CUPRINS

INTRODUCTIONLESSON 1 His Favourite Cousin LESSON 2 Confidence Man LESSON 3 Faces in Focus LESSON 4 Getting Ahead LESSON 5 Myrtle Meets a Movie Star Lesson 6 PROGRESS TEST I LESSON 7 Faulks’ Inn LESSON 8 The Bank Job LESSON 9 The Reunion LESSON 10 The Phone Man LESSON 11 The Hitchhiker Lesson 12 PROGRESS TEST II LESSON 13 [i] , [e] , [ə]LESSON 14 [ai] , [au] , [ei] LESSON 15 [i:] LESSON 16 [t] [d] LESSON 17 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIVLESSON 18 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIVLESSON 19 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIVLESSON 20 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIVLESSON 21 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIVLESSON 22 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIVLESSON 23 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIVLESSON 24 READING COMPREHENSIONLESSON 25 READING COMPREHENSIONBIBLIOGRAPHY

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INTRODUCERE

Manualul de faţă se adresează studenţilor din cadrul Programului Telemuncă în vederea studiului individual şi a pregătirii pentru evaluările semestriale la disciplina Limba engleză.

Materialul de studiu cuprins în manual este împărţit în 25 capitole, care acoperă diferite aspecte ale activităţilor din domeniul afacerilor. Sunt abordate principalele probleme gramaticale, cum ar fi folosirea timpurilor în limba engleză, gradele de comparaţie ale adjectivelor etc., cu exemple din lumea afacerilor. Fiecare capitol cuprinde exerciţii care urmăresc punerea în practică, îmbogăţirea şi verificarea cunoştinţelor de gramatică şi de vocabular. Este indicată rezolvarea cu atenţie a acestor exerciţii deoarece acestea facilitează rezolvarea sarcinilor propuse în temele de casă. Se recomandă totodată consultarea dicţionarelor menţionate în bibliografia pentru temele de casă sau a altor dicţionare de proporţii mai mari decât dicţionarele de buzunar.

Textele cuprinse în manual au fost preluate şi prelucrate conform cerinţelor programei disciplinei. O atenţie deosebită este acordată exprimării în orale în limba engleză. Parcurgerea manualului impune un nivel mediu de cunoaştere a limbii engleze.

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LESSON 1 His Favourite Cousin Horace was very proud of his cousin, Mike Aspen, Hollywood’s brightest young star. Whenever his cousin appeared on the screen, Horace would say, “Isn’t he wonderful?

He’s my cousin, you know”. What was worse, Horace was always cutting pictures of his cousin out of movie

magazines and putting them on the kitchen wall. His wife would say, “We used to have a nice clean wall. Now all I can see is Mike, Mike, and Mike!” Then she would walk angrily out of the kitchen and slam the door behind her.

When Mike’s face used to appear on posters or billboards, Horace would proudly brag about his cousin’s successful career. “He used to go to Midville High School, you know. We would always play in the schoolyard together, and we were always getting into trouble together.

I remember how he was always stealing apples from the corner grocery store. He used to be like a brother to me. We were always missing classes together. What a great guy, a truly great guy.

He was my favorite cousin.” One day, though, everyone woke up to find the daily newspapers covered with the

headlines, MIKE ASPEN INVOLVED IN GANGLAND KILLING. Reporters went to Horace’s house to interview him. “Did you and Mike Aspen really use to be like brothers? Is it true you were both getting in trouble all the time? What kind of trouble? Did you really play in the school yard together?”

“Mike Aspen . . . Mike Aspen . . . . , “ he said in a puzzled voice. “Oh, yes! The actor.” Horace shook his head, “No relation to me. Never met the guy.”

1.1 • COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions according to your understanding of the text: 1. Who was Mike Aspen? 2. Why was Horace proud of him? 3. What was Horace always doing? 4. Why was Horace’s wife angry? 5. What school did Horace and his cousin go to? 6. What were they always doing together? 7. What happened one day? 8. What did Horace tell the reporters? 9. Did he tell the truth? 10. What do you think about Horace’s attitude?

1.2 • GRAMMAR HABIT IN THE PAST (Exprimarea unei acţiuni obişnuite în trecut) O acţiune care a avut loc în mod obişnuit în trecut se redă în limba engleză prin una dintre următoarele trei construcţii gramaticale: 1. Used to Used + infinitivul lung al verbului se foloseşte în următoarele situaţii: a. Pentru a reda o acţiune cu caracter de rutină în trecut: Exemplu: When I worked on the farm I used to get up at five in the morning, and I used to eat an enormous breakfast before going out to work. b. Un obicei din trecut care nu mai există în prezent: Exemplu: I used to smoke a lot, but I don’t any more. I used to visit my parents every weekend, but now I see them very rarely.

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c. O stare de fapt valabilă numai pentru un interval de timp din trecut: Exemplu: He used to have a beard, but he shaved it off. She used to be a good tennis player when she was young. 2. Would (do) Would + infinitivul scurt al verbului: Exemplu: When I worked on the farm, I would get up at five o’clock. 3. Was / Were always (. . . ing) Trecutul continuu însoţit de adverbul de timp always: Exemplu: He was always following me around when we were kids.

1.3 Grammar Practice I. Make sentences from each of the following. Choose used to, would always, or was always. 1. Heather other people’s papers during the exams. 2. Carla tricks on her friends when she was a child. 3. Mark and Carl bad jokes at parties. 4. They mistakes when they were in college. 5. He me flowers when we were first married. 6. She lies when she was a child. 7. They into trouble when they were kids. 8. She Beatles records when she lived in New York. 9. They backaches when they had that hard bed. 10. She the wrong bus when she was in New York. II. Complete the following with used to and the negative-interrogative. Example: you on Queen Street ? Didn’t you use to live on Queen Street ? 1. she school in Boston ? 2. your brother at the British Institute ? 3. she your best friend ? 4. your sister in an apartment in Chicago ? 5. your parents their vacations in Florida ? 6. that man football for the Toronto Tigers ? 7. they a big house in the country ? 8. you a red sports car ?

1.4• VOCABULARY WHATEVER, WHEREVER, WHENEVER (orice, oriunde, oricând) Exercise Change the following sentences using whatever, wherever, whenever. Example: Doris went somewhere; her friend went too. Wherever Doris went, her friend went too. 1. I started to say something; he always interrupted me. __________________________________________ 2. Billy did something; his little brother always did the same. __________________________________________ 3. She went somewhere; she always took her dog. __________________________________________ 4. He came to visit us; he always talked about his problems. __________________________________________ 5. He went somewhere; he always took his family.

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_________________________________________ 6. Jane said something; her little boy always said the same thing. ___________________________________________________ 7. I watched TV; I always had a headache. ________________________________________ 8. David went jogging; his dog always followed him. _______________________________________ 9. I asked him something; he always refused me. ________________________________________ 10. He came to visit me; he always brought me flowers. ________________________________________

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LESSON 2 Confidence Man “I’ve never been so humiliated in my life!” shouted Dorothy angrily. “Why didn’t you stand up to that jerk? Tell me ,” she continued, “have you ever lost your

temper or been in a fight? I’ll bet you’ve never hit anybody in your whole life!” “How would you like to be the first?” Clyde said to himself, knowing that Dorothy couldn’t

hear him. She was walking rapidly away in the direction of the parking lot. The next day at work, Clyde couldn’t help thinking about the incident. They had been

relaxing on the beach when Dorothy decided she was hungry. At the refreshment stand, a big muscular man had pushed in front of them and stepped on Dorothy’s foot. Clyde had made a weak protest, but the man had only laughed in his face.

His thoughts were suddenly interrupted when the manager shouted, “Clyde! Have you waited on that customer yet? I’ve got a business to run here, so wake up, will you? And what about the inventory list? Have you taken it to Mr. Watson yet?” Not even waiting for a reply, the manager hurried back to his office. “I’m tired of this!” Clyde whispered, knowing his boss couldn’t hear him.

That evening Clyde was reading the newspaper when he saw an advertisement: DO YOU

LACK SELF-CONFIDENCE? HAVE YOU EVER FELT UNPOPULAR AND LEFT OUT OF A GROUP? IF YOU HAVEN’T ENROLLED YET ENROLL NOW IN DOCTOR IVO’S CONFIDENCE COURSE. AFTER A FEW EASY LESSONS YOU’LL BE A DIFFERENT PERSON.

“That’s just what I need,” Clyde thought. “I’ll enroll tomorrow.” After finishing the course, Clyde really did feel like a new person. When Dorothy finally

called him, he decided to show off his new personality. “Clyde! I haven’t heard from you in ages! Why don’t we go and see the new movie at the Roxy ?” “I’ve already seen it,” Clyde said confidently. “I took Linda to see it last night, as a matter of fact.”

Dorothy was shocked. “You’ve already seen it, have you?” she said furiously. “Yes, I have,” said Clyde calmly. “If I have time I might give you a call next week, but I haven’t made up my mind yet,” he said, hanging up the phone.

The next day at work his boss started shouting at him as usual, but this time Clyde answered, “Listen, Mr. Bumstern, I’ve already written that report and given it to Mr. Watson. In fact, it’s only eleven o’clock, and I’ve already sold two hundred dollars’ worth of merchandise, so why don’t you shout at somebody else for a change?”

Two months later, Clyde was sitting in the company lunchroom with his friends, telling jokes and flirting with all the girls. “Mr. Bumstern told us that you’ve already broken last year’s sales record,” said Frank, a fellow worker, “and this fiscal year hasn’t even ended yet!” “Have you ever thought of selling your secret of success to the rest of us?” asked Miriam, the cashier.

Clyde smiled and told his story – is feelings of rejection, and the confidence he gained with Doctor Ivo. “Ivo, Ivo,” repeated Miriam; “I’ve never heard of him.” “I have”, said Frank.

“Haven’t you seen the article about him in the newspaper yet, Clyde?” He pulled out The Daily

Mail and pointed to the article: CON MAN WALLACE IVO CONVINCTED OF FRAUD. Clyde read the article with a sick feeling in his stomach.

“Forget that dumb article and tell us a joke,” said Miriam. Everyone smiled and waited eagerly for Clyde to tell them one of his funny stories. “I can’t . . . uh . . . I mean . . . I’ve never . . . I can’t remember . . . I mean I’ve never been able to tell good jokes.” He got up and left the table.

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Not long afterwards, Clyde lost his job. He hadn’t made a single sale in three months. “you’re a funny guy,” said Mr. Bumstern when he fired him. “I’ve never met anyone like you.

What you need is a confidence course. Have you ever thought of taking one?” “No, sir, I never have. “Clyde smiled sadly, picked up his briefcase, and walked out into the rain.

2.1• COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions according to you understanding of the text: 1. Why was Dorothy angry? 2. Where were they when she got hungry? 3. What happened at the refreshment stand? 4. What did the big man do? 5. How did Clyde protest? 6. What did he read in the newspaper? 7. How did he feel after finishing the confidence course? 8. What did he read in The Daily Mail? 9. How did he feel after reading the article? 10. What happened afterwards?

2.2• GRAMMAR THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (I) Mod de formare. Acest timp verbal se formează cu ajutorul auxiliarului have/has la care

se adaugă participiul trecut al verbului. Exemplu: I have worked a lot today. He has read many books in English. Interogativul se formează prin inversiune: Have you worked a lot? Has he read many books? Negativul se exprimnă cu ajutorul formei de negativ a auxiliarului: I haven’t worked a lot today. He hasn’t read many English books. Utilizare EVER, NEVER, ALREADY, YET Aceste adverbe de timp se folosesc împreună cu Present Perfect Simple pentru a indica

o acţiune al cărei moment de desfăşurare nu este precizat. I. Ever / Never A. Ever (vreodată) se foloseşte la interogativ şi se aşează înaintea participiului trecut al

verbului: Exemple: Have you ever seen an elephant? Has Joan ever eaten Italian food? B. Never (niciodată) se foloseşte la negativ, fiind aşezat tot după participiul trecut. Exemple: I’ve never seen such a beautiful apartment. He’s never driven a car. II. Already(deja) se foloseşte la afirmativ. Exemple: I’ve already called the police. They’ve already chosen the winner. He’s already made three mistakes. III. Yet se foloseşte în următoarele contexte: A. la interogativ, când este aşezat la sfârşitul propoziţiei şi sensul lui este deja.

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Exemple: Has he bought a new car yet ? Have you packed your bags yet ? B. la negativ, situaţie în care va apărea tot la sfârşitul propoziţiei, dar sensul lui va fi

încă. Exemple: We haven’t made any definite plans yet. The train hasn’t left yet.

2.3 Grammar Practice I. Complete the following using ever and an appropriate verb. Example: she the measles ? Has she ever had the measles ? 1. you in a jet plane ? 2. John a love poem ? 3. they a play by G. B. Shaw ? 4. I a lie ? 5. you such a beautiful girl ? 6. he Chinese food ? 7. Mary in jail ? 8. they to the President before ? 9. we Beethoven’s Fifth Symphony ? 10. you a cold in the summer ? II. Ask a question with When . . and answer it using already. Pay close attention to the

following example : Example: your sister / her exam When will your sister take her exam ? She’s already taken it. 1. you / call the police _______________________? ___________________ 2. they / choose a new car _______________________? ___________________ 3. Peter / begin his French course _________________________? ___________________ 4. she / read that book __________________________? ____________________ 5. you / speak to Martha __________________________? _____________________ 6. he / have his operation __________________________? ____________________ 7. Laura / feed the baby __________________________? ____________________ 8. Tom / pay his bills __________________________? _____________________ 9. Janet / do the dishes __________________________? ____________________ 10. Peter and Liz / give a party __________________________? _____________________ III. Complete the following sentences with the negative and yet. Use the words in

parentheses. Example: I would like to read this letter, but I . . . (find my glasses) I would like to read this letter, but I haven’t found my glasses yet.

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1. I bought a new tie other day, but I (wear it) ______________________________________________ 2. I’ve been on a diet for two weeks, but I (lose any weight) ______________________________________________ 3. I took fifty dollars out of the bank last week but I (spend it) _____________________________________________ 4. I bought a new book the other day, but I (read it) _____________________________________________ 5. He’s been a bus driver for twenty years but (have an accident) ____________________________________________ 6. He promised her a diamond ring last month but he (give her one) ___________________________________________ 7. Mr. Weeks bought a new car last week, but (drive it) ____________________________________________ 8. The baby has been in bed for an hour, but he (fall asleep) _____________________________________________ 9. My sister’s birthday is tomorrow, but I (buy her a present) _____________________________________________ 10. He gave me a box of chocolates, but I (eat them all) ____________________________________________ IV. Complete the following sentences using a verb in the Present Perfect Simple +

never. Follow the example. Example: We such a delicious salad. We have never eaten such a delicious salad. 1. They such beautiful music. 2. You such a terrible lie before. 3. Margaret to such a luxurious restaurant. 4. Jack such a bad movie. 5. They such a long letter before. 6. We such a bad book. 7. Mary and Wayne such a long trip before 8. She in such a fast train before. 9. He to such a big city before. 10. You on such a soft bed before.

2.4 • VOCABULARY WHAT DOES HE/ SHE LOOK LIKE? este întrebarea pe care o adresăm unui

interlocutor atunci când vrem să obţinem o descriere fizică a cuiva. Echivalentul românesc este CUM ARATĂ…?

Exemplu: What does he look like? He is tall and thin: WHAT IS HE/SHE LIKE? Este o întrebare prin care solicităm informaţii referitoare la

personalitatea cuiva (CUM ESTE....?) Exemplu: What is she like? She is kind and calm. Exercise Use the following characteristics to answer the questions what does he/ she look like?

or what is he/ she like?

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- handsome, intelligent, ambitious, fat, hard – working, careless, untidy, dark – haired, blue eyed, athletic, cheerful, optimistic, insensitive.

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LESSON 3 Faces in Focus DAVID SNOW: Good evening, ladies and gentlemen. Tonight on Faces in Focus my

lovely co-host, Wendy Storm, and I would like to welcome five fantastic record breakers! WENDY: Yes, these fine people are all trying to break very different kinds of records.

