39
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Please reques t loans through the Divis ion of Lending , National
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iii
CONTENTS
Introduction
Solar Energy and Agriculture
Selected Bibliography on Solar Energy
Library of Congress S cience Tracer Bullet Series andRelated Indexes
Legislation on Solar Energy and the Farm
Primary Journals
Basic Textbooks
S tate-of- the-Art Reviews and Proceedings
Selected Representative Journal Articles on Solar
and Related Energy
General Overview
Solar Measurements
Solar House —Heating and Cooling
Solar water Heating
Solar Dryers
Solar Greenhouses
Solar Electrification
Solar Irrigation
Selected Graphs and Tabular Ma tter
Definitions
Basic Solar Energy Information
Energy Equivalents
Conversion Factors
Glos sary of Terms
References
iv
SOLAR ENERGY UTILIZATION : A BIBLIOGRAPHIC GUIDE
By Robert C . Liu 1]
INTRODUCTION
Solar energy can be used as a maj or source to conserve £0 3511 fuel now ,
Of global
significance , solar eenergy has and will continue to be important to further
cultural development o f mankind (l , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 ,24 , The current energy
crisis and the ever increasing demand for clean energy produc tion emphasize
importance of solar energy (Z_, Solar and solar-related energy sources
can contribute to meeting the prospective needs of the world and preserve the
earth from depletion o f unrenewable energy resources (ll, 12, If,
Solar energy of fers the following advantages
o I t i s a virtually inexhaus tible and widely dis tributed source
of energy .
0 For some applications , the cos t o f converting solar energy to
useful forms of energy will become competitive .
0 With substantial development program , solar energy could , by the year
2 020 , economically provide up to (a ) 35 percent of the total building
heating and cooling load ; (b ) 30 percent of the Nation ' s gaseous fuel ;
(c ) 10 percent of the liquid fuel ; and (d ) 20 percent of the electric
energy requirements $ g) .
0 Solar energy is one alternative to nuclear power as a long range
if Agricultural engineer , Light and Plant Growth Laboratory , Plant
Physiology Ins titute , Northeas tern Region , ARS , USDA , Beltsville , Md . 20705 .
,2/ Underlined f igures in parentheses refer to references at end of
publicat ion .
The sun is the primary source of energy powering the earth,therefore
,
wise utilization of solar energy is required to power mankind ' s enterprise in
the future . The author believes that man can meet his problems through the
rational application of his intelligence , and that by these means he may
develop practical means of harnes sing solar energy to reach his technologicaland social goals (55, 63 , 64 ,
This bibliographic guide is intended to serve as a source of information
to tho se who are interes ted in solar energy utilization .
The bibliography is based on many sources of information . Those sources
found mo s t help ful were The Congress ional Research Service , Federal Energy
Adminis tration , National Aeronautics and Space Adminis tration , National Science
Foundation , National Academy of Sciences , the newly es tablished U . S . EnergyResearch and Development Adminis tration , and the Proceedings of the United
Nations Energy Conferences . No attemp t has been made to lis t all publicationson the subj ect ; however , those lis ted should be useful to the reader in
obtaining background information on a particular area of interes t .
SOLAR ENERGY AND AGRICULTURE
Solar energy effects all biological matter through the proces s of
photosynthesis . Thus the potential o f biomass energy (1) should not be
overlooked . Solar energy has been utilized in agricultural proces s since the
dawn o f civilization (10 , 12, 18, 5 3
,54 , For years farming has become
more energy‘intens ive . In North American agriculture , 5 Btu ' s of fossil fuel
energy is needed to produce l Btu of food energy , as compared with the l Btu
of human energy required to produce Btu of rice in China If we
are to tackle the maj or problems facing our nation today energy and food
then we mus t s tart with a reassessment of the scene in agriculture . The use
of renewable natural energy sources could contribute to the farmer being
independent in his power requirements . Improved efficiency of this utilization
and the development of new methods in agricultural processes could result from
the following
o Inves tigating methods for warming the soil with solar or wind energy
in the early spring to permit earlier planting of cr0 p s .
o Inves tigating the mechanics , efficiency , and Operation of such
practices as cold frames , hotbeds , and greenhouses to extend the
industry .
0 S tudying the mechanics o f solar cr0 p drying to relieve the demand
for fo s sil fuels,principally propane . Solar crop dryers wi th
s torage systems might be combined with solar house heating
sys tems on the farm .
0 Inves tigating the anaerobic decompos ition of animal and vegetable
was te products for production of methane .
o Investigating the pyrolysis O f organic surplus material for the
production of fuels .
0 Inves tigating the feasibility of energy plantation concep t . Can
new fas ter growing plants be developed which would be ecologically
compatible $
0 Investigating the role of windpower in. meeting the farmer ' s power.
needs for pump ing water , generating elec tric ity , or other purposes .
0 Inves tigating feasibility of using the methane to Operate tractors and
o ther farm equipment .
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY ON SOLAR ENERGY
With this brief background information , the bibliography is compiled to
cover solar energy technology with specific emphasis on application in farm
and agricultural Operations .
