Tematica cursului pentru anul I semestrul II

1. Lesson one Weather

2. Lesson two- Meals

3.Lesson three At the library

4.Lesson four Whats your job?

5. Lesson five At a public meeting

SEMNIFICAIA PICTOGRAMELOR

F= INFORMAII DE REFERIN/CUVINTE CHEIE

= TEST DE AUTOEVALUARE

= BIBLIOGRAFIE

= TEM DE REFLECIE

= TIMPUL NECESAR PENTRU STUDIUL UNUI CAPITOL SAUSECIUNE

= 2 h

LESSON ONEWEATHER

FPeople everywhere enjoy talking about the weather, Isnt the weather nicetoday? or Hasnt the weather been awful lately? are excellent beginnings forinformal conversations.Weather conditions across Romania are varied but generally speaking it is atemperate continental climate.The year is divided into four seasons: spring which begins officially with theequinox in mid March and then summer, autumn and winter.Temperatures in Romania are measured according to Centigrade not like inEngland and in the United States where they are measured according to theFahrenheit scale, on which 32 degrees is the freezing point of water and 212degrees the boiling point. Fahrenheit temperatures can be converted toCentigrade, and vice versa by the use of simple formulas that may be found in anygeneral reference book.Winter weather varies widely: with severe conditions in the northern parts of thecountry and milder conditions in the southern areas. In the mountains, sub-zerotemperatures are common and there is much snow. In the south there are fewerdays with freezing temperatures.Spring is a delightful season. The temperatures are moderate, and the bloomingtrees and flowers make the city and the countryside bright with colour.Everyone longs to get outside and enjoy the new season. Many students find ithard to concentrate on their work and we jokingly refer to this condition asspring fever.Summer is longer and hotter in the southern part than in the northern one. Themountains and the sea coast generally enjoy moderate temperatures. Summer isthe great season for all sports in the open air. Most people take their vacationsduring summer, and the highways are crowded.Autumn, like spring, has many mild days and comfortable temperatures. Natureputs on its second display of colour, with the red and yellow of the leaves and thebright fall flowers. Toward the end of autumn, there is abundant rain, as theweather gradually gets colder and winter sets in.Scientific weather forecasting is a serious matter and the concern of the RomanianMeteorological and Hydrological Institute. The weather reports and prediction areprinted in most newspapers and are read regularly over the radio and TV.

* * *

A: Do you think well be able to go to the beach tomorrow?B: Why not? Have the plans changed?A: No, but Im worried about the weather. It might rain.B: It certainly seems fine now. Theres not a cloud in the sky.A: Yes, but you know how quickly the weather can change around here.B: Not a chance. The Weather Institute has announced fine weather.A: What time shall we be on the beach?B: Any time after day-break. Would seven oclock do? Or perhaps you want tomake it even earlier?A: Seven oclock is all right with me.

VOCABULARYawful groaznicclimate climequinox echinoxsolstice solstiiudegree gradto freeze a ngheato convert a transformamild blnddelightful ncnttorlately n ultimul timpinformal neoficialaccuracy exactitateflood inundaiehigh wind vnt puternicboiling point punct de fierbereto be converted a fi transformatreference book carte de referinweather forecasting timpul probabilaccording to n conformitate cuto long a nzui din tot sufletul, a dori fierbinte / cu pasiune, a tnjidisplay expunere, expoziie, prezentare, etalare

GRAMMARTHE PAST TENSE

(Timpul trecut)

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Interrogative-Negative

I visitedYou visited

I did not visitYou did not visit

Did I visit?Did you visit?

Did I not visit?Did you not visit?

He, she, it visited

We visitedYou visitedThey visited

He,she,it did notvisitWe did not visitYou did not visitThey did not visit

Did he,she,it visit?

Did we visit?Did you visit?Did they visit?

Did he,she,it notvisit?Did we not visit?Did you not visit?Did they not visit?

The use of the Past Tense

Rules Examples1. Past Tense exprim o aciune trecutterminat care nu are legtur cu prezentul.

They asked me to come earlier.

2. Exprim o aciune care are loc ntr-unmoment precis n trecut.

I met him at a concert two weeks ago.

3. Exprim o aciune care are loc n cursulunei perioade terminate, exprimat prinadverbe de timp definit ca: yesterday, lastnight, last week etc.

We spent our vacation at the seaside lastyear.

4. Dup when se folosete ntotdeaunaPast Tense cnd aciunea are loc n trecut

When did they graduate from the institute?

5. Pentru a exprima o aciune repetatn trecut folosim used + infinitiv, would +infinitivul scurt

He used to come and see us every weekend.She would walk about the garden for hours.

ADJECTIVES DEGREES OF COMPARISON( Adjectivele gradele de comparaie)

Comparaia sinteticpozitiv comparativ superlativ

1. Adjective monosilabice tall taller the tallest2. Adjective bisilabice terminate n:-y-ow-er-ble

prettynarrowcleverable

prettiernarrowerclevererabler

the prettiestthe narrowestthe cleverestthe ablest

Comparaia analiticAdjective plurisilabiceinteresting more interesting the most

interestingComparativula) de superioritate taller than, more interesting thanb) de egalitate as tall as, as interesting asc) de inferioritate not so tall as, less tall than, not so interesting as,

less interesting thanSuperlativul

a) absolutb) relativc) de inferioritate

very tall, very interestingthe tallest, the most interestingthe least tall, the least interesting

Cnd se compar dou lucruri saufiine se folosete n generalcomparativul precedat de articolulhotrt, iar cnd se compar trei saumai multe lucruri sau fiine sefolosete superlativul.

John is the taller of the two brothers.

John is the tallest of his classmates.

n limba englez exist comparativeduble care denot o intensificare cese red prin:a) repetare (din ce n ce mai, totmai)b) cu ajutorul unor astfel de cuvintesau expresii ca: far, still, ever,much, a great deal etc.

The days are getting shorter and shorter.The problems to solve are more and moreinteresting.His exercise is far better than hers.We attach ever greater significance to this work.