Let’s talk to our first guest. Mr. Fred Appleby – well known to tennis fans everywhere. DAVID: Fred, you’ve been a tennis champ for a long time, but this year has been a

special one for you, hasn’t it? FRED: Yes, David. I’ve played in forty tournaments so far this year, and I’ve won all of

them. WENDY: You’ve also broken the money – making record, haven’t you? FRED: Yes, Wendy, I’ve won three million dollars this year. DAVID: And how much did you win last year, Fred? FRED: Well, last year I won only a million dollars. Quite a big improvement, wouldn’t you

say? WENDY: Yes – but you know you’re not the only one with a lot of endurance, Fred. Jack Lawson here has had a tough year too. I understand you’re trying to break the world’s

record for long distance walking, Jack? JACK: That’s right, Wendy. DAVID: How many miles have you walked so far this year? JACK: Well, I’ve walked about 2,000 miles so far, and there are still three months to go

before the end of the year. DAVID: How many different places have you been to during the course of your walks,

Jack? JACK: I’ve been to seven different European countries, and I’ve walked across fifteen

states in the U.S. But it’s been really hard! WENDY: What do you mean, Jack? JACK: So far this year I’ve been to the hospital seven times with foot trouble. I’ve been

attacked by thieves, chased by dogs, insulted by the press, and . . . well, I’ve lost about twenty pounds, too.

DAVID: Well, here’s a man who probably hasn’t lost any weight, right Ray? It’s Ray Campbell, pancake champ!

RAY: That’s right, David. Excuse me for talking with my mouth full, but I can’t afford to lose any time.

DAVID: Ray is trying to break the twenty-four-hour pancake-eating record. How many pancakes have you eaten so far today?

RAY: About 400. I tried to break the record last year, too but I only managed to eat 350. WENDY: How much weight do you think you’ve gained in the last few hours? RAY: Well, I’ve eaten 400 pancakes, ten pounds of butter, and two gallons of syrup. So,

I’ve probably gained about twenty-five pounds today. Excuse me while I take another bite. WENDY: That’s quite all right, Ray. And now, Florence Castro. What record are you

trying to break, Florence? FLORENCE: I’m hoping to break the uninterrupted gum-chewing record. I’ve been

chewing gum without stopping for eight months. DAVID: Even in your sleep? FLORENCE: Yes, David, I even chew in my sleep. It becomes a reflex action after a

while. I figure I’ve chewed about 550 packs of gum this year. I’ve spent hundreds of dollars on

gum, and also on vitamins to supplement my diet. WENDY: How many times have you been to the dentist this year, Florence?

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FLORENCE: I haven’t been to the dentist at all this year. I’d be afraid to see the bill. DAVID: Amazing! And now for our last guest, Ted Doolittle. Ted is trying to break the

most unusual record of all, a truly fantastic attempt that requires courage and stamina. It’s just amazing!

WENDY: It certainly is! Many have tried before and failed. Tell us about your record, Ted.

TED: Well, despite inflation and the high cost of living, I’ve gone ten years without giving my employees a raise.

3.1• COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions according to your understanding of the text: 1. What is the title of the TV show? 2. Who are the host and the co – host? 3. How many guests do they have? 4. What is the name of the first guest and what is he? 5. How much money has he won? 6. Who is the second guest and what record is he trying to break? 7. What about the third guest? 8. How many pancakes has he eaten? 9. Who is the fourth guest and what record is she trying to break? 10. What record has the fifth guest managed to break?

3.2• GRAMMAR THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (II) Present Perfect se mai foloseşte şi împreună cu adverbele de timp today, this week, this

month, this year pentru a reda o acţiune care se încadrează într- o perioadă de timp neîncheiată.

Exemple: I’ve eaten only one meal today. She hasn’t spent much money this week. Have they been to the casino this month?

3.3 Grammar Practice I. Complete the following question beginning with How much or How many. Answer the questions using the information in parentheses. Example: money / save / this year ($ 500.00) How much money have you saved this year ? I’ve saved $ 500.00 lies / tell / today ? (0) How many lies have you told today ? I haven’t told any lies.1. milk / have today ? (4 glasses) _________________________ ___________________ 2. books / read this month ? (2) _________________________ ___________________ 3. cigarettes / smoke today ? (0) _________________________ ___________________ 4. classes / miss this week ? (1) _________________________ ___________________ 5. letters / write this week ? (3) ________________________ ___________________

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6. money / earn this year ? (a lot) ________________________ ___________________ 7. pills / take today ? (0) _________________________ ___________________ 8. miles / walk this week ? (6) _________________________ ___________________ 9. fruit / eat today ? (2 bananas) _________________________ ___________________ 10. weight / lose this month ? (0) _________________________ ___________________ II. Complete the following questions using How many times + be. Answer the questions

in the negative + at all. Example: you / to the movies this week ? How many times have you been to the movies this week ? I haven’t been to the movies at all this week. 1. they / to the dentist this month ? _______________________________? _______________________________ 2. she / in the hospital this year ? ______________________________? ______________________________ 3. Mrs. Davis / to the supermarket today ? ______________________________? ______________________________ 4. Bob / to New York this year ? _____________________________? ____________________________ 5. you / to the doctor this month ? _____________________________? _____________________________ III. Complete the following questions and answers. Example: yesterday she / write two postcards today / any Yesterday she wrote two postcards, but today she hasn’t written any. yesterday they / buy three newspaper today they have bought only one. Yesterday they bought three newspapers, but today they have bought only one. 1. last month I / lose two pounds this month / only one _______________________________________________________ 2. last week she / spend two hundred dollars this week / only fifty dollars ______________________________________________________________ 3. last month they / give three parties this month / any __________________________________________________________ 4. yesterday she / drink four cups of tea today / only one __________________________________________________________ 5. last week he / teach seven lessons this week / only three ______________________________________________________ 6. yesterday he / steal two wallets today / only one _____________________________________________________ 7. last month they / win four games this month / any _____________________________________________________

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8. last year he / have three car accidents this year / any ____________________________________________________ 9. yesterday I / eat three apples today / only one _____________________________________________________ 10. last month I / borrow a lot of money this month any _____________________________________________________

3.4• VOCABULARY WHETHER… OR NOT (dacă... sau nu) este o expresie care se foloseşte, ca şi în limba

română, pentru a sublinia existenţa a două alternative posibile. De reţinut că whether poate fi folosit ca înlocuitor al lui if în orice context, cu excepţia

subordonatelor condiţionale. Exercise Answer the questions below using the expression it depends on whether (or not). Example: Are you planning to buy a new car? (raise) It depends on whether or not my boss raises my salary. 1. Are you planning to go to the beach tomorrow? (rain) __________________________________ 2. Are they planning to visit their parents in London? (have a vacation) __________________________________________ 3. Is Jane planning to buy a new TV? (have enough money) _________________________________________ 4. Are you planning to take tennis lessons? (have enough time) _______________________________________5. Is she planning to ask her boss for a raise? (be in a good mood) ________________________________________ 6. Are you planning to go to college? (pass my final exams) _______________________________________ 7. Is he planning to move to Chicago? (find a better job there) ______________________________________ 8. Are you planning to see the movie tonight? (find tickets) ______________________________________ 9. Is she planning to get married? (ask her) ______________________________________ 10. Are you planning to buy that new dress? (can save enough money) ______________________________________

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LESSON 4 Getting Ahead Gerald had been a door-to-door salesman for the Ace Vacuum Cleaner Company for

ten years. He was good at his job and his boss had even asked him to work in the sales office parttime.

But the company was very small, and Gerald knew that he could never be much more than a vacuum cleaner salesman and part-time office worker for the rest of his life.

He was reading the newspaper one evening when he saw an ad: “Wanted-Home Utilities Market Prospector. Dynamic young man with at least ten years’ sales experience; some office experience preferable.”

Gerald showed his wife the ad. “I’ve had ten years’ sales experience,” he said enthusiastically, “and I’ve also worked in the company’s sales office. I’m going to answer this ad!”

“Not only that, “said his wife, Agnes, “but you’ve trained hundreds of new salesmen, you’ve reorganized the whole accounting department and you’ve spent hours working overtime without extra pay. I think it’s time for a change.”

For the next few days he could think of nothing else. He would no longer be just a simple door-to-door salesman. He would have an important position with an impressive name-Home

Utilities Market Prospector! When he received an answer to his application a week later, Gerald was overjoyed. “They want to interview me for the job,” he said to Agnes eagerly. He put on his best suit, shined his shoes, and hurried downtown to an address on March Street. The personnel director seemed friendly and asked Gerald several questions about his professional life:

“How many different jobs have you had, Mr. Smith?” “Well, I’ve only had one-with the Ace Vacuum Cleaner Company. I’ve been with them for

ten years now.” “And how much sales experience have you had?” “I’ve had ten years’ sales experience. I’ve mainly worked as a salesman for the

company, but I haven’t been able to move up or get a better position there.” “And how’s your general health? Have you had any serious illnesses?” “I’ve been sick now and then, but nothing serious. In fact, I’ve never been in the hospital,

and I’ve only missed two or three days of work.” The personnel director smiled at Gerald and said, “I think you’re just the man we’ve

been looking for. You can start next week.” Gerald’s eyes lit up, and a smile of pleasure crossed his face at the thought of starting his new job. Agnes would be so pleased. Finally, after all these years, he was getting ahead.

As he was leaving, he realized that he hadn’t asked the personnel manager for details about his new job. “Oh, by the way, I forgot to ask you. What exactly does a home utilities market prospector do?” Gerald’s heart was beating in anticipation. “Oh, didn’t you know?” said the director, “I thought everybody did. A home utilities market prospector sells things door-to door.

In your case it’ll be vacuum cleaner.”

4.1• COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions according to your understanding of the text: 1. What is Gerald? What does he sell? 2. What company does he work for? 3. What did he see in the newspaper one night? 4. What kind of man was wanted for the job?

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5. What was the name of the job? 6. Why was he so happy? 7. When did he receive an answer to his application? 8. How many different jobs has he had? 9. Has he ever been ill? 10. What was the big final surprise?

4.2• GRAMMAR THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE (III) Present Perfect Simple se utilizează şi în contexte care nu menţionează intervalul de

timp în care se încadrează acţiunea. Exemple: I’ve met a lot of important people. How many jobs have you had ? Clyde hasn’t had much luck.

4.3 Grammar Practice I. Wendy Storm has had a very busy life. Tell about what she’s done in her lifetime, using the cues provided. Examples: a toy factory. She has worked in a toy factory. 1. for several newspapers. 2. lingerie in a department store. 3. a model 4. English to foreign students. 5. around the world several times. 6. several films. 7. on TV shows. 8. divorced five times. 9. several cosmetic operations. 10. three books about her life. II. Contradict each of the following statements using the Present Perfect in the first part and the Simple Past in the second. Follow the examples given below. Example: Do you know that Mark has never heard a Beethoven symphony ? But he has. He heard the Ninth Symphony just yesterday. 1. Do you know that I’ve never drunk sherry ? But . a glass of sherry just yesterday. 2. Do you know that Harry has never seen a film by Fellini ? But . La Strada just last week. 3. Do you know that Luisa has never read a play by Shakespeare ? But . Hamlet just last month. 4. Do you know that Mike and Helen have never eaten a hamburger ? But . four hamburgers just last week. 5. Do you know that Marco has never taken a math course ? But . one just last semester. 6. Do you know that Bill and Andrea have never been to Europe ? But . Luxembourg just last week. 7. Do you know that Marcia has never gone camping ? But . just yesterday. 8. Do you know that you’ve never talked to my brother ? But . on the phone just a minute ago.

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9. Do you know that you’ve never told me you loved me ? But . just last night. 10. Do you know that Jack and Susan have never been to the dirty ? But . just this afternoon. III. Complete the following sentences using the Present Perfect or the Simple Past

tense. 1. I (visit) Bangkok three times. The last time I it was in 1975. 2. How many books (write), Mr. Trumbolt ? When you your last book ? 3. She (have) an interesting life. She (be) an actress, fashion model, and she even (take) flying lessons. 4. I’m afraid I (have-negative) much sales experience. However, I (work) as a salesman for a few months. 5. DOCTOR: you (have) any serious illnesses ? PATIENT: I typhoid fever when I was a child. 6. John (work) for several newspapers, but he never (write) sports articles. 7. I’m sorry, but we’re looking for someone who (drive) a truck before. 8. I (be) in India in 1976. How long there ? 9. He thinks he’s important because he __________ (work with) a lot of famous people. 10. Of course I like camping! I _________ (go) camping with some friends just last week. We _______ (have) a marvelous time !

4.4• VOCABULARY WON’T BE ABLE TO este echivalentul lui CAN’T la viitor. Exemplu: I can’t do it now and I won’t be able to do it next week either. (Nu pot s – o fac acum şi nu voi putea nici săptămâna viitoare.) Exercise Draw conclusions from the following statements beginning with I guess and using won’t

be able to + a suitable verb. Example: He broke his leg last week. I guess he won’t be able to go to work for three weeks. 1. She lost her driving licence last week. _________________________________ 2. I left all my books at school. _________________________________ 3. Their telephone is broken. _________________________________ 4. I lost the theatre tickets. _________________________________ 5. He left Mary’s address at home. _________________________________ 6. Someone just sat on my glasses. _________________________________ 7. They can’t find their passports anywhere. _________________________________ 8. The last two pages of that book are missing. _________________________________

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9. It just started raining. _________________________________ 10. I can’t find my keys. _________________________________

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LESSON 5 Myrtle Meets a Movie Star HEADWAITER: How many in your party, sir? HARRY: Just my wife and myself. MYRTLE: Yes. We’d like a table for two–in the middle of the restaurant so we can see

everyone who comes in. You see, I’ve been dying to come to Hollywood ever since I was a young girl.

I’ve heard a lot of stars come here– HARRY: Myrtle, I’m sure this gentleman is not interested in your life story. MYRTLE: –and today is our wedding anniversary–we’ve been married for thirty years.

Isn’t that just wonderful? HEADWAITER: That’s simply fascinating, Madam. This is your table, sir. Have a nice

meal. WAITER: Would you like to order now? I recommend the pepper steak it’s– MYRTLE: Waiter, I suppose you’ve seen thousands of movie stars. How long have you

been working here? WAITER: I’ve been working here for twenty-five years, and I’ve seen all the greats–

Gable, Cooper, Monroe, Wayne, Newman–I’ve been serving stars ever since I was a young

man. MYRTLE: How long have you been living in Hollywood? HARRY: We’ll have the pepper steak, please. FOUR HOURS LATER HARRY: Myrtle, you must admit I’ve been patient this time. We’ve been sitting here for

four hours and not one star has come in. MYRTLE: Just drink your coffee, Harry. I’m not leaving until I see a movie star! HARRY: But I’ve been drinking coffee for three hours . . . MYRTLE: Harry! I don’t believe it! Robert Redford and his wife are coming this way! I’ve

been waiting for this moment for years! (she gets up) Oh, Mr. Redford! This is wonderful! I’ve been a fan of yours ever since I saw you in Butch Cassidy.

MAN: I’m not Robert Redford, ma’am. Scrubb’s the name. Huey Scrubb. MYRTLE: I know you’re Robert Redford. I’ve seen all your movies! My daughter has had

a picture of you on her wall for years! You’re Robert Redford! WOMAN: I beg your pardon but I’ve been married to this man for fifteen years, and I can

assure you he’s Huey Scrubb. Will you excuse us? We’ve been walking around all day, and we’d like something to eat.

MYRTLE: (raising her voice) You’re Robert Redford! Please give me your autograph. MAN: Huey Scrubb’s my name! WOMAN: Waiter! This woman’s been bothering us! She says my husband is Robert

Redford. Could you please tell her to stop annoying us? HEADWAITER: We’ve had Robert Redford in here hundreds of times, and this is not

him! HARRY: I’ve been patient with you, Myrtle, but this time you’ve gone too far! MYRTLE: I’ve been waiting for a chance like this for years . . . and now he won’t give

me his autograph. WAITER: (to man) Give her your autograph. Maybe this way she’ll leave you alone. MAN: OK (writes) “To my favourite fan, from Robert Redford” (gives piece of paper to

Myrtle).