Library of Congress S cience Tracer Bullet Series and Related Indexes
TB 7 2-5 S CIENCE POLICY May 17 , 1972
TB 72—18 METRIC SYSTEM October 1972
TB 73-6 OCEAN-ATMOSPHERE INTERACTION March 1973
TB 73—7 SOLAR ENERGY March 1973
TB 73-17 WIND POWER Sep tember 1973
TB 73-19 TIDAL POWER November 1973
Index of articles published in Solar Energy , 1957—1973 .
Index of articles published in Applied Solar Energy (Gel iotekhnika ) e1965-73 .
Agricultural Engineering Index , 1907-70
Bibliography on Solar Thermal Energy Ut i lization , 195 7-73 , with a
Quarterly Up-Date Service . Univ . of New Mexico Technol .
Application Center .
Publications Lis t . Brace Research Ins titute (McGi ll Miscellaneous
Report No . M . 17 , July 1973 . Quebec , Canada .
Legislation on Solar Energy and the Farm
The Gunter Bill , H .R . 15321 , Small Business Solar Energy Development Act .
The MO S S Bill , H .R . 11864 , Solar Heating and Cooling Demons tration Act , 1974 .
US-GPO , 32—405 0 . 343 pp . (March 2 7 , 1974 )The McGovern Bill , S . 3084 , USDA Solar Energy R/D Supplemental
Appropriation Authorizat ion Act . (February 28 , 1974 )The Humphrey Bill , S . 3234 , Solar Energy R-D-D Act of 1974 . (March 26 , 1974 )The Mccormick Bill , H .R . 15 612 Solar Energy Coordination and Management
Proj ect . (June 25 , 1974 )
Articles relevant to solar energy and related subj ects are often
contained in those listed below . Library of Congres s call numbers inparentheses are indicated when available .
Al ternate Sources of Energy Newsletter
Applied Solar Energy (Translation of Gel i otekhnika ) (TJ810 . G413 )Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics (Translation of Akademi ia nauk
SS SR Izvesti ia . Fi zika atmosfery i okeana )Bulletin O f the Atomic S cientis tsCongress ional Record (J 11 .R5 )Energies Magazine (Journal of Solar Energy Society of America )Environment (UF7 67 . 533 )Journal of Fluid Mechanics (QA901 . J8 7 )Journal O f Geophysical Research (QC811 . J6 )Marine Technology Society Journals (GC1 . j 63 )Mo ther Earth News (AP2 .M7 919 )Oceanus (GC1 . 035 )Popular S cience (AP2 .P8 )Science
Science News
Scientific American (T1 . SS )Sea FrontiersSolar Energy (Journal of Solar Energy S cience and Technology) (TJ810 . 56 )Sun at Work (TJ810 . S 9 )water Power (TK108/1W3 )
Basic Textbooks
Brinkworth , B . J .
1972 . Solar energy for man . Hals ted Pres s , Div . of John Wiley and Sons ,
New York , N .Y . 2 51 pp . (TJ810 . B75 )
Charlier , R . H
1970 . Harness1ng the energies of the ocean . Northeas tern Illinois S tateCollege , Dept . of Geography . Chicago , Ill . 48 pp . (TCl 47 . C57 )
Daniels , F .
1964 . Direct use of the sun ' s energy . Yale Univ . Press , New Haven , Conn .
3 74 pp . (TJ810 . D28 )
Davey , N .
1923 . S tudies in t idal power . Cons table and Co . , Ltd . , London . 255 pp .
(TCl 4 7 .D3 )
Defant , A .
1961 . Physical o ceanography . Pergamon Pres s , New York , N .Y . 2 v . (GC11 . D4 )
Duffie , J . A . , and Beckman , W . A .
1974 . Solar energy thermal process es . John Wiley and Sons , New York , N .Y .
386 pp .
Eckart , C . H .
1960 . Hydrodynamics of o ceans and atmospheres . Pergamon Pres s , New York, N .Y .
2 90 pp . (QA911 . E25 )
Gabel , M .
1975 . Energy earth and everyone : A global energy s trategy for spaceship
earth . S traight Arrow Books , New York , N .Y . 160 pp .
Gillett , C . A .
1958 . Can the tides be harnessed $ Raetihi , New Z ealand . 98 pp . (TCl47 . G52 )
Golding , E . W .
1955 . The generation o f electricity by wind power . E . and F . N . Spon
(Spon's Electrical Series ) , London . 318 pp . (TK1541 . G6)
Halacy , D . S .
1973 . The coming age of solar energy . Harper and Row , New York , N .Y .
231 pp . (TJ810 .H2 9)
Hamilton , R . W . , Editor
1954 . Space heating with solar energy . Mas s . Ins t . of Technol . Press
Cambridge , Mass .
Hidy , G .
1971 . The waves : The nature of s ea motion . Van Nos trand Reinhold
Co . , New York , N .Y . 150 pp . (GC2 01 .H5 3 )
Hoke , J .
1968 . Solar energy . Franklin watts , Inc . , New York , N .Y . 83 pp . (TJ810 .H6)
Keyes , J .
1974 . Harnessing the sun to heat your house . Morgan and Morgan , Dobbs Ferry ,
N .Y . 61 pp .
McCaul l , J .