Pentru a reda cu ct mai...cu attmai se folosesc dou comparativeprecedate de the

The longer the days the shorter the nights.The more you study the better you know yourlesson.

Superlativul absolut se mai poateforma cu ajutorul urmtoareloradverbe: extremely, terribly,exceedingly, quite.

This is an extremely attractive book.They lived in a terribly noisy street.

Most se folosete numai n cazuladjectivelor cu comparaie analitic.

It was a most beautiful day.

Superlativul relativ al tuturoradjectivelor poate fi accentuat prinfar i by far.

This homework is far more difficult than theprevious one.Yesterdays trip was less enjoyable than weexpected by far.

EXERCISES

I. Enlarge on:a) The weather conditions in Romania.b) The four seasons and their main characteristic.c) Your favourite season.

II. Give the comparative and superlative degrees of the following adjectives:Sad, grey, dry, lovely, heavy, simple, mild, few, bright, hard, hot, yellow,abundant, serious, dangerous, dull, fresh, thick, cool, severe.

III. Change the following sentences into the past:

1. Weather conditions change quite often. 2. The day is rainy and we cant go onthe trip. 3. I like to watch the snowflakes fall from the grey sky. 4. The streets areslippery and we have to be careful. 5. Towards the end of autumn the temperaturegrows colder. 6. Snow begins to melt under the bright sunrays. 7. Everythinglooks fresh, new and joyous. 8. We listen to the weather forecast on the radio.

IV. Use the adjectives in brackets in the proper degrees of comparison:1. Winters are (mild) in the southern areas of our country. 2. In the south there are(few) days with freezing temperatures. 3. Last year we had (heavy) snowfalls thanusual. 4. In September we may have some of (lovely) autumn days. 5. The sky iscloudless and if the heat wave lasts, we might have (hot) month. 6. I feel (good) inspring than in any other season. 7. Yesterday we had a very cold day but today itis much (cold). 8. It isnt any (warm) today than it was yesterday, is it? 9. Whichis the part of our country with (abundant) rainfall? 10. In spring flowers have(bright) colours. 11. In winter we have (low) temperatures with few days abovethe freezing point. 12. Summer is (good) season for outdoor sports. 13. Today it is(little) windy than yesterday. 14. I am sure my exercise is as (good) as yours.

V. Fill in the blanks with the suitable forms of the adjectives or adverbs inbrackets:1. (soon, good) Thethe rain stops the2. (strong) The wind getsand3.(much, good) Thehe worked theresults he obtained. 4. (early, good) Thewestart the5. (little) He seemed to getandinterested in the subject. 6. (high,cold) Thewe climbed theit became. 7. (much, rich) Theyou readthebecomes your vocabulary. 8. (fine, much) Thethe weather the... agreeableour stay in the mountains. 9. (few) There areandmistakes in your exercises.

VI. Translate into English:1. Anul trecut am avut o iarn aspr. 2. Noaptea trecut vntul a suflat foarteputernic. 3. Cnd a nceput s plou? 4. ncercau s se concentreze asuprasubiectului. 5. Merge la munte n fiecare vacan de iarn. 6. Buletinulmeteorologic a anunat timp frumos. 7. A plecat ieri cu trenul i se ntoarce pestedou sptmni. 8. Nu am urmrit explicaia. 9. Am hotrt s-mi schimbproiectele de vacan. 10. Luna trecut am fcut o excursie foarte frumoas nnordul rii. 11. Nu i-am recunoscut dup atia ani. 12. n fiecare an merge nDelt pentru cteva zile. 13. Cnd ai vizitat Nordul Moldovei? 14. S-au hotrt nlegtur cu data plecrii. 15 Clima unei ri depinde de poziia sa geografic. 16.n Romnia gsim o clim temperat-continental caracterizat de existena a patruanotimpuri. 17. Vremea se schimb odat cu schimbarea anotimpurilor. 18. n aranoastr avem cea destul de rar, dar n Marea Britanie sunt multe zile cu cea.

= 3 h

LESSON TWOMEALS

FAs a rule we have three meals a day: breakfast in the morning, lunch in the middleof the day, and dinner in the evening.Breakfast is a frugal meal; nevertheless it means laying the table, boiling eggs,preparing tea and coffee to be served with rolls, toast, butter, marmalade, cheese,ham and some dairy products. Lunch usually begins with some appetizers such asa glass of plum brandy, some olives, then, comes a cold or warm hors-doeuvrefollowed by a soup. We, Romanians, are fond of clear soups, consomms,bouillons, meat ball soups, dumpling soups and chicken borsch.For the main course we may usually have some grilled, roast, boiled or fried fishor meat with plenty of vegetables or rice, some fruit, fresh or stewed, a cake,some ice-cream, a pie and a cup of black coffee to finish with. We generally havewater or mineral water for lunch, but on special occasions we may have wine orbeer.The Romanian dinner may be a light meal consisting of a glass of tea or milk andsome sandwiches or it may be a big meal with cold meat or roast poultry, anomelette, a salad, and a pudding followed by some sweets.In England, meal-times differ from ours. The English have their breakfastbetween seven and nine in the morning, lunch between twelve and two in theafternoon, tea between four and five oclock and dinner at seven in the evening.They may also have supper, a light meal at about 10 or 11, at home or at therestaurant.English breakfast is generally a more substantial meal than in our country. Itconsists of fruit juice, corn flakes with milk, cream and sugar or porridge,followed by fried bacon and eggs. Some marmalade made of oranges maybespread on the toast. Sometimes they may have a boiled egg, cold ham and blackor white coffee.English food is rather plain compared to ours. They are not very fond of soupsand they prefer warm consomms, beef, chicken, oxtail soups or cream soups.Fish, meat or poultry which comes next is generally fried or roasted. Thefavourite meal with the British is mutton and lamb with a mint sauce and all sortsof sauted vegetables and mixed salads.As for supper they may have fish, cold veal, pork or a steak and chips with somevegetables.