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MYRTLE: Thanks. Hey, wait! This is not Robert Redford’s signature. Of all the nerve! You’re an impostor! How long have you been going around telling people you’re Robert Redford?

HEADWAITER: I’ve been working here for thirty years, and I’ve had all kinds of trouble with customers, but never like this!

WAITER: It’s that poor guy I feel sorry for. He’s had the same trouble for thirty years.

5.1• COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions according to your understanding of the text: 1. What kind of table does Myrtle want and why? 2. Why has she been dying to come to Hollywood? 3. What do Harry and Myrtle celebrate? 4. How long have they been married? 5. How long have they been sitting at the table when Huey Scrubb appears? 6. Who does she think he is? 7. What does she want from him? 8. Who does Scrubb’s wife call? 9. What does she say? 10. What does the waiter say?

5.2• GRAMMAR THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Mod de formare Present Perfect Continuous se formează cu auxiliarul have / has + been + verb la care

se adaugă terminaţia -ing. Utilizare Acest timp verbal se foloseşte pentru a exprima o acţiune începută într – un moment

trecut care se extinde şi în prezent. Exemplu: I have been living here since 1985. He has been reading for three hours. Prin urmare, întrebarea cu care se asociază, în mod logic, acest timp este How long? ,

iar răspunsurile vor conţine for + o anumită durată (two weeks, three days, six years) sau since + momentul din trecut când a început acţiunea (since morning, since 1980, since January).

Exemplu: How long have you been studying English ? I’ve been studying it for two years. since 1982. Observaţie: În cazul verbelor care nu suportă formă continuă , cum ar fi be, have, know,

like, (vezi şi lecţia The Present Continuous Tense),Present Perfect Continuous se va înlocui cu Present Perfect Simple, chiar dacă acţiunea continuă şi în prezent.

Exemple: How long have you been a doctor ? I’ve been a doctor for ten years. since 1974.How long have you had your car? I have had it for ten years.

5.3 Grammar Practice I. Give affirmative answers to the following questions using the words in parentheses.

Use for, since or all + a time period. Example: Is she still typing those letters ? (two hours)

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Yes. She has been typing them for two hours. Is it raining ? (one o’clock) Yes. It has been raining since one o’clock. Are they still trying to call New York ? (all morning) Yes. They have been trying all morning. 1. Is he really the president of Apex Inc.? (1976) ___________________________________ 2. Are you feeling sick ? (all week) ____________________________________ 3. Is Paul still studying ? (one o’clock) ____________________________________ 4. Is he still wearing that same shirt ? (two days) ____________________________________ 5. Are the children still sleeping ? (four o’clock) ____________________________________ 6. Are they still arguing ? (all evening) ____________________________________ 7. Are they married ? (several years) _____________________________________ 8. Is he still waiting for the phone call ? (two o’clock this afternoon) _____________________________________ 9. Is that woman still talking on the phone ? (an hour and a half) _____________________________________ 10. Is your brother still working on his car ? (two days) _____________________________________ II. Complete the following using the Present Perfect Continuous, an appropriate verb,

and for or since. Example: He TV an hour. He has been watching TV for an hour. 1. Denise in Boston 1967. 2. They for the Ford Motor Company seven years. 3. The secretary those letters an hour and a half. 4. We swimming lessons last summer. 5. They in the doctor’s office two hours. 6. She for her exams last month. 7. Harry on the phone three o’clock. 8. He cough medicine a long time. 9. Janet for the French test a week. 10. She basketball eight o’clock. III. Complete the following questions using How long . . . and a logical verb in the

Present Perfect Continuous tense.

Example : you / piano lessons ? How long have you been taking piano lessons ? 1. you / your vacations in Miami ? ____________________________? 2. they / out together ? ____________________________? 3. Janis in that apartment ____________________________?

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4. he / Shine hair cream ____________________________? 5. Bob / glasses ? ____________________________? 6. he / in that factory ? ___________________________? 7.they / love letters to each other ? ___________________________? 8. you / your clothes in that department store ? __________________________________? 9. you / concerts/ ? ____________________________? 10. he / for his final exams ? ____________________________?

5.4• VOCABULARY EVER SINCE (de când) este o expresie prin cre vorbitorul accentuează importanţa unui

eveniment sau durata unei perioade. Exemple: I have liked Beethoven ever since I heard the Fifth Symphony. (accentuarea

importanţei evenimentului); I have been sitting here ever since you left. (accentuarea duratei) Exercise Combine the following sentences using ever since, according to the model: Example: She became a movie star. Then she started wearing diamond rings. She has been wearing diamond rings ever since she became a movie star. 1. I saw that film. Right then I decided I wanted to become an actor. ___________________________________________ 2. He got to Chicago last month. He is still looking for a job. ___________________________________________ 3. When he became famous, he started driving expensive cars. ________________________________________________ 4. I started singing when I was a child. ____________________________________ 5. Tom came back from the war. Then they got married. _________________________________________ 6. I read a book about the pyramids of Egypt. Now I’m interested in archaeology. ______________________________________________________ 7. He swam in that cold river. Now he is coughing. ____________________________________ 8. He saved my life. Then we became best friends. ______________________________________ 9. They told me I had a terrible voice. That’s why I’m taking singing lessons. _____________________________________________________ 10. Her boss told her she was fired. She is still crying. ________________________________________

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Lesson 6 PROGRESS TEST I 6.1. Complete the following sentences using used to + a suitable verb: 1. When we lived in the country, we __________________ at six o’clock every morning. 2. He ________________ a blue sports car, but he sold it. 3. Mary ________________ at the University of Wisconsin, but she doesn’t any more. 4. Harry ______________ a very good swimmer, but he isn’t any more. 5. When we were kids, we _______________ our homework together. 6. Aunt Harriet _______________ jokes whenever she went to a party. 7. They ________________ into trouble when they were teenagers. 8. She __________________ expensive clothes when she worked at that company. 9. My sister ______________ late for her classes when she was a student. 10. They ________________ champagne every evening when they were rich.

6.2. Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect Simple of the verbs in brackets: 1. Would you like to join us for lunch? No thanks, I ________ already ______________. (eat) 2. She is getting married next week, but she ________________her wedding dress yet. (buy) 3. ________ you ever _____________ your wife’s birthday? (forget) 4. ________ your father __________ the newspaper yet? 5. I gave her some beautiful gloves, but she still ________________ them. (not wear) 6. It’s too late! I ________ already __________ the letter. (send) 7. Can you believe it? He _________ never __________ to a concert in his life! (be) 8. _________ they ever __________ Martini? (drink) 9. He is leaving for Paris tomorrow, but he _______________ packing yet. (not finish) 10. I _________ never _________ to Scotland, but I’d like to go there some day. (be)

6.3. Fill in the blanks with the Simple Past or Present Perfect Simple of the verbs in brackets:

1. She _____________ three books last month, but she _____________ this month. ( not read)

2. How many times _______ he __________ late for work this week? (be) 3. He _____________ two aspirins so far today, but he ______________ any

yesterday. (take, not take) 4. ________ they __________ a lot of money this month? (spend) 5. How many times _________ you _________ your teeth yesterday? (brush) 6. I _____________ (negative) to the movies at all this month. (go) 7. Bob ____________ three exams so far this week. (fail) 8. I _______________ to the doctor twice last year. (go) 9. He _____________ any work so far today, and he _____________ any work

yesterday either. (not do) 10. Professor Wilson ______________two lessons yesterday. (teach) 6.IV. Complete the following sentences using the Present Perfect Simple or Continuous

of the verbs in brackets: 1. How long _________ they ______________for the bus? (wait) 2. __________ he ______________ French for a long time? (teach) 3. He’s a good friend of mine. I ________________ him for ten years. (know) 4. Phyllis ________________ sick since she had dinner at that new restaurant. (be) 5. How long _____________ your brother _____________ a psychiatrist? (see) 6. I have to do something! I ______________ a stomach ache for three days. (have)

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7. ___________ they _____________ married for a long time? (be) 8. Nancy ________________ by plane for eight hours and she is very bored. (travel) 9. How long ___________ she _________________ as a secretary? (work)

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LESSON 7 Faulks’ Inn He looked at his watch, but it was still very early. He poured himself another drink and

yawned. “This is going to be a long night,” he thought to himself. * * * It had all started as a joke. Connell had arrived at Faulks’ Inn on Wednesday. It seemed

like such a peaceful old place that he decided to stay until the weekend. On the first evening of his arrival, Connell was having a drink with some of the other guest when they began asking the owner about the history of the place. He told them the following story:

In the 1800’s something very strange had happened at the inn. The owner’s daughter, Jullie Faulks, had mysteriously disappeared from one of the large rooms on the second

floor. Everyone had been shocked by this strange disappearance, but no one had ever

discovered where she had gone. Ever since the night of the mystery, guests complained of hearing strange noises

coming from the room where the girl had last been seen. Several people had also seen lights and floating white objects.

When Connell and the others heard that no one had stayed in the room since 1860, they began to laugh and laugh and make jokes, especially Connell. “Superstitious nonsense!” he laughed. “People get so frightened that their minds begin to play tricks on them.”

“Everyone is at least a little superstitious,” said one of the guests. “Not me!” said Connell. “Just to show you how ridiculous this story is, I’ll stay in that

room tonight. * * * “Your friends downstairs would like to know if you’d like a cup of coffee, sir.” Connell

was awakened by a young woman carrying a tray. “Yes,” he replied. “All this nonsense about ghosts has made me quite sleepy.” “She smiled as she poured the coffee. “If you need anything else, just ring.” The next day at breakfast, Connell told the other guests about the wonderful night he

had pent, and how he had never slept better in his life. “So, nothing disturbed you?” the owner asked. “Nothing. After the maid left, I fell asleep again.” “What maid?” the owner asked. “My wife and I are the only ones who take care of the

place now.” “She looked just like the girl in that picture,” said Connell, pointing to a portrait above the

fireplace. “Well, Mr. Connell, you may want to change your beliefs. That’s a portrait of Julie Faulks

painted in 1859.”

7.1• COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions according to your understanding of the text: 1. When did Connel arrive at Faulks’ Inn? 2. For how long did he decide to stay? Why? 3. What had happened with the owner’s daughter? 4. Why did the guests complain? 5. What had some people seen? 6. Why did Connel refuse to believe the story? 7. How did he decide to prove that the story was ridiculous? 8. Who visited him in his room?

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9. What did she do? 10. What did Connel find out in the morning?

7.2• GRAMMAR THE PAST PERFECT SIMPLE TENSE Mod de formare Past Perfect Simple se formează cu ajutorul auxiliarului have la trecut (had) + participiul

trecut al verbului (verb regulat + ed/ forma a treia a verbelor neregulate). AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE I had already gone. Had I ever been there ? I hadn’t thought of it before. You you You etc. etc. etc. Utilizare Acest timp verbal se foloseşte pentru a exprima o acţiune care a avut loc în trecut, fiind

anterioară unei alte acţiuni trecute. Adverbul de timp specific unor astfel de contexte este before.

Exemplu: When I entered the room, I saw that someone had been there before me. Past Perfect Simple se foloseşte adesea împreună cu adverbele de timp just, already,

ever şi never, care se vor aşeza între auxiliar şi participiul trecut al verbului. Exemple: When the police arrived, the thieves had already left. She had just arrived when the phone started ringing. They were very nervous because they had never travelled in a jet before.

7.3 Grammar Practice I. Complete the following by supplying the missing verb in the Past Perfect. Examples: She three letters before I got there. She had written three letters before I got there. 1. They asleep before their son arrived. 2. The other guests all the food before we got there. 3. A thief Mrs. Bodley’s money before she left the store. 4. They dinner before we arrived. 5. Someone a rock through the window before the police arrived. 6. They their homework before their parents came home. 7. The train ten minutes before the taxi arrived at the station. 8. She two sedatives before the doctor arrived. 9. He three glasses of wine before his guests arrived. 10. He all the dishes before his wife got home. II. Give answers to the following questions using had never . . . before. Examples: Did your friend enjoy seeing the ballet? Yes! She had never seen a ballet before. 1. Did they enjoy eating that Indian food? ___________________________________ 2. Did you enjoy riding that horse yesterday? ___________________________________ 3. Did Lucy like having tea with the Smiths? ____________________________________ 4. Did the children enjoy going to the circus? ____________________________________ 5. Did the Mercers enjoy giving that cocktail party? ___________________________________

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6. Did you enjoy driving John’s sports car? _________________________________ 7. Did Grace enjoy taking Portuguese lessons? _________________________________ 8. Did Evelzn enjoy writing that report? ___________________________________ 9. Did she enjoy speaking to the President? __________________________________ 10. Did Bob enjoy flying in that helicopter yesterday? __________________________________ III. Complete the following using the Past Perfect tense. 1. By the time I arrived, they already dinner. (eat) 2. Barbara just the house when the phone (leave) started to ring. 3. Longhorn Trumbolt, the author, three books before (write) he was twenty-one years

old. 4. I really enjoyed the masquerade party. I never (be) to one before. 5. When their visitors finally arrived, Mr. And Mrs. Mc Master (go) already to bed. 6. By the time the police arrived, the thieves already (steal) the money. 7. Jim enjoyed his trip to Paris. He never in a jet (fly) plane before. 8. Kate just two sedatives when the doctor arrived. (take) 9. Professor Collins at three American universities before (teach) accepting a position at

the University of Lisbon. 10. By the time finally finished talking, most of the audience (fall) asleep.

7.4• VOCABULARY Might as well Expresia might as well se foloseşte pentru a sublinia alegerea celei mai avantajoase

soluţii pentru o anumită problemă . Exemplu: He might as well buy the small car, since he doesn’t have enough money for

the big one. De sesizat nuanţa de regret a afirmaţiei I might as well stay at home and do the

housework since I don’t have money to go out sau nepăsarea redată de afirmaţia As far as I am concerned, you might as well leave.

Exercise Comment on the following situations using might as well: Example: He has just missed the train to Chicago. There is a bus leaving for Chicago in

an hour. He might as well take the bus. 1. Jane has forgotten to buy a new dress for the party. Luckily, her old dress is very

nice. ______________________________________ 2. They would like to eat at the restaurant but there are free seats only in the snack bar across the street. ______________________________________3. I have been waiting to see the doctor for an hour and I’m terribly bored. There are a few magazines on the table in the waiting room. ______________________________________ 4. Harry’s engine doesn’t start this morning. He is lucky that he lives near to his office. ______________________________________ 5. We are going to a party. There is a bottle of wine in the refrigerator.

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______________________________________ 6. She wanted to send her mother a telegram for her birthday but it would be only two dollars cheaper than a phone call. ______________________________________ 7. I was going to throw away a pair of old shoes but I noticed that they are in fashion again. _______________________________________ 8. I’m so angry with them that I don’t care if they leave the town forever. _______________________________________ 9. She wants to go to the cinema, but nothing good is playing. She has just remembered that there is a film on TV. _____________________________________ 10. It’s almost midnight and Helen cannot sleep. She has brought some office papers to study. ____________________________________

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LESSON 8The Bank Job HANK: Now, remember, gang, if we’re not careful, the bank camera will take our picture.

Also, the alarm will go off, and, the whole neighbourhood will wake up. RICK: Not only that! As soon as it goes off, the whole New York Police Department will

be here in three minutes! JANET: Well, maybe we shouldn’t go in through the front door as we planned. Let’s try

the side window. MICKEY: But hold on a minute! As soon as we break in through the side window, the

camera will take our pictures. ANGELA: If we have our masks on we won’t be recognized. HANK: Okay, so our big problem is to disconnect the alarm. That’s what we ought to do

first. If we don’t do that, we won’t be able to do anything else. RICK: I’m really scared, though. If the alarm goes off, the police will arrive right away. JANET: And if the getaway car isn’t waiting outside, they’ll catch every one of us. MICKEY: Yeah, and if they catch us, we won’t get out of jail for at least ten years. ANGELA: Hey! If they put me in jail for ten years, by the time I get out I’ll be forty! (ALL): Me too! JANET: Why don’t we all look for jobs instead?