1973 . Windmills . Environment -17 . (Jan .-Feb . ) (UF767 . S33 )
MacMi llan , D . H .
1966 . Tides . American El sevier Pub . Co . , New York , N .Y . 240 pp .
(GC 301 .M3 )
Putnam , P . C .
1948 . Power from the wind . Van No strand , New York , N .Y . 224 pp .
(TK1541 .P8)
Putnam , P . C .
1953 . Energy in the future . Van No strand , New York, N .Y . 556 pp
.
(TJ153 .P8 )
Rau , H .
1964 . Solar energy . Translated by Maxim Schur . Edited and revised by
D . J . Duff in , MacMi l lan , New York , N.Y . 171 pp . (TJ810 .R313 )
Reynolds , J .
1970 . Windmills and watermills . Praeger , New York, N .Y . 196 pp . (TJ823 . R48 )
Russell , C . R .
1967 . Solar energy . In his Elements O f energy conversion . Pergamon Pres s,
Oxford , N .Y . pp . 242-2 71 . (TJ153 .R8 7 )
Stokhuyzen , F .
1963 . The Dutch windmill . Translated from the Dutch by Carry Dirkshourn .
Universe Books , New York, N .Y . 128 pp . (TJ825 . S 753 )
Turnball , W. R .
1925 . Propo sed tidal hydroelectric power development of the Petitcodiac and
Memramcook Rivers . In Smithsonian Ins t . Annual Rpt . 1923 ,pp . 52 3-546 .
washington , D . C .
Williams , J . R .
1974 . Solar energy technology and applications . Ann Arbor Sci . Pub . ,
Inc . , Ann Arbor , Mich . 120 pp .
Wolfe , A . R .
1885 . The windmill as a prime mover . J . Wiley and Sons , New York, N .Y .
159 pp . (TJ825 .W85 )
Z arem , A . M . , and Erway , D . D
1963 . Introduc tion to the ut i lization of solar energy . McGraw—Hill , New
York , N .Y . 111 pp . (TJ810 . 2 3 )
Other books containing materials on solar-related energy are shelfed
under Library of Congress call number s : TC 14 7 , GCllGC303 , TJ823TJ825 ,
TK1541 , Q121, QA911 , and QC994 .
S tate-of-the—Ar t Reviews and Proceedings
Catalog on Solar Energy , Heating and Cooling Products . U . S . Energy Res . and
Devlpmt . Admin . Technical Information Center , ERDA-75 , P . O . Box 62 ,
Oak Ridge , Tenn . 3 7830 . November 19 75 .
Creating Energy Choices for the Future , v . 1 : The Plan ; v . 2 : Program
Implementation . U . S . Energy Res . and Devlpmt . Admin . , ERDA-48 , 1975 ,
U . S . Govt . Printing Office,washington , D . C . 2 0402 . S tock No . 0-579-905 .
Conference on the Use of Solar Energy -The S cientific Basis . Univ . of
Ariz . , 1955 . Trans . Tucson , Univ . of Ariz . Pres s . 1958 . (TJ810 . C6 )
International Conference on the Utilization of Tidal Power, 1970 . Nova
Scotia Technical College , Tidal Power Proc . , T . J . Gray and O . K . Gashus ,
Editors . Plenum Press , New York, N .Y . 630 pp . 197 2 .
International Seminar on Solar and Aeolian Energy , Sounion,Greece
, 1961 .
Solar and Aeolian Energy Proc . Athens , NATO Ins t . of Advanced S tudies in
Solar and Aeolian Energy ; distributed by Plenum Pres s,New York
, N .Y .
491 pp . 1964 . (TJ810 . 15 )
International Symposium on Tsunamis and Tsunami Research . Univ . of Hawaii,
1969 . Tsunamis in the Pacif ic Ocean Proc . , Honolulu , Eas t—Wes t CenterPres s . 513 pp . 197 0 . (GC2 22 .P315 )
Jo int Panel on Air—Sea Interac tion . National Academy of Science-National
Research Council , wa shington , D . C . NRC Publication 983 , 43 pp . , 1962 .
(QC880 .N35 )
National Plan for Solar Heating and Cooling . U . S . Energy Res . and Devlpmt .
Admin . , ERDAe 23 , 119 pp . , March 1975 . U . S . Govt . Printing Office,
washington , D . C . 2 0402 .
National Program for Solar Heating and Cooling . U . S . Energy Res . and Devlpmt .
Admin . , ERDAr 23A ,82 pp . , Oc tober 1975 . U . S . Govt . Printing Office ,
washington , D . C . 20402 .
National Science Foundation Terres trial Solar Energy Program . NSF Research
Applications Directorate , Oc tober 1972 .
National Solar Energy R-D-D Program Definition Report . U . S . Energy Res . and
Devlpmt . Admin . , ERDA—4 9 , [ 76 ] pp . , June 1975 . U . S . Govt . Printing Office ,
washington , D . C . 20402 .
New Sources of Energy and Economic Development ; Solar Energy , Wind Energy ,
Tidal Energy , Geothermic Energy , and Thermal Energy of the Seas . U .N .
Department of Economic and So cial Af fair s , 15 0 pp . , U .N . Document E/ 2 997 ,ST/ECA/4 7 . 195 7 .