Before having a meal we lay the table, we spread the table cloth and put onglasses, napkins, the salt cellar, the pepper box, the mustard pot, the bread basket.If it is breakfast we take the sugar-basin, cups, saucers, teaspoons, forks andknives out of the side-board. We cut the bread, the ham, the sausages and thecheese into slices and put them on a dish. For dinner we put soup plates anddinner plates before each person. The soup is brought in a soup-tureen and theother courses on dishes and plates.When the meal is over, we clear the table. We clear away the plates, dishes andcutlery and wash them up in the kitchen.

* * *

Alice: What are we going to have for lunch today?Mother: Well, we have soup, beef steak and chips and an apple-pie. But are youalready hungry? Its rather early for lunch. I was just baking the pie.Alice: All right. Ill wash my hands and set the table until everything is ready.Mother: Lunch is ready now. You may go and call the others.John: Steak and chips! Thats my favourite meal!Mother: Help yourself until they are still hot, but remember we have apple-pie fordessert.

VOCABULARYfrugal frugal, cumptatroll chifl, cornappetizer aperitivhors-doeuvre gustare naintea mesei propriu-ziseconsomm supbouillon ciorb rneasc, bulioncourse fel de mncare (ca ordine)to grill a frige la grtarto broil a frige la grtarto boil a fierbeto roast a (se) frige, a (se) prjito fry a (se) prjipickles murturipoultry carne de pasre, psri de curtepudding budincporridge gri de ovz fiert n lapte (terci de ovz)plain fad, fr gustmutton carne de oaielamb carne de mielsteak friptur la grtarsideboard bufet (cu vesel)soup-tureen supierdish 1. platou de servit, farfurie; 2. fel de mncare; pl. vase (de buctrie)

cutlery tacmurihelping poriedairy products produse lactateplum brandy uicmeat ball soup ciorb de perioaredumpling soup sup cu glutestewed fruit compotoxtail soup sup de coad de vitto lay the table a pune masato set the table a pune masato spread the table cloth a ntinde faa de masto clear the table a strnge masahelp yourself to - servii-v cu

GRAMMAR

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE(Trecutul Continuu)

Affirmative NegativeI was comingYou were coming / Youre comingHe, she, it was coming

We were comingYou were comingThey were coming

I was not (wasnt) comingYou were not (werent) comingHe, she, it was not coming

We were not comingYou were not comingThey were not coming

Interrogative Interrogative NegativeWas I coming?Were you coming?Was he, she, it coming?

Were we coming?Were you coming?Were they coming?

Was I not coming? / Wasnt I coming?Were you not coming?Was he, she, it, not coming?

Were we not coming?/Werent wecoming?Were you not coming?Were they not coming?

Se formeaz din verbul TO BE la timpul trecut i participiul prezent (-ing) alverbului de conjugat: WERE / WAS + Ving

The use of the Past Continuous Tense

Rules Examples1. Trecutul continuu exprim o aciune ndesfurare la un moment dat n trecut.Acest moment poate fi indicat de:a) o expresie adverbial: at...oclock, atthat time, this time yesterdayb) o alt aciune:

This time yesterday I was preparing lunch.

I was just having breakfast when youcame.

2. Pentru aciuni paralele n trecut, formacontinu se poate folosi att n propoziiaprincipal, ct i n cea secundar. Deobicei, se evit folosirea formei continue nambele propoziii.

While we were having dinner we watchedTV.sauWhile we had dinner we were watchingTV.

3. n vorbirea indirect n locul prezentuluicontinuu.

Vorbire direct: She said: I am cookinglunch just now.Vorbire indirect: She said she wascooking lunch just then.

REFLEXIVE AND EMPHATIC PRONOUNS(Pronumele reflexive i de ntrire)

Pronume reflexive Pronume de ntriremyselfyourselfhimselfherselfitselfourselvesyourselvesthemselvesoneself

I cut myself (m-am tiat)He enjoys himself (sedistreaz)She came by herself (avenit singur)See for yourselves(convingei-v singuri)To be by oneself ( a fisingur)

I did it myself (eu nsumiam fcut-o)

He himself cooked the meal(el nsui a gtit mncarea)

We prepared everythingourselves (am pregtit totulsinguri)

Rules ExamplesPronumele reflexiv, se aeaz dup verb ise folosete:1. cnd aciunea verbului se rsfrngeasupra subiectului. Tendina actual este deeliminare a pronumelui.

I cut myself while I was preparing soup.

You wash (yourself) in the morning.

2. n diateza reflexiv. He enjoyed himself at the party.3. n expresii idiomatice precedat de by,of, for (cu sensul de singur)

I was all by myself when it happened.The plate fell of itself.You must see for yourself.

4. n comparaii dup like, than, as nlocul pronumelui personal.

He is a better cook than herself.

Pronumele de ntrire se aeaz n general He himself has made the layer cake.

dup substantivul sau pronumele pe care lntrete sau la sfritul propoziiei.

He has made the layer cake himself.

EXERCISES

I. Translate the following questions and answer them:a) 1. What does your breakfast usually consist of? 2. Is there any differencebetween Romanian and English breakfast? 3. Do you generally have lunch athome or at a canteen? 4. What is your favourite sweet dish? 5. Why do theEnglish pour milk in their coffee? 6. What are the English meals? 7. What aretheir favourite dishes? 8. How do you lay the table for two?b) 1. Care sunt principalele mese ale zilei? 2. Obinuii s luai o mas copioasseara? 3. Preferai ap mineral sau vin la masa de prnz? 4. Ajutai vreodat peprini la strnsul mesei? 5. V place cafeaua neagr sau o preferai cu lapte? 6.V place mncarea mai gustoas sau mai fad?

II. Answer the question using the Past Tense Continuous of the underlinedverbs in your answers:Model: Why did you put salt in your coffee? (to read at breakfast time) I put saltin my coffee because I was reading at breakfast time.1. Why didnt you buy anything for lunch? (to rain when I wanted to go out). 2.When did you learn that wonderful recipe? (to live with my aunt). 3. Why did thecoffee boil over? (not to watch it). 4. When did you get the bad news? (to havelunch). 5. Why is your cake burned? (to do several things at a time). 6. When didyou break the plate? (to try to dry it). 7. When did you cut yourself? (to sharpenthe knife). 8. Why didnt you help the guests to some cake? (just to bake it).

