James Leigh, University of NicosiaJames Leigh, University of NicosiaTracy Bucco
Cultural Geography
PopulationPart 2
Crowd, http://lbcpastor.wordpress.com/tag/service/
This lecture’s reading
• Rubenstein, J. (2005), The Cultural Landscape: An Introduction to Human Geography, Latest Edition, Saddle River,Prentice Hall.– Chapter: Population
• Fellman, J. Getis, A. and Getis, J. (2005), Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities, Latest Edition, New York, McGraw-Hill.– Chapter: Populations: World Patterns, Regional
Trends
Fertility rates, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Fertility_rate_world_map_2.png
Hypothesis: Poorer are less literate and have more children.
GDP / caiita, http://www.dianahsieh.com/blog/2008_08_01_monthly.shtml
Literacy rates, http://leadingfromtheheart.org/2008/07/26/perpetuating-the-story-of-difference-or-literacy-revisited/
World Population IncreasePopulation growth, http://www.raisethehammer.org/index.asp?id=254
Video• What are some future
population trends?• What are some areas
increasing or decreasingin population?
Video – “Alarming Facts aboutthe Population of the World”
(4 minutes)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZWcoERjBUI&NR=1
Then checkout http://www.thefactlab.com/
World Population, http://people.howstuffworks.com/population-six-billion.htm
Population “doubling time”• Small changes in populations increase have
dramatic effects• NIR of:
– 1.0% doubles population in 70 years– 1.4% doubles population in 51 years– 2.2% doubles population in 35 years
Where is the populations increase?• Mostly LDCs in:
– Africa– Asia– Latin America– Middle East
• In last decade worldpopulation growth:– 2/3 in Asia– 1/3 divided equally
among:• Sub Saharan Africa• Latin America• Middle East
NIR, http://www.countrywatch.com/facts/facts_default.aspx?type=image&img=PIAG
To explain population increaseTotal Fertility Rate (TFR):
Average number of childrena woman will havein her childbearingyears (~15-49)
• World rate is ~3• Rate > 6 in some sub
Saharan countries• Rate <2 in ~ every
European country
TFR, http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/V1003/lectures/population/index.html
To explain population increaseInfant Mortality Rate (IMR):• Annual number of deaths
of infants < 1 year against the total number of births
• Per 1,000• High in poor countries of
sub-Saharan Africa– In some LDC exceeds 100
(>10%)• Low in Western Europe
– Only <50 (<5%)• Reflects standard of living
and medical facilities,and in-countrysocioeconomic status
IMR, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Infant_mortality_rate_world_map.PNG
To explain population increase
• Life expectancy at birth measuresthe average numberof years a newborninfant can expectto live– High in MDCs
• Western Europe
– Low in LDCs• Sub-Saharan Africa
LE, http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Life_expectancy_world_map.PNG
Young populations
Young populations, http://arbroath.blogspot.com/2006_12_03_archive.html
Brief review• MDCs have:
– Higher life expectancy– Older populations– Lower rates of:
• Natural increase• Crude birth• Total fertility• Infant mortality
• LDCs have:– Lower life expectancy– Younger populations– Higher rates of:
• Natural increase• Crude birth• Total fertility• Infant mortality
Population growth, http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/TLSF/theme_c/mod13/www.worldbank.org/depweb/english/modules/social/pgr/map1.htm
Demographic Transition• Typical Stages of Process of Development
– 1. High BR and DR, stable population– 2. Rapidly falling DR population increase, urbanizing – 3. BR decline as DR continue to decline moderation
of population increase– 4. Low BR and DR population stability (or decrease)
Influenced by:
•Industrial Revolution
•Medical Revolution
•Wealth
•Infrastructure
•Social philosophyDT, http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html
Note post-industrial
Demographic transition (Jordan & Domosh)
Population pyramidsWide base shows large number of children, but rapid narrowing as many die between each age band. The pyramid indicates a population with high BR, high DR and short life expectancy. Typical for poorer countries - little access to birth control, poor environmental factors (e.g. no clean water), minimal health services. Note more females than males in age groups – females live longer.
PP, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid
ComparativePop’n increase %
Switzerland ~ 0.5
Malawi ~ 2.4
Stable
Growing
PP, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html
Obviously declining population in 2050
Pyramid types
PP, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_pyramid
China’s Changing pyramid
China PP, http://www.geographyalltheway.com/igcse_geography/population_settlement/population/population_structure.htm
Canada’s changing pyramid
Canada PP, http://www.statcan.gc.ca/kits-trousses/animat/edu06a_0002-eng.htm
PP, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html
PP, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html
PP, http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/pyramids.html
Pyramid’s historical effects: Germany
(unreferenced)
(Unreferenced)
World’s aging population
Population, http://wisdom.unu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/big-population-age-group.gif
LD regionspopulation share
S S Africa ++++ 11 – 18%
China -- 21 – 16
India 17 – 17
N East/N Africa + 6 – 8
Other Asia + 17 – 20
Latin America + 8 – 9
(Fellmann)
Looming Challenges• Overpopulation• Old populations• Peak phenomena
(scarcity):– Food– Resources– Energy– Commodities
• High prices• Declining economic
development• Poverty• Climate change• Pollution• Famine / disease• War
Old man, http://glorialimbong.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/poor-old-man.jpg
• Many visual items are used in the course.• They have been collected in “notes” over several years.• If any items are unreferenced please let us know.• We would be happy to give credits.• James Leigh, University of Nicosia
Tracy Bucco