Pr insenmolen-Committee , 1958 . Research inspired by the Dutch windmills ; an
account of an extensive program of research and development initiated and
organized by the 'Pr insenmolen
' Comm . , wageningen , H . Veenman , 184 pp .
1958 . (TJ825 .P7 7 )
Proceedings of the 4th International Society Energy Convers ion Engineering
Conference , washington , D . C . , 1969 . N .Y . American Ins t . of Chemical
Engineers , 1969 . (TK2896 . 15 5 )
Proceedings of the Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings Workshop ,
washington , D . C . , March 1973 , PB2 23-536 , NTIS , USDC ,2 07 pp . , July 1973 .
Proceedings o f the Workshop on Solar Collectors for Heating and Cooling ofBuildings , New York City
, Nov . 21—23 , 1974 . Univ . of Md . , May 1975 .
NSF/RANN Grant No . AER 7 4—24639 .
Proceedings of World Sympo sium on Applied Solar , Phoenix,Ariz . ,
Nov . 1-5 ,1955 , S tanford Research Inst . , Menlo Park, Calif . , 304 pp . 1956 .
Solar Directory edited by Carolyn Fesko . Ann Arbor Science Publishers,Inc
. ,
1975 .
Solar Energy : I , v . 4 (E/CONF II , v . 5 (E/CONF III,v . 6
(E/CONE Wind Power , v . 7 (E/CONF U .N . Conference on NewSources of Energy , Proceeding s , Rome , 1961 . UN Pub . 1964 .
Solar Energy , A Bibliography . U . S . Atomic Energy Commiss ion,TID-3351 ,
218 pp . , December 1974 .
Solar Energy as a National Energy Resource . NSF/NASA Solar Energy Panel,
Univ . of Md . , 85 pp . , December 197 2 .
Solar Energy Program . U . S . Energy Res . and Devlpmt . Admin . ,ERDA-15 , 15 pp
March 1975 . U . S . Govt . Printing Office , Washing ton , D . C . 20402 .
Solar Energy Task Force Repor t -Proj ec t Independence . U . S . Federal Energy
Adminis tration . November 1974 . 7 sec tions , 4 appendices , [400 ] pp .
GPO Stock No . 4118— 00012 .
Solar Heated Buildings : A Brief Survey by William A . Shurcl i ff , 19 Appleton
St . , Cambridge , Mass . 02138 , 8th Ed . , March 1975 . (Lis ts and describes 119
buildings up-to-date . )
Space for Mankind ' s Benefit . The Proceedings of a Space Congress held
Nov . 15-19 , 1971 , at Huntsville , Ala . U . S . National Aeronautics and
Space Admin . , Scientif ic and Technical Information Office , washington ,
D . C . , 4 79 pp . , 1972 . (NASA SP-313 ) GPO : 197 2 -401
Wind and Solar Energy ; Proceedings of the New Delhi Symposium , Paris , 1956 .
U .N . Educational , S cientif ic and Cultural Organization . 238 pp .
Workshop Proceedings,Solar Cooling for Buildings , February 6-8 , 1974 ,
Los Angeles , Calif . 231 pp . 1974 . (NSF-RA—N-74-O63 ) . GPO S to ck
NO . 3800—00189
Selected Representative Journal Articles on Solar and Related Energy
General Overview
Anonymous .
1961 . Solar and wind energy . Research, pp . 82-87 , (March) .
Anonymous .
Solar power market . Report No . 348 , Fro st and Sullivan,Inc . ,
106 Fulton S t . , New York City , N .Y . 10038 .
1973 . The sun breaks through as an energy source . Business Week p . 68 ,
(May
Ari fov , U . A .
1967 . Solar engineering and technical progres s . Applied Solar
Energy 3 1-2 .
and Kulag in , A . I .
1968 . Some aspect s of solar power engineering in the US SR . Applied
Solar Energy 4 3—8 .
Barthelemy , R . F . , and Cooper , R . F .
1972 . Power and energy for pos terity . In Space for Mankind ' s Benefit .
NASA—SP—313 , pp . 355-35 9 , Sci . and Tech . Inform . Office , NASA ,
Washington , D . C .
Farber , E . A .
1972 . Solar energy : It s conver sion and utilization . In Space for Mankind ' s
Benefit . NASA SP-313 , pp . 369-388 , Sci . and Tech . Inform . Office ,
NASA, Washington , D . C .
Furnas , C . C .
195 7 . The uses of solar energy . Solar Energy 1 (2 68-74 .
Glazer,P . F .
1969 . Beyond nuclear power —the large-scale use of solar energy . N .Y . Acad .
S ci . Trans . 31 951-5 7 .
Hay , H . R .
1973 . Energy , t echnology and solarchi tecture . Mech . Engin . 95 18—2 2
International So lar Energy Society Survey of Research .
195 7 . World research activities on applied solar energy . Solar
Energy 1 5 3-5 9 .
1965 . Applications of solar energy to agriculture , horticulture , animalhusbandry , and fores t produc ts . Solar Energy 9 87—94 .
Meinel , A . B . , and Meinel , M . P .
1971 . I s it t ime for a new look at solar energy $ Bulletin of the Atomic
S cientists 2 7 32-37 .