III. Fill in the blanks with the suitable reflexive or emphatic pronouns:1. Dont eat too much or youll makeill. 2. I tried to cook the meal3.Makeat home and tell me whats all about. 4. I can only speak for5. he is amuch better cook than6. Go and see for7. Helpto some more ice-cream. 8.We enjoyedat the party last night.

IV. Link the sentences in each pair using the words in brackets; make all thenecessary changes.Model: (While) The phone rang. We had breakfast. The phone rang while wewere having breakfast.1. (while) I prepared dinner. The children laid the table. 2. (just as) The lightswent off. The guests arrived. 3. (as) I remembered I was short of flour. I preparedthe vegetables for the pudding. 4. (while) I dropped too much salt in the salad. Idress it. 5. (while) I dropped a plate and broke it. I cleared the table.

= 3 h

LESSON THREEAT THE LIBRARY

FA library is a building with a large collection of books where you can borrowbooks free of charge. You have only to know your way around a library and youcan easily find any fact or idea you are looking for.There are all kinds of books: novels, short stories, plays, books of reference suchas dictionaries, biographies, then scientific books, historical books, collection ofpoems, periodicals, magazines, etc.The library has a system: each book that the library owns is listed on an indexcard catalogue. The card catalogue can tell you immediately whether the libraryowns a copy of the book you want. The librarian, on the other hand, will tell youwhether the book is in the library or has been lent.For each book in the library the card catalogue contains an author card, a title cardand a subject card. On the upper left hand corner of each of these cards is the callnumber by which you can find the book. If you want a book or a magazine youneed an admission card issued by a member of the staff of the library. Then, youpick up an application slip, you look up the title of the book in the alphabetic orsubject catalogue, you fill in the slip by entering the title of the book, the shelfmark and the authors name.The book will be delivered to you by a member of the staff.Moat public libraries have reading rooms provided with tables at which you maysit and read.If you want to take books for home reading you may do so by going to the lendingdepartment which runs a loan service. You may borrow one or two books at atime and you may keep them for a week or more. If by the end of this period youhave not finished reading the book, you may renew it.While reading a book, make note of your thoughts and feelings as you go along.Reading is not only a pastime and a mean of education, it can lead you to a richerunderstanding of yourself as well as of the life around you.

* * *

Jane: I say Allan, can you give me some advice about reading, please?Allan: As you well know, reading is an essential part of your university life. Sinceall knowledge cannot be obtained in the classroom alone much of it must comefrom reading textbooks, reference books and other materials. The library of ourAcademy is well provided with a large stock of books, both in Romanian and inforeign languages.

Jane: So, do you think I could find there some specialized books recommended inthe bibliographies to our courses?Allan: Of course you could, there are latest editions published in our country andabroad.Jane: And what can you recommend me for my spare time, I mean something toimprove my English?Allan: Try things that dont make difficult reading: short-stories, novels, plays,some modern authors who write in a simple straightforward style. So, start withOscar Wilde, then G. Green, S. Maugham.Jane: Thank you very much. I shall follow your advice.

VOCABULARYto borrow a lua cu mprumutto look for a cutanovel romanshort-story nuvelperiodical publicaie periodicabroad n strintateto lend, lent, lent a da cu mprumutto issue a emite, a publica, (aici) a elibera o legitimaietextbook manualindex card fi de cartoteccard catalogue cartotec, fiierauthor card fiier pe autorititle card fiier pe titlurisubject card fiier tematiccall number cota (crii)admission card legitimaie de intrareshelf mark fiier pe rafturilending department secie de mprumutwell provided bine aprovizionatspare time timp liberstraightforward style stil directbook of reference ndreptar, carte de consultatto fill in a slip a completa un formularstatistical year book anuar statisticthe book is sold out cartea este epuizat

GRAMMAR

1. THE PAST PERFECT TENSE( Mai mult ca perfectul)

Mai mult ca perfectul se formeaz din forma de Past Tense a verbului TO HAVE iparticipiul trecut (forma a treia) a verbului de conjugat: HAD + V3

Affirmative NegativeI had stopped / Id stoppedYou had stoppedHe, she, it had stopped / Hed stopped

We had stoppedYou had stopped / Youd stoppedThey had stopped

I had not stopped / I hadnt stoppedYou had not stoppedHe, she, it had not stopped

We had not stoppedYou had not stoppedThey had not stopped

Interrogative Interrogative-NegativeHad I stopped?Had you stopped?Had he, she, it stopped?

Had we stopped?Had you stopped?Had they stopped?

Had I not stopped? / Hadnt I stopped?Had you not stopped?Had he, she, it not stopped?Had we not stopped?/ Hadnt westopped?Had you not stopped?Had they not stopped?

Rules Examples- Exprim o aciune trecut, terminatnaintea unui moment dat din trecut.- Exprim o aciune trecut, terminat,anterioar altei aciuni trecute.- Se folosete n propoziii secundaretemporale pentru a exprima o aciuneanterioar unui moment viitor (sau viitorfa de trecut).- Exprim o aciune nceput naintea unuimoment trecut i care se continu pn nacel moment.

By seven oclock I had translated thearticle.When she had finished the book, shereturned it to the librarian.I shall lend you the book after I had readit.He promised he would lend me the bookwhen he had read it himself.She told me that she had been busy sinceshe came back from school.

2. THE GENITIVE CASE(Cazul Genitiv)

Rules ExamplesGenitivul prepoziional:-se folosete cu substantivele caredenumesc lucruri sau noiuni abstracte.

the colour of the wall.the city of London.the 23rd of May.

Genitivul Saxon:- se folosete cu substantivele caredenumesc fiine, persoane.

the pupils roomthe students libraryPeters motherBurns(s) poems

- cu substantivele care denumesc noiuni detimp, de distan sau greutate (i cusubstantive care denumesc zile,anotimpuri)

- cu substantivele care denumesc fenomenenaturale, aspecte din natur.

