Cycling of Matter

• Energy for life flows in one way –

from the source (sun or chemical)

Cycling of Matter

• Energy for life flows in one way –

from the source (sun or chemical)

to producer

Cycling of Matter

• Energy for life flows in one way –

from the source (sun or chemical)

to producer

and then through the food web

for that ecosystem

Cycling of Matter

During this process the energy

may change forms many times

Cycling of Matter

During this process the energy

may change forms many times

and eventually get used up

Cycling of Matter

• Like energy, matter may also change forms, but it does not _________.

Cycling of Matter

• Like energy, matter may also change forms, but it does not get used up.

Instead it is continuously ________

Cycling of Matter

• Like energy, matter may also change forms, but it does not get used up.

Instead it is continuously recycled

through the ecosystem

The Hydrologic Cycle

- also known as the water cycle, is a circular pathway of water on Earth from the atmosphere, to the surface, below ground, and back

The Hydrologic Cycle

Precipitation – water from a cloud in the form of rain, snow, sleet or hail

The Hydrologic Cycle

Evaporation – process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas

The Hydrologic Cycle

Evaporation – process by which water changes from liquid form to an atmospheric gas

-85% of Earth’s

evaporation

occurs in

the oceans

The Hydrologic Cycle

Transpiration – evaporation that occurs between plant leaves and the atmosphere

The Hydrologic Cycle

condensation - process by which water changes from gas form to a liquid form

The Hydrologic Cycle

• Description of the cycle –

The Hydrologic Cycle

• precipitation falls to Earth where it may

- seep into the ground

- drop into ponds, streams, lakes, or other waterways that may feed intothe oceans

- form puddles or

other temporary

pools

The Hydrologic Cycle

• Evaporation and transpiration occur• Sun heats the atmosphere• Warm air rises, and eventually cools• Water vapor

condenses andforms clouds

The Hydrologic Cycle

• When large enough, water droplets return to Earth’s surface in form of precipitation – and the cycle continues

Nutrient Cycles

• Biogeochemical cycle – movement of a particular chemical through the biological and geological, or living and non-living, parts of an ecosystem

Nutrient Cycles

• Four cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere

Nutrient Cycles

• Four cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere– The oxygen cycle

Nutrient Cycles

• Three cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere– The oxygen cycle– The carbon cycle

Nutrient Cycles

• Three cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere– The oxygen cycle– The carbon cycle– The nitrogen cycle

Nutrient Cycles

• Three cycles play especially prominent roles in the biosphere– The oxygen cycle– The carbon cycle– The nitrogen cycle– The phosphorus cycle

The Oxygen Cycle

• Plants (producers) release oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis

The Oxygen Cycle

• Plants (producers) release oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis

• Most organisms (plants, animals, etc) take in this oxygen to usein cellular respirationand release it as CO2

through respiration

The Carbon Cycle

• Carbon is an essential component of

The Carbon Cycle

• Carbon is an essential component ofcarbohydrates

The Carbon Cycle

• Carbon is an essential component ofcarbohydrates, proteins

The Carbon Cycle

• Carbon is an essential component ofcarbohydrates, proteins, fats

The Carbon Cycle

• Carbon is an essential component ofcarbohydrates, proteins, fats, and all the other organic molecules that make up your body

The Carbon Cycle

• Carbon exists in the abiotic world in several forms. Carbon can be found in solid, liquid, an gaseous states.

The Carbon Cycle

• Sources of carbon include –

-Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in the atmosphere

The Carbon Cycle

• Sources of carbon include –

-Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in the atmosphere-bicarbonate (HCO3

-) dissolved in water

The Carbon Cycle

• Sources of carbon include –

-Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in the atmosphere-bicarbonate (HCO3

-) dissolved in water-fossil fuels, which are underground deposits of oil, natural gas, and coal

The Carbon Cycle

• Sources of carbon include –

-Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in the atmosphere-bicarbonate (HCO3

-) dissolved in water-fossil fuels, which are underground deposits of oil, natural gas, and coal-carbonate rocks, such as limestone

The Carbon Cycle

• Sources of carbon include –

-Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas in the atmosphere-bicarbonate (HCO3

-) dissolved in water-fossil fuels, which are underground deposits of oil, natural gas, and coal-carbonate rocks, such as limestone-dead organic matter, such as humus, in the soil

The Carbon Cycle

• Description of the cycle --

The Carbon Cycle

• Through process of photosynthesis, CO2 from the air is converted into organic material (carbohydrates) which then moves through thefood web.

The Carbon Cycle

• Carbon is returned to the atmosphere as CO2 by respiration or through the decomposition of dead organisms.

The Carbon Cycle

• Burning of fossil fuels (automobiles and factories) and wood can also add CO2 to the atmosphere

The Carbon Cycle

• Methane is another source of atmospheric carbon. It is emitted from wetlands, landfills, and livestock.

The Carbon Cycle

• Not all carbon molecules move freely through the cycle. Areas that store carbon over long periods of time are called carbon sinks.

• Examples –

forests (cellulose), oceans (dissolve), and fossil fuels

The Nitrogen Cycle

• The nitrogen gas which composes

The Nitrogen Cycle

• The nitrogen gas which composes 78%of the Earth’s atmosphere is not useful to most organisms.

The Nitrogen Cycle

• The nitrogen gas which composes 78%of the Earth’s atmosphere is not useful to most organisms.It is more useful to them as ions such as

The Nitrogen Cycle

• The nitrogen gas which composes 78%of the Earth’s atmosphere is not useful to most organisms.It is more useful to them as ions such asammonium (NH4

+) or nitrate (NO3-)

The Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen fixation -

The Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen fixation – process by which certain types of bacteria convert nitrogen into nitrogen compounds

The Nitrogen Cycle

• Description of the cycle –

Through nitrogen fixation, bacteria convert nitrogen into ammonia. These bacteria can be found living

freely in soil or in

nodules in roots of

certain plants

The Nitrogen Cycle

• Other bacteria convert ammonia into ammonium and eventually into nitrates through a process called nitrification.Nitrates used byplants to makeproteins.

The Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrogen in proteins are passed through food webs and eventually released back into ecosystem by decomposition of waste products or deadorganisms

The Nitrogen Cycle

• Nitrates in soil can be converted into nitrogen gas by bacteria through process of denitrification

The Phosphorous Cycle

• Unlike the other cycles, the phosphorus cycle does not include

The Phosphorous Cycle

• Unlike the other cycles, the phosphorus cycle does not include an atmospheric portion.

The Phosphorous Cycle

• Important to living organisms because it forms part of DNA & RNA.

The Phosphorous Cycle

• Phosphate released by weathering of rocks. Plants and fungi take up phosphate. It then passes through food web and willbe released intoecosystems bydecomposers

The Phosphorous Cycle

• Can also be released into streams, rivers, and oceans to be used by aquatic organisms.

The Phosphorous Cycle

• In aquatic environments can become locked in sediment that will eventually become rock againand continue thecycle

The Phosphorous Cycle

• Large amounts of phosphorous (from fertilizer runoff or sewage) in aquatic systems can lead to algal blooms. These blooms can crowdout other plants andnegatively impactwildlife populations