8.1• COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: 1. Who are the five characters in the story? 2. What do they want to do? 3. What does the first character tell the others to remember? 4. What does Janet suggest? 5. What does Angela say? 6. What is their big problem, according to Hank? 7. Who is really scared? Why? 8. What does Mickey realize? 9. Why is Angela panicking? 10. What do they decide to do in the end?

8.2• GRAMMAR THE FIRST CONDITIONAL CLAUSE (Subordonata condiţionlă de tipul I) O frază care conţine o subordonată condiţională de tipul I exprimă o relaţie cauză –

efect: Exemplu: If it rains tomorrow, they will stay in doors. (cauză) (efect) (Dacă va ploua mâine, ei vor sta în casă.) If he doesn’t leave early, he will miss the bus. (cauză) (efect) (Dacă nu va pleca devreme, va pierde autobuzul.) După cum se observă din exemplele de mai sus, spre deosebire de limba română (unde

utilizăm viitorul atât în subordonată, cât şi în propoziţia principală), în limba engleză subordonata condiţională (introdusă prin if) conţine în mod obligatoriu un verb la Present Simple, iar propoziţia principală – un verb la Future Simple.

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8.3 Grammar Practice I. Match the if clause on the left with a clause on the right. There are several possible combinations. First find the most logical match for each if clause. 1. If my mother / in / low comes to visit I’ll move to another city ________________________________________________________ 2. If I can’t find an apartment here she’ll bite the mailman _______________________________________________________ 3. If my wife has twins I’ll take her to the zoo _______________________________________________________ 4. If my boss doesn’t give me a raise I’ll go out and celebrate _______________________________________________________ 5. If Uncle Harry leaves me his fortune I’ll quit my job ______________________________________________________ 6. If my dog gets free I’ll look for somebody else to marry ______________________________________________________ 7. If my little cousin comes to visit I’ll go crazy ______________________________________________________ 8. If you don’t marry me I’ll call an ambulance _____________________________________________________ 9. If Tom gets sick again I’ll call a mechanic ____________________________________________________ 10. If my car breaks down again I’ll join the navy ____________________________________________________ II. Complete the following sentences with appropriate clauses. 1. If , we won’t go to the beach. 2. If he loses his job, . 3. As soon as the baby is born, . 4. If , I’ll call the police. 5. She when she goes to Japan next month. 6. He as soon as he finishes his work. 7. I’ll go to the doctor next week if . 8. If the train arrives late, . 9. He’ll lose his job if he . 10. If you don’t study, .

8.4• VOCABULARY What if . . . Expresia What if + Present Simple se foloseşte atunci când vorbitorul vrea să atragă

atenţia asupra unei posibile probleme. Echivalenul în limba română este dar dacă…..? Exemple: What if we miss the bus? (Dar dacă pierdem autobuzul?) What if the weather gets worse? (Dar dacă vremea se înrăutăţeşte?) Exercise Answer the following What if questions using the cues provided. Example: What if it rains ? (we the beach on Sunday) If it rains we won’t go to the beach on Sunday. What if they don’t bring enough sandwiches ? (we fruit) If they don’t bring enough sandwiches, we’ll eat fruit. 1. What if we fail the exam ? (we it again in June) __________________________________________________ 2. What if he has an accident ? (we him to the hospital)

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___________________________________________________ 3. What if they run out of gas ? (they to the nearest gas station) ________________________________________________________ 4. What if they cancel our flight ? (we the train) _________________________________________________ 5. What if the restaurant is closed ? (I somewhere else) _________________________________________________ 6. What if they raise the price of gas ? (we a smaller car next year) _________________________________________________ 7. What if he doesn’t like river ? (he a steak) _________________________________________________ 8. What if they don’t come on time ? (we to the theatre without them) ______________________________________________________ 9. What if the dress doesn’t fit her ? (she another one) ________________________________________________ 10. What if he doesn’t hear his alarm clock ? (he late for work) ___________________________________________

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LESSON 9 The Reunion ELEANOR: What’s wrong with you tonight, Peggy? You don’t look like you’re having a

good time. Don’t you think this class reunion is fun? PEGGY: I don’t know . . . I just feel . . . I mean… Oh, what’s the use of keeping it to

myself! BARRY: Come on, Peggy. You know you’d feel better if you told us. PEGGY: OK. Let me ask you this. If you didn’t have much money and you wanted to

impress a rich man, would you tell him that you had a great job and lots of money? NANCY: No, because if I did, he would find out sooner or later. PEGGY: If you lived in a small apartment in the poor part of town, would you tell him you

lived in a mansion? GREG: If a girl told me lies like that, I’d never believe her again. PEGGY: Well, do you remember Jack Torrence who went to Australia to make his

fortune? I’ve been writing to him for three years and . . . TERRY: Don’t tell me you’ve been lying to him all this time in your letters! PEGGY: Well, I suppose I have been exaggerating a little. And now this millionaire is

going to walk through the door any minute, and I don’t know what to do. PAT: Well, if I were you, I’d keep on lying until I thought he was ready to accept the

truth. BARRY: That’s no solution. If I were Peggy, I’d tell him right away. NANCY: If he were my boyfriend and thought I had a lot of money, I’d rent a luxury

apartment for a few days, and hope we left for Australia before my money ran out. GREG: And what would you do if you ran out of money before you left for Australia? NANCY: I’d borrow some more. ELEANOR: But if he discovered the truth, he would probably never speak to you again. TERRY: If I were you, I’d just forget about marrying him, Peggy. PAT: Oh, look! Here comes Jack now! Doesn’t he look great–like a million bucks! GREG: Oh, shut up, Pat. Well, go over and talk to him, Peggy–and tell him the truth. (Peggy goes over to greet Jack) JACK: You look wonderful, Peggy. It’s so good to see you after all this time. PEGGY: Jack, I have something to tell you . . . JACK: Wait, Peggy. Let me ask you this first, before you say anything. Would you still

love me if I told you I’d lied about all the money I’d made in Australia? PEGGY: (smiles with relief) Well, Jack, let’s sit down. Something tells me we have a lot

to talk about.

9.1• COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: 1. Who are the characters of the story? 2. On what occasion do they meet? 3. Why isn’t Peggy having a good time? 4. What lies has she told? 5. Who is Jack Torrence? 6. For how long has she been writing to him? 7. What does Peggy think about Jack? 8. What solution does Pat suggest? 9. What about Greg? 10. What is the big final surprise?

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9.2• GRAMMAR THE SECOND CONDITIONAL CLAUSE (Subordonata condiţională de tipul II) Subordonata condiţională de tipul II este folosită în fraze care se referă la o posibilă

relaţie cauză – effect, inexistentă în momentul vorbirii. Exemplu: If I had enough money, I would buy a new car. (causes ) (effect ). (Dacă aş avea destui bani, mi – aş cumpăra o maşină nouă.) I wouldn’t talk to her if I were you. (effect) (cause ). (Nu aş vorbi cu ea dacă aş fi în locul tău.) După cum se observă, în limba engleză, Condiţionalul prezent (would + infinitivul scurt

al verbului) din propoziţia principală este înlocuit de Simple Past în subordonata condiţională (după if).

Observaţie: În subordonata condiţională, forma de trecut a verbului to be va fi were pentru toate persoanele

Exemple: AFIRMATIV If I were rich, I would travel more. you you she she he he we we they they We would buy a house if we were rich.INTEROGATIV Would I quit working if won the lottery ? Where would you go if you had the money? What would he do if he were in your place ? NEGATIV I wouldn’t go if I didn’t have the money. They wouldn’t tell him that if they weren’t sure.

9.3 Grammar Practice I. Make statements beginning with If I were you . . using the following cues. Example: so much noise If I were you, I wouldn’t make so much noise. 1. the police ____________________________________ 2. that car ____________________________________ 3. so much money _______________________________ 4. that French course ______________________________ 5. his advice __________________________________ 6. that medicine ________________________________ 7. my job ___________________________________ 8. that movie ________________________________ 9. that letter _________________________________ 10. a vacation _____________________________________ II. Ask questions with Would you ……if ……….? for the following statements. Example: Laurie went to a party, even though she didn’t like the hostess. Would you go to a party if you didn’t like the hostess? 1. He invited a girl to dinner, even though he didn’t know her name.

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______________________________________________ ? 2. She married a rich man, even though she didn’t love him. ______________________________________________ ? 3. He ordered a large meal, even though he didn’t have any money. _______________________________________________? 4. I wore that ugly shirt, even though I didn’t like it. ______________________________________________? 5. He drove a car, even though he didn’t have a license. _____________________________________________? III. Complete the following sentences. Depending on the cues given, each clause may

be either negative or affirmative. Examples: A poor man says: If a lot of money, I around the world. If I had a lot of money, I’d travel around the world. A light sleeper says: If I such o noisy neighbourhood, I better at night. If I didn’t live in such a noisy neighbourhood, I’d sleep better at night. 1. A fat man says : If so much, I so fat. 2. A busy woman says: If more time, I the movies. 3. A bad student says: If more, I better grades. 4. An ugly girl says: If prettier, I as a model. 5. A tired woman says: If more rest, I better. 6. A chain smoker says: If so much, I such a bad smoker. 7. A short man says: If so short, I basket ball. 8. A lonely man says: If a girl friend, I so lonely. 9. A fat man says: If more exercise, I so fat. 10. A coffee drinker says: If so much coffee, I trouble sleeping.

9.4• VOCABULARY You had better (not) . . . ar fi mai bine să(nu)…. Cu ajutorul acestei formule vorbitorul oferă un sfat interlocutorului sau îl previne în legătură cu o posibilă problemă. Exemplu: You never know when it will rain, so you had better take your umbrella with

you. Exercise Complete the following sentences using the expression had better: 1. The flights usually fill up fast in August, so___________________________. . 2. You might get airsick on the plane, so _______________________________. 3. Summer nights are cool in England, so ________________________________. 4. It’s dangerous to carry cash around, so ______________________________. 5. You live quite far from the centre, so _____________________________. 6. The text is full of new words, so _________________________________. 7. You may not find that medicine in Europe, so ___________________________. 8. You’ll want to take pictures of all the places you visit, so _____________________. 9. Your feet will hurt after all the sight – seeing, so __________________________. 10. It’s easy to get lost in Munich, so _______________________.

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LESSON 10The Phone Man It’s almost midnight and Janice is desperately calling one of her friends. Janice: Hello, Ann, it’s me, Janice….. Ann: Janice! What on earth happened? Do you have any idea what time it is? Janice: Oh, Ann! Something terrible happened. I’ve been robbed. Ann: What do you mean? Did anyone break into your house? Janice: No, Ann. If someone had broken into my house I would have called the police,

but… Ann: But what? What are you talking about? Janice: Oh, God! I’m so ashamed! Imagine I let him into the house! Ann: What? How could you do such a stupid thing? Janice: You see, at about ten o’clock a guy rang at my door and said he was from the

phone company and had to check something… and I opened the door. Ann: Didn’t you think that if he had worked for the phone company he wouldn’t have

come at that time?! Janice: But he seemed so nice….. Ann: If he had been so nice he wouldn’t have robbed you! By the way, what did he

steal? Janice: Actually that’s the worst thing of all: he got away with Martin’s car! Ann: Oh, my God! Did he force you to give him the keys? Why didn’t you scream? Janice: Be sure I would have screamed if he had tried to force me to do anything, but he

was so nice that I even made him a cup of coffee. Then he asked me very politely to go upstairs to see if the phone in the bedroom works and, in the meantime, he grabbed the keys from the table in the hall and drove off. And now I don’t know what to do! Martin will kill me when he comes from his business trip!

Ann: Janice, calm down and listen to me. You have to call the police. Janice: And what do I tell them? That I actually let a stranger into my house late at night,

I made him coffee and I left him alone downstairs to take whatever he wanted? Ann: It’s true that nothing would have happened if you hadn’t been so credulous, but this

is the only solution. Let’s hope they will find the car before your husband gets home. Janice: Yes, you are right. You’ve been of great help, Ann. Thank you so much! Good

night! Ann: Good night, Janice! And, if a detective comes to your house, make sure he is real,

OK?

10.1• COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: 1. Who are the two characters of this dialogue? 2. What time did Janice call her friend? 3. What had happened? 4. Why didn’t she call the police? 5. What did the man tell her? 6. What did he steal and how? 7. Who was Martin and where was he?8. What did Ann advise Janice to do? 9. What did she say about Janice? 10. What did Ann suggest in the end?

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10.2• GRAMMAR THE THIRD CONDITIONAL CLAUSE (Subordonata condiţională de tipul III) Acest tip de condiţională se foloseşte pentru a exprima o relaţie cauză – efect ireală.

Prin urmare, acţiunea exprimată de verbul din propoziţia principală nu a avut loc deoarece condiţia exprimată de condiţională nu a fost îndeplinită.

Exemplu: If you had been more careful, you wouldn’t have made so many mistakes. (Dacă ai fi fost mai atent, nu ai fi făcut atâtea greşeli) – de unde se subînţelege că de

fapt ai făcut greşeli deoarece condiţia de a fi atent nu a fost îndeplinită. După cum arată exemplul de mai sus, în propoziţia condiţională se foloseşte Past

Perfect, iar în propoziţia principală - Past Conditional (would + have + Past Participle).

10.3 Grammar Practice I. Complete the following sentences using the verbs in brackets: Example: If she ___________earlier, she would have met them. (arrive) If she had arrived earlier, she would have met them. 1. If you ___________there, you would have heard what he said. (be) 2. If he ___________harder, he would have been promoted. (work) 3. If they __________us, we would have helped them. (ask) 4. If it ___________so heavily, they would have left earlier. (not rain) 5. If Mum ___________about your marks, she would have been very angry. (find out) 6. If you ___________a taxi, you would have missed the plane. (not take) 7. If it __________so late, I would have paid them a visit. (not be) 8. If somebody __________him first aid, he wouldn’t have died. (give) 9. If I _____________enough time, I would have finished my essay. (have) 10. If she ___________ the truth, she would have told you. (know) II. Complete the following sentences using the verbs in brackets: Examples: If you had worn a jacket, you___________________ so cold. (not be) If you had worn a jacket, you wouldn’t have been so cold. If they had known you were ill, they ________________to see you. (come) If they had known you were ill, they would have come to see you. 1. If I had heard the alarm clock, I _________________late for work. (not be) 2. If he had been at home, he ___________________the phone. (answer) 3. If they had seen the thief, they __________________the police. (call) 4. If she had refused to join us, we __________________to convince her. (try) 5. If he hadn’t helped you, you ___________________to finish in time. (not be able) 6. If we hadn’t had a map, we ____________________ our way. (lose) 7. If he had trained more, he __________________ the race. (win) 8. If I had known it was his birthday, I _____________________ him a card. (send) 9. If you had read the novel, you __________________ the characters. (remember) 10. If the weather had been bad, they __________________ to the beach. (not go) III. Comment on the following situations by using the third conditional clause. Pay

attention to the model. Model: She didn’t study enough, so she failed the exam. If she had studied enough, she wouldn’t have failed the exam. 1. He went to bed very late, so he had trouble waking up in the morning. _______________________________________________________ 2. The kids lied to their mother; she was angry with them. ______________________________________________________ 3. It was very late, so the shops were already closed.

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_____________________________________________________ 4. He did his homework in a hurry; it was full of mistakes. ____________________________________________________ 5. I ate too many sweets, so I put on weight. _____________________________________________ 6. She didn’t find them at home; she went to the hotel. ________________________________________________ 7. The house was too old; they didn’t buy it. ____________________________________________ 8. She forgot to give me her phone number; I didn’t call her. _________________________________________________ 9. I didn’t read the newspaper yesterday; I didn’t know about the accident. _______________________________________________ 10. They were out of town at that time; they didn’t go to the concert. _______________________________________________

10.4• VOCABULARY WHAT ON EARTH…..este o expresie prin care vorbitorul îşi exprimă nedumerirea

(What on earth is going on here?), îngrijorarea (Where on earth are we going to live now?) sau indignarea

(How on earth did you manage to make such a mess in your room?). Echivalentul românesc al expresiei este Ce/ cum/ de ce/unde Dumnezeu.....?