19 72 . Physics looks at solar energy . Physics Today , pp . 44-56 ,
‘
Mercieca , C .
1971 . Space exploration and world peace . In Space for Mankind ' s Benefit,
Morse , F . H .
1973 . Solar energy : Fuel for the future . Grad . School Chron . ,Univ . of
Md . , pp . 4-9 , (March) .
Pelletier , R . J .
195 9 . Solar energy : Present and foreseeable uses .
Agr . Engin . 4 0 142-144 , 151 .
San Martin , R . L .
1974 . The solar energy resource . Energy Symposium , Univ . of Texas,El Paso
,
Tex . (March) .
Shafeeva , K . A .
1970 . Solar technology in the $ V-$ VII centuries . Applied Solar Energy
6 48-50 .
1970 . Maj or lines of development O f solar engineering in the 18th and 19th
centuries . Applied Solar Energy 6 100 .
Szego , G . C . , and Kemp , C . C .
1973 . Energy fores ts and fuel plantations . Chemtech (Chemical Technology)10 pp . , (May) . (The Innovator ' s Magazine)
Trinklein , F . E .
1974 . Solar energy : An unlimited source O f power is j us t beginning to be
tapped . The American Way , pp . 12—16 ,
Veinberg , V . B .
1967 . The his tory of soviet solar engineering . Applied Solar Energy
3 3-13 .
watson-Munro , C . N .
1973 . A new look at solar radiation as an energy source .
Search 4 100-103 .
Yellott , J . I .
1973 . Solar energy in the seventies . The Bent of Tau Beta Pi (Spring ) ,pp . 4-9 .
Solar Measurements
American Society o f Heating , Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers .
1974 . Solar energy utilization for heating and cooling . Application
Handbook , Chapter 5 9 , pp . 1-19 .
Beck , C . F . , and Boyd , J . S .
1961 . Availability of solar energy . Agr . Engin . 4 2 302-5 .
10
Harrison , L . C .
1960 . Sun , earth , time and man . Rand McNally and Co . ,Chicago
,Ill .
Kuvshinov , Y . Y . , and Malyavina , E . G .
1973 . Method for determining daily to tal heat from direct solar radiation
entering s tructure . Applied Solar Energy 9 113—16 .
Lof , G . O . G . , Duffie , J . A . , and Smith , C . O .
1966 . World dis tribution of solar radiation . Univ . of Wis . Engin . Expt .
S ta . , Rp t . No . 21 , 5 9 pp . illus . , (July ) .
Thekaekara M . P
1973 . Solar energy outside the earth ' s atmosphere . Solar Energy 14 (2 )
Thomason , M;1972 . Sundials . The Physics Teacher , pp . 117-121 .
U . S . Government Printing Of fice .
1971 . The American ephemeris and nautical almanac for the year 1971 . 520
Visher , S . S .
1954 . Climatic atlas of the United States . Harvard Univ . Pres s ,
Cambridge , Mas s . , 4 03 pp .
Solar House —Heating and Cooling
Bartlett , H . D .
1964 . Utilization of solar heat possible in windowless poultry housing .
Pa . Agr . Expt . S ta . Sc ience for the Farmer 11 14 . (Winter . )
Boyd , J . S . , and Hoefer , J . A .
1956 . Solar housing for swine .
'
Mich . Agr . Exp t . S ta . Quart . Bul . 39 (2 )360-365 .
Bres sler , G . O and Walton , H . V .
1956 . The Penn S tate solar poultry house . Pa . Agr . Exp t . S ta . Prog .
Rpt . 162 , 8 pp .
Carlson , E . , Jr .
1971 .
$ Sunshine , the Mo ther Earth News , pp . 19-23 (May) .
Cramer , R . D . , and Neubauer , L . W .
1959 . Summer heat control for small homes . Amer . Soc . Agr . Engin . Trans .
2 (l ) : 102 .
Duff ie , J . A . , and Beckman , W . A .
1976 . Solar heating and cooling . Science 191 143-149 .
11
Gilmore , C . P .
1974 . Can sunshine heat (and cool ) your house $ Pop . S ci . ,pp
. 78-81; 160
(March) .
Gravel , Senator Mike .
19 71 . Solar homes . Cong . Rec . 117 (194 ) (Dec .
1972 . Solar shingles and crop s of clean energy . Cong . Rec . 118 (106)E . 654 9-5 2 , (June
Hall , M .
1974 . Sun help s heat farrowing house . Crop s and Soils 26 11—13 .
Kapur , J . C .
1960 . A repor t on the utilization of solar energy for refrigeration and
air— conditioning applications . Solar Energy 4 3 9-47 .
Lof , G . O . G . , and ward , D . S
1973 . Solar heating and cool 1ng : Untapped energy put to use . CivilEngin . 43 88— 92
Lukomski i , S . M.
1969 . Thermoelectric semiconductor heat pump s . Applied SolarEnergy 5 4 7-5 0 .
McDow , J . J . , and Boyd , J . S .
1960 . The s torage of solar energy . Amer . Soc . Ag r . Engin . Trans .
Mills , C . A .
1955 . More comfort at les s co st . Refrig . Engin .