- cu substantive care denumesc continente,ri, orae i cu substantivele: city, country,town.

- cu anumite substantive ca: the sun, themoon, the earth, car, ship, boat, vessel,body, mind, science.

- cu cteva substantive comune urmate desake. - n expresii consecrate.

- substantivele house, shop, store, office,cathedral sunt adesea omise dupsubstantive aflate la genitivul sintetic.

a minutes silencea two miles walktodays program

the nights coolnessthe oceans roarLondons parksRomanias economyour countrys natural wealth

the cars performancethe suns raysthe ships crew

for goodness sakefor mercys sakeat her hearts desire

at ones fingers endsSt. Pauls (cathedral) was rebuilt by SirChristopher Wren.We buy bread at the bakers (shop).

EXERCISES

I. Answer the following questions:1. What is the library meant for? 2. What is a card catalogue? 3. What does a cardcatalogue contain? 4. What do you have to do if you want to read a book in alibrary? 5. Can we take books for home reading? 6. How long can you keep them?7. Describe a reading room in the Faculty of Economic Studies.

II. Supply the Past Perfect of the verbs in brackets:1. Undergraduates could use the library after they (to register) as readers and (toget) an admission card. 2. He (to finish) just the books borrowed from the librarywhen he went to take some new. 3. I read the book after I (to finish) my work. 4.My friend (not to read) an English book for years. 5. There were plenty of books

that (to be rewritten) in simple language. 6. He told me he preferred to read amore difficult book that one which (to be made) simpler. 7. I (to finish) readingthe story when he promised me an amusing novel. 8. By that time I already (to gothrough) half of the play.

III. Change the following sentences so as to use a negative Past Perfectinstead of the Past Tense. Make all the necessary changes:Model: I read a very interesting novel last year. I had never read such aninteresting novel before.1. It was the first time I read an English book. 2. There were many people in thereading room that day. 3. I often borrowed books from the library as a student. 4.This was the first dictionary I consulted. 5. While reading, I looked up theunknown words in the dictionary. 6. The book was first published in 1980. 7. Irenewed the book for another week. 8. The writer signed the book with apseudonym.

IV. Substitute synthetic genitive forms for prepositional genitive forms:1. He arrived at the library with a delay of a few minutes. 2. There is nothing likea holiday of a week in the company of a good book. 3. He promised to leave theplace within a time of six weeks. 4. What is the point of view of the author? 5.Here is the news in the newspaper of yesterday. 6. You may find him I the officeof the editor-in-chief. 7. I had to borrow the dictionary of Jane to look up someunknown words. 8. The book dealt with the economic development of Romania.

V. Translate into English:a) 1. Care este programul zilei? 2. Performanele mainii lui sunt ntr-adevrneobinuite. 3. Cumpr pine la brutrie i carne la mcelrie sau mi fac toatecumprturile la supermarket. 4. Orice student de limb englez ar trebui s aibdicionarul de pronunie al lui Daniel Jones. 5. L-ai cunoscut pe bunicul Anei i allui Paul, cel care era pasionat dup romanele tiinifico-fantastice? 6. Sala delectur a bibliotecii noastre este o ncpere mare i luminoas.b) 1. nvasem deja cte ceva despre felul de via al englezilor cnd m-am dus laLondra. 2. Sptmna trecut am mprumutat o carte de la bibliotec; nu am maimprumutat niciodat o carte pn atunci. 3. Cnd am ajuns n sala de lectur toatelocurile erau deja ocupate. 4. Bibliotecara mi-a spus c mprumutase cartea cucteva zile n urm. 5. Pn la nceputul anului universitar a fcut rezumateletuturor crilor citite n timpul vacanei. 6. La librrie am aflat c manualul fuseseretiprit. 7. Mi-am amintit c am mai citit aceast carte cu ani n urm. 8. Carteafusese deja tradus n mai multe limbi cnd am cumprat-o.

= 3 h

LESSON FOURWHATS YOUR JOB?

FMaggie: Jenny, this is my friend Liz Taylor. Shes my next door neighbour Jenny: Is this Taylor or Gaylor?Liz: Taylor. T A Y L O R. Hello! Nice to meet you.Jenny: Hello! Pleased to meet you, too. Where are you from?Liz: Im from Scotland. From Edinburgh. Whats your nationality? Are youBritish, too?Jenny: No, I m from Canada, from Toronto. Whats your job?Liz: Im an art student, a sophomore, but Im a sales-assistant in the holidays.What about you? Are you a student in the University, too? If not, whats youroccupation?Jenny: Im studying in London University College. Im a fresher.Liz: Im glad to have you as a neighbour. But isnt this flat too expensive?Jenny: Oh, yes, it is. Im moving to a hotel.Liz: Im sorry. I like it here. Im used to living in a house. In Edinburgh I live in asmall house with my family, in a suburb, at 10 Cherry Tree Lane.Jenny: Whats Edinburgh like?Liz: It is the capital of Scotland, which is part of Great Britain. With half a millioninhabitants, it is situated on the Firth of Forth, in the south-east of the country, butit is not very big. You can see green hills from its centre. There are thousands oftourists in Edinburgh every summer, especially during the International Festivalof Music, Drama and the Arts, in August and September. It is a beautiful andhistoric city, with large avenues, like Paris. There are lots of interesting buildings:the Edinburgh Castle is in the centre of the city on a high hill. From the Castle toHolyrood House (the former residence of Scottish Kings) theres a very old street,the Royal Mile. There are also beautiful parks and Botanical Gardens. It is also anindustrial city and a busy port.