HOW COULD YOU……este expresia care redă indignarea vorbitorului faţă de o anumită situaţie sau un gest al interlocutorului: How could you be so impolite?; How could they lie to her for such a long time? Traducerea în limba română a acestei expresii este Cum ai putut…..?

Exercise Express your indignation or amazement using the expressions above, according to the

model: Model: I don’t know what he did. What on earth did he do? He lied to his best friend. How could he lie to his best friend? 1. Nobody knows how he survived that plane crash. ___________________________________________? 2. He forgot to return us the money. __________________________________________? 3. They spoke very rudely to their parents. _________________________________________? 4. I will never understand why you opened the door to that man. ________________________________________________? 5. She abandoned her children and left abroad. _________________________________________? 6. I don’t have any idea where she can be. _____________________________________? 7. Nobody understands what she did with all that money. ________________________________________? 8. It was not nice of you to tell her she was fat. ____________________________________? 9. They refused to give that poor woman something to eat.

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__________________________________________? 10. I really don’t know how you are going to explain this to your boss. _____________________________________________________?

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LESSON 11 The Hitchhiker John Henderson was driving home late last night from an exhausting business trip. He

had put off visiting the company’s new headquarters in order to get home before midnight, and now he was having trouble staying awake. He turned up the radio and tried to concentrate on the news – something about a robbery – but his eyes kept on closing. His wife was back home in Dayton, and he missed having her company on this long trip.

It was then he noticed the hitchhiker at the side of the road. Without even thinking about what he was doing, he slowed down and stopped the car. He couldn’t help feeling sorry for the young man who looked so wet and miserable in the rain. “Get in,” he said.

John remembered having to hitchhike home from the university before he had a car. He couldn’t stand sitting at the side of the road for hours, waiting for rides.

The hitchhiker got in and immediately John was sorry that he had picked him up. The young man had a strange face and very penetrating eyes. His clothes were old and dirty, and his long hair needed cutting. The hitchhiker lit a cigarette and said that he was going to Woodsville but when John asked him other questions, the young man avoided giving him any personal information and changed the subject.

John began to sweat and his thoughts turned nervously to his wallet and all the money he was carrying. He desperately tried to remember what the newscaster had he said earlier about a robbery. Don’t be ridiculous! He thought himself. Stop imagining things! This guy isn’t a criminal. What’s the use of panicking?

Even though he had quit smoking three months before, John felt like having a cigarette. He asked his passenger for one but before lightning it he had to wait for his hands to

stop shaking. At the next small town John stopped the car and said, “I just can’t seem to stay awake. I think I’ll try and find a hotel and spend the night here.” He apologized nervously to the hitchhiker for not being able to drive him to Woodsville.

The young man slowly reached into his pocket. “This is it!” thought John. “ I’m a dead man.” At that very moment he considered shouting for help, but instead of a gun or a knife, the hitchhiker pulled out several wrinkled bills and offered them to John. “Oh no. I don’t want your money. Just get out. Okay?”

The young man looked puzzled, but insisted on giving John the money - $500. “My father is John Baresford, the oil millionaire, you see,” he said. “Thanks for taking me this far.”

John waited until his passenger had disappeared from sight, then he stepped on the gas and drove out of town. He was looking forward to getting home. Martha will never believe this!

He thought to himself.

11.1• COMPREHENSION Answer the following questions: 1. Where was John Henderson coming from? 2. What did he do to stay awake? 3. What was on the radio? 4. What did he see at the side of the road? 5. Why did he stop? 6. Why was he sorry as soon as he had picked him up? 7. How long before had he quit smoking? 8. What pretext did he find to stop in the small town? 9. What did the young man do at that moment? 10. Who was the young man?

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11.2• GRAMMAR GERUND CONSTRUCTIONS (Construcţii gerunziale) Gerunziul se formează prin adăugarea terminaţiei –ing la Infinitivul scurt al verbelor. Exemple : to sing - singing to take - taking În limba engleză există unele verbe, construcţii şi expresii care sunt obligatoriu urmate

de gerunziu, cum ar fi: Verbe: Stop, finish, quit, start, begin, like, love, enjoy, hate, detest, dislike, avoid, miss,

deny, remember, admit, consider Verbe cu prepoziţie: give up, keep on, look forward to, put off, apologize for, think of,

insist on, feel like, accuse (someone) from, thank (someone) for Expresii: can’t help can’t stand, what’s use of, have trouble / difficulty (in). Exemple: John detests working for the telephone company. hates dislikes enjoys loves likes My uncle gave up smoking last month. quit stopped began started

11.3. Expand the following cues by providing the appropriate verb. Example: He likes to the movies on Sundays. He likes going to the movies on Sundays. 1. They enjoy a cocktail before dinner. 2. We like late on Sunday morning. 3. They can’t stand to pop music. 4. I love fresh milk for breakfast. 5. Marvin hates to strangers. 6. We dislike in such a polluted city. 7. Anne enjoys long letters. 8. I don’t enjoy a bath in cold water. 9. She dislikes by plane. 10. He hates at the phone company. II. Combine the following sentences using the verb in parentheses and when. Example: She screamed. She saw a face at the window. (start) She started screaming when she saw a face at the window. 1. He smoked a lot. He got bronchitis. (quit) ____________________________________________ 2. She cried. Her mother came into the room. (stop) ____________________________________________ 3. He gambled a lot. He got married. (give up) ____________________________________________ 4. They had eaten. We came in. (finish) ____________________________________________ 5. Jane played tennis. She lost the championship (give up) ____________________________________________

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6. He saw Betty every weekend. He met Helen. (stop) ____________________________________________ 7. He drank too much His on died. (start) ____________________________________________ 8. She tried to be a model. They told her she was too short. (give up) ____________________________________________ 9. They laughed. I told them that joke. (begin) ____________________________________________ 10. She had painted the house. Her husband came home. (finish) ____________________________________________ III. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate verb in the gerund form. 1. She apologized for , but her friends wouldn’t forgive her. 2. I’ve always had trouble . 3. It’s such a great day ! I certainly don’t feel like . 4. I tried to control myself, but I just couldn’t help . 5. Let me know when your brother gets here. I’m looking forward to . 6. He put off for so long that now he’s in the hospital. 7. I told him I was feeling fine, but I just couldn’t help . 8. Seatbelts in cars prevent a lot of people from . 9. Although the police questioned him for two days, he denied . 10. I shouted at her to stop, but she kept on .

11.4• VOCABULARY WOULD YOU MIND (NOT)…….Vb + ing Această expresie se foloseşte pentru a solicita ceva în mod politicos (vă deranjează

să..../ vreţi să fiţi atât de amabil să...?) Exercise Make up polite requests according to the model,using the following cues: Model: wait here Would you mind waiting here? 1. open the window ________________________________? 2. answer the phone ________________________________? 3. lend him your car _________________________________? 4. repeat you address _________________________________? 5. call tomorrow _________________________________? 6. come later ________________________________? 7. speak louder _______________________________? 8. try again _____________________________? 9. return the book next week ____________________________? 10. give them a message ______________________________?

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Lesson 12 PROGRESS TEST II 12.1. Complete the following sentences using the Past Perfect of the verbs in

brackets: 1. By the time I arrived, they __________ already ____________ dinner. (have) 2. Barbara _________ just ___________ the house when the phone started ringing.

(leave) 3. The novelist ________________ three books before he was twenty – one. (write) 4. I really enjoyed the show. I __________ never __________ such a show before.

(see) 5. When the guests arrived, we ___________ already _______ to bed. (go) 6. By the time the police arrived, the thieves ___________ already ____________ away

with the money. (run) 7. Jim enjoyed his trip to Paris. He __________ never ____________ in a jet plane

before. (fly) 8. Kate __________ just ____________ two sedatives when the doctor arrived. (take) 9. Professor Collins ________________ at three American universities before accepting

a position at the University of Lisbon. (teach)

10. By the time she finally finished talking, most of the audience _____________ asleep. (fall)

12.2. Complete the following sentences with the appropriate clause: 1. If______________________, we will be late for the show. 2. If he loses his job, _________________________. 3. If she has a boy, __________________________. 4. If ________________, I will call the police. 5. She ____________________ if she visits Japan. 6. He ____________________ if he finishes his project before the end of the month. 7. I’ll go to the doctor next week if ___________________________. 8. If the train arrives late, ____________________. 9. He’ll lose his job if _________________________. 10. If you don’t study, ________________________. 12.3. Complete the following sentences: 1. What would you do if someone _________________________? 2. I ________________________if I had had enough money. 3. His mother ____________________ if she knew the truth. 4. I would tell them everything if I ____________________. 5. He _______________________ if he had time. 6. If she hadn’t eaten so much, she______________________. 7. If I saw a crime, I ________________________. 8. If you _____________________, where would you like to live? 9. If he had been honest with us, we __________________________. 10. You wouldn’t have managed if he ____________________. 12.4. Fill in the blanks with an appropriate verb in the Gerund: 1. She apologized for _______________ so late. 2. I’ve always had trouble ________________ very early in the morning. 3. It’s such a great day! I don’t feel like _______________ at home. 4. I tried to control myself, but I couldn’t help ________________. 5. Let me know when they get here. I’m looking forward to _______________. 6. He put off __________________ for so long that now he is in the hospital.

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7. I told her I was feeling fine, but she insisted on ___________________. 8. Seatbelts in cars prevent a lot of people from ____________________. 9. Although the police questioned them for two days, they denied ________________. 10. I shouted at them to stop, but they kept on _____________________. 12.5 Minimal List of Irregular Verbs Long Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle Translation to be was/ were been a fi to become became become a deveni to beat beat beaten a bate to begin began begun a începe to bite bit bitten a muşca to blow blew blown a sufla to break broke broken a sparge to bring brought brought a aduce to buy bought bought a cumpăra to catch caught caught a prinde to choose chose chosen a alege to come came come a veni to cut cut cut a tăia to do did done a face to drink drank drunk a bea to drive drove driven a conduce to eat ate eaten a mânca to fall fell fallen a cădea to feel felt felt a (se) simţi to find found found a găsi to forget forgot forgotten a uita to forgive forgave forgiven a ierta to get got got(ten) a obţine to give gave given a da to go went gone a merge to grow grew grown a creşte to have had had a avea to hear heard heard a auzi to hide hid hidden a (se) ascunde to hurt hurt hurt a răni to keep kept kept a ţine, a păstra to leave left left a pleca to lend lent lent a împrumuta to lose lost lost a pierde to make made made a face to put put put a pune to read read read a citi to run ran run a fugi to say said said a zice to see saw seen a vedea to sell sold sold a vinde to send sent sent a trimite to shut shut shut a închide to sleep slept slept a dormi

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to sing sang sung a cânta to sit sat sat a sta (aşezat) to spend spent spent a petrece (timpul) a cheltui to stand stood stood a sta (în picioare) to steal stole stolen a fura to take took taken a lua to teach taught taught a învăţa (pe cineva) to think thought thought a (se) gândi a crede to throw threw thrown a arunca to understand understood understood a înţelege to wear wore worn a purta

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LESSON 13

[i] , [e] , [ə]a [ə] un, o (art. nehot. folosit înaintea cuvintelor care încep cu o consoană)an [ən] un, o (art. nehot. folosit înaintea cuvinelor care încep cu o vocală)egg [eg] ouhen [hen] găină in [in] în lily ['lili] crin nest [nest] cuib, cuibarNick [nik] pen [pen] toc.

* Vocabularul fiecărei lecții este așezat în ordine alfabetică.

a pen, Nick's pen, Lily's pen, a lily, a hen, a nest, a hen in a nest, an egg.

13.1 Fonetica

1. Vocala [i] este p vocală scurtă, un sunet intermediar între i și e din limba romăna.Cuvinte care conțin vocala [i]: in [in], Lily ['lili], Nick ['nik].

2.Vocala [e] este o vocală scurtă și foarte apropiată de e românesc, fiind însă ceva mai deschisă. Ea seamănă îndeosebi cu e din limba româna, când acesta e urmat de r, ca de exemplu în cuvintele mere, pere, etc.Cuvinte care conțin vocala [e]: hen [hen] , nest [nest], pen [pen], egg [eg].

3. Vocala [ə] este o vocală scurtă, niciodata accentuată și corespunde vocalei ă din limba română.Am întălnit acest sunet în articolul nehotărât a [ə] și an [ən].Pronunțiați substantivele precedate de articolul nehotărât ca și cum ar forma împreună un singur cuvânt, ca de pildă cuvintele românești opun, alene, etc.:

a pen [ə 'pen], a lily [ə 'lily], a hen [ə 'hen], a nest [ə 'nest], an egg [ən 'eg]

4. Accentul cuvintelor. în transcrierea fonetic, accentul (') se așează întodeauna înaintea silabei accentuate.De exemplu Lily ['lili].

5.Accentul în propoziție. în propoziție se accentuează de obicei părtile principale de vorbire, ca substantivele, adjectivele, verbele principale, adverbele, pronumele demonstrative și interogative și numeralele.De exemplu: A hen in a nest [ə 'hen in ə 'nest]. (Puneti accentele ca în propoziția romăneasca: Un 'om de la 'noi).

13.2 Gramatică1. Articolul nehotărât a, pronunțat [ə], se folosește înaintea cuvintelor care încep cu o consoană; de exemplu: a hen = o găina, a pen = un toc - și an, pronunțat [ən], înaintea cuvintelor care încep cu o vocală, de exemplu: an egg = un ou.

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În limba engleză, articolul nehotărât est e același pentru toate genurile, traducându-se prin un sau o, în functie de genul substantivului din limba românâ.

De exemplu: a lily = u crin , a hen = o găină.

2. Genitivul în 's (sintetic) este una din fomrele de exprimare a genitivului. Substantivul care indică posesorul, urmat de apostrof și s, se așează înaintea substantivului pe care-l determină.De exemplu: Nick's pen = tocul lui Nick.

13.3 ExercițiiI. Transcrieți în limba engleză:Un cuib, O găina, Un toc, Un crin, Tocul lui Nick, Un ou, Un ou într-un cuibar.

Rezolvare: Un cuib = A nest, O găină = A hen, Un crin = A lily, Tocul lui Nick = Nick's pen. Un ou = A egg, Un ou într-un cuibar = A egg in a nest

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LESSON 14 [ai] , [au] , [ei]

14.1 VOCABULAR

Ben [ben]big [big] marehouse [hous] casăI [ai] eu (scris întodeauna cu literă mare)is [iz] esteisn't ['iznt] nu esteit [it] el, ea (pronume personal neutru

to like [tə 'laik] a plăceaI like [ai 'laik] îmi placeto live [tə 'liv] a trăi, a locuiI live [ai 'liv] (eu) trăiesc, locuiescMike [maik]my [mai] eu, mea, mei, melename [neim] numenice [nais] drăguţ, frumos

În particula to a infinitivului, sunetul [ə] se apropie de î românesc.

Textul lecţiei

My name is Ben.I live in a nice house.I like my house.It is a nice house.It isn't a big house.

14.2 FONETICĂ

1. Diftongul [ai] se apropie foarte mult de diftongul românesc din cuvintele mai, cai, dai, etc., cu deosebirea că elementul al doilea al diftongului este sunetul [i] scurt englexesc.

* Cuvinte care conţin diftongul [ai]:

I [ai], like [laik], my [mai], nice [nais]

2. Diftongul [au] se apropie de asemenea foarte mult de diftongul românesc din cuvintele dau, sau etc. Elementul al doilea diftongului este sunetul [u] scurt englezesc.3. Diftongul [ei] se aseamănă cu diftongul românesc din cuvintele mei tei, lei, etc. Elementul al doilea al diftongului este sunetul [i] scurt englezesc.Am întâlnit acest diftong în cuvântul name [neim].4. Consoanele [b], [v], [g], [m], [n], [s], [z] pot fi considerate ca fiind identice cu consoanele corespunzătoare din limbă română.