MO O rcraft , C .
1973 . Solar energy in housing . Architect . Design , pp . 634—643 ; 65 2—666
Mowry , G . R .
1964 . Solar energy supplemented rural—home heat pump . SolarEnergy 8 12 .
Neubauer , L . W . and o thers .
1963 . Temperature control o f solar radiation on roof surfaces .
Amer . Soc . Agr . Engin . Paper No . 63-403 (June ) .
Noreika , J . A .
1971 . A design approach for application of a solar energy heating sys tem to
a geodesic structure . Southern Ill . Univ . , Dep t . of Design ,
Carbondale , Ill . ( In manuscrip t , 62 pp . )
12
Parker , B . F . , and Walker , J . N .
1964 . Thermal radiation and convection from S loped roof s exposed to solarradiation . Agr . Engin . 45 620 .
Satcunanathan , S . , and Deonarine , S .
1973 . A two—pas s solar air heater . Solar Energy 15 41-4 9 .
Simons , J .W . , and Hayes , B . C .
1961 . Solar radiation for heating farm homes . Georgia Agr . Res . ,
Ga . Agr . Expt . S ta . 2 9—10 . (Winter . )
Sobel , A . T . , and Buelow, F . H .
1963 . Galvanized s teel roof cons truction for solar heating .
Agr . Engin . 44 312-313 ; 316— 317 .
S tanek , S . A . , and Bressler , G . O .
1961 . Solar and windowles s house comparisons . Pa . Agr . Exp t . S ta .
Prog . Rp t . 231 .
Telkes , M .
1950 . Low-cos t solar heated house . Heating and Ventilating
1974 . S torage O f solar heating and cooling . Amer . Soc . of Heating,
Refrig . and Air-Conditioning Engin . Trans . v . 80 , pt . 2 .
Thomason , H . E
1965 . House w1 th sunshine in the basement . Pop . Mech . , pp . 89-92 (Feb . )
U . S . Agricultural Research Service .
1966 . Heat pumps for heating and cooling homes . U . S . Dep t . Agr . Inform .
Bul . NO . 306 .
walpole , E . W . , and Roane , T . M .
19 74 . Po tential and limitations o f solar heating for farm buildings .
Amer . Soc . Agr . Engin . Paper No . NA 74-106 .
Weins tein , A . , and Chen , C . S .
1974 . Feas ibility of solar heating and cooling of buildings .
Prof . Engin . 44 28-32
White , G . M . , and Isaacs , G . W .
1961 . S olar power cooling for livestock shelters . Agr . Engin . 42 (11)612
Williams , D . A . and o thers .
1958 . Intermittent absorp tion cooling systems with solar regeneration .
Refrig . Engin . , pp . 33-7 ; 64—6
13
Solar water Heating
Brooks , F, A .
1936 . Solar energy and it s use for heating water in California . Calif . Agr.
Expt . S ta . Bul . 602 , 64 pp . ,
1939 . Use of solar energy for heating water . Smithsonian Ins t . ,
Pub . 355 7 , Washington , D . C .
Carnes , A .
1932 . Heating water by solar energy . Agr . Engin . 13 156-159 .
Dehrer , L . A .
1965 . Solar energy heats swimming pool . Heating , Piping and Ai r Conditioning
pp . 94-96 .
Farrall , A . W .
192 9 . The solar heater . Univ . O f Calif . , Agr . Exp t . S ta . , Bul . 469 .
Mathur , K . N . and o thers .
195 9 . Domestic solar water heater . Jour . Sci . Indus . Res . ; 18A 51—5 8 .
Sinson , D . A .
1965 . How to build a solar water heater . Brace Res . Inst . , Leaflet No . 4 ,
Canada
Vincze , S . A .
1971 . A high-speed cylindrical solar water heater . Solar Energy 13
339—344
Whi ll i er , A .
1965 . How to heat our swimming pool using solar energy . Brace Res . Ins t . ,
Leaflet No . 3 , Canada
Solar Dryers
Buelow , F . H .
1958 . Drying grain with solar energy .
‘
Mich . Agr . Exp t . S ta . Quart . Bul .
41 4 21-9 .
1962 . Corrugated heat collectors for cr0 p drying . Sun at Work 7 8 .
and Boyd , J . S .
195 7 . Heating air by solar energy . Agr . Engin . 38 28-30 .
Close , D . J .
1963 . Solar air heaters for low and moderate temperature applications .
Solar Energy 7 117-124 .
14
Bai ramov , R . and o thers
1973 . Simplified techn1 que for thermal calculation of solar hothouses
with account for variability of their Operation . Applied SolarEnergy 9 45—4 9 .
Belanger , J .
1972 . How to use the sun around home . Organic Gardening (Lama
Foundation ' s Grow-Hole and other possibilities . )
Canham , A . E . , and Go lding , E . W .
1963 . Solar radiation and horticulture in Britain . Solar Energy 7 34—38 .
Gl ikman , M . T .
1968 . A method of determi ning the relative illuminance for various types of
greenhouses . Applied Solar Energy 4 87-93 .
Kobylyanski i , G . V .