EXPLANATORY NOTES

fresher student n primul ansophomore student n anul doijunior student n anul treisenior student n anul partru (terminal)Ei sunt numii n general undergraduates sau undergraduettes. Dup absolvire ei suntBachelor of Arts (or Science) BA sau BS/BSc. Urmtorul grad este cel de Master ofArts (or Science) MA/MSc. Cel mai nalt grad este cel de Doctor in Philosophy PhD, or Doctor of Science DSc.Other jobs are:architect architectair-hostess stuardezbarber brbier, frizercarpenter tmplarclerk funcionardoctor medic, doctordress-maker croitoreaselectrician electricianhairdresser coafez, frizerjournalist journalist, ziaristmechanic mechanicmodel modelpilot pilotpostman potaphotographer fotografsecretary secretarshop-keeper negustortaxi-driver taximetrist, ofer de taxiteacher nvtor, professor (n nvmntul preuniversitar)vet veterinarwaitress chelnriwaiter - chelner

GRAMMAR

THE PAST PERFECT TENSE (Continuous Aspect)Mai mult ca perfectul (Aspectul continuu)

Este alctuit din forma de Present Perfect a verbului TO BE urmat de participiulprezent (-ing) al verbului de conjugat: HAD BEEN + Ving

Affirmative Form Negative FormI had been working / Id been workingYou had been workingHe, she, it had been working

We had been working

I had not been working/I hadnt beenYou had not been workingHe, she, it had not been working

We had not been working

You had been workingThey had been working

You had not been workingThey had not been working

Interrogative Form Interrogative-Negative FormHad I been working?Had you been working?Had he, she, it been working?

Had we been working?Had you been working?Had they been working?

Had I not been working? Hadnt I been...? Had you not been working?Had he, she, it not been working?Had we not been working?Had you not been working?Had they not been working?

Rules Examples1. Timpul mai mult ca perfect-aspectulcontinuu arat o aciune nceput nainteaunui moment trecut care continu i n acelmoment.2. O aciune repetat exprimat prin timpulmai mult ca perfect-aspect comun, poate fiuneori exprimat i prin timpul mai mult caperfect-aspect continuu.

When you came, I had been writing lettersfor an hour.

He had tried five times to get her on thephone.He had been trying to get her on thephone.

EXERCISES

I. Complete the answers to the following questions about your job:1. Whats your job? / Im a(n) (office-worker / engineer / economist / lawyer /doctor /secretary /nurse /worker / research worker)2. Where do you work? / I work in a(n) (office / factory / research centre /hospital)3. How far is it from your house? / It is a from my house. (20-minute walk /car drive / bus ride).4. How long have you had this job? / Ive had this job foryears.5. What are the working hours? / I work froma.m. top.m. every day.6. How many weeks holiday do you have? / I have aholiday every year. (two-week / three-week / four-week).7. What training do you have? / I went to the (Polytechnic / University /Vocational school).8. What are your prospects? / I can become ainyears time. (senior clerk/deputy manager / top executive / general foreman /(chief) supervisor)

II. Now, you formulate the questions necessary to interview someone abouthis/her job. Refer to his/her: job, workplace, distance from home, workinghours, holiday, seniority in the job, training, prospects.

III. Read this passage:My JobMy name is Sandra Vlad, Im 29, Im married and have two children.I work in an office in a big shoe factory, as a secretary to the deputy factorymanager. It is a half-hour bus ride from my house in the suburbs to the factorywhich is situated in the industrial district of the town. I have worked here for thepast five years.My working hours are 7 a.m. to 3 p.m., five days a week. A ten-hour day is notunusual when there are important management meetings.Every day I open the managers letters, take them to him, write down the answersand then type and send them.I also answer incoming phone calls, dial some outgoing ones to other shoemanufacturers, to raw material suppliers or to important customers - , takemessages when the manager is away and handle routine enquiries.I greet the visitors and take down notes in shorthand at important executivemeetings.I earn quite a good salary and have a two-week holiday every year, as I have notworked long enough to be entitled to a longer holiday.I finished a secondary school ten years ago. There I learned shothand and typingas part of the schools programme of vocational training. After graduation Ibecame a telephonist and did several months training with the Central Post-Office for which I worked for three years. Then I had a two-year break forchildren. I returned to work five years ago, and took the job Im still having.I enjoy my job, although it may be very tiring sometimes. I feel I play aresponsible part in the factorys life, I am the first contact anyone has with themanagement. I like to be friendly and to meet lots of people.

IV. Write about: Sandra Vlads job; the ideal job.

V. Fill in the blanks with little, a little, few, a few, much, many:1. I havepens; I can give you one. 2. I havepens. I need them. 3. Therearesheets of carbon paper there; you may take two or three. 4. Therearesheets of carbon paper there; you may not take any. 5. There isnttime leftbefore office-hours are over. 6. There areclerks in our office. 7. care shouldbe taken when writing a report. 8. There aremistakes in this typed letter; please,re-type it.

VI. Use the verbs in brackets in the Past Perfect or Past Perfect ContinuousTense:1. When I met him he (work) in the enterprise for 10 years. 2. When I finishedwriting the minutes, I realized I (make) some mistakes. 3. When I passed by theoffice-building under construction, a man told me they (work) on it for threemonths. 4. When he finally arrived at the office, his colleague (wait) for him foran hour. 5. When you entered my office, I (prepare) my speech for 2 hours. 6.

When the head of the department came in, I (file) papers for an hour. 7. When theoffice-hours were over, I (work) for 8 hours. 8. When he finished his speech, we(listen to) him for half an hour.