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5. Consoana [h] se pronunţă cu aspiraţie (emitere de aer) mai puternică decât în limba română.

14.3 GRAMATICĂ

1. Adjectivele în limba engleză, oricâte la număr, se aşează înaintea substantivului:

A nice house.It is a nice big house

2. It este pronumele personal pentru substantivele aparţinând genului neutru.Marea majoritate a substantivelor din limba engleză sunt de genul neutru, ca de exemplu: house, nest, pen lily etc.

3. To like se construieşte cu nominativul, spre deosebire de verbul a plăcea din limba română, care se construieşte du dativul. Construiţi propoziţiile cu to like în engleză aşa cum se construiesc ele în limba română cu verbul a iubi (nu a plăcea).De exemplu: I like my house = Îmi place casa mea (în traducere textuală: "plac casa mea" sau "iubesc casa mea").

4. Infinitivul "lung" al verbelor este precedat de propoziţia to, care corespunzătoare lui a din limba română. De exemplu: to live = a trăi; to like = a plăcea.

14.4 EXERCIŢII

I. Traduceţi în limba engleză:

1. Mă cheamă Mike. 2. Îmi place numele meu. 3. Mike este un nume frumos. 4, Locuiesc într-o casă mare. 5, (Ea) este o casă frumoasă. 6, E o casă mare şi frumoasă. 7, Nu e o casă mare. 8, Îmi place casa lui Ben. 9, Găina lui Lily este într-un cuibar.

 Rezolvare:

1. My name is Mike. 2. I like my name. 3. Mike is a nice name. 4. I live in a big house. 5. It is a nice house. 6. It is a nice big house. 7. It isn't a big house. 8. I like Ben's house. 9. Lily's hen is in a nest.

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LESSON 15[i:]

15.1 VOCABULAR

and [ənd] şito buy [tə 'bai] a cumpăraI buy [ai 'bai] (eu) cumpărcake [keik] prăjitură, tortcakes [keiks] prăjituri, tortdown [daun] josto eat [tu 'i:t] a mâncaI eat [ai 'i:t] (eu) mănânceleven [i'levn] unsprezece

five [faiv] cincito leave [tə 'li:v] a lăsaI leave [ai 'li:v] (eu lasLily-May ['lili 'mei]nice [nais] plăcut, gustos, bunto sit down [tə 'sit 'daun] a se aşezaI sit down [ai 'sit 'daun] mă aşezsix [siks] şase

 

Textul lecţiei

My name is Lily-May.I buy eleven cakes.I like cakes.I sit down and eat my cakes.Nice cakes!I eat six cakes and leave five.

15.2  FONETICĂ

1. Vocala [i:] este o vocala lungăEste apropiata identică cu i românesc din cuvintele în care accentuăm această vocală în mod deosebit, ca de pildă în exclamaţia: biine! (în sens de concesie).

Cuvinte care conţin vocala [i:]:

eat [i:t], leave [Ii:v].

Notă. În transcrierea fonctică, cele două puncte [:] după simbolul unei vocale arată că vocala este lungă. Spre deosebire de limba română, care are vocale de lungime medie si egală una faţa de alta, În limba engleză întâlnim vocale scurte si vocale lungi.2. To, ca particulă a infinitivului, se pronunţă [tə] inaintea verbelor care încep cu o consoană si [tu] înaintea celor care încep cu o vocală.De exemplu: tu buy [tə 'bai], ta eat [tu 'i:t].

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15.3 EXERCIŢII

I. Traduceţi în limba română:

1. Mă numesc Nick. 2. Eu cumpăr unsprezece prăjituri. 3. Mănânc cinci prăjituri. 4. Îmi plac prăjiturile. 5. Mănânc cinci prăjituri şi las şase. 6. Mă aşez. 7. Ia o prăjitură şi mănânc-o.

 Rezolvare:

I. 1. My name is Nick. 2. I buy eleven cakes. 3. I eat five cakes. 4. I like cakes. 5. I eat five cakes and leave six. 6. I sit down. 7. Take a cake and eat it.

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LESSON 16[t] [d]

16.1 VOCABULAR

Pete [pi:t]Plane [plein] aeroplanplease [pli:z] te rogto say [tə 'sei] a spuneI say [ai 'sei] (eu) spunseat [si:t] locto see [tə 'si:] a vedea

I see [ai 'si:] (eu) vădto sit down [tə 'sit 'daun] a se aşezasit down ['sit 'daun] stai josto take [tə 'teik] a luaI take [ai 'teik] (eu) iauticket ['tikit] biletVictor ['viktə]

 

Textul lecţiei

My name is Pete.I buy a ticket.I take a seat in a plane.It is a big plane.I see Victor."Sit down, Victor, please," I say.

16.2 FONETICĂ

1. Consoanele [t] şi [d] prezintă o particularitate faţă de limba română, în sensul că la articularea lor varful limbii se sprijină pe alveole (pe radacina dinlilor).2. Consoanele [k], [p], [t] sunt consoane surde. Spre deosebire de consoanelecorespunzătoare din limba romană, ele sunt urmate - cand nu sunt preceedate de alta consoană şi sunt în silabă accentuată - de un uşor sunet h:

cake [keik], ticket ['tikit],pen [pen].

Notă. în transcrieri fonetice nu se foloseşte litera c, consoana respectivă fiind reprezentată prin simbolul [kJ.

16.3 GRAMATICĂ

La persoana a II-a singular şi plural, imperativul este acelaşi cu infinitivul scurt ( fară to):Sit down. = Stai jos. Staţi jos. Take a seat. = Ia lac. Luaţi lac.

16.4 EXERCITIU FONETIC RECAPITULATIV

i: i e ə ei ai au t deat in hen a name I house take down

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leaveseatPetesee

 

 

 

NickitlivesititbigeleventicketLilysixVictor

nestBenpeneleven

 

 

 

andVictor

 

 

 

 

Maycakeplanetake

 

 

mylikenikebuyfive

 

 

down

 

 

 

 

ticket

 

 

 

 

and

 

 

 

 

16.5 EXERCIŢII:

I. Traduceţi în limba engleză:

1. Stai jos! 2. Ia (un) loc! 4. Spune "ticket", te rog. 5. Mănînc o prăjitură mare. 6.Văd un avion. 7. Cumpăr un bilet.

 Rezolvare:

I. 1. Sit down! 2. Take a seat! 3. Take a cake! 4. Say "ticket", please. 5. I eat a big cake. 6. I see a plane. 7. I buy a ticket.

LESSON 17 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV

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    Exista doua aspecte in limba engleza: simplu si continuu. In general, timpurile simple se folosesc atunci când accentul se pune pe actiunea propriu-zisa, iar timpurile continue se folosesc atunci când accentul se pune pe durata actiunii, pe perioada de timp in care aceasta are loc.

In explicarea intrebuintarii timpurilor continue se va intâlni formularea „actiune in plina desfasurare". Aceasta inseamna ca actiunea a inceput inainte de momentul la care se face referire si va continua dupa acel moment.

Exista un numar de verbe in limba engleza care nu se folosesc la forma continua, deoarece ideea de durata e inclusa in continutul lor semantic. Ex. to want, to like, to dislike, to understand, to owe, to matter, to love, to hate, to belong, to believe, to remember, to know.

17.1 Present Tense Simple Afirmativ Negativ

    I work I do not (don’t) work     You work You do not (don’t) work     He/she/it works He/she/it does not (doesn’t) work     We work We do not (don’t) work     You work You do not (don’t) work     They work They do not (don’t) work

Interogativ

Do I work? Do we work? Do you work? Do you work? Does he/she/it work? Do they work?

    Present Tense Simple se foloseste pentru a arata o actiune regulata, obisnuita, in perioada prezenta.     Ex. What do you do? (Cu ce te ocupi?) I am a student. What time do you usually have breakfast?

17.2 Present Tense Continuous

    Se conjuga verbul „to be" la timpul prezent si se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.

Afirmativ

I am working We are working. You are working You are working He/she/it is working They are working

Negativ

I am not working. You are not (aren’t) working. He/she/it is not (isn’t) working. We are not (aren’t) working.

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You are not (aren’t) working. They are not (aren’t) working.

Interogativ

Am I working? Are we working? Are you working? Are you working? Is he/she/it working? Are they working?

    Present Tense Simple se foloseste pentru a arata o actiune in plina desfasurare in momentul prezent.

Ex. Where are you going?I am going to school.     De asemenea poate arata o actiune care se desfasoara pe timp limitat in perioada prezenta.     Ex.: I go to school by bus this week. My father is taking me in his car.     Uneori se poate folosi timpul Present Tense Continuous cu adverbul always, pentru a arata o actiune repetata. In acest caz, exista o conotatie afectiva (nemultumire) sau actiunea respectiva este caracteristica pentru acea persoana.     Ex. You are always losing your things.     You are always grumbling when I ask you to help me in the kitchen.

17.3 Exercitii cu Present Simple si Present Continuous

    1. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Simple) la interogativ si negativ:

Nota: Verbul „to have", atunci când nu inseamna „a avea, a poseda", ci este parte dintr-o expresie (to have breakfast, to have a shower, to have a party), formeaza negativul si interogativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului „to do".

1. I love my brother. 2. She talks too much. 3. I understand you. 4. You play the piano very well. 5. I always believe you. 6. He remembers my phone number. 7. They live in Bucharest. 8. He has a hot bath every day. 9. I trust my friend. 10. I have lunch at one o’clock.

2. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii (Present Continuous) la negativ si interogativ:

1. It is raining. 2. I am having a walk. 3. He is telling the truth. 4. You are typing a letter. 5. They are swimming in the river.

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6. My friend is wearing a new dress. 7. My mother is resting. 8. We are studying English. 9. Ann is knitting. 10.The child is learning to play the piano.

3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Present Simple sau la Present Continuous: 1. I (not go) shopping because it (rain). 2. What you (do) on Sundays? 3. He usually (drink) coffee but now he (drink) tea. 4. In England it often (rain). 5. I (not like) that boy. 6. He usually (speak) so quickly that I (not understand) him. 7. You (like) this book? 8. You (dream) at night?

Yes, I (dream) every night. 9. I can’t answer the phone now because I (cook). 10.How you usually (get) to work?

I usually (go) by bus, but now I (take) a taxi because I am late. 11.The manager can’t receive you now as he (have) an interview. 12.You (write) to John now?

Yes, I (be). I always (write) to him on his birthday. 13.Where you (hurry)?

To the theatre, as I (not want) to miss the first act. 14.She always (borrow) books from me and never (remember) to give

them back. 15.You (go) to work every day?

Yes, of course, except Saturdays and Sundays.

16.Why you (smoke) so much? 17.Who you (wait) for?

I (wait) for John, but he is late, as usual.

18. I always (have) a rest after lunch. 19.What you (think) of?

I (think) of my mother just now.

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20.You (know) what time is it?

    4. Traduceti in limba engleza: 1. Iarna ninge. 2. Duminica el nu se scoala devreme. 3. Eu nu studiez seara. 4. Ce faci? Citesti sau privesti la televizor? 5. Secretara tocmai bate la masina un referat. 6. Ea merge la cumparaturi sâmbata. 7. Acum imi fac temele la engleza. 8. Nu-mi place cafeaua. 9. Ce carte citesti? 10.La ce ora se scoala John dimineata? 11.Ce faci tu in zilele libere? 12.Cui ii telefonezi? 13.El nu merge la scoala cu metroul, merge pe jos. 14.De ce deschizi fereastra? 15.Adesea citesc carti englezesti. 16.Ea isi face bagajul. 17.Cât de des le scrii parintilor tai? 18.Când merg la mare imi place sa inot mult. 19.Clientul tocmai isi alege o pereche de pantofi.

LESSON 18 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV

18.1 Past Tense Simple

    Past Tense Simple se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei – ed in cazul verbelor regulate.

Ex. to work – worked

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Daca verbul este neregulat, Past Tense trebuie invatat din tabelul de verbe neregulate care indica cele trei forme de baza ale verbului: forma I – infinitiv, forma II- Paste Tense, forma III – participiul trecut.

Ex. to speak – spoke – spoken

Afirmativ

worked I/you/he/she/it/we/they spoke

Negativ

work I/you/he/she/it/we/they did not speak

Interogativ

work? Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they speak? Forma prescurtata a lui did not este didn’t (I didn’t work). Past Tense Simple arata o actiune trecuta, terminata, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp trecuta, terminata. Este timpul de naratiune. Se traduce, de obicei, cu perfectul compus.

Ex. Yesterday I went for a walk. (Ieri am mers al plimbare.) Last year I travelled to England. (Anul trecut am calatorit in Anglia.)

18.2 Past Tense Continuous

    Se formeaza prin conjugarea verbului „to be" la trecut (Past Tense) si adaugarea formei -ing a verbului de conjugat.

Afirmativ

I was working We were working You were working You were working He/she/it was working They were working

Negativ

I was not working We were not working You were not working You were not working He/she/it was not working They were not working

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Formele prescurtate sunt:     was not – wasn’t I wasn’t working.     were not – weren’t They weren’t working.

Interogativ

Was I working? Were we working? Were you working? Were you working? Was he/she/it working? Were they working?

    Arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intr-un moment din trecut. Se traduce, de obicei, cu imperfectul.     Ex. This time yesterday, I was watching TV. (Ieri pe vremea asta priveam la televizor.)     Adesea, in aceeasi fraza, este posibil sa apara un verb folosit la Past Continuous si un verb folosit la Past Simple. In acest caz, verbul la Past Continuous (tradus cu imperfectul), reprezinta fundalul de timp pe care se petrece actiunea exprimata de Past Simple (tradus cu perfectul compus).

Ex. While I was crossing the street, I met John.

  Este, de asemenea, posibil sa apara intr-o fraza timpul Past Continuous in mod repetat. In aceasta situatie, ambele verbe se traduc cu imperfectul, ele aratând actiuni paralele, in plina desfasurare, intr-un moment trecut.

Ex. While John was reading, his sister was watching TV. (In timp ce John citea, sora lui privea la televizor.)

18.3 Exercitii cu Past Tense Simple si Continuous

1. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii la Past Tense Simple:

1. I sleep until 9 o’clock every day. 2. He meets John on Sundays. 3. You speak English well. 4. You drink too much. 5. You ask too many questions. 6. I play football. 7. I own two umbrellas. 8. I like to have a coffee in the morning. 9. That sounds interesting. 10. I always make cakes on Sundays.

1. Puneti verbele din urmatoarele propozitii la negativ si interogativ:

1. He thought about you. 2. They drank all the wine. 3. I hated him. 4. He changed his library book every day. 5. I sold my car. 6. We worked very hard. 7. He came home late.

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8. I enjoyed travelling. 9. He translated the text. 10.He forbade her to do this.

1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Tense Simple sau Continuous:

1. When you (come in), I talk on the phone. 2. When I first (meet) him, he (work) in a bank. 3. While he (learn) to drive, he (have) an accident. 4. As I (write), someone (ring up). 5. Where you (go) when I (meet) you? 6. What you (do) this time yesterday? 7. When I (enter) the classroom, the teacher (write) on the blackboard. 8. When I (arrive), she (have) dinner. 9. This time last Sunday, I (watch) a film on TV. 10.He suddenly (realize) that he (not wear) his glasses.