1973 . Investigation o f a mathematical model for the microclimate of
transparent unheated f ilm s tructures . Applied Solar Energy 9 (4 )
Lawand , T . A . , Malik, M . A . S Alward , R . , and Hopley , P .
1973 . An inves tigation of the contribution of solar energy in heating
greenhouse in Quebec . J . Engin . Power 95 114-118 (April ) .
Alward , R . , Saulnier , B . , and Brunet , E .
1975 . The development and tes ting of an environmentally des igned greenhouse
for cold region . Solar Energy 17 307-312 .
Liu , R . C . , and Carlson , G . E .
1975 . Concep t for use of solar energy in greenhouses . Energies 1 10-11 .
Manbec , H . B . , and Aldrich , R . A .
1967 . Analytical determination of direct visible solar energy transmitted by
rigid plas tic greenhouses . Amer . Soc . Agr . Engin . Trans . 10 (4 )5 64-5 72 .
Mears , D . R . , Robert s , W . J . , and Simpkins , J . C .
1974 . New concep ts in greenhouse heating . Amer . Soc . Agr . Engin . Paper
Morris , L . G .
1972 . Solar radiation in greenhouses : A brief review . Israel Jour . Agr .
Res . 22 85-97 .
Neubauer , L . W., and S zluka , I . J .
1960 . A phytotron wi th controlled solar lighting . Amer . Soc . Agr . Engin .
Paper No . 60—4 25 .
Selcuk , M . K .
1970 . The effect of solar radiation on the energy balance Of a controlled
environment greenhouse . Amer . Soc . Mech . Engin . Paper No . 70-WA/SOL-3 .
16
Selcuk , M. K .
1971 . Analysis , des ign , and performance evaluation of controlled environment
greenhouses . Amer . Soc . Heating , Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engin . Trans . NO . 2172 .
1975 . Solar s tills for agricultural purposes . Solar Energy 17 103-109 .
Thomason , H . E . , and Thomason , H . J . L .
1974 . Solar greenhouse and swimming pool . No . 94 86 , Edmund Scientific Co . ,
Barrington , N . J . , USA .
Umarov , G . Y and o ther s .
1971 . Exper1menta1 determination of the amount of s tored energy as a function
of the type and disposition of the s toring medium in solar ho thouses .
Applied Solar Energy 7 9 0-93 .
walker , J . N .
1964 . Temperature in heated and unheated greenhouses . Ame r . Soc . Agr .
Engin . Paper 64—430 .
Solar Electrification
Baum , V . A .
1963 . Convers ion of solar energy into elec tricity . Solar Energy 7 (4 )
Buelow,F . H .
1957 . Solar energy . Elec tricity on the Farm 30 28 .
Gravel , Mike .
1971 . Us ing solar energy and sea water to produce liquid hydrogen . SolarEnergy : The Es cher Proposal . Cong . Record 117 Nov . 2 , 1971 .
1971 . S team-cycle power plant using deser t solar collectors . Solar
Energy : The Meinel Proposal . Cong . Record 117 (Dec . 7 )
Gregory , D . P .
1973 . The hydrogen economy . Sci . Amer . 228 13-21 .
Isaacs , G . W .
195 7 . Solar-powered electric f ence charger . Elec tronics (Dec .
Lidorenko , N . S .
1969 . S tate-of—the-art in direct conversion to solar energy into elec tricity .
Applied Solar Energy 5 33-36 .
Meinel , A . B .
1971 . A prO posal for a j oint industry-university-utility task group onthermal convers ion of solar energy for electrical power production .
Univ . of Ariz . Op tical Sci . Center , (April
17
Meinel , A . B . , and Meinel , M . P .
1972 . Solar energy —is it a feasible option . Proc . of Symposium of the
Forum on Physics and Society , Amer . Physical Soc . ,Albuquerque
,
N . Mex . , June 5 , 197 2 .
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Spectrum , p . 14 , Dec . 1971 .
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S trother , J . A .
1971 . Solar energy conversion . Ins t . Elec trical and Electronics Engin .
Spectrum , pp . 11-12 , April 1971 .
Solar Irrigation
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1963 . Precision irrigation with solar energy . Ala . Agr . Exp t . Sta . ,
Cir . NO . 146 , 11 pp .
Perry , F . , and Martin ,W . C .
1962 . Irrigation by measuring light . In Highlights of Agr . Res . 9 6 ,
(Fall ) , Ala . Agr . Expt . S ta .
Mas son , H . , and Gi rardi er , J . P .
1966 . Solar motors with flat-plate collectors . Solar Energy 10 (4 )165-169 , (Oct .
S tratton , D .
1962 . Solar irrigation for the underdeveloped . Rutgers Engineer , 2 pp
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1973 . Low head solar water pump ing . Proc . from 8th Inter society Energy
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(Aug .
18
SELECTED GRAPHS AND TABULAR. MATTER
The following presents a selec ted graph and tabular matter from
publications by the National Sc ience Foundation/NASA Solar Energy Panel
(48 ) and the U . S . Federal Energy Adminis tration (62 )
0 Availability of solar energy vs . land area
0 Summary of potential impact s of solar energy technologies
0 Comparative cos ts of space heating
0 Average solar insolation and degree days by census region
19
AVAILAB ILITY OF SOLAR ENERGY VS . LAND AREA
EN E RGY R EQ U IR ED
197 7 1985
BTU x 1015
1970 1977 1985 2000 2020 YEAR
PR OJECTED TOTAL U .S . EN E RGY C ONSUM PTION ANNUALLY
Source : National Science Foundation/NASA Solar Energy Panel (48 , p .
