and supported by Microsoft and Intel

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An Overview of Microcomputers

What Types of Microcomputers Are Used Today?Desktops and laptopsServers – provide services to other

computersHandheld devices – designed for a specific

purpose

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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?

MicroprocessorAlso known as the CPU or processorCentral component of a microcomputerPerforms calculationsOne or more per microcomputer

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Microprocessor (continued)Since the 386DX, Intel Microprocessors

support three modes:

Real mode

286 protected mode

386 protected mode

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Microprocessor (continued)Real mode

Intel processors power up in this mode

Total address space = 1MB

640KB limit for OS and application

Single-tasking

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Microprocessor (continued)286 protected mode

Total address space = 16 MB

Can multitask certain applications

Does not support virtual machines

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Microprocessor (continued)386 protected mode

Total address space = 4GB

Supports the use of virtual machines

Multitasking

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Microprocessor (continued)Processors can work with 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-

bit, and 64-bit chunks of data

The number of bits (binary digits) is the size of data that can be processed at one time

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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?Motherboard and Chipset

Motherboard – central circuit boardContains one or more CPU slots or sockets into

which the processor is pluggedChipset, memory slots, voltage regulator

module (VRM), ROM BIOS, and the expansion bus slots are components of a motherboard

Chipset controls the flow of signals to and from the processor and other components

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MemoryChips that store programs and dataRandom-access memory (RAM)Read-only memory (ROM)

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Memory (continued)

RAMSystem, main, or physical memoryUsed by active programsOne or more circuit cards with memory chipsVolatile – all is lost when the computer is

powered off

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What’s Contained in and Attached to a Microcomputer?Memory (continued)

ROM BIOSStores programs permanentlyCalled ‘firmware’ since it is non-volatile

ROM BIOS contains:Code for starting the computerCode for controlling communications between

the processor and other components A setup program for configuring system optionsConfiguration information stored in a special kind

of non-volatile RAM called the CMOS RAM

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ROM BIOS configuration information Disk drive types and capacityDisk boot orderSystem memoryConnectors (ports)Power managementOther information determined by

motherboard and ROM BIOS manufacturers

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Video Adapter and DisplayVideo adapter – circuitry that sends the

controlling output signals to the display screen

Display screen – a monitor or a flat panel display (FPD) for visual output from the computer

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KeyboardAn input device with a typewriter style layout

of alphanumeric and punctuation keys Includes additional function, control, arrow,

and editing keys

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Pointing DeviceRequired to move a graphical pointer (cursor)

around in a GUIMouse is the most common pointing device –

connects via a physical cable or a wireless connection.

Other pointing devices: touch pad, track ball, joystick, and light pen

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Disk DrivesStore data and programsEncoded on surface of small spinning

plattersMagnetic or optical technologyFloppy drives and hard disk drives use

magnetic technologyCompact disk (CD) and digital versatile disk

(DVD) drives use optical technologies

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Peripheral DevicesBroad term for nonessential add-on devices Includes printers, scanners, pointing

devices, digital cameras, external modems, and disk drives

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What is an Operating System? An Operating System is:

The central control program for a computerThe intermediary between applications &

hardware

Purpose, Types, and Functions of Microcomputer Operating Systems

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Operating System FunctionsUser interfaceJob managementTask managementMemory ManagementFile managementDevice managementSecurity

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User InterfaceAKA the ‘shell’A software layer for user interaction Includes the command processor Includes the visual components of the OS

Character-based command line GUI

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Job management Controls the order and time in which

programs are runTask management

Found in multitasking operating systemsControls the focus Allows user to switch between tasks

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Memory ManagementManages placement of programs and data

in memoryVirtual memory manager moves code and

data to virtual memory (file on hard drive)

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File ManagementAKA data managementAllows the OS to read, write, and modify

dataData is organized into filesAllows users to organize their files into

containers called folders or directories

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Device ManagementControls hardware through device driversA device driver is unique to a deviceCreated by the manufacturer of the device

to work with a specific operating system

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SecurityProvides password-protected authentication

of the user before allowing accessChecks user name and passwordRestricts the actions that can be performed

on a computer, customized for each user

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Categories of Operating SystemsSingle-User/Single-taskingSingle-User/MultitaskingMulti-User/MultitaskingReal-Time

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Yesterday’s Operating Systems

First the machines…Charles Babbage designed the first

computer in the 1820s

Apple II was the first microcomputer to combine critical elements like keyboard, monitor, operating system, and desirable and useful applications

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Then the Operating SystemsEarly single-purpose computers included

system functionsOSs did not exist as separate entityOSs evolved from need for multipurpose

computers

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DOS, CP/M, Apple, and the Killer AppTo be widely accepted a computer needed a

‘killer app’VisiCalc was the killer app of 1970’s micro-

computers VisiCalc ran under the CP/M OS VisiCalc contributed to the success of the

Apple II Both PC DOS and a version of CP/M were

available for the IBM PC

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The Second Wave (second killer app)Lotus 1-2-3 – a DOS spreadsheet

application that is fast and provides added functionalities

Lotus 1-2-3 became the killer app for the IBM-PC/PC DOS combination.