1. Traduceti in limba engleza:

1. Soarele nu a apus la ora 8 aseara. 2. Ai dormit bine noaptea trecuta? 3. Ieri nu am mers la bazinul de inot. 4. M-am sculat târziu ieri dimineata. 5. Duminica trecuta prietenii mei au jucat sah. 6. Ieri pe vremea asta ploua. 7. Ce faceai martea trecuta la ora 7 dimineata? 8. Ma pregateam sa merg la facultate. 9. In timp ce imi cautam pasaportul am gasit aceasta fotografie veche. 10.Baietii jucau carti când l-au auzit pe tatal lor intrând in casa. 11.Ei au ascuns imediat cartile si si-au scos manualele de scoala. 12.Când te-ai intors de la munte? 13.Când ai cumparat acest televizor? 14. Ieri mi-am pierdut manusile. 15.Batea un vânt puternic când am iesit din casa. 16.Unde ti-ai petrecut concediul vara trecuta? 17. Ieri m-am sculat devreme, mi-am luat micul dejun si apoi am plecat la scola. 18.Acum doua zile am cazut si mi-am rupt piciorul. 19.Saptamâna trecuta am fost bolnav si nu am mers la scoala. 20.El a dat primul examen saptamâna trecuta. 21.Cine a câstigat meciul alaltaieri? 22. In timp ce ploua, eu conduceam masina spre Sinaia.

LESSON 19 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV

19.1 Present Perfect Simple

    Timpul Present Perfect Simple se formeaza prin conjugarea verbului „to have" la prezent, la care se adauga forma a treia (participiul trecut) a verbului de conjugat.

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Afirmativ

I have worked We have worked You have worked You have worked He/she/it has worked They have worked

Negativ

I have not (haven’t) worked. He/she/it has not (hasn’t) worked.

Interogativ

Have I worked? Has he/she/it worked?

    Timpul Present Perfect este un timp de relatie. El arata o legatura intre trecut si momentul prezent.     Timpul Present Perfect Simple se foloseste in urmatoarele situatii:

arata o actiune inceputa in trecut care continua pâna in prezent. Cu acest sens se folosesc de obicei prepozitiile since (din, incepând din) si for (de, timp de).

    Ex. I haven’t seen John for two months. (Nu l-am vazut pe John de doua luni.) I haven’t seen John since September. (Nu l-am vazut pe John din septembrie.) I have known John for two years. (Il cunosc pe John de doi ani.) I have known John since 1990. (Il cunosc pe John din 1990.)

arata o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp neterminata. In acest caz, folosirea lui este insotita de adverbe precum: today, this week, this month, this year.

    Ex. I have seen two films this week. (Am vazut doua filme saptamâna aceasta.)

    Daca adverbul de timp este „this morning", folosirea timpului verbal este conditionata de momentul in care se face afirmatia; daca aceasta este in cursul diminetii (pâna la ora 12) sau dupa amiaza.

    Ex. ora 10 a.m.

I haven’t got up early this morning. ora 2 p.m. I didn’t get up early this morning. Traducerea celor doua propozitii in limba româna este identica. Nu m-am sculat devreme azi dimineata.

arata o actiune trecuta, terminata, care are rezultate in prezent sau care, dintr-un motiv sau altul, intereseaza in prezent.

    Ex. Have you seen Hamlet? (Ai vazut Hamlet?) I have lost my umbrella . I must buy a new one. (Mi-am pierdut umbrela. Trebuie sa-mi cumpar una noua.)     Trebuie precizat faptul ca, daca se mentioneaza momentul trecut in care a avut loc actiunea care intereseaza in prezent sau care are rezultate in prezent, nu mai poate fi folosit timpul Present Perfect. In acest caz, se foloseste Past Simple.

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Ex. I lost my umbrella yesterday. I must buy a new one.     De asemenea, daca se pune o intrebate referitoare la trecut care incepe cu „when", nu se poate folosi timpul Present Perfect, intrucât „when" reprezinta un moment precizat in trecut.Ex. When did you see Hamlet? I saw it last week.     Timpul Present Perfect nu poate fi folosit cu un adverb de timp precizat in trecut.     Se foloseste cu adverbe de timp neprecizat care leaga trecutul de prezent.     Adverbe de timp neprecizat care se aseaza intre auxiliar si verb: often, never, seldom, always, ever, already, just.     Ex. Have you ever been to England?     (Ai fost vreodata in Anglia?)     No, I have never been to England.     Yes, I have often been to England.     Adverbe de timp neprecizat care stau la sfârsitul propozitiei: lately, yet (in propozitii negative).     Ex. He hasn’t returned home yet.     (El nu s-a intors inca acasa.)     I haven’t seen him lately.     (Nu l-am vazut in ultimul timp.)     Dupa cum se poate observa, timpul Present Perfect Simple se traduce in româneste fie cu prezentul, fie cu perfectul compus, in functie de context.

19.2 Present Perfect Continuous

    Se formeaza cu Present Perfect Simple al verbului „to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.

Afirmativ

I have been working We have been working You have been working You have been working He/she/it has been working They have been working

Negativ

I have not (haven’t) been working. He has not (hasn’t) been working.

Interogativ

Have I been working? Has he been working?

    Timpul Present Perfect Continuous arata o actiune in plina desfasurare, cu accent pe durata, intre un moment trecut si prezent.

Ex. I am tired because I have been working all day. (Sunt obosit pentru ca am muncit toata ziua.)     De asemenea, poate arata probabilitatea ca actiunea inceputa in trecut, care continua in prezent, sa continue si in viitor.

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Ex. It has been raining for three hours. If it doesn’t stop soon, we shall have floods. (Ploua de trei ore. Daca nu se opreste in curând, vom avea inundatii.)     Ca si Present Perfect Simple, se poate traduce cu prezentul sau cu perfectul compus din limba româna.

19.3 Exercitii cu Present Perfect Simple si Continuous

1. Folositi Present Perfect Simple in locul infinitivelor din paranteze:

1. Where you (be)? I (be) to the market. 2. You (water) the flowers? 3. He just (leave) home. 4. I (lend) him some money today. 5. There isn’t any train service because the engine – drivers (go) on strike. 6. Would you like a cake? 7. No, thank you, I just (have) one. 8. I already (see) this film. 9. He (not come) home yet. 10. I (not be) to the seaside this year. 11. I (buy) a new house. You must come and see it. 12.You (visit) the Village Museum? 13.You ever (eat) caviar? 14. I (not write) to my friend for three months. 15. It (not rain) since December. 16.You ever (drive) a car? 17.He always (rely on) his friend. 18.You (read) Sorescu’s last book? 19.You (pay) the telephone bill? 20.He (not go) to bed yet. 21.How long you (live) here? 22. I (live) here for one year.

1. Folositi Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous in locul infinitivelor din paranteze:

1. He (fish) for two hours but he (catch) nothing yet. 2. We (know) each other for several years. 3. The radio (play) since 7 a.m. I’m tired of it. 4. I (shop) all day and I want to have a rest now. 5. How long you (wear) glasses? 6. I (cook) all the morning. 7. How many dishes you (cook)? 8. Why you (be) in the garden so long? 9. I (water) the flowers. 10.He (sleep) for 10 hours now. It’s time we woke him up. 11. I (ask) you to clean your room for two days. When are you going to do it? 12.Ever since that woman came to work here, she (try) to make trouble.

1. Folositi Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous sau Past Tense Simple in locul infinitivelor:

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1. I (lose) my pen. You (not see) it anywhere? No, I haven’t. When you (use) it last? 2. Your ever (try) to give up smoking? Yes, I (try) last year but I (not succeed). 3. You (see) your mother this week? No, she (leave) for Brasov a week ago. 4. You (be) out of work long? 5. I am not out of work now. I (get) a job last month. 6. I (wear) my hair long since I (be) a little girl. 7. She (change) a lot since I (see) her last. 8. I (do) a lot of work since I (get up) in the morning. 9. The child (play) the piano since I (return) from school. 10. It (rain) since we (leave) Bucharest. 11.He (be) very ill since the holidays (begin).

1. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind Past Tense Simple sau Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous:

1. Cine te-a invatat sa vorbesti engleza atât de bine? 2. Unde ti-ai petrecut vacanta anul acesta? 3. M-am gândit adesea sa-mi iau carnet de conducere. 4. De cât timp inveti engleza? 5. Vremea s-a incalzit in ultimul timp. 6. El este ministru de doi ani. 7. Traduc un text de doua ore si nu l-am terminat inca. 8. El a scris numai doua scrisori de când a plecat in strainatate. 9. Un copil a spart geamul. Trebuie sa-l inlocuim. 10.Ninge de doua ore. 11.Am mers pe jos 10 km pâna acum. 12.Mergem pe jos de la ora 3. 13.De când mi-am cumparat masina, am mers arareori pe jos la slujba. 14.La ce te-ai uitat? 15.A fost un accident. 16.Cu cine ai votat la ultimele alegeri? 17.Nu am mers la vot. Am stat acasa si nu am regretat nici o clipa. 18.Ai vazut ziarul de azi? 19.A plecat John? 20.Da, a plecat acum o ora. 21.Ti-ai luat deja micul dejun? 22.Da, l-am luat la ora 8. 23.Ai mai fost in acest oras? 24.Da, am petrecut o luna aici, acum doi ani. 25.Ei lucreaza la aceasta casa de un an si nu au terminat-o inca.

LESSON 20 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV

20.1 Past Perfect Simple

Se formeaza cu verbul „to have" la Past Tense Simple, la care se adauga forma III (past participle) a verbului de conjugat.

Afirmativ

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I had worked.

Negativ

I had not (hadn’t) worked.

Interogativ

Had I worked?

    Acest timp are aceeasi forma la toate persoanele. Este, ca si Present Perfect, un verb de relatie, dar, in acest caz, este vorba de o relatie intre doua momente trecute.     Arata o actiune trecuta care a avut loc inaintea unei alte actiuni sau a unui moment din trecut.     Ex. Yesterday at 9 o’clock I had had breakfast. (Ieri la ora 9 luasem micul dejun.) When you rang me up, I had finished writing my homework. (Când mi-ai telefonat, terminasem de scris temele.)

Ca sens, echivalentul in limba româna al acestui timp este mai mult ca perfectul. Se poate traduce cu mai mult ca perfectul sau perfectul compus.

20.2 Past Perfect Continuous

    Se formeaza cu Past Perfect Simple al verbului „to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.

Afirmativ

I had been working.

Negativ

I had not (hadn’t) been working.

Interogativ

Had I been working?

    Aceste forme se pastreaza la toate persoanele.     Timpul Past Perfect Continuous arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intre doua momente trecute. De asemenea, când in aceeasi fraza in propozitia principala se afla un verb la Past Tense, Past Perfect Continuous poate prelua functiile lui Present Perfect Cotinuous in propozitia secundara.

Ex. When he entered the room, she had been typing for one hour. (Când el a intrat in camera, ea batea la masina de o ora.) After John had been watching TV for 10 minutes, he got bored. (Dupa ce John privise (a privit) la televizor 10 minute, s-a plictisit.) He said it had been raining for three days. (El a spus ca ploua de trei zile.)     Dupa cum se observa, acest timp se poate traduce cu mai mult ca perfectul, perfectul compus sau imperfectul din limba româna.

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20.3 Exercitii cu Past Simple si Continuous

1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Perfect Simple:

1. After they (finish) dinner, they drank some coffee. 2. She said she already (be) to England. 3. He asked me whether I (meet) John before. 4. She discovered her child (not tell) the truth. 5. He told me he (catch) some fish on that day. 6. At 3 o’clock on Friday, I (return) from school. 7. The house was much smaller then he (think) at first. 8. The fire (spread) to the next building when the firemen arrived. 9. We were shocked to hear she (not pass) the exam. 10.The child (eat) all the cakes before his mother became aware of it.

1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la Past Perfect Continuous:

1. When I left home, it (rain) for one hour. 2. When we met them, they (wait) for the bus for half an hour. 3. When I arrived home, mother (cook) for two hours. 4. When she sat for the exam, she (study) the subject for a week. 5. When I rang her up, she (write) letters for one hour. 6. When she decided to have a rest, she (clean) and (dust) for 5 hours. 7. After Jane (swim) for half an hour, she felt chilly. 8. When I called on her unexpectedly, I realized she (have) a party. 9. When we reached the top, we (climb) for 7 hours. 10.When we arrived at Sinaia, somebody told us it (rain) for hours.

1. Puneti verbele din paranteza la Past Perfect Simple sau Continuous sau la Past Tense Simple:

1. The professor (speak) for 10 minutes when I (enter) the hall. 2. After John (listen to) the news bulletin, he (go) downstairs to have dinner. 3. He (tell) me he (be) to the theatre the day before. 4. We (ask) him what countries he (visit). 5. He (learn) English for two years before he (go) to England for the first time. 6. She just (go) out when I (call at) her house. 7. The river became deeper after it (rain) heavily for a few hours. 8. After John (leave), she (tell) me they (be) friends for five years. 9. After we (walked) for an hour, we (realize) we (lose) our way. 10.When I (find out) he (get married), I (ring up) him and (congratulate) him.

1. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind Past Perfect Simple sau Continuous sau Past Tense Simple:

1. Mi-a parut rau ca il jignisem. 2. El mi-a multumit pentru ceea ce facusem pentru el. 3. De indata ce a terminat de scris lucrarea, a inmânat-o profesorului. 4. El nu facuse nimic inainte de a-mi cere mie sfatul. 5. De indata ce au plecat musafirii, am mers la culcare.

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6. Când am ajuns la statia de autobuz, mi-am dat seama ca imi lasasem poseta acasa.

7. Secretara mi-a spus ca directorul vorbea la telefon de o jumatate de ora. 8. Ei mi-au spus ca locuiau in Franta din 1980. 9. Nu ti-am telefonat pentru ca am crezut ca plecasesi in strainatate. 10.Ei au calatorit in multe tari dupa ce s-au casatorit.

LESSON 21 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV

21.1 Future Tense Simple

    Se formeaza cu shall sau will la persoana I, will la persoana II si III, la care se adauga infinitivul verbului de conjugat.

Afirmativ

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I (shall) will go We (shall) will go You will go You will go He/she/it will go They will go

Negativ

I (shall) will not go We (shall) will not go You will not go You will not go He/she/it will not go They will not go

    Forma scurta pentru „shall not" este shan’t, iar pentru „will not" este won’t.

Interogativ

Shall I go? Shall we go? Will you go? Will you go? Will he/she/it/ go? Will they go?

    Trebuie remarcat faptul ca la interogativ persoana I, se foloseste numai „shall".     Acest timp arata o actiune viitoare obisnuita. Se traduce cu viitorul din limba româna.   Ex. I (shall) will meet him next week.   (Il voi intâlni saptamâna viitoare.)

21.2 Future Continuous

    Se formeaza cu viitorul simplu al verbului „to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.

Afirmativ

I (shall) will be going. You will be going. He/she/it will be going. We (shall) will be going. You will be going. They will be going.

Negativ

I (shall) will not be going. You will not be going. He/she/it will not be going. We (shall) will not be going. You will not be going. They will not be going.

Interogativ

Shall I be going? Shall we be going? Will you be going? Will you be going? Will he/she/it be going? Will they be going?

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    Acest timp arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intr-un moment viitor.         Ex. At three o’clock, I will be travelling to England. (Mâine la ora trei voi calatori spre Anglia.)     Se traduce cu viitorul din limba româna.

LESSON 22 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV

22.1 Future Perfect Simple

    Se formeaza cu shall sau will, la care se adauga infinitivul trecut al verbului de conjugat. (have + forma III).

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Afirmativ

I (shall) will have gone. You will have gone. He/she/it will have gone. We (shall) will have gone. You will have gone. They will have gone.

Negativ

I (shall) will not have gone. You will not have gone. He/she/it will not have gone. We (shall) will not have gone. You will not have gone. They will not have gone.

Interogativ

Shall I have gone? Shall we have gone? Will you have gone? Will you have gone? Will he/she/it have gone? Will they have gone?

    Acest timp arata o actiune anterioara unei alte actiuni sau unui moment viitor. Se traduce cu timpul viitor anterior din limba româna.

Ex. By three o’clock tomorrow, I will have reached Predeal. (Mâine pâna la ora trei voi fi ajuns la Predeal.)

22.2 Future Perfect Continuous

    Se formeaza cu Future Perfect al verbului „to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.