20
U .S . ELECTR ICAL POW E R
2020 Y EARBTU x 1015
MPTIO NS
1500 BTUINSOL.
FT2 DAY
48 STATE AREAx 105 M 12
SUMMARY OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF SOLAR ENERGY
15[Units of 10 Btu/year of output energy provided by
1980 1985 1990
Heating and cooling
Solar thermal . 0
O)
Wind conversion
Bioconvers ion
(0 2 )
Ocean thermal 0
(0 )
Photovoltaic convers ion Neg .
(Neg . )
2Total U . S . demand 93 120 144
Assumptions include : (1) The succes sful completion of the recommended
Research and Development program plan for solar energy technologies and (2 )conventi
gnal fuel prices equivalent to $11 per barrel of oi l . (One barrel
x 10 Btu . )
Numbers shown without parentheses are for the accelerated implementation
plan ; those in parentheses are for the business-as-usual implementation plan .
2 /Es timates based on pre—embargo analyses . See $ The Nation ' s Energy
Future ,
$ Atomic Energy Commis sion , December 1 , 1973 .
Source : U . S . Federal Energy Adminis tration (62 , Table I-l , p . I
21
TECHNOLOGIES 2]
solar energy systems ]
1995 2000
5
15
7
7
165 180
COMPARATIVE COSTS OF SPACE HEATING
Source : From NSF/NASA Solar Energy Panel (48 ,
AVERAGE SOLAR
New'
England
Middle Atlantic
Eas t North Central
West North Central
South AtlanticEast South Central
West South Central
Mountain
Pacific
1 WH Btu .
Source : U . S . Federal Energy Adminis tration (62 , p . A—I
22
INSOLATION AND DEGREE DAYS BY CENSUS REGION
2 1Solar Insolation , WH/ft /day
$/
Average
BAS IC SOLAR ENERGY INFORMATION
Total solar flux incident outside the atmosphere of the earth is
178 x 1012
kW, continuous for the whole globe , or x 1018
kWh/year
(i . e . x 1021
Btu/year ) .
The average solar energy available at the bo ttom of the atmosphere
on the land areas o f the earth is x 1017
kWh/year (i . e . x 1020
Btu/year ) .
Source : U . S . Federal Energy Adminis tration (62 , p . A—I
ENERGY EQUIVALENTS
[bbl 4 2 gal . barrel ; (U-235 f ission with 192 Mev per
Crude oil x 106Btu/bbl
Natural gas (dry) Btu/ scf [ s tandard cubic feet ]
Natural gas (liquid ) x 106Btu/bbl
Coal (average ) 25 x 106Btu/ ton
Fis sionable material 74 x 106Btu/g
One 4 2-gal barrel of O i l x 106Btu
x 103scf (methane )
Mwh
ton coal
x 109j oules
1 million bbl /day x 1015
Btu/year
billion bbl /year
Source : U . S . Federal Energy Adminis tration (62 , p . A-1
24
CONVERS ION FACTORS
To Convert
acres
acres
angs troms
British thermal unit (Btu)
Btu
Btu
Btu
Btu/ sq f t
calories
calories
calori es /minute (cal /min)
centimeters (cm)
feet (f t )
foot-pounds
foot-pounds
foo t-pounds
gallons (gal )
grams
25
Into
square feet
square meter
meters
calories
j oules
kwh
megawatt-years
Langley$
(cal /cm
foo t-pounds
j oules
watts
inches
meters
j oules
kilogram-meters
kwh
liters
pounds
Btu
watts
kilowatt s
Watt-hours
kilowatts
To Convert
kilowatts (kW)
Langleys/min
Megawatt-hours (Mwh )
Microns
miles
square centimeters ( sq
sq cm
square feet ( sq f t)
sq f t
sq m
square miles ( sq mi)
sq mi
tons ( short )
tons ( short )
tons (metric)
watt-hour (Wh)
°Fahrenheit
° Centigrade°Fahrenheit
cal per sq cm—sec-°C Btu per sq ft—hr—°F
Btu per Eq ft-hr-°F cal per sq cm-sec-
°C
26
x 107
640
x 107
907
Subtract 32
and multiply
by
Multiply byand add 32 .
x 104
GLOS SARY OF TERMS
kwe
kWt , kw
th
MBtu
Mill
diffuse radiation
Source : U . S . Federal Energy Administration (62 , p . A-I-20
27
kilowatt elec tric
kilowatt thermal
Million Btu
cents or 103dollars
solar radiation which is scattered by the
atmosphere
solar radiation received over a given area
giga giga j oule , 1018
j oule , 1025
erg
a secondary s tructural member that fills the
space between windows on different floor levels
a substance which absorbs mois ture
bioconversion to fuels
ocean thermal energy conver sion
photovoltaic electric power system
proof of concep t experiment
solar thermal conversion
wind energy conversion sys tem
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33
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