VII. Translate into English:a) 1. tiam s bat la main i s stenografiez de 10 ani cnd am venit n acestbirou. 2. Scriam un referat de 2 ore cnd a intrat directorul i mi-a cerut s adaugo nou problem. 3. El lucra de 20 de ani n industrie cn a devenit eful seciei.4. Am ncercat s te gsesc la telefon toat dimineaa nainte ca n sfrit s-mirspunzi. 5. Negocierile au durat 2 sptmni nainte s se semneze contractul. 6.Eram obosit cnd ai venit, pentru c fcusem 4 ore de traducere simultan n salade conferine. 7. Scrisorile au putut fi expediate pentru c le btusem la main nziua aceea.

b) Cu ce te ocupi Jane?- Sunt stenodactilograf la o intreprindere de comer exterior din Bucureti.- i place meseria ta?- Da, foarte mult. De aceea am urmat cursurile colii de stenodactilografie. Acum,dup 5 ani de experien, redactez 50 de cuvinte pe minut i stenografiez 100 decuvinte pe minut.- Care este partea cea mai interesant a muncii tale?- Faptul c tot ce fac mi ofer sentimentul rspunderii. Atunci cnd redactez oscrisoare comercial, tiu c orice greeal poate face o impresie proast asuprapartenerului strin i, n consecin, fac toate eforturile ca scrisoarea s arateireproabil. Acest lucru este valabil i pentru celelalte activiti ale mele:imagineaz-i ce s-ar ntmpla dac a ndosaria greit documentele!- ntruct eti att de contiincioas, bnuiesc c eti apreciat n ntreprindereaunde lucrezi.- Sper c da!

= 3 h

LESSON FIVEAT A PUBLIC MEETING

FThere are different kinds of public meetings.Members of parliaments and other similar national assemblies are summoned tosessions and sittings. Delegates of the political party gather for their regularconferences or congresses. Meetings and conventions are held also by tradeunions, womens organizations, artists, journalists, businessmen, etc. Sometimesmen and women come to spontaneous rallies to protest against armaments drive,deployment of missiles, race barriers, etc, or to express their solidarity with thepeoples fighting colonialism, for peace in the world. Scientists are convened tonational and international symposia.The meeting can be ruled by its own standing orders, unwritten regulations andcustoms. These rules of procedure have been designed to enable any officialgathering to be effective and legally correct.Any meeting is presided over by the chair (or the chairman), whose main duty isto conduct the meeting taking decisions on particular problems of theproceedings. He announces what the business is, gives members permission tospeak, calls for a vote on a motion, announces the results of a vote and generallypreserves order. All speeches or remarks of those present are addressed to thechair.The relator (raporteur)s duty is to give the required explanation. The secretarysduty is taking minutes.As soon as a person takes up chairmanship he calls the meeting to order and asksthe secretary to read the minutes of the last meeting. When they have been read,he asks Are there any omissions or errors? If the minutes are correct, a membermoves that they should be adopted. This is seconded by another member. Thechairman puts the motion to a vote. If there is an error or an omission, a membermoves that a correction be made. After the minutes have been discussed andapproved the meeting proceeds then to Business Arising From the Minutes.Members may ask for explanations why certain steps have not been taken or takenin the wrong way.The purpose of any public meeting consists in exchanging opinions and views onthe matter discussed and adopting a certain decision. Most resolutions are votedby a mere show of hands and considered adopted if a bare majority of members

are in favour of it. For more important decisions the so-called constitutionalmajority is necessary, amounting to two-third of the members of the assembly.Speakers are to keep to the point and they must confine themselves to the timelimit established by the meeting at the beginning of its work. Some membersneglect these rules, they take the floor on every item on the agenda and speakendlessly. In any public meeting system and order are required. The regulationsand rules must be observed. Otherwise there is more confusion thanaccomplishment.

* * *A: What day is the opening of the Annual Scientific Conference scheduled for?

B: I havent seen the notice yet, but I think they wont be able to convene theparticipants earlier than tomorrow fortnight.A: They say the whole conference will be held in plenary sessions.B: No, I dont think so. It would be impossible with so many papers put fordiscussion. Besides plenary meetings there will be sittings of two or threespecialized committees.A: I hear that the papers outlines and summaries have already been published.B: Yes, they can be consulted next week. I hope that every participant will beprovided with a full set of paper outlines before the proceedings start.A: Im looking forward to this scientific conference, there are so many interestingtopics to be discussed and debated.

VOCABULARYto summon a convocaconvention convenietrade-union sindicatto convene a convoca, a ntrunieffective efficientto preside a prezidachair (aici) preedintele unei adunri (amer.); prezidiuchairman preedinterelator prezentator; povestitor; naratorproceedings lucrrile unei conferinemotion moiune, propunereto move (aici) a propuneto confine a se limitaagenda ordinea de zioutline plan, (aici) rezumatarmaments drive cursa narmrilordeployment of missiles amplasarea de proiectilestanding order ordine permanentstanding regulations regulament n vigoareto call for a vote a cere votareato take minutes a face un proces verbal

to call the meeting to order a chema la ordine; a ncepe edinaa bare majority o majoritate nensemnat, slabto take the floor a lua cuvntulsitting edinacommittee comitetauditing committee comisia de cenzoriitem of the agenda punct la ordinea de zidraft resolution proiect de rezoluieto keep the minutes a pstra protocolul

GRAMMAR

THE MODAL VERBS(Verbele modale)

Verbele modale can could; may might; must; ought to nu primesc s la persoana III-a singular; sunt urmate de infinitivul scurt, formeaz negativul cu not iar interogativul cai verbele auxiliare. Formele contrase ale acestor verbe sunt: cant, couldnt; mightnt;mustnt. May i ought se folosesc mai rar n forma contras.

CAN - COULD EXAMPLESExprim capacitate fizic, intelectual,moral, etc i este echivalentul lui to beable to:Exprim ndoial, nesiguran (ninterogativ sau negativ), posibilitate.

You can read this page right now.Until a short time ago she could readwithout eyeglasses.It cannot be true.Can this be your paper?

MAY - MIGHT EXAMPLESPentru toate celelalte timpuri se nlocuietecu to be allowed to, to be permitted toExprim permisiunea:La forma negativ exprim interzicerea:Exprim posibilitatea:Exprim admonestare, sfat, caz n care sefolosete might:Exprim presupunere, nesiguran; sefolosete att may ct i might. Mightexprim mai mult nesiguran i esteechivalent cu perhaps sau maybe.

She will be allowed to leave at 12:30.He had been permitted to wear the newcoat.You may take the floor.You may not switch off the light.You may catch the bus.She might leave by 9 oclock train.They might write the application now.It may rain.She might play the violin.He might abstain from voting.