Ex. I (shall) will have been going. When you come home, I will have been studying for three hours. Când vei veni tu acasa, voi studia (voi fi studiat) de trei ore.     Arata o actiune in plina desfasurare intre doua momente viitoare. Se traduce cu viitorul simplu sau cu viitorul anterior din limba româna. Este un timp rar folosit.

LESSON 23 TIMPURILE MODULUI INDICATIV

23.1 Future-in-the-Past Simple

    Se formeaza cu should (persoana I) sau would (toate persoanele), la care se adauga infinitivul verbului de conjugat.

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Afirmativ

I (should) would go We (should) would go You would go You would go He/she/it would go They would go

Negativ

I (should) would not go We (should) would not go You would not go You would not go He/she/it would not go They would not go

    Forma scurta de la „should not" este shouldn’t, iar cea de la „would not" este wouldn’t.     Acest timp este folosit in concordanta timpurilor pentru a arata o actiune posterioara unui moment sau unei actiuni din trecut.

Ex. He said he would be late. (El a spus ca va intârzia.)     Intrucât nu poate fi intâlnit decât in propozitii secundare (dupa un verb la timpul trecut in propozitia principala), nu se pune problema folosirii lui a interogativ decât in intrebari disjunctive.

23.2 Future-in-the-Past Continuous

    Se formeaza cu Future-in-the-Past Simple al verbului „to be", la care se adauga forma -ing a verbului de conjugat.

I should (would) be going.

    Este un timp sestul de rar folosit. Preia functiile lui Future Tense Continuous intr-o propozitie secundara, atunci când in principala se afla un verb la trecut.     Ex. He said that at 3 o’clock, the next day, he would be travelling to England.     (El a spus ca in ziua urmatoare, la ora 3, va calatori spre Anglia.)

Alte mijloace de exprimare a viitorului

Present Simple + adverb de timp viitor. Intr-un astfel de context, arata un program precis, bine stabilit.

    Ex. I leave for London tomorrow. (Plec/voi pleca la Londra mâine.) Present Continuous + adverb de timp viitor. Arata o intentie, un aranjament

prealabil pentru viitorul apropiat.

    Ex. I am meeting John this morning. (Il intâlnesc/il voi intâlni pe John in dimineata aceasta.)

Expresia „to be going to" + infinitiv. Arata de asemenea o intentie sau o probabilitate.

    Ex. I am going to read this book. (Voi citi/am de gând sa citesc aceasta carte.)     It is going to rain.

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23.3 Exercitii cu timpurile „Future"

1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future Simple:

1. I (know) the results in three days’ time. 2. You (be) in London tomorrow. 3. You (recognize) him when you see him? 4. I (remember) this day all my life. 5. I am sure you (like) this book. 6. He (be) pleased if you invite him. 7. I am sure I (succeed). 8. You (remember) to post my letter? 9. I hope I (pass) the exam. 10.You (not find) a solution if you don’t know the whole truth.

1. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future Continuous:

1. This time next month, I (swim) in the sea. 2. When you reach Sinaia, it probably (rain). 3. Don’t ring her up at 8 o’clock p.m. She (watch) TV. 4. You (need) the vacuum cleaner tomorrow or may I borrow it? 5. I am sure when I arrive home, the baby (cry). 6. Let’s hurry to the beach. The sun (rise) in 10 minutes. 7. He (study) all day tomorrow. 8. This time next day, we (climb) the mountain. 9. Tomorrow morning at 8 o’clock, I (have) breakfast. 10.Don’t expect me home for dinner, I (work) at the office till late at night.

3. Puneti verbele din paranteze la timpul Future Perfect Simple sau Continuous: 1. In a week’s time, we (take) our exam. 2. I (finish) reading the newspapers by lunch time. 3. Next year, they (be married) for 25 years. 4. If we don’t hurry, the sun (rise) before we reach the beach. 5. By the end of the season, one hundred thousand people (spend) their holidays at

the seaside. 6. By the time you come home, I (cook) for two hours. 7. When I take the exam, I (read) all the books on the bibliography list. 8. By the beginning of next week, I (work) on this paper for a month. 9. By 5 o’clock, you (see) all the exhibits in the museum. 10.By the end of the month, I (pay off) all my debts.

4. Traduceti in limba engleza folosind unul din tipurile de viitor: 1. Pâna anul viitor pe vremea aceasta, vor fi economisit 5 milioane. 2. Ce faci mâine dimineata la ora 11? 3. Voi vizita târgul international. 4. Am cumparat o masina de scris si voi invata sa bat. 5. Pâna la sfârsitul lunii, voi fi vazut acest film de 5 ori. 6. Trenul va fi plecat inainte de a ajunge noi la gara. 7. Pâna la ora 1, ea va fi terminat curatenia in casa. 8. Vineri, intre orele 12 si 1, ei vor avea ultima ora de engleza.

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9. El va studia in biblioteca luni de la ora 1 la 5. 10.Din cauza grevei soferilor de autobuze multa lume va merge pe jos la slujba, mâine. 11.Uite ce am cumparat la o licitatie! 12.E un obiect frumos. Unde il vei pune?

LESSON 24 READING COMPREHENSION24.1 I moved from Korea to the USA when I was 14 years old. The first few weeks were

great –everything was exciting and different. Going to the supermarkets was an adventure: the foods were all new to me and everything was so big!

The biggest culture shock for me was going to high school. First of all, I looked different. All the other girls looked so much older than me. They wore make-up and coloured their hair. And I never went to a school with boys before. So the first thing I did to try to fit in was have a perm. I also started wearing make-up, but I wasn’t very good at putting it on. My eye-liner always seemed to smudge and my lipstick was always the

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wrong colour. I loved nail polish though. I used to wear different colours on each finger. I also got my ears pierced.

I found Americans a lot more open than Koreans. When I ate my dinner in the cafeteria, I always tried to ignore the boys and girls kissing each other over the table. People don’t do that in Korea. I found it hard to eat my dinner! The other thing I found hard was holding hands (or not holding hands). In Korea girls hold hands with girls, but in America people think that’s really weird. Instead girls hold hands with their boyfriends. I thought that was really weird! I wasn’t cool either. In Korea it’s good to be clever and do well at school, but in America I was a nerd for liking study (and I wore glasses, which made it worse). I found making friends really hard.

1. The author moved to the USA when she was in kindergarten.

A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say 2. The author liked her first weeks in the USA.

A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say 3. High school girls wore uniforms in the USA.

A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say 4. The author had a perm.

A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say 5. In Korea girls hold hands with girls.

A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say 6. It is good to do well at school in Korea.

A Right B Wrong C Doesn’t say 7. It was not difficult for the author to make friends.

24.2 Sports Violence In ancient societies, athletics and especially competitive contact games always have

been rough, but aggression in the past was tempered by an insistence that playing hard, playing to win, did not countenance playing to cheat and to hurt. One of the very first nations that expressed athletic ideals, were the Greeks. As enunciated by Pindar, the athletic ideal incorporated courage and endurance with modesty, dignity, and fair-mindedness, those elusive qualities the Greeks called Aidos. As sports became more specialized, the general populace increasingly withdrew into spectatorship. Sports history reveals that although Greek sports had increasingly marred by corruption and bribes, nonetheless they flourished in an era which witnessed the rapid expansion of stadiums and arenas under the Roman Empire. During the Roman Empire, violence in sports became the generally accepted principle and spectators not only endorsed it, but also embraced it as a social norm.

In recent years sports violence has become to be perceived as a social problem. Commissions have been appointed in Canada and England to investigate violence among hockey players and soccer fans. Numerous examples of violence in professional sports exist today, as countries like the United States, Canada, Greece, Italy and Germany, report court cases have been heard which concern the victims of violence perpetrators. Newspapers, magazines and television programs portray bloodied athletes and riotous

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fans at hockey, boxing, football, soccer, baseball, and basketball games with what appears to be increasing regularity. But are sports violence incidents actually increasing, and if so, what is the reason of such a negative increase? Or does the heightened public attention and media focus on sports violence reflect not an increase in the incidence or severity of aggression, but greater public concern with moral issues and political discourse?

Contrary to popular belief, there appears to be growing dissatisfaction with sports violence. Changes in sports rules, developments in the design of equipment, and even the physical characteristics of modern sports arenas evolved in an effort to reduce violence or its consequences. But still, among athletic management teams, government officials, fans and athletes themselves, there is an ambivalence attitude towards sports violence. The ambivalence takes the form of justifying the existence of violence in sports, but not taking personal responsibility for it. Coaches and managers tend to blame fans, saying that violence is what attracts people into stadiums, as the risk entailed makes the game more "interesting". Athletes frequently admit that they are opposed to violence, but it is expected of them by coaches. Fans justify it by attributing aggressiveness to athletes and to situational aspects of the game. Spectators view violence as an inherent part of some sports as one cannot play games like hockey or football, without accepting the necessity of violent action.

Nevertheless, public opinion tends to focus more and more on sports violence as major advances in the technologies used have increased media coverage making information available to a vast global audience. Thus, contemporary critics tend to consider sports violence as a worldwide phenomenon with highly disturbing future course and social outcomes.

1. In ancient societies

A athletics and competitive contact games were rough. B football and contact games were rough. C only competitive contact games were rough. D no game was rough.

2. During the Roman Empire, spectators

A tried to tolerate violence in sports. B detested any type of violence in sports. C regarded violence in sports as a social norm. D did not support violence in sports.

3. Sports violence has started to be regarded as a social problem

A lately. B since the 70’s. C these days. D since the beginning of the 20th century.

4. Canada and England

A are able to explain violence among hockey players. B are trying to discover the cause of violence among hockey players. C show no concern about sports violence.

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D are in favour of sports violence.

5. Regarding sports violence there seems to be a feeling of

A appreciation. B dissatisfaction. C indifference. D support.

6. In order to reduce violence

A only sports rules have been changed. B mass media coverage has been banned. C sports rules and equipment design have been modified. D sport rules, equipment design and sports arenas have been adjusted.

7. Government officials, fans and athletes

A have the same attitude towards sports violence. B are ambivalent towards sports violence. C take personal responsibility for sports violence. D try not to justify sports violence.

8. Risk makes the game more interesting according to

A coaches. B fans. C athletes. D government officials.

9. The tendency of the public opinion towards sports violence is

A to show less interest. B to be more concentrated on it. C to show disapproval. D to accept it.

10. Critics regard sports violence as

A an international reality. B a local reality. C a regional reality. D a national reality.

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LESSON 25 READING COMPREHENSION 25.1 Part I

1. With whom did Sara invent alternate universes? A. her mother B. her brother C. her sister D. her cousin

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2. How does Sara feel towards her English teachers?

A. helpful B. thankful C. likely D. responsible

3. Why are teens different today? Because

A. they have more access to things. B. they have more pocket money. C. they have totally different experiences. D. they are not familiar with the new technology.

4. Pretty Little Liars is

A. a game. B. a soap opera. C. a film. D. a book.

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25.2 Part II

5. Sara spent a year in

A. a small town in the U.S. B. a village in the U.S. C. a small town in the U.K. D. a village in the U.K. 6. In Sara’s opinion, travelling

A. is not very important. B. teaches you important things about life. C. is less beneficial than staying at home. D. is very expensive.

7. How many organized travel opportunities are mentioned? A. three B. thirty C. two D. thirteen

8. What is one of the advantages of studying abroad? A. become more persuasive B. become richer C. learn a new language D. practise a new sport

9. When did Sara apply to study abroad?

A. When she was a high school student. B. When she was a student at McGill. C. When she graduated university. D. When she was 18.

10. What will SWAP help you? A. get accommodation B. get a job C. process a work permit D. get a grant

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25.3 Tapescript

Part I A Chat with Author Sara Shepard FAZE: I read that you were considering quite a number of different professions when

you were a teenager—from a writer to a Claymation artist. Where do you think all these different talents came from? Did your experiences as a teen help to shape your creative genes?

Sara Shepard: I was very creative as a child and as a teenager, and I’m guessing that’s where all these career possibilities came from. From a young age, my sister and I were—among other things—writing multi-chaptered stories, making up alternate universes and creatures, putting together ideas for video games, and cranking out newspapers with our toy printing press. But the thing that always stood out for me was writing—I wrote chapter stories of my own from about fourth grade on, and I kept very detailed journals from about seventh grade to my senior year in college. I have a lot of teachers to thank for encouraging me to write—my 10th, 11th and 12th grade English teachers used to read all of my stories, and my 11th grade English teacher even went so far to say that I no longer had to write themes; I could work on a novel for the whole year. Stupidly, I declined her offer. I think the prospect of writing a novel terrified me! But although I always enjoyed writing, I never knew it would come to any fruition—especially creatively. Which is why I’m thrilled to be writing the Pretty Little Liars series and other novels. I try never to take this opportunity for granted.

FZ: Do you think teens today are different then when you were a teen? SS: I think teens now have more access to things—information, networking, YA

authors, but I think my experience as a teenager is similar to that of what teens are going through today. It all boils down to emotional turmoil—crushes and heartbreak, pressure and feuds, fitting in or opting out, ―breaking up‖ with friends and trying to assimilate into a new group—I was going through all that, and I think teens today are going through it in almost identical ways. Some of the technology and labels might change, but the big things teens are dealing with aren’t. If I didn’t believe that I was still pretty familiar with what was going on in today’s teen’s minds, I probably wouldn’t feel very confident about the characters in Pretty Little Liars. But I feel like they’re both modern and emotionally grounded. Hopefully readers agree!

Part II Hit The Road! Study and Work Abroad...See the World It's hard to imagine myself in a position to give advice. Still, I have managed to learn

a couple of lessons that I could have used a few years ago. So, for what it's worth, here's my advice: Get out of here!

I don't have to tell you that the world is getting smaller or point out the immense diversity around you. However, what you might need to hear is that it is never too soon to look beyond your front door.

In one year, at a small town university in the U.S., and then a year later in Paris, I learned some pretty crucial stuff about the world and myself. Things I don't think I would have discovered had I stayed safely cocooned at home.

There are basically three types of organized travel opportunities: 1. Studying Abroad 2. Working Abroad 3. Volunteering Abroad.

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All three of these options are guaranteed to open your eyes and give your mind a workout, not to mention look terrific on a resume.

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STUDYING ABROAD What will it get you? A new language, exposure to new cultures and a whole new set

of friends. As a high school student, there are programmes that will place you with a host family in another country and send you to a new school for one semester or a full year if you choose. Along with the basics like math and English, you can often choose from some great subjects like dance, photography, art, drama, society and culture, design and technology, computer studies or even join the school band! Check out Campus Education Australia and AFS Interculture Canada.

If living with a host family doesn't appeal, you can always postpone your plans for a few years. However, you'll have to wait until you're at least 18 and permitted to stay on your own. While you're waiting you'll probably be checking out universities, so be sure to add the 'exchange office' to your list of things to look into. Most universities will have programmes set up. Find a university with a strong international focus and you will most likely have the chance to apply for exchange in your third year as a student.

When I was a student at McGill (a great University in Montreal, Quebec), I applied to study abroad and wound up at a small town university in Massachusetts. It's amazing how different the world can be only 8 hours away from home! What's great about these programmes is that they allow you to remain a student of your home university (i.e. pay home tuition!) while studying elsewhere.

WORKING ABROAD In most cases, these opportunities must wait until you are 18. There tends to be less

student support than the programmes offered in highschool, so you may need a little more life experience before you head off on your own.

You must look into the Student Work Abroad Programmes. All you need is to be a student or recent graduate, have a little money in the bank and SWAP will help you process a work permit, a VISA and the health documentation you need to get into a country legally. After that, the job and accommodation search is up to you - though they are full of advice. ....

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. BACIU, Ileana, English morphology, Respons. primară  Ileana Banciu, Bucureşti, Editura Universităţii Bucureşti, 1999.

2. BEJAN, Camelia, Limba şi literatura engleză, Respons. primară   Camelia Bejan, Remus Bejan, Bucureşti, Editura Ministerul Educaţiei şi Cercetării, 2005.

3. CHIRA, Dorin, Aspects of english lexicology, Respons. primară   Dorin Chira, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Clusium, 2005.

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