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OS/2 (Operating System/2) Version 1.0 introduced in 1987Developed by Microsoft and IBM 1.0 had costly memory and disk

requirements IBM introduced OS/2 Warp in 1990’s IBM has ended development of new

versions

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Microsoft Windows1985 first version – GUI on top of DOSWindows 3.0, introduced in 1990, provided

better support for legacy DOS applicationsWindows 3.x works in real mode, standard

mode, and 386 enhanced mode

1992 Windows 3.1 successful with MS Office

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Windows for Workgroups DOS and earlier versions of Windows had

no networkingWindows for Workgroups 3.1 and 3.11

enabled peer-to-peer networking

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Desktop OSs Available Today

DOS from Microsoft

Windows NT Windows 98 Windows ME

Windows 2000 Windows XP Macintosh OSs UNIX Linux

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DOS from MicrosoftDOS provides support for interaction with

disk drivesMicrosoft’s first version of DOS, called PC

DOS Introduced with the first IBM-PC in 1981Each major version of DOS supported new

disk capacitiesDOS has a text-mode command line interface

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Windows NT First Microsoft OS to take full advantage of

the capabilities of the Intel’s 386 protected mode

Two main versions of NT – one for servers and another for desktop computers

Windows NT 4.0, introduced in 1996, has a GUI similar to Windows 95

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Windows 98 An evolutionary development compared to

the earlier Windows operating system in terms of GUI and integrated components

New options for customizing the GUI, including tighter integration with Microsoft’s

Web browser, Internet Explorer (IE)

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Windows 98 (continued)Comes with drivers and support for devices

like DVD drives It was the choice for PCs with plug and play

(PnP) hardware, not supported by Windows NT

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Windows Me Introduced in 2000 as an upgrade to

Windows 98 Improved music, video, and home

networking supportProvides utilities as well as applications for

dealing with PC software configuration, digital music, and video

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Windows 2000Family of OS products, introduced in 2000Combines the best of Windows 98 and

Windows NTWindows 2000 Professional, Windows 2000

Server, Windows 2000 Advanced Server, and Windows 2000 Enterprise Edition

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Windows XPSeveral products, but no server versionMost common are Windows XP Home

Edition and Windows XP Professional

Improved GUI as well as several network- and security-related features

Default desktop only contains the Recycle Bin

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Macintosh Operating SystemsOnly run on Apple Macintosh computersMac OS 9 and Mac OS X common today

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Macintosh Operating Systems (continued)Macintosh hardware and software are

proprietary products of Apple Computer Company

Macintosh computers generally use the PowerPC chip with an architecture that is enhanced for graphics and multimedia

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UNIX Introduced by Bell Labs Computing Science

Research Center (Bell Labs) as UNIX Version 6 in 1975

A portable operating system for mini-computers and mainframe computers

Supports timesharing and multi-user systemsAn excellent server operating system as it

utilizes resources carefully, allowing only the required services to be loaded

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UNIX (continued)The current commercial versions of UNIX

include Sun Microsystems’ Solaris, Hewlett-Packard’s HP-UX, IBM’s AIX, and Compaq’s

Tru64 UNIXMany open source versions of UNIX are

also available, which can be changed according to requirements

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LinuxModeled on UNIXNamed for original developer, Linus

Benedict TorvaldsBegun in 1991 by Torvalds and others as

open-source for modern computers.

Written in the C language using GNU C Compiler (GCC)

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Linux (continued)Distributed freeVendors sell bundles with extras (utilities,

GUIs, manuals)Novell, Red Hat, and others distribute such

bundlesFastest-growing computer server OSMaking inroads on desktop computers

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Chapter Summary

Microcomputers TodayA computer consists of hardware,

applications software, and operating system software

The operating system allows the user to interact with the computer hardware

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Chapter Summary

Common Microcomputer HardwareThe basic components of a microcomputer

are processor, motherboard, memory, video adapter and display, keyboard, pointing device, disk drives, and peripheral devices

You can identify hardware components by a visual inspection, by observing information displayed during the boot up process, and by accessing a ROM BIOS setup program

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Chapter Summary

Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating systemsCertain functions are provided by most, if not

all, current operating systems. These functions include a user interface, job management, task management, memory management, file manage-ment, device management, and security.

The operating system makes everything work together

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Chapter Summary

Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating systemsYou can identify most of the functions provided

by your operating system by careful observation. For instance, evidence of support of the security function includes a required logon procedure when you start your computer, and the need for authorization to access resources on your local computer.

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Chapter Summary

Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating systemsThere are four categories of operating systems:

Single-User/single-taskingSingle-User/multitaskingMulti-User/multitaskingReal-Time

A Single-User/single-tasking operating system is one that allows only a single user to perform a single task at a time

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Chapter Summary

Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating systemsAn operating system that allows a single user

to perform two or more functions at once is a Single-User/multitasking operating system

A Multi-User/multitasking operating system is an operating system that allows multiple users to run programs simultaneously on a single network server, called a terminal server

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Chapter Summary

Purpose and Functions of MicrocomputerOperating systems Real-time operating systems are defined by

their speed and ability to work with special real-time applications programs. A Real-time operating system is a very fast, relatively small

OS that is often embedded, meaning it is built into the circuitry of a device and not normally loaded from a disk drive

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Chapter Summary

Major Events in the Evolution of Microcomputer Operating SystemsThe history of current microcomputers and

their OSs involved many technical advances and the imagination of a multitude of innovative people

You can find many accounts of the history of computers and operating systems by searching the Internet

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Chapter Summary

What OSs Are Available Today?The microcomputer operating systems

common today include MS-DOS, several versions of Windows (Windows 98, Windows 2000, and Windows XP), Mac OS 9, Mac OS X, and several versions of UNIX and Linux

Each of today’s common operating systems is best suited for certain uses

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What OSs Are Available Today?Microsoft desktop OSs are common in the

business environment Both UNIX and Linux can be found on high-

end servers and on desktop computers. The use of Linux is growing on all types of systems

The Mac OSs are commonly used in education and in graphic workstations

Chapter Summary

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CSC 2260 Operating Systems and Networks

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