MUST EXAMPLESPentru formarea celorlalte timpuri n afarde prezent, se folosesc to have to, to beobliged to, to be compelled to;Exprim datoria, obligaia, necesitatea:Absena necesitii se red prin neednt:

We shall have to learn this poem.We had to finish writing our papers.

He must go to school.

Exprim prohibiia (la negativ):

Exprim probabilitatea, fiind echivalent cuprobably, evidently:

Must he buy the book? No, he neednt.They must not smoke in the meeting hall.

He must be at the sea-side.The gloves must be your size.

OUGHT TO EXAMPLESExprim o obligaie, o datorie moral, unsfat (cu referire la prezent, trecut sau viitor)Exprim o presupunere, o probabilitate.

They ought to be on time.He ought to have brought the book he tookHe ought to be in the session by now.

SHALL (ca verb modal) EXAMPLESExprim o necesitate, o constrngere sau oobligativitate; se folosete cu persoana a II-a i a III-a:Exprim cererea unui sfat, a unei sugestii(n propoziii interogative la toatepersoanele):Exprim o promisiune:

He shall leave by 9 oclock train.They shall not go to the mountains becauseit was decided like that.Shall we open the meeting?Shall I ask the floor?He shall get the questions written in time.

WILL ( ca verb modal) EXAMPLESExprim o dorin (voin), o promisiunesau o hotrre (este folosit la toatepersoanele singular i plural):Exprim o incitaie, o rugminte (ninterogativ, n general la persoana a II-a):Exprim ceva inevitabil:Exprim o aciune obinuit, repetat: Exprim o supoziie:

I will buy the book tomorrow.We will do whatever you say.

Will you write the minutes, please?Will you take the floor, please?Parents will be parents.I will have my coffee in the morning.He will be about fifty.

EXERCISES

I. Enlarge upon:1. The duties of the chair (chairman); 2. The kinds of committees elected at largeconferences; 3. Kinds of public meetings; 4. Regulations of procedures adopted atmeetings.

II. Change the following sentences using modal auxiliaries:Model: Mister B has permission to leave the room. Mister B may leave the room.1. It is advisable for him to go to the meeting. 2. She promises to go this afternoonto the exhibition. 3. Teachers are obliged to help their students. 4. He told Georgethat it was possible for him to write the minutes. 5. It is necessary for all studentsto have I.D. cards. 6. He asked, Do you want me to help you with the report? 7.I guess she will leave at 3:30. 8. The students are obliged to study carefully theircourses. 9. Perhaps they dont always know how to study. 10. Evidently she is inthe hospital.

III. Use the following statements in the past tense and past perfect tense:1. We must speak for ourselves at the sitting. 2. They must improve the agenda. 3.She can take the floor and address the chair. 4. George can have the meetingpostponed. 5. They may be elected in the chair. 6. She may leave the chair whenthe session is adjourned.

IV. Fill in the blanks with can, may, must, have to, will, shall.1.I borrow your note-book? I am afraid you 2. Hesmoke now, the childrenhave left the room. 3. you wait till next week? 4. Youread this report louder.5. Sheattend the meeting this afternoon. 6. Ito be at the station at 5 oclock asmy friend is arriving. 7. Accidentshappen. 8. he turn on the TV set? 9. thechairman read the agenda? 10. Youhave the book tomorrow. 11. I promiseitnot happen again. 12. Participants in the meetingenter their names in the listof the session.

V. Translate into English:a) 1. Vei fi anunat de ndat ce vei intra. 2. S ridic problema n cadrul uneiedine? 3. S ncepem discuiile? 4. Ce s fac dup ce voi da citire propunerii? 5.S supun propunerea la vot? 6. Vei fi acas cnd vom veni? 7. Data viitoare cndvom pleca la munte, o s vii cu noi. 8. E foarte ntuneric aici, o s aprind lumina.9. Trebuie s vezi piesa, e foarte interesant. 10. Ar trebui s vorbeti englezetela seminarul de limba englez. 11. Poate au schimbat programul, trebuia s fie aicila aceast or. 12. Putem fuma aici? 13. S-ar fi putut s plece mai devreme. 14.Trebuie s fie cartea ei. 15. Am auzit c e bolnav. 16. Ar trebui s stea n pat. 17.De obicei m plimb smbt dup mas.b) 1. Sunt surprins s aflu c George a fost ales membru n comisia de cenzori. 2.Regret c am lipsit de la edina de lucru. 3. Alegerile s-au fcut prin vot secret is-a procedat n conformitate cu regulamentul n vigoare. 4. George putea ficontestat pe motivul ineficienei n rezolvarea problemelor publice. 5. Am aflat cJohn a fost recuzat. 6. Luarea lui de cuvnt a creat o impresie bun.

Bibiografie selectivBanta, Andrei (1991) Essential English, Ed. Teora BucuretiDe Blij, H.J.; Mueller, Peter O (2002) Geography-realms, regions, and concepts,John Wiley&Sons, Inc. U.S.A.Clawson, David L; Fisher, James S (1998) World Regional Geography-Adevelopment approach, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A.Gali, Livia & colaboratorii (1982) Limba Englez pentru nvmntul superioreconomic, Ed.Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti - Gleanu-Frnoag, Georgiana(1993)Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Ed. Omegapress, Bucureti - Hulban, Horia &colab.(1983)Exerciii i teste de limba englez, Ed. tiinific i Enciclopedic, Bucureti -Levichi, Leon (1971)

Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Ed. Didactic i Pedagogic, Bucureti - Nicolescu,Adrian & colaboratorii (1980)Culegere de texte pentru cursul practic de limba englez pentru secia geografie-geologie, Tipografia Universitii din Bucureti - Quirk, Randolph; Greenbaum; S;Leech, G; Svartvik, J (1972)A Grammar of Contemporary English, Longman, London

* * *(1970) - Dicionar polyglot economic i de comer exterior, Ed. tiinific, Bucureti- Institutul de Lingvistic (1974)Dicionar Englez-Romn, Ed. Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romnia, Bucureti

* * *Speak English Nr. 1- 7/1990; 1-7/1991